Axial Load Capacity of Cast-In-Situ Bored Piles in Stiff Dhaka Clay

by

Md. Shahanur Rahaman

A project report submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
in partial fulfillment for the degree

of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

IIIII~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
#107244#

2008
The thesis titled "Axial Load Capacity of Cast-in-Situ Bored Piles in Stiff Dhaka
Clay" submitted by Md. Shahanur Rahaman, Roll No. 1001 04205P, Session October,
2001 to the Department of Civil Engineering of Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Civil Engineering (Geotechnical) on 27th
July, 2008.

BOARD OF EXAI\IINERS

}{1.tb.aL Chairman
(Dr. Md. Hossain Ali)
(Supervisor)
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka

2 Member
(Dr. A.M.M. Safiullah)
Vice Chancellor
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka

3 Member
(Dr. Abu Siddique)
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
BUET, Dhaka

11
 DECLARATION

It is hereby declared that this thesis or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere
for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Md. Shahanur Rahaman)

III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE II

DECLARATION III

TABLE OF CONTENTS I I'

LIST OF TABLES \'11

LIST OF FIGURES VIII

NOTATIONS X

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT XII

ABSTRACT XIII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1,1 Background of the Study

L2 Objectives of the Study 2

1,3 The Research Scheme

1.4 The Thesis Laoout 3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2,1 Bearing Capacity of Foundations 5

2,2 Bearing Capacity of an Individual Pile 5

2,2, I End Bearing of Piles in Cohesive Soils 6

2,2, 1,1 Meyerhof's Deep Foundation Solution 7

2.2, I ,2 Skempton's Bearing Capacity Factors for Piles

in Clays 7
iv
11
2.2.1.3 Bearing Capacity Factors for Clay Proposed by

Other Researchers 9

2.2.2 Frictional Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils 10

2.2.2.1 Adhesion Factor for Piles Proposed by FHWA 11

2.2.2.2 Adhesion Factor for Piles Proposed by API 11

2.2.2.3 Adhesion Factor for Piles Proposed by lSI 12

2.2.2.4 Adhesion Factor for Piles Proposed by

Other Researchers 12

CHAPTER 3 :FIELD WORKS AND LABORATORY TESTS 14

3.1 Field Works 14

3.1.1 Selection of Borehole Location 15

3.1.2 Equipments Used in the Field Investigation 15

3. 1.3 Method of Boring, Collection, Preservation

And Transportation of the Samples. 17

3.2 Diseussionon Soil Stratification IS

3.3 Laboratory Investigations 22

3.3.1 Physical and Index Properties of Soil Samples 22

3.3.2 Shear Strength Characteristics of Soil Samples 24

3.4 Methodology for Pile Load Test 26

v
 CHAPTER 4: ESTIMATION OF PILE CAPACITY 28

4.1 Detennination of Pile Capacity by Theoretical Methods 28

4.2 Delennination of Pile Capacity from Load test by

Different Standards and Methods 28

4.3 Analysis Of Load-Settlement Curves- 30

4.3.1 Procedure of Extrapolation 32

4.3.2 Validation of the Proposed Method by Full Scale

Load Test '7

.L

4.4 Detennination of Pile Capacity from Extrapolated

Load-Settlement Curvcs

4.4 CarryingCapacityof Piles of Different Diameter 45

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 46
5.1 Conclusions 46
5.2 Recommendations for Future Study 47
5.2 Limitations of the Study 47

REFERENCES 49

APPENDIX-OJ 52

APPENDIX-02 70

APPENDIX-03 105

VI
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

12
Table 2.1 Values of a Recommended by Indian Standards
Institution (IS:2911- I979)

Table 3.1 Test Methods for Conducting Different Laboratory Tcsts

on Soil Samples

Table 3.2 Summary of Physical and Index Properties of Soil

Samples.

Table 3.3 Summary of Shear Strength Characteristics of Soil 25

Samples Determined by Unconfined Compression

Method

Table 3.4 Details of Test Piles 26

Table 4.1 Ultimate Capacity of Test Piles from Pile Load Tests 30

Table 4.2 Ultimate Pile Capacity by Static Method and from 44

Extrapolated Load Settlement Curves

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figu re ]'; o. Title Page No.

Fig. 2.1 General Bearing Capacity Factors (after MeyerhoC 1963) 8
Fig. 2.2 Bearing Capacity Factors for Foundation on Clay under 9
'I) = 0 Conditions (alier Skempton, 1951)

fig. 2.3 Relationship between Soil Shear Strength and Adhesion II

Factor (after API.1984)

Fig. 3.1 Figure Showing Borehole and Test Pile Locations 16

Fig.3.2.a Generalised Soil Profile of the Project Area (BH-I, BH- 19

1*, BH-19, BH-33, BH-26 & BH-IO)

Fig. 3.2.b Generalised Soil Profile of the Project Area (BH-24, 20

BH-39, BH-18, BH-22, BH-36 & BH-6)

Fig.3.2.c Generalised Soil Profile of the Project Area (BH-18, 21

BH-37, BH- I 6, BH-29, BH-31 & BH- I I)

Fig. 3.3 Classification of Soil Samples According to Unified 24

Soil Classification System

Fig. 3.3 Load Test Arrangement 27

Fig. 4.1 Typical Results of Load Test on (A) Friction Pile, (B) 31
End Bearing Pile and (C) Pile Deriving Support from

Both End Bearing and Friction

Fig.4.I.a Comparison between Field and Predicted Load 33

Settlement Curve (Pile #1)

Fig.4.I.b Comparison between Field and Predicted Load 33

Settlement Curve (Pile#2)

Fig.4.2.a 35
Pile Capacity by De Beer Method ( 1968) from
Extrapolated Load Settlement Curve (TPA-2)
Fig.4.2.b Pile Capacity by De Beer Method (1968) from 35
Extrapolated Load Settlement Curve (TPB-l)

Fig.4.2.c Pile Capacity by De Beer Method (1968) from 36

VIII
 Extrapolated Load Settlement Curve (TPC-I)
Fig. 4.3.a Load Carrying Capacity by Mazurkiewicz Method both 37
from Field and Extrapolated Load-Settlement Curves
(TPA-2).
Fig.4.3.b Load Carrying Capacity by Mazurkiewicz Method both 38
from Field and Extrapolated Load-Settlement Curves
(TPB- I).
Fig 4.3.c Load Carrying Capacity by Mazurkiewicz Method both 39
from Field and Extrapolated Load-Settlement Curves
(TPC-I ).
Fig 4.4.a Detennination of Skin Friction from Extrapolated 40
Load-Settlement Curve (TPA-2)
Fig 4.4.b Determination of Skin Friction from Extrapolated Load- 41
Settlement Curve (TPB- I)
Fig 4.4.c Determination of Skin Friction from Extrapolated Load- 42
Settlement Curve (TPC-I)
Fig 4.5.a Pile Capacity by Davisson's Method from Extrapolated 43
Load Settlement Curve (TPA-2)
Fig 4.5.b Pile Capacity by Davisson's Method from Extrapolated 43
Load Settlement Curve (TPB-I)
Fig 4.5.c Pile Capacity by Davisson's Method from Extrapolated 44
Load Settlement Curve (TPC-I)
Fig. 4.6 Ultimate Pile Capacity Vs. Pile Diameter 45

IX
 NOTATIONS

a Adhesion Factor
y Density of Soil
Axial Strain at Failure
q> Internal Angle of Friction of Soil
As Total Surface Area of the Pile in Contact with Soil
ASTM American Standards for Testing and Materials
Pile Tip Bearing Area
API American Petroleum Institute
B Width of the foundation
BNBC Bangladesh National Building Code
BS British Standards
BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
c Undrained Cohesion of Soil
D Depth of the foundation.
Ec Modulus of Elasticity of the concrete
EGL Existing Ground Level
t'c Ultimate Compressive Strength of the Concrete
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
fs Ultimate Unit Skin Friction between Soil and Pile Surface
IS Indian Standards
IUB Independent University of Bangladesh
L Length of the Foundation
LL Liquid Limit
Nc, Nq & Ny Bearing Capacity Factors
Ncp & Nqp Bearing Capacity Factors for Piles
Pa Atmospheric Pressure
PI Plasticity Index
PL Plastic Limit
Q Total Ultimate Capacity of the Pile

x
Q, Total Ultimate Skin Friction

Q'ip Total Ultimate End Bearing

gu Unconfined Compressive Strength

S Elastic Defonnation of the Total Pile Lenf,'1h

Sf Movement of the Pile Head

SPT Standard Penctration Test

Su Design Value for Undrained Shear Strcngth

xi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supcrvisor Dr. Md. Hossain Ali for
his guidance, thoughtful suggestions, encouragement and support towards succcssful
completion of the thesis.

I would also like to thank my employer, "Grameenphone Limited", for granting me

leave for completion of this thesis. Without their support this work would not have
been completed.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Abu Siddique for his kind
help in preparing this report.

It is nearly impossible for me to name each and every person who contributed somc
way or other to this work, but I would like to thank the members of my family for
their encouragement, and evcryone else including my colleagucs and friends. who
participated in fruitful discussions and made my work cnjoyable.

XII
 ABSTRACT

Cast-in-situ bored piles are the most commonly used deep foundations that are
currently being used for diffcrcnt structures in Dhaka city, especially in the rcclaimcd
sites. In most of the cases, the tips of the piles of such type arc embedded in relatively
dense sand laycrs where the end bearing is high. But in areas where such bearing strata
are not present, the base of the pile may have to rest on clay layer and the end bearing
capacity of the piles decreases considerably which in tum reduces the load carrying
capacity of the piles. This study aims at to propose a design method of such piles in
more efficient and effective way with the help of proper field investigations and
laboratory test results.

