There's nothing quite like opening the door and breathing fresh, clean, air—but how clean

is the air you're breathing right now? Unless you're a scientist with a chemistry lab at your
fingertips, there's no real way of knowing. The gases you're sucking up through your nose
could be slowly killing you: according to the World Health Organization, around two
million people die prematurely from the effects of polluted air every single year. Air
pollution is a huge problem—and not just for people living in smog-choked cities: through
such things as global warming and damage to the ozone layer, it has the potential to affect
us all.

Air pollution:

It occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates,

and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases,
allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such
as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both human
activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.

Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic
pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report.
According to the 2014 World Health Organization report, air pollution in 2012 caused the
deaths of around 7 million people worldwide, an estimate roughly echoed by one from the
International Energy Agency.

Air lets our living planet breathe—it's the mixture of gases that fills the atmosphere, giving
life to the plants and animals that make Earth such a vibrant place. Broadly speaking, air is
almost entirely made up of two gases (78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen), with a
few other gases (such as carbon dioxide and argon) present in absolutely minute quantities.
We can breathe ordinary air all day long with no ill effects, so let's use that simple fact to
define air pollution, something like this:

When we think of pollution, we tend to think it's a problem that humans cause through
ignorance or stupidity—and that's certainly true, some of the time. However, it's important
to remember that some kinds of air pollution are produced naturally. Forest fires, erupting
volcanoes, and gases released from radioactive decay of rocks inside Earth are just three
examples of natural air pollution that can have hugely disruptive effects on people and the
planet.

Forest fires (which often start naturally) can produce huge swathes of smoke that drift for
miles over neighbouring cities, countries, or continents. Giant volcanic eruptions can spew
so much dust into the atmosphere that they block out significant amounts of sunlight and
cause the entire planet to cool down for a year or more. Radioactive rocks can release a gas
called radon when they decay, which can build up in the basements of buildings with
serious effects on people's health (each year, around 21,000 people die of lung cancer, due
to radon gas in the United States).All these things are examples of serious air pollution that
happen without any help from humans; although we can adapt to natural air pollution, and
try to reduce the disruption it causes, we can never stop it happening completely. For the
rest of this article, we'll consider only the "unnatural" types of pollution: the problems that
people cause—and the ones we can solve.
Air pollution, particularly in cities, is certainly not a new problem. Back in the Middle Ages
the use of coal in cities such as London was beginning to escalate. The problems of poor
urban air quality even as early as the end of the 16th century are well documented. In the
UK the Industrial Revolution during the 18th and 19th centuries was based on the use of coal.
Industries were often located in towns and cities, and together with the burning of coal in
homes for domestic heat, urban air pollution levels often reached very high levels. During
foggy conditions, pollution levels escalated and urban smogs (smoke and fog) were formed.
These often brought cities to a halt, disrupting traffic but more dangerously causing death
rates to dramatically rise. The effects of this pollution on buildings and vegetation also
became obvious. The 1875 Public Health Act contained a smoke abatement section to try
and reduce smoke pollution in urban areas. During the first part of the 20th century, tighter
industrial controls lead to a reduction in smog pollution in urban areas. The 1926 Smoke
Abatement Act was aimed at reducing smoke emissions from industrial sources, but
despite the declining importance of coal as a domestic fuel, pollution from domestic
sources remained significant. The Great London Smog of 1952, which resulted in around
4,000 extra deaths in the city, led to the introduction of the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968.
These introduced smokeless zones in urban areas, with a tall chimney policy to help
disperse industrial air pollutants away from built up areas into the atmosphere. Following
the Clean Air Acts, air quality improvements continued throughout the 1970s. Further
regulations were introduced through the 1974 Control of Air Pollution Act. This included
regulations for the composition of motor fuel and limits for the sulphur content of
industrial fuel oil. However, during the 1980s the number of motor vehicles in urban areas
steadily increased and air quality problems associated with motor vehicles became more
prevalent. In the early 1980s, the main interest was the effects of lead pollution on human
health, but by the late 1980s and early 1990s, the effects of other motor vehicle pollutants
became a major concern. The 1990s have seen the occurrence of wintertime and
summertime smogs. These are not caused by smoke and sulphur dioxide pollution but by
chemical reactions occurring between motor vehicle pollutants and sunlight. These are
known as
photochemical smogs. In 1995, the Government passed its Environment Act, requiring the
publication of a National Air Quality Strategy to set standards for the regulation of the most
common air pollutants. Published in 1997, the National Air Quality Strategy has set
commitments for local authorities to achieve new air quality objectives throughout the UK
by 2005. It is reviewed periodically.