To fulfill the objective mentioned above axial load capacities of piles having different
diameters entirely embedded in stiff Dhaka clay located at Bashundhara, Dhaka, were
detennined both by standard theoretical methods and from load test results. To
determine the load carrying capacity by standard theoretical methods the strength
properties of the e1ay along the entire length of pile were detennined by collecting
undisturbed soil samples by boring and subscquent laboratory tests on these samples.
On the other hand the load test results mentioned above that was carried earlier by the
project authority was also used to detennine the capacities of piles of different
diameters. Most of the pile load tests conducted were tenninated much earlier before
the peak/failure load was reached. As a result, the load-settlemcnt curves could not be
used to pin point the failure load by the methods mentioned abovc. To detennine the
ultimate load from the load-settlement curves an effort has been made to extrapolate
the load-settlement curves and make an estimate on the ultimate load carrying capacity
of the piles. The load settlement curves were extrapolated with the assumption that the
load settlement curve in stiff Dhaka clay tollows the trend of a parabola after the initial
straight portion. With the help of these extrapolated curves ultimate carrying capacities
of piles of different diameter were derived by methods proposed by Dc Beer.
Mazurkiewicz, Van Weele and Davisson. It has been observed that the ultimate load
carrying capacity detennined from extrapolated load-settlement curves shows close
agreement with those detemlined by theoretical methods, especially with that
detennined following Indian Standards Institution, while ultimate pile capacity
determined in accordance with Tomlinson and API methods tend to be higher than that
detennined by Indian Standards Institution.

XIII
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF TilE STUDY

Pile foundations arc the part of structurcs uscd to carry and transfer the load of the

structures to suitable bearing ground locatcd at some depth bclow the ground surface.

The main components of a pile foundation arc the pile cap and the piles. Piles are

long and slender mcmbers which transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of high

bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bcaring capacity located at shallo"'cr

depths.

To dctcnninc thc load carrying capacity of such piles it is rcquircd that load test hc

carricd out on the piles. Recently in the proposed Independent University

Bangladesh Campus loeated at Bashundhara, Dhaka where the underlying soil is stiff

clay layer up to 55m depth, some test pilcs (east-in-situ bored) of different diameters

have been installed and load tests on the test piles have been carried out. Starting

li'OIn a few meters bclow the EGL, the stiff clay layer continues up to the tip of the

piles and the undrained shear strength of the stiff layer rises to a value as high as

~.15 tsl:

Dhaka is a rapidly growing city. To accommodate its filst growing population thcre

is no other option but to reclaim the low lying lands around the city of Dhaka hy

filling with soil and then constructing structures using deep foundations. Cast in situ

b"red piles are the most commonly used deep foundation that is currently being used

for different structures in Dhaka city, especially in reclaimed sites mentioned above.

In most of the cases tip of the piles of sueh type arc embedded in relativcly dense

sand layers where the end bearing is very high. But in areas where such bearing

strata are not present the base of the pile may have to rest on clay layer and the end

bearing capacity of the piles decreases considerably whieh in tum reduces the load

carrying capacity of the piles.

A pile foundation is much more expensive than spread footings and is likely to bc

more expensive than mat foundation. Therefore, great care should be exercised in
 2

determining the soil properties at the site for the entire depth of possible pile

penetration so that it can be accurately detern1ined whether a pile foundation is

needed at all and, if so, the design an be optimized so that neither an excessive

number nor excessive lengths are specified. This purpose can be achieved in two
ways:

• By taking an adequate field and laboratory test programs which will help the

designer to estimate the soil properties more accurately to design the

foundation in a more economic way.

• By determining the ultimate carrying capacity of a pile by load test.

Carrying capacity of piles changes with its cross section. In this study an en<ll't has

been made to understand the effect of difference in the diameters of piles on the
carrying capacity of piles.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major objectives of the study arc as follow5-

• To compare the ultimate load of piles determined by both theoretical methods

and ti'om load test results in stiff Dhaka clay.

• To study the effect of difference in the diameters of piles on the carrying

capacities of piles.

• To propose a method for detennining ultimate load capacities of piles

embedded in stiff Dhaka clay for which the load settlement curves do not

show clear peak load.

UTilE RESEARCII SCHE:\IE

The Ultimate bearing capacity of a pile in clay is the sum of its ti'ietional resistance
and end bearing, both being the functions of shear strength of the clay surrounding
the pile. Hence, it has been felt that attempts to correlate capacities of piles
detennined by theoretical methods and from load test results would require adequate
laboratory and field tests perfonned on soil samples extracted from various depths.

Aiming to achieve a closer estimation of load carrying capacity by theoretical

methods to thm obtained from load tests, the study consisted of the following
schemes:
 3

• Comprehensive geotechnical investigations- To determine the bearing

capacity of the piles, the shear strength of soils is an essential parameter

which requires to be detennined along the length of the pile. For this purpose

a borehole of 30 m long was drilled at the site of piles under study from

which undisturbed soil samples were collected all along the length of drilling

at regular intervals and strength & index properties of such samples were

determined in the laboratory.

• Compilation of laboratolY test results- After laboratory tests the shear

strengths of the soil at different depths has been detennined from unconfined

comprcssion curve. Other index properties such as liquid limit and plastic

limit, natural moisture content, grain size distribution were also determined

along the length of the pile which is represented in Appendix-I.

• l:stimation o/pile capacity- After detennination of strength properties Irom

laboratory test results, the bearing capacities of different sizes of piles were

detennined by theoretical methods and standards.

• Comparison 0/ Pile capacity- After estimation of capacity of piles of

different diameters as mentioned above a careful comparison of the results

has been made with those estimated from load test on piles of same

diameters. A number of methods mentioned in the literaturc were used for

detcnnining the allowable and ultimate load carrying capacities from load

test results. Finally a recommendation has been made on thc allowable and

ultimate axial bearing capacity of different diameters of piles in stiff Dhaka

clay

1.-1 Til E T/I ESIS LA YOUT

In Chapter J. background of the problem has been discussed along with the objeeti\T

and the scopes of the study. Finally the thesis layout has been presented in this

chapter.

In Chapter 2, The literature review is presented in which present state of the art of

pile foundation design in clays has been discussed. The two components of pile
 4

bearing capacity; cnd bearing and frictional rcsistance have been discusscd

separately for better understanding of the mechanism by which these two factors

inOuence the capacity of the pilcs. The cstimation of adhesion factor to dctermine the

frictional rcsistance has also bccn discussed. Suggestions from different authors have

been summarized to give an overview on the adhesion factor.

In Chapter 3, the description of the field works related to drilling of borehole.

collection of undisturbed samples at the site of investigation has been given.

Laboratory test methods and their results have also been presented in this chaptcr.
Finally, the methodology used for pile load tests has been discussed in brief.

In Chaljter 4, ultimate eapacity of piles under this study has been determined by

theoretical methods proposed by different authors and standards using laboratory test
results. Bearing capacity of such piles has also been detennined from load test

results. Finally a comparison has been made of the bearing capacities estimated by
various methods.

Conclusions of the study are presented in Chapter 5 along with deseription of the

major contributions of this research. Some limitations of the study have been

highlighted. A few possible extensions of the cun-ent study are also suggested here.
 5

CHAPTER 2
LITERA TURE REVIEW

2.1 BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATIONS

Terzaghi's (1943) bearing capacity theory represents one of the first efforts to adapt

to soil mechanics. Fonnulae proposed by subsequent researchcrs are gcnerally

transcribed into fonns analogous to Terzaghi's. So the most convenient manner of

comparing the various theories is to compare the dimensionless factors called

Bearing Capacity Factors, originally defined therein. It probably may be claimed that

despite much complementary works, Terzaghi's (1943) original solutions are sti II

widely used.

According to Terzaghi (1943), for a strip foundation of with 'B' and at a shallow

depth '0', the ultimate bearing capacity is detennined by the expression-

Qu = cNe + yONq + O.5yBNy (1.1 )

Where, e = Undrained cohesion of soil

y = Density of soil

Nc, Nq & Ny = Bearing capacity factors.

These bearing capacity factors depend on the angle of intemal friction "<p" of

the soil. Considering the importance of Terzaghi's original solution on most of the

subsequcnt work it is deemed worthwhile repeating the above fundamental

in!clrInation notwithstanding its appearance in most publications.

2.2 BEARING CAPACITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL PILE

Bearing capacity of pile foundation is due to the joint contribution of end bearing

and skin resistance. Therefore the ultimate capacity of a pile due to soil resistance

developed by friction between the soil and pile shaft and end bearing at the tip of the

pile is,
 6

Or,
(2.2)

Where, Q = Total ultimate capacity of the pile

Q, = Total ultimate skin friction

Q'ip = Total ultimatc end bearing
A, = Total surface area of the pile in contact with soil along the embedded

shaft length

f, = Ultimate unit skin !i.iction between soil and the pile surface

Atip = Pile tip bearing area

qu = Ultimate unit cnd bearing capacity of soil at the pile tip

There are several methods to compute skin friction (f,) and end bearing (qu). Thc

analysis differs for clay soil and for sandy soil. Where strata of soils possessing

different properties or pile cross-section and surface area vary along its length, the

skin friction can be calculated by using segments of pile length and the appropriate

soi I parameters and pile shaft area of the segment.

2.2.1 End Bearing of Piles in Cohesive Soils

Since practically all the continnatory evidence of ultimate bearing capacities of clays

is connected with saturated clays and rapid (undrained) loading condition, most of

the researchers have considered the undrained angle of internal friction as <p = 0 .

Thus, when <p = O. Terzaghi's (1943) bearing capacity factors reduces to

Nq = I & Ny = 0 and the equation 2.1 reduces to

Qu= cNc+ yO (2.3 )

Considering weight of thc pile = weight of the soil displaced, the net ultimate end
bearing of pile in cohesive soils is,
 7

Qu = cN, (2.4)
From the above equation it is evident that the bearing capacity factor Nc is the only

point of interest for researchers to concentrate in to detennine thc end bearing of a

pile foundation as a result of which various researchers have suggested various

values of Nc. In this chapter efforts have been made to summarize the values of Nc

(or Ncp) in the subsequent discussions.

2.2.1.1 i\ leyerhof's Dccp Foundation Solution

Meyerhofs (1963) deep foundation solution is extensively applied for thc

computation of point bearing capacity through the bearing capacity factors for piles

N,.p and Nqp. Meyerhof established the bearing capacity factors N"p & Nqp for pile

semi-empirically to account for the limiting value of depth factors, the influence of

the shape of the base and the compressibility of the soil. The values of N"p & Nqp are

presented in Fig. 2.1.

From the fig. 2.1 it can be seen that the value of bearing capacity factor N"" for piles

in clay (for ql=O case), is around 9 and that ofNq" is O.

2.2.1.2 Skcmpton's Bearing Capacity Factors for Piles in Clays

With the condition <p= 0, the bearing capacity factors rcduces to Nq = I & Ny = 0 and

thus, as mentioned earlier net ultimate end bearing capacity of pile in clays reduces

to

Q" = eNe

Thus, the problcm of calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of clays is thcrefore

solved when the shear strength 'c' of the clay has been detemlincd and the factor N,.

has been evaluated lor the particular values of B and Dr.

where,

B = Width of the foundation/diameter of the pile

Dr= Depth of the foundation/length of the pile.

 8

In an attempt to investigate the bearing capacity of clays, Skempton (1951) has

summarized and established a suitable bearing capacity factor (NJ for foundations in

clays with available field evidence on the ultimate bearing capacity of clays (Fig.
2.2)

:c::.

51,;.,(0<8)
5 quore , D < B I
•
Pi I " ( 0 I B> 4 -101
/

100
/

a
Z
.
v
:z:
10

I,

I .
I, /'
,/1
00

ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION. 'if

Fig. 2. I - General Bearing Capacity Factors (after Meyerhof. 1963)

From the figure 2.2 it is evident that for a foundation D1/8:::4 (i.e. for pile

foundations) the bearing capacity factor, Nc tends to 9 which again falls in close

agreement with the Meyerhofs bearing capacity factor for piles, Ncp•
 9

10

Square an
9 Clre ar

Conti uous
foo iog

4
o 2 DflB 3 4 5

Fig. 2.2 Bearing Capacity Factors for Foundation on Clay Under <p= 0 Conditions
(after Skempton, 1951)

2.2.1.3 Bearing Capacity Factors for Clay Proposed by Other Researchers

Beside the theoretical approach to the problem various researchers have investigated
the field or experimental value of bearing capacity factor for deep foundations in
clays. Some of these studies are described below.

Not many field measurements are available to check the bearing capacity factors for
pile N,p for clays, besides the London Clay. Kerisel (1965) states that N,p values
higher than 9 have been reported. It has been reported as high as 20 in few cases.

Dinesh Mohan (1961) reports values for expansive clays wherein comparing with the
vane shear strengths of 14 to 18t/m2 the resulting N,p values are 8.2, 5.7, 7.8 and 7.2.

Meyerhof and Murdock (1953) carried out an investigation on the bearing capacity
of some bored and driven piles in London Clay. Soil investigation and series of
loading tests were made on two sites in the London area, at Southall (Middlesex) and
Barnet (Hertfordshire). Economical methods of installing piles in stiff clays were
 10

studied, and the factors contributing to the point resistance and skin friction in
London Clay were investigated. It was found that the point resistance can be based
on the natural shearing strength and the skin friction of these bored piles is closely
given by fully softened strength.

2.2.2 Frictional Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils

The carrying capacity of piles installed into cohesive materials such as silts and clays
is given by the sum of the skin friction between the pile surface and the soil and thc
end resistance. The skin friction is not necessarily equal to the shear strength of thc
soil, sinee installation of a pile into a cohesive soil can alter thc physical
characteristics of the soil to a marked extent. The skin friction also depends on the
material and shape of the pile.

In order to account for execution effects as well as material and shape factors of pi Ie,
it has been customary merely to include a correction factor to compare the unit skin
friction values fs with the appropriate shear strength value of the contiguous soil
clement.

Thus it can be cxpressed as follows:

Fs=ucAs (2.6)

in which the adhcsion coefficient u has been traditionally defined by thc ovcrall ratio
of thc ultimate latcral resistance, F, (under rapid loading) to the product of thc latcral
surface area As with the undrained strength c.

With the 'u' factor defined as above, the subject decomposcs into three fundamental
parts on which the adhesion factors depends: the type of contact surface; the
e"xecution effects; and the variation of strains along the pilc.

Estimate of 'u' values have been published based on a subtraction of the 9c point
bcaring load from the ultimate values ofload tests, and a comparison with undrained
strcngths. Observations and results or-such efforts is summarized in this scction.
 II

2.2.2.1 Adhesion F:letor for Piles Proposed by Federlll IIighway Administration

Unit skin friction is often only a fraction of the undisturbed shear strength of the elay
and that wide variations in adhesion factor can occur on anyone site.
Federal Highway Administration (1999) recommends the skin friction for piles in
clay and for compression loading as-
I;; uSu (2.7)
where,
U ; a dimensionless eOITelation coefficient defined as follows
u; 0 between the ground surface and a depth of 1.5 m (5 ft) or to a depth of seasonal
moisture change, whichever is deeper
u ; 0 for a distance of Bb (the diameter of the base) above the base or, in the case of
a belled shaft, the top of the bell, and the peripheral surface of the bell itself; and
u ; 0.55 elsewhere for SuiPa :s 1.5 and varying linearly between 0.55 and 0.45 for
Su/Pa between 1.5 and 2.5
I'a ; atmospheric pressure in the units being used
Su; Design value for undrained shear strength for the layer being considered

2.2.2.2 Adhesion Factor for Piles Proposed by Americ:ln Petroleum Institute

The API (1984) also suggests the values of adhesion factor as shown in Fig.2.3, for
normally consolidated elay which depends on the undrained shear strength only.
Ilowever, API recommends undrained shear strength not more than 50 kPa for OCR
> I for large D/B ratios.

1.5
i
---f--1---f---+---I---I---~----'

~ 1 ~

8 ~
~ 0.5 . ---+----11---:>+---+---1---+----+-- ..•
1-1--I---j--1----t-I----I----1

o
o 50 100 150 200
Undrained shear strength in KPa

Fig. 2.3- Relationship Between Soil Shear Strength and Adhesion Factor for
Normally Consolidated Clays (after API, 1984)
 12

2.2.2.3 Adhesion Factor for Piles Proposed by Indian standards Institution

(lSI)

Indian Standards Institution (1979) recommends the value of a for bored and driven
piles into clays of various consistencies ranging from very soft to hard. The values of
II is listed in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Yalues of a Recommended by Indian Standards Institution

Yalue Ofll
Consistency of soil N Yalue Bored piles Driven piles
Very soft to soft <4 0.7 1.0
Medium 4 to 8 0.5 0.7
Stiff 8 to IS 0.4 0.4
Stiff to hard >15 0.3 0.3

2.2.2.4 Adhesion Factor for Piles Proposed by Other Researchers

Dinesh Mohan and Subhash Chandra (1961) made an attempt to find out a relation
between the frictional resistance and the shear strength of clay. Loading and pull out
tests were carried out on east-in-situ bored piles at Poona, Bhopal, Ujjain and
Jabalpur. Adequate laboratory and field tests were perfonned on soil samples
extracted from various depths and their results correlated with loading and pull out
test values. It is concluded that the frictional resistance of a bored concrete pile in
medium to hard clays is about half the average undisturbed shear strength of the clay
along the pile shaft and has the same value in loading and pull out tests. It is also
concluded that the reduction in the frictional resistance is due to partly to the
soliening of the clay adjacent to the pile shaft and partly to the loss of adhesion
between the soil and the concrete.

Aurora and Peterson (1980) carried out a model study ofload transfer in slender pile.
They described an experimental study in which the phenomena influencing the
development of pattems of skin friction in a very long, slender pile driven
 13

progressively deeper into two compacted clays were investigated. The results show
that the average adhesion factor decreases with increasing penetration in the soil at a
decreasing rate.

With regard to the nature of construction material and the consequent skin friction a
table of values is furnished by Potyondy (1961). Values range from about 0.5 for
smooth stecl on clay, to about 1.0 for rough concrete.

Rodin and Tomlinson (1969) reported on 21 driven piles, in undisturbed clays of

undrained strengths between 5 and 11 tonlm2 and completely remolded strengths of
1.5 to 2.5 ton/m2: for bored piles a is conservatively indicated as 0.4 for soft to
medium clays, decreasing to 0.25 for stiff clays; for driven piles a = 1.00 for soft
clays decreasing to 0.25 for very stiff clays.
 14

CHAPTER 3
FIELD WORKS AND LABORATORY TESTS

Prior to any foundation design sub soil investigation should be carried out. The
investigation may range in scope from a simple examination of the surface soils with
or without a few shallow trial pits, to a detailed study of the soil and ground water
conditions to a considerable depth below the surface by means of boreholes and in-
situ and laboratory tests on the materials encountered. The extent of the work
depends on the importance and foundation arrangement of the structure, the
complexity of soil conditions, and the information which may be available on the
behavior of existing foundations on similar soils.

3.1 FIELD WORKS

Earlier in November, 2001, MIS Unique Boring and Engineering Limited perfonned
a geotechnical investigation at the site which mainly includes drilling of forty
boreholes up to 100 m depth and execution of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in
such boreholes at 1.5 m intervals. Some undisturbed samples were also collected
trom shallow depths. The bore logs of the site reveal existence of two distinct layers.
These arc as follows:

• A very soft to soft clayey silt layer at the top. Thickness of this layer IS

approximately 6m in 28 boreholes and 10m in 12 boreholes .

• A medium stiff-very stiff clayey silt layer occurs below the soft laycr and cxtcnds
down to the final depth of boring in all boreholes. Gencrally thc stiffness of this laycr
increases with depth in all the boreholes with few exceptions where the stiffness is
found to decrease and then increase in crratic manner.