Abstract
Air pollution occurs when gases, dust particles, fumes (or smoke) or odor are introduced
into the atmosphere in a way that makes it harmful to humans, animals and plant. Air
pollution threatens the health of humans and other living beings in our planet. It creates
smog and acid rain, causes cancer and respiratory diseases, reduces the ozone layer
atmosphere and contributes to global warming.
In this industrial age, air pollution cannot be eliminated completely, but steps can be taken
to reduce it. The government has developed, and continues to develop, guidelines for air
quality and ordinances to restrict emissions in an effort to control air pollution. On an
individual level, we can reduce our contribution to the pollution problem by carpooling or
using public transportation. Additionally, buying energy-efficient light bulbs and appliances
or otherwise reducing our electricity use will reduce the pollutants released in the
production of electricity, which creates the majority of industrial air pollution.
CHEMICAL REASONS:
Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or
biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other
living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built
environment.
A substance in the air that can be adverse to humans and the environment is known as an
air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In
addition, they may be natural or man-made. Pollutants can be classified as primary or
secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly produced from a process, such as ash
from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulphur
dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they
form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a
secondary pollutant is ground level ozone – one of the many secondary pollutants that
make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is,
they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Major primary
pollutants produced by human activity include
Sulpher oxides (SOx) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula
SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and
petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide.
Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4,
and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of
the use of these fuels as power sources.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are expelled from high temperature
combustion, and are also produced naturally during thunderstorms by electric discharge.
Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide
is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides.
This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most
prominent air pollutants.
Carbone monoxide (CO) - is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is
a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular
exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
Volatile organic compound:
VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the
separate categories of methane (CH4) and no methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely
efficient greenhouse gas which
Contributes to enhance global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant
greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in
the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the
NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens
and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1, 3-butadiene is another
dangerous compound which is often associated
With industrial uses. Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM),
atmospheric particulate matter, or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid
suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of
particulates can be manmade or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating
from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various
industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe,
anthropogenic aerosols—those made by human activities – currently account for about 10
percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles
in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung
cancer.
Persistence free radicals:
Connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.
Toxic metals such as lead and mercury especially their compounds.
Cholorofurocarbon (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently
banned from use.
Ammonia (NH3) –
Emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It is
normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia, either directly
or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in
wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous.
Odors:–
Such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes
Radio-active pollutants:–
Produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes
such as the radioactive decay of radon.
Secondary pollutants include:
Particulates: created from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical
smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog.
Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of
smoke and sulphur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from
vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light
from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to
form photochemical smog.
Ground level ozone: (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of
the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere
commonly known as the Ozone layer. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it
drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At
abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion
of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog.
Causes: Factors Responsible for Air
Pollution:
Air pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that pollute
the air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation
of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. Sources of air pollution refer to the
various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants
into the atmosphere.
Man-made sources:
mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel. "Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks
of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as
furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. In developing and poor countries,
traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants; traditional biomass
includes wood, crop waste and dung. "Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine
vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound etc.
Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management.
Controlled or prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management,
farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part of both
forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for foresters. Controlled
burning stimulates the germination of some desirable forest trees, thus renewing the forest.
Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents. Waste deposition
in landfills, which generate methane. Methane is highly flammable and may form explosive
mixtures with air. Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and
rocketry.
Natural sources:
Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with few or no vegetation. Methane,
emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle. Radon gas from radioactive
decay within the Earth's crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring,
radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a
health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in
confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung
cancer, after cigarette smoking. Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. Vegetation, in
some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of VOCs on warmer days. These
VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutants – specifically, NOx, SO2, and
anthropogenic organic carbon compounds – to produce a seasonal haze of secondary
pollutants. Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.
A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the
majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain
locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and plywood
emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) as they dry. Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air
pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items.
Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke
particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using
pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation. Carbon monoxide
(CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the
burning of charcoal indoors.
Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne
particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and
decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and
micrometer-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms in walls and
generates mycotoxins and spores, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires'
disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen, dust,
and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate
more than they would otherwise occur in nature.
Consequences: Effects of Air Pollution
Health Effects
Air pollution is a significant risk factor for multiple health conditions including respiratory
infections, heart disease, and lung cancer, according to the WHO. The health effects caused
by air pollution may include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, asthma and
aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in
increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital
admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far
reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular
system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is
exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics. The most
common sources of air pollution include particulates, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur
dioxide. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution have caused approximately 3.3 million
deaths worldwide. Children aged less than five years that live in developing countries are
the most vulnerable population in terms of total deaths attributable to indoor and outdoor
air pollution. The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year
from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths
attributable to indoor air pollution. The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in India
was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster.