Due to absence of strength properties (i.e. c & <p)in the above mentioned report, load
carrying capacities of the piles have been estimated with the help of N values. To
determine the exact strength properties of the soil a borehole of 30m depth was
drillcd and undisturbed soil samples were collected trom the entire length of the
boring at 1.5m intervals under this study. After collection, the soil samples were
tested in the Geotcchnieal Engineering laboratory of BUET. Methodology for the
 15

collcction of soil sample and laboratory test procedures is described in this chapter in
the subsequent paragraphs.

3.1.1 Selection of Borehole Location

It has been mentioned earlier in this report that the piles under this study were
installed at the proposed campus of the Independent University of Bangladesh (IUB)
located at Bashundhara, Dhaka, the borehole under the scope of the study was drilled
within this project area. During the drilling construction work was going on at the
site.

The position of the borehole was located at the north-west side of the project area
(i.e. ncar borehole no. I) as per suggestion of the project manager. The position of
the borehole along with test piles and the boreholes carried by the IUB authority arc
shown in fig. 3.1. The site was already elevated to a height of 1.5 m approximately
by the excavated soil of the project. So, it was decided that the borehole depth should
be 31.5 m and collection of sample would start trom 3.0 m depth from existing
ground level at and continue at intervals of 1.5 m to the tinal depth of the boring.

Aller selection of the borehole location the drilling rig was positioned on the point of
the borehole. The rig was centered on the borehole point using a hammer freely
hanged
'.;'
with a rope over the pulley of the rig. As soon as the rig was positioned
,

eOITeetly on the borehole point the legs of the rig was tightened properly so that they
could not m~ve during drilling of the borehole or during sample collection.

/' "

3.1.2 Equipnlent Used in the Field Investigation

Drilling rig- A three legged rig was used for

. the drilling of the borehole. The rig was,
centered on the top of the boring location.

Drilling
I '
bit- Since the, size of the Shelby tube was 70 111m
j !;
• ,
it was decided
\ I i ~:
that ithe size
I I, i

o(the bore 1)~lesl!ould at least be ~f 125,I11,m.SO,the lat~ral dimension1oftl,le drilling,

bit used lor cutting the soil was taken as 100 mm.
, ,
Drilling rod- Drill rods used in the boring had 50 mm outer diameter and 35 mm
I ,.,
I ,I I
inner diameter, each having length of 3.0.
I,
 16

--------------285'-6"@14'-3"-------------

-
...• "- ~ B
I
I
.-25 B
1
T
,-23
-
T B 1

B.!'
1

8R. 1 BH.-
~
H,-3
~ BB 1 (B reha , un "P opos d ,t dy)

•...

-
-< ~ ~ ~
BH. 2
BB. 15 B .-21 B .-18 B ,-20

1 1 ,T B- 1 1
~ Bll.!' ,. B
T
.-22 }1
'",
BB. B
" ~"

-
B .-4
;,.

1 1 -l.
o, 4- T T
B .-3 811.-3 BH -I.

B .-5
1 1
HR. 26 B .X, B .-3
r BH. ,.
J 1

1. I

-
I ~ B B .-31
I
.-,
B ,-30 ...• •... k'-
-B
T rA-
.
1'- BR.- ,"!" ~A- B ,-27

--. .-"

4- ~ -< •...
1 --J,.
I
B .~. B .~10 BH. 11

B .-8
B\
Legend:

+ Boreholell

-
-$-
Test piles

Borehole under proposed study

-$-
N
Fig. 3.1 Sketch Showing Borehole and Test Pile Locations
 17

Undisturbed soil sampler- A relatively undisturbed sample is obtained by pressing a

thin -walled metal tube into the in-situ soil. The soil sampler used in the boring had
inner diameter 75 mm and at least 600 mm long.

3.1.3 Method of Boring, Collection, Preservation and Transportation of the

Samples

1J0ring- At selected location (shown in the site plan), using guide casing in upper
2.0m (below E.G.L) and using water mixed with bentonite to stabilize the borehole
walls against cave-in and removal of loose soil from borehole, the bore hole was
advanced up to 31.5 m from E.G.L. Soil stratification (encountered in the borehole)
was recorded during boring. All infonnation related to sample type, sample
collection points and soil stratification arc ineluded in the bore log.

Undisturbed soil sampling- 70 mm diameter undisturbed soil samples were collected

at 1.5 m interval through out the length of the boring. After drilling the borehole with
drill bit the borehole was washed properly so that no loose soil is left at the bottom of
the borehole. Then undisturbed soil sampler fixed with drilling rod was lowered into
the borehole and was positioned at the bottom of the borehole. The sampler was then
poshed into the soil with gentle blow of the hammer on the top of the drilling rod.
Alier driving the sampler into the soil up to a considerable length (at least 450 mm)
the sampler was pulled back gently out of the soil so that no soil dropped out of the
sampler.

Preservation of soil samples- Immediately after collection of the samples within the
Shelby tubes the sample was cleaned at the both end. Loose soils were removed from
both ends of the tube. Then the tube was waxed on the both end and kept vertically
Il)r transportation to the laboratory.

'lhlJlsl'0rtation o./soil samples- Soil samples were ean'ied to the laboratory vertically
in wooden boxes with wrapping of foam around the Shelby tube so that minimum
disturbance occulTed to the samples.
 18

3.2 DISCUSSION ON SOIL STRATIFICATION

Using the borehole log data and the test data on soils collected from the borehole
drilled during the present investigation and also using soil stratification data from the
bore logs drilled during project planning stage, the soil profile of the hole projcct
arca has been determined. The main strata encountered are as follows:

A soft to firm clayey silt layer oecurring at the top up to a dcpth of 8 m.

This is followed by a medium stiff to very stiff clayey silt to the final depth
of boring. In general, the stiffness of the soil has an increasing trend with few
exceptions at some depths.

Oceasional pockets of finc sandy silt cxist at some borehole loeations.

8ashundhara, the area of Dhaka where the project is located is a part of the
"Barind Tract" which occupies approximatcly 1600 square miles of Dhaka
and adjoining areas. Geologically the Barind traet is known as the "Dhaka
Clay Ressidum", the principal soil units of which consist of a medium stiff to
stilT clay layer underlain by dense sand layer. In the project area thc dense
sand layer has not been eneountered in any of the boreholes. However during
drilling for sinking a submersible pump for a tubc-well at the site, the dense
sand layer was encountered at a depth of 55m. The proposed piles therefore
rest entircly on medium stiff to stiff clay.

Gencralized soil profile at the projeet area has bcen presented in fig. 3.2a 3.2b
and 3.2c. It can be observed that the strata encountered in thc borchole under
this study are almost similar as those encountered in the borcholes during thc
gcotcchnical investigation for the proposed IU8 campus project. Thcreforc thc
uncontincd comprcssion strcngth and other results detcrmincd from tests on
samples of 81-1-1of the present study may bc considercd to be rcprescntative of
thc cntirc site and applicable to caleulations of capacities of the livc test pilc
installed in thc projcct area.
 E.J;.L
eH.-I. 8H.-1 *
(Under proposed Study)
BH.-/9. 8H.-33 BH.-26
, . .' BH.-IO
o

"

10

"
.•
~
.~I 1$
,0
~
~
•
"
20

2.

30

, . . .z.
F/g. 3.2.0 Generol/sd 5011 Prof/Ie at Project Area (BH.-I, BH.-I, BH.-/9, BH.-33 ,BH.-26 B 8H.-IO) 1'0
 c.G.LBH.-24 BH.-39 B.{1.:18 BH.-22 BH.:36
o ~fl.-6
.•

'0

Iff(
'Ity Cloy

2~

30
Fig. 3.2.b Generalised Soil Prof/Ie at Project Area (BH.-24 ,BH.-39, BH.-IB, BH.-22 ,BH.-36 8 BH.-6.
N
o
 BH-IB BH.-37 BH.-16
E.G.L BH.-29 BH.-31 BH.-II
o

'0

-
~I"
~
.~
c
~
•
Q

20

2'

.30

Fig. 3.2. C Generalised Soil Profile at Project Area. (8H.-18 , 8H.-37,BH.-16, BH.-29, 8H.-31, 8 8H.-II) N
 22

3.3 LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

Laboratory tests on selectcd undisturbed samples wcrc carricd out at Geotcchnical

Enginccring laboratory of BUET.

Index property tests- For the identification and classification of sub-soil, the test
perfonncd includes moisture content test, liquid limit and plastic limit test and grain
size distribution analysis.

Unconfined compression tests- on 35.6 mm dia. specimens, prepared from selected

undisturbed samples, have been perfonned for evaluating thc undraincd shear
strength of the cohesive sub-soils.

All thc tests were carried out following the respective procedures outlined in ASTM
(1989). The ASTM designations of the various laboratory test procedures arc
presented in Table 3.1

Table 3.1- Test Methods for Conducting Different Laboratory Tests on Soil Samples

Name of the Test Test Method Followed

Water (Moisture) Content of Soil ASTM D 2216
Specific Gravity of Soils ASTM D 854
Liquid Limit of Soils ASTM D 4318
Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils ASTM D 4318
Amount of Material in Soils Finer than the No. 200 ASTM D 1140
Sieves

Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates ASTM C 136

Unconfined Compression Test ASTM D 2166

3.3.1 Physical and Index Properties of Soil Samples

Physical and Index properties tests have been carried out on the soil samples
collected from the site. The numerical results of such tests are presented in Table 3.2
 23

Table 3.2- Summary of Physical and Index Properties of Soil Samples.

8.1-1. Sample Depth Natural LL PL Sand Silt Clay

No. No. (ft) moisture (%) (%) (%)
content (%)
I UD-OI 5 28.9 50 21 12 35 53
UD-03 15 26.3 63 18 3 45 52
UD-04 20 46.5 70 29 4 63 33
UD-05 25 30.7 37 29 6 70 24
UD-06 30 26.1 68 22 4 46 50
UD-07 35 29.6 68 26 2 48 50
UD-08 40 19.7 49 13 5 51 44
UD-09 45 24.5 51 14 7 53 40
UD-l1 55 29.5 50 27 I 73 26
UD-12 60 25.0 42 26 I 86 13
UD-13 65 22.9 46 20 4 51 45
UD-14 70 15.9 46 15 6 45 49
UD-15 75 16.0 46 18 10 54 36
UD-16 80 27.3 54 24 3 59 38
UD-17 85 19.5 48 18 14 36 50
UD-18 90 25.1 53 20 7 60 33
UD-19 95 30.9 69 22 4 60 36
UD-20 100 28.0 69 25 3 65 32

Liquid limit (LL) and Plastic limit (PL) tests were carried out on all the available soil
samples and the plasticity indices were determined. It has been observed that the
liquid limit of the soil samples varies from 38 to 70 while the plasticity index ranges
between 8 and 48. In figure 3.2 from the plasticity chart it is found that almost all the
soil samples falls within CL and CH group according to Unified Soil Classification
System (Fig. 3.3).

Natural water content test was carried out on the available soil samples it has been
observed that the value ranges from 16 % to 47 %.
 24
Specific gravity of the solid constituents of eighteen soil samples was determined.
Specific gravity values of the soil samples have been found to vary between 2.52 and
2.60.

The grain size analysis of eighteen soil samples obtained from various depths of the
borehole were carried out both by hydrometer analysis for percent finer than No. 200
sieve (0.074) and wash sieving for coarser particles. It has been found that the
percentage of clay size particles varies between 13 % and 53 %, silt size particles
varies between 35 % and 73 % while the percentage of sand size particles ranges
from as low as 1 % to 12 %. The grain size distribution curves are presented in
Appendix-I.

70

60
C-

50
~ o
~

,•.
." 40
.S 0'"
I
~ 30
e'"0"
I

:~ itA" lin
~ y =( 7385x 14.607
0: 20 0"
. MH orOH
e"~~
10
I j:LoM~ I.I/~
' "'/~
~~t~
o 1'-«:
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit

Fig.3.3 Classification of Soil Samples According to Unified Soil Classification

system

3.3.2 Shear Strength Characteristics of Soil Samples

To determine undrained shear strength of the sub-soils unconfined compressive

strength tests were carried out on all the available soil samples. Samples having
 25

nominal dimensions of 38 mm diameter and 76 mm high were prepared by trimming

undisturbed samples using a piano wire, soil lathe and split mould. The compressive
stress versus axial strain curves of the samples are presented in Appendix-I. From
the stress-strain data, unconfined compressive strength (gu) and axial strain at failure
(cd were detennined. A summary of the unconfined compression test results is
presented in Table 3.3. Values of average cohesion of the samples varied between
0.15 tsf to 2.15 tsf. The axial strains at failure (cd have been found to vary between
3% and 15%.

Table 3.3- Summary of Shear Strength Characteristics of Soil Samples Determined

by Unconfined Compression Test

RH. Sample Depth Axial strain at Cohesion, Water Dry Density

No No. (ft) failure, Cf (%) c (tst) content (%) (lb/FtJ)
I UD-OI 5 15 0.16 28.9 90.0
UD-03 15 15 0.34 26.3 95.6
UD-04 20 8 0.43 46.5 72.9
UD-05 25 12 0.30 30.7 90.5
UD-06 30 5 1.17 26.1 96.5
UD-07 35 5 1.02 29.6 93.2
UD-08 40 7.5 1.25 19.7 109.2
UD-09 45 10 0.41 24.5 97.4
UD-II 55 5 1.45 29.5 90.7
UD-12 60 5 0.55 25.0 91.7
UD-13 65 6 1.02 22.9 102.5
UD-14 70 6 2.24 15.9 109.8
UD-16 80 9 1.29 27.3 94.9
UD-17 85 9 1.76 19.5 108.1
UD-18 90 9 1.50 25.1 99.5
UD-19 95 5 1.66 30.9 89.3
UD-20 100 4 2.15 28.0 95.2
 26

3.4 METHODOLOGY FOR PILE LOAD TEST

Though methodology for pile load test is not within the scope of this study, this is
discussed here briefly because method of loading has a great impact on the carrying
capacity of piles and it should be recorded in the report for further conclusion if
rcquircd in the future.
Maintaincd loading static axial compression test was eaITied out on the test piles
loll owing the standard procedure outlined in ASTM D I 143-81 (1989) "Standard Test
Method for Piles Under Static Axial Compressive Load". The details of test piles arc
give in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4- Details of Test Piles

Sino. Pile no. Diameter Length Allowable Design 10ad(Tons)
(mm) (m) (Suggested by Independent University
Bangladesh, IUB)
I TPA-I 750 30 165
2 TPA-2 750 30 165
3 TPB-I 600 30 128
4 1'1' B-2 600 30 128
5 TPC-I 500 30 108

All the load tests were conducted with application of load equal to two times the
allowable load. The loads were applied in eight equal increments. Two strain dial
gauges were placed each on either side of the pile to measure the vertical settlement
of the collar firmly attached to the pile top with respect to the reference beams. The
reference beams were finnly supported in the ground at sufficient distance away from
both thc pile and supports of the loading platfonn.

Aller applying the load on pile head through hydraulic jack, the settlements of the
pilc were recorded at 30 sec, I, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes intervals on strain
gauges rested on reference beams and attached with the pile head.

Each load increment was maintained until the rate of settlement was not greater than
0.25 mm/hr or until 2 (two) hours had c1apsed, whichever occurred first.
 WEIGHTED BOX OR PlATFORM

CROSSBEAMS

_Ceo ..- TEST BEAMS

---- STEEL PlATE

. HYDRAUUC JACK

- TEST PLATE

n . .. DIAl GAGES

REFERENCE BEAM

Pig.3.4 Load Test Arrangement

!::l
 28

CHAPTER 4
ESTIMATION OF PILE CAPACITY

With an objective to establish a more reliable method for detennination of the axial
load capacity of piles embedded in stiff Dhaka Clay, two different approaches have
been made. In the first method, prediction of ultimate load carrying capacity of pilcs
has been made using available theory and fonnulae. In the second method load-
settlement curves obtained from load tests on such piles have been used for the
above mentioned purpose. Results obtained from both the approaches have been
represented in tabular fonn in this chapter.

4.1 DETERMINATION OF PILE CAPACITY BY THEORETICAL

METHODS

Among all the available methods to predict the pile capacity in clays, some of the
popular and widely used methods have been used in this study. These are-

(i) Federal Highway Administration of USA method

(ii) American Petroleum Institute method
(iii) Method recommended by Indian Standards Institution

Frictional resistance has been calculated as per formula and recommendations made
in the above methods earlier in Chapter 2. End bearing has been taken as eN, in all
the methods, where-
N, = Bearing capacity factor is taken as 9 and
e = undrained cohesion for the layer being considered

The calculation sheets arc included in Appendix 2.

4.2 DETERMINATION OF PILE CAPACITY FROM LOAD TEST BY

DIFFERENT STANDARDS AND METHODS

Load was applied on piles in stages up to 200% of the design load. Pile settlement in
mm against applied load in tons has been plotted for piles TPA-I, TPA-2, TPB-I,
TPB-2 and TPC-] (Appendix-3). To predict the ultimate vertical load earrYl11g
capacity of the test piles the following methods arc followed. These arc
 29

(i) Davisson's offset limit method- In Davisson's (1973) method, the failure load is
defined as the load corresponding to the movement which exceeds the clastic
compression of the pile, when considered as a free column, by a value of O.I 5in. plus
a factor depending upon the diameter of the pile. This critical movement can be
e.xpressed as follows:

S,= S + (0.15x25.4 + 0.008D) (4.1 )

Where, Sr is the movement of the pile head (in mm), D is the pile diameter or width
(inmm), and S is the elastic defonnation of the total pile length (in mm).

In this study to calculate the elastic compression of the pile the Modulus of Elasticity
of the concrete (Ee) has been taken as

(4.2)

Where, Ultimate compressive strength of the concrete, fe' = 3000 psi

(ii) British Standards (ES) Institution (1986) - recommends that ultimate carrying
capacity of pile should be that which causes the pile to settle a depth of 10% of pile
width or diameter. Regarding the allowable pilc capacity, the BS eode's states that
the allowable pile capacity should be 50% of the final load which causes the pile to
settle to a depth of 10% of pile width or diameter.

(i i i) Indian Standards (IS) code (1979) recommends that the ultimate capacity of pi Ie
is smaller of the following two-

(a) Load corresponding to a settlement equal to 10% of the pile diameter

(b) Load corresponding to a settlement of 12 mm

The same code states that the allowable pile capacity is smaller of the following:

(a) Two thirds of the final load at which total settlement is 12 mm.
 30

(b) Half of the final load at which total settlement is equal to 10% of the pile
diameter.

(iv) 71le Bangladesh National Bllilding Code (1993) recommends that the
allowable load capacity of pile shall not be more than one half of that test load which
produce a permanent nct settlement ( i.e. gross settlement less rebound) of not more
than 0.00028 mm/kg of test load nor 20mm.

Result of load tests on piles under this study are presented in 4.1 and clearly shows
that the piles have ultimate capacities in excess of those predicted in the design (sec
Appendix-3 )

Table 4.1 Ultimate Capacity of Test Piles from Pile Load Test

Pile no. Diameter Ultimate Capacity (Ton)

(mm) Davisson, I973 IS:2911- BS BNBC:1993
1979 8004: 1986
TPA-I 750 >330 >330 >330 >330
TPA-2 750 >330 >330 >330 >330
TPB-I 600 >256 >256 >256 >256
TPB-2 600 >256 >256 >256 >256
TPC-I 500 >216 >216 >216 >216

4.3 ANALYSIS OF LOAD-SETTLEMENT CURVES

As the load tests used in this study were not carried to failure which would ha\e
facilitatcd detennination of the precise value of the ultimate load capacity of the
piles, a method of extrapolation of load settlemcnt curves has been used to estimate.
as ncarly as possiblc; the failure load from load settlement curves. The assumptions
used in the extrapolation arc;
Load settlement curves follow the trend of a parabola after an initial
straight portion.
The piles under this study arc predominantly friction piles with a low
to moderate contribution of end bearing.
 31

Before applying the extrapolation method, a clear idea of nature of load settlement
curves of different types of piles is needed. The following discussions are provided
to fulfill the above objective.
As cited by Peck et al. (1980) the results of typical load tests are shown in fig. 4.1 in
which the total load is plotted as a function of the settlement of the pile head. Curve
'a' represents a pile that slipped or plunged suddenly when the load reached definite
value termed as the ultimate pile load or pile capacity. The nature of the curve
indicates that the pile under test is a friction pile with negligible end bearing. Curve
'b', does not show a well defined break as in curve "a" and continues to penetrate
into the ground showing a predominant contribution of the end bearing. Curve 'c' on
the other hand takes a parabolic shape after an initial straight portion showing both
the contribution of friction and end bearing.