Leaked industrial vapors from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc.,
U.S.A., killed more than 25,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to
600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4
Great Smog of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died, and 8,000 more
died within the following months. An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological
warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovsk is believed to have been
the cause of hundreds of civilian deaths.

Around the world, children living in cities with high exposure to air pollutants are at
increased risk of developing asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections.
Because children are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilation they are more
susceptible to the dangers of air pollution. Risks of low initial birth weight are also
heightened in such cities.

Environmental Effects
Poisonous air pollutants (toxic chemicals in the air) can form acid rain. It can also form
dangerous ground level ozone. These destroy trees, crops, farms, animals and continue to
make water bodies harmful to humans and animals that live and depend on water.
Economical Effects
The effect of air pollution on the economy may be a derived one. In simple language, the
economy thrives when people are healthy, and business that depends on cultivated raw
materials and natural resources are running at full efficiency. Air pollution reduces
agricultural crop and commercial forest yields by billions of money each year. This in
addition to people staying off work for health reasons can costs the economy greatly.
Control: Measures to reduce Air Pollution
Solution efforts on pollution are always a big problem. This is why prevention
interventions are always a better way of controlling air pollution. These prevention
methods can either come from government (laws) or by individual actions. In many big
cities, monitoring equipments have been installed at many points in the city. Authorities
read them regularly to check the quality of air.
Government (or community) level
prevention
Governments throughout the world have already taken action against air pollution by
introducing green energy. Some governments are investing in wind energy and solar
energy, as well as other renewable energy, to minimize burning of fossil fuels, which cause
heavy air pollution.

Governments are also forcing companies to be more responsible with their manufacturing
activities, so that even though they still cause pollution, they are a lot controlled.
Companies are also building more energy efficient cars, which pollute less than before.

Individual Level Prevention

Encourage your family to use the bus, train or bike when commuting. If we all do this, there
will be fewer cars on road and less fumes.
Use energy (light, water, boiler, kettle and fire woods) wisely. This is because lots of fossil
fuels are burned to generate electricity, and so if we can cut down the use, we will also cut
down the amount of pollution we create.
Recycle and re-use things. This will minimize the dependence of producing new things.
Remember manufacturing industries create a lot of pollution, so if we can re-use things like
shopping plastic bags, clothing, paper and bottles, it can help.
Control devices
The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or
transportation devices. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an
exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.
Mechanical collectors
(Dust cyclones, multi-cyclones)
Electrostatic precipitators:
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air Cleaner is a particulate collection
device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced
electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that
minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine
particulates such as dust and smoke from the air stream.
Bag houses:
Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a
Blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system
(distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust).
Particulate scrubbers:
Wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology.
The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from
other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought
into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a
pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants.
Some Facts and Statistics about Air
Pollution
Air pollution affects kids more than adults due to higher concentrations of polluted air in
their systems per body size.
India is the country with the worst air quality in the world.
The European Union would save 161 billion Euros a year if deaths caused by air pollution
were diminished.
In large cities, over 80% of fatal pollutants that cause lung damage come from cars, buses,
motorcycles and other vehicles on the road.
According to the World Health Organization, there are as many deaths (1.3 million per year)
in the world due to air pollution as there are deaths due to car accidents.
The average adult breathes 3,000 gallons of air every day.
The Great Smog of London in 1952 was one of the worst air pollution events in History
with over 8,000 deaths.
The largest cause of air pollution in Europe is road transportation with over 5,000 People
dying each year from lung cancer and heart attacks caused by vehicle Exhaust fumes.
As we come outside our home and experience difficulty in breathing, it is caused by Air
pollution. Mainly harmful gases like NO2, SO2, Ozone, Particulate matters (dust), cigarettes,
smokes produced by burning different types of waste & garbage, Industries and vehicles
pollute the air. And it is the reason behind disease like Asthma, Cancer, Lungs disease,
Brain disease, Obesity and other respiratory problems in child.

How it affects our babies?

Day by day the no. of trees is being cut down. As trees are becoming less, pollutants
available in air are not being filtered out. So air remains polluted which results in different
types of disease. This disease cannot be tolerated and neglected as some of them are very
harmful and dangerous. More air we take in the polluted environment, more we intake the
pollutants and germs present in atmosphere. As kids have a higher rate of breathing than
us, so all the disease caused by air pollution make babies their first victim.

Asthma:
More the air we take, pollutants present in the air enter our body and hit on different
organs. It can be lungs, throat or respiratory organs. Most crucial thing is that we can’t stop
breathing .Babies who breathe at a higher rate than us, are the most vulnerable to this issue
and have to be taken care most. Germs enter inside the body with air and don’t come out
easily. They stick to different organs like throat, veins in kid’s developing body. And create
problems in their breathing by reducing the amount of oxygen present in air. As a result,
body requires more air from outside. So breathe rate of kid is increased and thus more
pollutants enter inside the kid’s body. The cycle continues and babies who have high
exposure to polluted air are caused with Asthma.

Lungs disorder:
The pollutant which entered once in kids body, starts damaging the other organs inside.
And the first thing they strike on, is Lungs. As lungs are responsible for all respiratory
functions inside the body, they remain more prone to these pollutants. All the air taken
inside is filled in lungs. Blood takes oxygen present in lungs and supplies it to heart. Then
takes CO2 back to the lungs which are produced in cells. So when these pollutants affect
lungs, Not only the respiratory system of body gets damaged and but also causes many
other organs deficiency.

Brain problems:
A rising case in these days related to babies is brain problems. During their early years,
brain of baby develops faster than other parts. Baby starts recognising, memorising and
moving his body parts. To perform all these actions, brain requires higher amount of
oxygen for its functioning. And more the brain works, more amount of oxygen is required.
During sleeping also while other body processes work in a relaxed manner, brain keeps
working as usual. The less amount of oxygen available in air causes complex problems
related to brain. And exposure to highly polluted air for longer period may cause serious
disease in babies like Encephalitis.

The health effects of ambient air pollution are well-described, but less is known about the
biological mechanisms mediating these health effects. In recent years, the hypothesis that
epigenetic may play a role in driving exposure-disease associations has gained traction, in
part because epigenetic modifications are labile and may respond to environmental
exposures in ways that directly affect gene transcription and disease risk. The purpose of
this review is to provide an understanding of the latest evidence to support this hypothesis.
The studies selected for this review were collected through a Pub Med search for articles
published between January 2010 and July 2013 using the following epigenetic keywords:
epigenetic, hailstone, microRNA, and DNA methylation; along with air pollutant keywords:
air pollution, benzopyrene, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter 1.0 (PM1),
particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10) and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH). A total of 38 original research articles were identified for our review.
The scientific studies to date provide evidence that PAHs and PM2.5 may have modest
effects on methylation levels of certain CpG sites within candidate genes of interest in
cardiovascular and respiratory disease as well as cancer. However, the data remain too
sparse to draw any meaningful conclusions with regard to hailstone modifications, marinas,
or effects of other pollutants such as NO2, O3, and SO4.

Air
pollution is causing about 1.1 million people to die prematurely each year in India mainly
because of particulate matter which increases cardiac diseases.

Reasons behind India’s failure to curb the

issue:
1. Weak Regulations: PIL is the main tool in the hands of people to demand environment
conservation but this tool lacks enforcement ability.
2. Population density and Urbanization: This imposes immense pressure upon public
transport leading to excessive use of private vehicles>> congestion on road> more
pollution.
3. Economic consequences: Developing nations like India are often indisposed to invest
legally, financially and politically in measures that can safeguard the environment because
they fear those could halt economic progress.USA, European countries can afford economic
losses.