Load
o 20 40 60 80
o

10

20

40

50 b

60

Fig. 4.1 Typical results of load test on (a) friction pile, (b) end bearing pile and (c)
pile deriving support from both end bearing and friction

Analysis of the bearing capacity of piles by static methods under this study in the
Chapter 2 shows that the piles are predominantly frictional but has a good
contribution from the end bearing since the tip of the piles rests on stiff clay which
has undrained shear strength as high as 2.15 tsf. Thus the piles of which the load test
results are being discussed fall in the group 'c' as discussed in this section earlier.
 32

4.3.1 Procedure of Extrapolation

Slep-1 With a careful examination of the load settlement curve, the parabolic portion
of the curve is selected.
SICP-:! The general equation of the curve is taken as
,
y =ax-+bx+e, where a, b, e arc constants

Taking any three points on this curve the constants can be detel1nined. Thereaf\er.
the equation of the parabola is established.
Slcp-3 With this equation the curve can be extrapolated up to next load increment in
the load settlement plot.
Slep-4 Using any three points on the extrapolated curve, another equation of parabola
can be established. With this equation the curve can be extrapolated up to next load
increment in the load settlement curve.

Following the above procedure the load settlement curves can be plotted up to a
distinct break and using this curve estimates can be made of ultimate pile capacity
using rccommendations and standards as for full scale load tests carried to failure.

4.3.2 Validation of the Proposed Mcthod by Full Scale Load Tcst

To determine whether the proposed method works or not, two load test results have
becn used from another site where the piles have becn loaded to failure. These two
pilcs arc also embedded in clay throughout their length and their load-settlement
curves show the characteristics of frictional piles with negligible end bearing.

Using the initial portion of the curves of the two piles extrapolation has been made
following the procedure mentioned in the previous section and it is found that the
extrapolated curves follow the same trend as the actual load settlement curves do in
the pile load test [Fig. 4.I.a and 4.I.bj.

4.4 DETERMINATION OF PILE CAPACITY FROM EXTRAPOLATED

LOAD- SETTLEMENT CURVES
Other than the various standards described earlier in this chapter, there are a number
of graphical methods available to determine the ultimate load capacity of piles from
load-settlement curves derived from load test data. In absence of full scale load test
 33

these methods have been used on extrapolated load settlement curves for
determination of ultimate load.

Load Vs Settlement

Load (tons)

0 50 100 150
0

5
---- ~
\
10

_ 15
\ ~ Field Load Vs
SetUement cur.e
E
!. _Extrapolated Load
Vs Settlement
~20
E
E """
•• 25

30 --

35
•
40

Fig. 4.1.a Comparison between Field and Extrapolated Load Settlement Curve (pile #1)

Load Vs Settlement

Load in tons
0 50 100 150
0
~
5 ••••

E 10
\
E
.£: 15
c
\ '\
.....- Field Load Vs
settlef'l"ent
curve
Q) _____ Extrapolated
E 20
Q) Load Vs
:l:' SeWelren!
Q)
curve
U) 25

30

35

Fig. 4.1.b Comparison between Field and Extrapolated Load Settlement Curve (Pile#2)
 34

Unfortunately the extrapolation method can not be used for all of the load settlement
curves of the five load tests used in the present study. Load settlement curves of
TPA-I and TPB-2 ends before entering into the parabolic shape and the
extrapolation method can not be applied. Therefore the extrapolation method has
been applied to detennine the ultimate carrying capacity for piles TPA-2, TPB-I and
TPC-I as the load settlement curves of these piles were temlinated after development
of the initial parabolic portion.

Some of the recommendations proposed by various researchers to obtain the ultimate

or t,lilure load from the load settlement curve are as follows:

(i) According to De Beer (1968) the load settlement curve is plotted in log-
log plot and the point of intersection of the two straight lines thus
obtained is the failure load. [Fig.4.2.a, 4.2.b and 4.2c). This method has
been used for extrapolated curves obtained by procedure described in
section 4.3.

(ii) Mazurkiewicz (1972) assumes that the load settlement curve is parabolic
after an initial straight portion and the ultimate load can be obtained by
geometric construction [Fig.4.3.a, 4.3.b and 4.3.c) by drawing sets of
equidistant settlement lines to intersect load settlement curve and then
drawing vertical lines from the intersections to intersect the load axis.
From the points of intersections of the vertical lines with the load axis, a
set of 45 degree lines are drawn to intersect the next vertical lines. The
line joining the intersection points cuts the load axis at the ultimate load.

Following Mazurkiewicz's method and using the extrapolated load

settlement curves the ultimate loads of piles TPA-2, TPB-l and TPC-I
are detennined as shown in figures 4.3.a, 4.3.b and 4.3.c respectively.

(ii i) Van Weelc (1957) suggests that at higher loads, the load settlement curve
tends to be straight line. A straight line is drawn from the origin and
parallel to the straight portion of the curve, separates the total load into
skin friction and point bearing at every stage [Fig. 4.4.a, 4.4.b and 4.4.c).
The fonner becomes constant after a certain stage and gives the ultimate
 35

frictional rcsistancc. In this study, the frictional resistancc has becn

dctcm1incd from cxtrapolated load scttlcment curves following this
method. End bearing calculated as 9c (where c is cohesion) along with
this frictional resistance gives the total ultimate pile capacity and the
rcsults have been compared with other methods in table 4.2.

Load in tons
0.1-.- - .. --.n-rrr,--,-'-rTTTnT.---'-"""l

'0 I~OO
g ['-... .J
.s ""\ ;
E ....•. i
.• I
5"
"2
~ 10 ~ ... J
I
iI
,
100 - - 0.0.- . ,-_.._ . .!

Fig. 4.2.a Pile Capacity by De Bcer Method from Extrapolated Load Settlement
Curve (TPA-2)

0.1 _ __ Load in tons

._._-._.-C._ ...• -.-

o
~l
.s
c
S
"
"2
'\
"
Vl
10.1--+--/--1 \
1\
100 - .. - .

Fig. 4.2.b Pile Capacity by De Beer Method from Extrapolated Load Settlement
Curvc (TPB-l)
 36

load in tons
0.1 .----~ .. , -~'.-...,-,_,..,-r.rn.,__.---- -- _..-, ,
'1
I
o woo
I
~
.5

~
OJ ~

~ 10 \\,-t-t-t-I- J,
i
!
100 .. ------ ..... ,-, ... ..._._--- '- _.. .. .. _ .. _ ..... , _ .. -- ,
j

Fig. 4.2.c Pilc Capacity by Dc Bccr Method from Extrapolated Load Scttlcmcnt
Curvc (TPC-I )

(iv) Davisson's (1973) offset limit method has also been used to detennine the
ultimate carrying capacity from extrapolated load settlement curves [Fig.
4.5.a, 4.5.b and 4.5.c). In Davisson's method, the failure load is identified as
corresponding to the movement which exceeds the clastic compression of the
pile, when considered as a free column, by a value of 0.15in. plus a factor
depending upon the diameter of the pile. This critical movement can be
cxprcssed as follows:

Sf= S + (0.15x25.4 + 0.0080)

Whcre, Sf is the movement of the pile head (in mm), 0 is the pile diameter or
width (in mm), and S is the clastic defonnation of the total pile length (in
mm).

In this study to calculate the clastic compression of the pile the Modulus of
Elasticity of the concrete (Ec) has been taken as

Where, Ultimate compressive strength of the concrete, fc' = 3000 psi

 37

Load in tons
o 100 200 30~ ~oo 500
o
I L435Tons

\
10 -t------j----j-----j-----1~Hlt_--_t

15

-+-Loacl VS
Settlement
~ (EJr;lrapolaled)
.5
E
u 20

.,Ue
u

<Il

25

30 -t----j------j-----t------t--t----j

35 t-----f---+---t----t-----l

40 -'----'-- __ --''-- __ --'- -'- --'

FigA.3.a: Load Carrying capacity by Mazurkjewicz method

both from field and extrapolated Load-Settlement Curves
rrPA-2).
 38

Load in tons
0 50 100 150 299. "'0 300 350 40o
o
----. ~
/1/
,
I
-

Y335TOn~

~
5 '-
"
10 \
\
~ 15
.:: -+-L03d VS
Sclllcml::nl
"
v
E
(Extrapolated)

~
V
'" 20

25

30

35

40
Fig. 4.3.b: Load Carrying capacity by Mazurkiewicz method both from field and
extrapolated LO:1d.Settiement Curves rn)B-I).
 39

Load in tons

0
0 100

---..........
/
00
---- 300 400

.Lt- 280 Tons

~
5
"
10
\
15 .
~III
.~ -----.-J
E
-'-Load Vs.
.e Seulement
E 20 (Extrap~lated)
u
e
~
u
'"
25

30 j-----il-----+----++-----j

35 -I-----+----1-----<i-----1

40L--- __ -'- L-. -l -I.

Fig. 4.3.e: Load Carrying capacity by Mazurkiewicz method both from lield and
extrapolated Load.Settiement Curves (TPC-I).
 40

Load in tons
o 100 200 300 400 500
o
--.........
~
5 f".-.

10
\
15

350Tons
E
E
.s
C 20
0
E
~
il
'"
25

30

35 •
40

Pig.4.4.il: Determination or 5kin friction from extrapolated

Load-Setllement ellrve (TPA-2)
 41

Load in tons

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

o
----.~
~
5
l ;~
"~

10 1\
E
E 15
\
.s
;;
u
E
~
;;
U)
20
260 Tons
,

\
-+-LoadVs
Settlement
d
(Extrapolated)

25

30

35

40

FigA.4.b: Determination of skin friction from extrapolated

Load-Seulement curve (TPB-I).
 42
, .

Lonl!intons
o 100 JOO 400
o

5 .

10 -

15 -t--t-----t-----t---I--r- --j

.
-
~
. .5 -+- Load Vs .

_iJG 20r---r----r-----r--_-j--Jc--
Seillclneill
-,
l"----r------r---->; (Exlr.",,'atcd)
230 Tons
"'
u
U)

25
-r---r--r------j---_--r----j -,

JO -r-----j------j-----t----t-t- ---j

J5 - 1
40 --'---- __ '--- --' --'- ---'

Pig.4.4.c: Dctennintltion of skin friclion from cXlmpolatcd

Lo.<ld~ScltJclJlcnl curve (fI'C-I).
 43

Load in tons
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0

10 Axial
de onnation
e 15
.=
I 20
Daviss n's line

~ 25

30

35

40

Fig 4.5.a Pile Capacity by Davisson's Method from Extrapolated Load Settlement
Curve (TPA-2)

Load in tons
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0

10
Axi' deformatIOn
~ 15
E
.5 avisson' line
20
B~
Ii
CIl
25

30

35

40

Fig. 4.5.b Pile Capacity by Davisson's Method from Extrapolated Load Settlement
Curve (TPB-l)
 44

Load in tons
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
------=---- r-.. Load Vs.
5
----- ----- ~(
ettlemen
ixtrapolate1j)
10 ~
E ----I----. Axia~ '" 1\
E 15
.S
Ii 20
~1K>n
Davisson's me
;--.....
..
----l-\\-~
----- ----........
]
~ 25
rIl

30 ~

35 \
40

Fig. 4.5.c Pile Capacity by Davisson's Method from Extrapolated Load Settlement
Curve (TPC-l )

Table 4.2 Ultimate Pile Capacity by Static Method and from Extrapolated Load
Settlement Curves

Theoretical methods Ultimate capacity from extrapolated Load settlement curves

(Tons) (Tons)
Pile no. Pile FHWA API IS Mazurki Mazurki-ewicz Davisson De-Beer Van
Dia. -ewicz Weele
(10m) (Field) (Extrapolated)
TPA-2 750 505 513 384 435 435 435 390 442
TPB-I 600 387 394 297 335 335 330 280 318
TPC-I 500 316 321 235 280 280 275 245 271

It is observed from the above table that among all the theoretical methods, method
proposed by American Petroleum Institute gives the highest ultimate pile capacity
while method proposed by Indian Standard Institute gives the lowest ultimate
capacity of an individual pile. Ultimate pile capacity determined in accordance with .
 45

Federal Highway Administration and API methods tend to 30-35% higher than that
determined by Indian Standards.

On the other hand, ultimate pile capacity determined from extrapolation curves
proposed by various researchers remains within a close range.

4.5 CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILES OF DIFFERENT DIAMETER

Pile carrying capacities Vs. pile diameter are plotted in figure 4.7. It is observed from
the graph that pile carrying capacities against the diameter of piles follow almost the
trend of straight line. Pile carrying capacity determined by method proposed by
American Petroleum Institute gives the highest capacity while carrying capacity
determined by Davisson's method from the extrapolated load- settlement curves
gives the lowest.

550
--+- Federal Highway
Administration
500
til -- American Petroleum
C Institute
g 450
-
>,
.0
ro 400
c.
-..- Indian Standards
Institute
--*- Davisson
ro
()

$
350
ro -- Mazurkiewicz (Field)
E
300
"":J --- Mazurki-ewicz
(Extrapolated)
250
-<-De Beer
200
--VanWeele
400 500 600 700 800
Pile diameter (mm)

Fig. 4.6 Ultimate Pile Capacity Vs. Pile Diameter

 46

CHAPTERS
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDA nON

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

The ultimate capacity of the piles at the location of lUB (Independent University,
Bangladesh) campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka was predicted using theoretical methods.
With the help of results derived from load tests carried by the authority comparisons
are made with predicted ultimate pile capacities and the following conclusions arc
drawn from this study-

• Only one borehole has been carried out under this study to determine the
shear strength characteristics of the soil along the pile length due to lack of
spacc availability to carry out the field investigation. However, it has been
observed that the soil stratification at site is almost same at different borehole
locations from previous bore logs prepared by the project authority.

• Ultimate pile capacity detennined in accordance with Federal Highway

Administration and API methods tend to 30-35% higher than that detennined
by Indian Standards.

• Ultimate carrying capacity of piles deterrnined from extrapolated load

settlement curves by different methods remains within close range.

• Predicted ultimate capacity from load settlement curves relatively shows a

close agreement with that detemlined by Indian Standards

• The ultimate pile capacity by Mazurkiewicz method, both from thc field and
extrapolated load-settlement curves shows that the results arc same which
indicates the succession of the extrapolation of load-settlement curve by
progressive parabola construction method.

• To understand the extrapolation ofload-settlement curve, two other full scale

(Loaded to failure) load test in clayey soil was studied. It has been observed
 47

that the extrapolated curves follow the same trend of field curves which again
succeed the method suggested in this study.

• Skin friction determined as suggested by Van Weele from extrapolated

curves shows relatively in close agreement with that predicted by method as

recommended in Indian Standards Institution.

• Increase in pile carrying capacities with increase of pile diameter follows the

geometrical trend, though it is much !latter in the case of Tomlinsol1 and API
methods.

5.2 RECOi\IMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY

It has been tried in this study to understand the ultimate carrying capacity of piles in

stiff Dhaka clay both by the static methods and pile load test results. To extend this

research in order to establish a complete behavior of piles in stiff Dhaka Clay this
study recommends the followings-

• Extensive load tests at other locations in Dhaka Clay should be carried up

to failure so that a conclusive decision can be taken on ultimate capacity of

piles.

• Since end bearing of piles as suggested by Meyerhof and other researchers

arc widcly accepted as 9c, emphasis on skin fiiction i.e. detennination of

values of adhesion factor should be given. For this, methods suggested by

Coyle and Reese or Osterberg cell load method can be used.

• Both loading and pulling of test piles may yield better understanding of
behavior of skin friction for piles in stiff Dhaka clay.

• Group action of such piles can be studied.

5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

• The most unfortunate limitation of this study may be unavailability of

enough data to understand the complete behavior of cast in situ bored piles in
stiff Dhaka clay.
 48

• Load transfer mechanism for this particular soil type could not be
established. Load tests on instrumented piles could solve this limitation
which is very much expensive.
 49

REFERENCES

API (1984), "Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing

Fixed Offshore Platfonns" Fifteenth Edition, API Recommended Practice RP 2A, pp
I 15, Rcported by, Joseph E. Bowles (1988).

ASTM Standards for Soil Sampling and Testing (1989).

BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (1993), Chapter 3, Foundation.

Housing and Building Rcsearch Institute and Bangladesh Standards and Testing
Institution, Dhaka, pp. 6-71 to 6-90.

BRITISH SATANDARDS INSTITUTION (1986) "Code of Practice for

Foundations", CP 2004, British Standards Institution, London, pp. 105-110.

Davisson, M.T. (1973), "High Capacity Piles", Innovations in Foundation

Construction, Soil Mechanics Division, Illinois, Secretariat, ASCE, Chicago, USA.
pr.81-112.

Dinesh, M. (1961), "Bearing Capacity of Bored Piles in Expansive Clays", 5th

International Conference, Paris, Vol. 2, p. 117, Reported by Victor F. B. de Mcllo
(1970).

Fcderal Highway Administration, (1999), Drilled Shafts: Construction Proccdures

and Design Methods.

INDIAN STANDARDS (1979) "Indian Standards IS-291 I", Part-IV.

Joseph E. Bowles (1988), "Foundation Analysis and Design", McGraw-Hili Book

Company.

Keriscl, J. (1965), "Vertical and Horizontal Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations

in Clay", Syrup. on Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Foundations, Duke
University, p. 55, Reported by Victor F. B. de Mello (1970).
 50

Mazurkiewicz, B.K. (1972), "Test Loading of Piles According to Polish

Regulations", Preliminary Report No. 35, Commission on Pile Research, Royal
Swedish Academy of Engineering Services, Stockholm.

MeycrhoC G. G. and Murdock, L.J. (1953), "An Invcstigation of thc Bearing

Capacity of Some Bored and Driven Piles in London Clay", Geotechnique, Vol. 3. p.
267.

ivleyerhof, G.G. (1963), "Some Recent Research on the Bearing Capacity of

Foundations", The Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. I, p. 16.

Mohan. D. and Chandra, S. (1961), "Frictional Resistance of Bored Piles In

Expansive Clays, Geotechnique, Vol. 3, pp. 294-301.

Ravi P. Aurora and Edward H. Peterson (1980), "Model Study of Load Transfer in
Slender Pile".

Potyondy, J.G. (1961), "Skin Friction between Various Soils and Construction
Materials", Geotechnique, Vol. 2, p. 339, Reported by Victor F. B. de Melio (1970).

Ralph B. peck, Walter E. Hanson and Thomas H. Thornburn (1980), "Foundation

Engineering", Wiely Eastern Limited.

National Development Engineers Limited (2002) "Report on Pile Load Test on

Bored Cast-in-situ R.C.C. Piles for the Proposed Building Complex of The
Independent University Campus at Bashundhara, Dhaka".

Skempton, A. W. (1951), "The Bearing Capacity of Clays", Building Research

Congress, London) 1 : III : 180.