4. These developed countries are using capital intensive technologies to reduce pollution
and emission of GHGs where India can’t afford to invest much on pollution when India has
other pressing issues such as poverty, health issues, need to develop fast to reap
demographic dividend.
5. China is making massive hydroelectric dams such as three gorges dams, largest ever dam
on Brahmaputra river, etc, which provide pollution free electricity whereas India continues
to depend on thermal energy for its energy demand at a great extent.
6.the manufacturing and industrial growth is coming down in these developed countries
including China whereas, it’s comparatively increasing in India.

Through following measures India reduce air

pollution:
1. Effective urban planning: Incorporate building plans(less pollution emitting) and city
plans that are focused towards reducing congestion mainly through Smart city Mission,
Amrut Mission. The recent decision to ban vehicles in Connaught place Delhi.
2. Enforcement of court orders immediately.
3. Strong legislation: Blanket ban on old vehicles which contributes significantly to
pollution as directed by courts. Directive principle under article 48A directs government to
take measures.
4. Improve health facilities at affordable prices: This was done by countries like USA so as
to cure the issue. Provide masks to traffic police as they are most affected by it.

Measures taken by Indian government:

1. Moving to Bharat Stage to VI from IV.

2. Provision of CAMPA, Ujjwalascheme, increased coal cess, accountability measures

from ministry to monitor emission of hazardous gases from industry.

Accelerating growth in the transport sector, a booming construction industry, and a

growing industrial sector are responsible for worsening air pollution in Indian cities.
While estimates of health impacts are effective in raising overall concern about air
quality, they do not specifically answer the question of where the pollution is
coming from and how much each of these sources contributes towards air pollution.
Further uncontrolled growth will lead to more pollution and require large recurring
investments to control pollution. This study under the SIM‐air program was
 initiated with support from the Climate Works Foundation (USA) and the Shakti
Sustainable Energy Foundation (India) to better understand the sources of air
pollution in six cities in India, to support an integrated dialogue between local
pollution management and climate policy in a co‐benefits framework. The six cities
selected for this study are ‐ Pune (Maharashtra); Chennai (Tamil Nadu); Indore
(Madhya Pradesh); and Ahmadabad, Rajkot, and Surat (Gujarat).

This paper explores technologies currently expanding the physical scope of air pollution
monitoring and their potential contributions to the assessment of sustainable development.
This potential lies largely in the ability of these technologies to address issues typically on
the fringe of the air pollution agenda. Air pollution monitoring tends to be primarily
focused on human health, and largely neglects other aspects of sustainable development.
Sensor networks, with their relatively inexpensive monitoring nodes, allow for monitoring
with finer spatiotemporal resolution. This resolution can support more conclusive studies
of air pollution's effect on socio-ecological justice and human quality of life. Satellite
observation of air pollution allows for wider geographical scope, and in doing so can
facilitate studies of air pollution's effects on natural capital and ecosystem resilience. Many
air pollution-related aspects of the sustainability of development in human systems are not
being given their due attention. Opportunities exist for air pollution monitoring to attend
more to these issues. Improvements to the resolution and scale of monitoring make these
opportunities realizable.

Highlights

► Air pollution mentioning’s focus must broaden to assess sustainable development.

► Technologies facilitating improvement in monitoring physical scope are vital.

► Sensor networks can better resolve air pollution impacts on justice, quality of life.

► Satellites can observe air pollution impacts on natural capital, and resilience.

► Studying these issues is important in managing for sustainable development.

NAME: AVIK KUMAR NASKAR

CLASS: B.com Part 3 Hons.

SECTION: A

ROLL No: 349

YEAR: 2018-19

NAME OF THE PROJECT:

AIR POLLUTION, the disaster,

reasons and cure
This is my proud privilege to express my deepest
sense of gratitude & Indebtedness to my supervisor
Prof. WAQIL HOSSAIN, assistant professor of the
department of the commerce Words perhaps would
fail to express the gratitude I owe to him. It would
have been impossible for me to complete the project
work without his constant & valuable suggestion at
every stage of the project work.
I am also grateful to all other teachers of
the department of commerce for their constant
support.
I express my gratitude to all my
friends for their help to complete the project work.

Signature
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………..

2. BACKGROUND………………………………

3. CASE, CONSEQUENCES AND

CONTROL OFAIR POLLUTION………….

4. LIMITATIONS………………………………..

5. FINDINGS………………………………………

6. ANALYSIS……………………………………..

7. SCOPE…………………………………………..