Tomlinson, M.J. (1969), "Foundation Design and Construction", Addison Wesley

Longman Limited.

Terzaghi, K. (1943), "The Theoretical Soil Mechanics" John Wiley & Sons, Ncw
York, Reported by Victor F. B. de Mello (1970).
 51

Van welee, A. F., (1957) " A Method of Separating the Bearing Capacity of a Test
Pile into Skin Friction and Point Resistance.", Proceedings of 4'h International
Conference, Soil Mechanic, London, 2: 76, reported by Mohan, D. and Chandra. S.
(1961).

Varghese, P.c. (2005), "Foundation Engineering", Prentice Hall of India Private

Limited.

Victor F. B. de Mello (1970), "Foundations of Buildings in Clay", State of the Art

Report.
 APPENDIX-l
(Bole logs, Unconfined Compressive Strength and Grain Size Curves)
 52

SHBB1' 1(F':1

lLOO lFOR BORE HOlLE # 01

CLIENT : Independent University, Bangladesh METIIOD OF DORING : Percussive Wash.

I'IWJECT: Independent University Bangladesh DlA. OF nORE IIOLE : 125 mm (Nominal)
I.OCATION:Ull.shundhara, Dhaka. DATE : 02-11-06 Lo 05-11-06

1..
-w SUMMAIlY OF LADDIlATORY TEST IU;SULTS
- ,..,!3
R. L STD.PENETRATIO~ fiW1
$R1...... • COI<:<OUD.lTlGII
~~ CLASSIFICATION OF' SOIL LOG TEST RESULTS

r $~~i:
["DEll PItOPtllm:s
rna. """"'~o
a.~
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Call.t'd. to shed 02

._.
_.

M. AHMED & ASSOCIA'flES LID., DHAKA.

IlllAWN 111 : II. Hahman I CIIECKED 01 : I. Ahmed I DATE: 06/11/2007 DIIG. NO. :
 53

SHEBr2CF2

JLOOFOR BORE HOLlE # 01

--
CLIENT : Independent Univcrsily. Bangladesh METIIOD OF nOHlNG : Percussive Wash.
PIWJECT: Proposed Independent University Bangia cJIIA. OF nORE HOLE : 125 mm (Nominal)
LOCATION:Ilashundhara, Dhaka. DATE : 02-11-06 to 05-11-06

1
-Vl

R. I. STD.PENETRATIO "
z
:i
SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
a to~50ull4no~
c, 'J L. ::J~td
SRW
: ~ CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL TEST RESULTS 0. IHOlT PIl0PERTIKS
LOG

'~r,~
ClU.R.lCTIIIISTlCll

0.- (m) (N - YALUES)

'"
"';,:
e.
"
Vl
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p.
- "'" "'"
cu
(X) I~"cj: j"
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- kr.

0 10 20 30 60
••••
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Silty CLAY
UD 11

-
" 411. 2ft, II
" "' I.H NA

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-
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-

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"
End of the borehole

M. AHMlED.& ASSOCIATIES JLTD., DHAKA.

lJHAlI'N IIY : S, I. AnSliri I Cm:CKF.D BY : I. Ahmed I DATE: 00/11/20071 DHG. NO. :
 54

8HBEfHFI
LOG FOR. BORE HOlLlE # 1

_ ...

lIJlIHT :Indcpc:odomUnivcnlty, Bangladesh IIlIIID (I' IllU«l : !'a'cuaaIvc Wash.

IIlOIIO :~ •••••••••• 1hnmIly IlqIadeoIa II.\. (I' JQIlIllJl : 120 mm (Nominal)
LCCAlDl :Baalnmdhara, Dbaka. 1lAlll . -
-
SUMMARY Of lABOIlATORY TEST RESULTS
••••.
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End or the borehole

N_: Only SPT wu pcdcrmed

--
UNIQUE BORING AND lENG][N]EERINGLTD.
---
UH,\WN UY :
1 CHECKED DY : I DATI': DHG. NO. :
 55

lLOO FOR BORE HOlLlE # 6

CJBH1' : IDdcpcodeot Univcnity. 8anl1edc,h : Percuuivc Wuh.

..aa:r : I'Iqloood/odqadla ~ BooaIU* : 120 DUD (Nominal)
LDCA1IJ( : BubUDdbara, Dbaka. : -
LL
S'I1lATA BNCOUN1'BRBD LOG
(0)

•• 0 10 203040
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- Brown 2 ~1
aoft to linn
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•••
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8

borehole
~.
~11

UNlIQUE BORING AND ENGINElEJR][NGlLm.

BRAWN BY : I CUECKEI) DY : I DAn; DUG. NO. :
 56

LOG FOR BOlRE HOlLE # 10

--
: IndcpcDdcot Univcnlty. BanaJedcsb : Perrcuuivc Wuh,
"'"'"
IIlOIOCf : I'lopooI ~ I1IilaJlly a.pdoII
YmDl (I' IIOIIHG
IlA. (11101l1lU : 120 mm (Ncmlnal)
LOCA1Dl : B-thtmc1hva, Dhaka. D.mI : -

il ~.~
.stJ),Q"IAJly OF I...ABCaATCRY TEST RBSUL TS

?=~I
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(.)
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1"- Brown 1 01
- -- -
- very atI1f
&lilyclay 01
-
~
••• Black very atI1f
c1ayoy &lit,tncc
- >1/
e-
- Brown '" """
... - very atI1f
&lilyclay
1 lit

- >Ii
-
wo- 18 IIlIi

- I••
-
..• - n

End of the borehole

Note: Ooly SPT WU moJ

pt:Cf •.•.

UNIQUE BORING AND ENGINEERING lLTD.

DllAlI'N IlY :
I CHECKED DY : I DATE I ORC. NO. :
 57

LOG !FOR BORE HOLlE # 11

QlIll<l
--
: IDdcpcodcm Unlvtnlty, BmsJ ••••••h IlI!l1IDII' JOIl<l : Pmcusaivc Wuh.
I'IllIl<:r : I'rq>oooI
~ UoiftnIlyIlqlIlIooh IIA.(JII(D IIU : 120 mm (Nominal)
LOCAlDf : BuInmdhano, Dhaka. DAm : -

II
SUMMARY OP lABORATORY TEST 1lBSULT3

I"1',,1" '. ::J::J.~.tt"rd.:I' ~I'.'.

I.L ItAlO\II)IINI!I.UDf
(Iff'" • CtI~..,.JlImOl(-
~TA BNCOUN'IEIlED LOa lIlITIIlIlUI II<Dn I'ROrrlmts
~CT1lIll1lTlCll
(".VAUIlI)

.
(0)
- (X) - - ••, •• , l~l (.1 ct.) :'" ~r.t • - - .Po

OI • , 20"" '"
-
1 M
Brownto~
- very 10ft to
claY")' aliI
SA Dl

Dl
-

<A . D< l-

.
Dl
-
SA. I Dl
Brown .tiff aIIty clay
- III
Brown
- - -I- -
,.. -
lXlIDpOCl
fine aandy .nl
3 Dl

1 Dl --
-

••• Brown
n:
otiff to vary otiff
- aIIty clay ott
-

'01 o~
-
o~
.
11.0- oK
- s 0':

•••
-
, I~
t:nd of the horehole

No<c: Only SPT w •• performed

UNJ[QUE BORING AND ENGINElElRING 1.1D.

DRAWN BY :
I
CHECKED IlY : I DAn; DUG. NO. :
 58

LOG FOR BORE HOLE # 16

aDr
IIlOIlCl'
LOCAlDI
: I'rolx*dIDIopcodcat e..-
: lDdepcndcnt Unlvcn.lty, Bao.J..y.'b
IhIl1a1lIy
: BuhuDdhara. Dbab.
II!IIIJ)

llA. (II.-s JD.B

IlAIIl
II' DII«J : Percuaaivc Wuh.,
: 120 mm (Nominal)
: -
"..,..... ..••.•...•. if stJW),lA,Ry OF I..ABORATORY 1"BST R8SULT3

I'.:t "I.::J.:t:Jtt~'
l.L
SHUI • CO/lSOUll&TlOK

,1 snATA BNCOUN'I'mtED LOG

(.)
TIIIt•••••.11
(N.VAUIII)
A
I~O"l PROrlllTl£J

I .>,
~~~
:¥J.:.1. . °0
-
c. '.
I. .. .. '"
- (ll; • - •• , ('1:1 (ll;) ('lI} ~ \P.(' - kP •

•• • ••
.
Brown Of
. very 10ft to fum
clayey lilt
IA. DI

Of
.

u Dl
Brown
- atlffto fum
Iilty clay Dl
-
u- Dl

.
7 DI
-
.

•••• Of

-
Brown Of
.
very atIff to hard
w. aIlty clay 4 IGli

- _3 !ori
.
ou. 1 IoU

- IGli

~. -

.
Of(

ol(
.

••• - n:
End of the borehole

Note: Only SPI' wu pezfonood

UNllQUE BORJ[NG AND ENGINElERJrNG LTD.

IIIlAlfN IIY :
I
CIlECKED BY : I DATE 1 nRG. NO. :
 59

lLOG FOR BOIRJEHOlLlE # 18

WIlHt : Indcpcodont Univcraity. B'Dlledo.b 1lI!IIIIllJ' IOIl«l : Percuuivc Wuh.

IIOIIlcr : Plopooed DIopIcol UIi"'*J IlqIadlIll [IA, (Jl' IC8B lOB : 120 mm (NomIDa1)
LOCAtDl : B •• hnndbva. Dba1ca. Il.U1l : .
stJIr,Q,lARy OP LABORATORY 'I1lST RESULTS

/; I'. :,1'. "l::tt

LL rr.uoAID.......,...
SHUll ~ CO>BOUDUION
1"011 nOP.lIT1u
sntATA m«XXJNTBIlBD LOCI DOT""" ClWlACTI"'$'l1CI

II (.) <N.V.UBI)

- PI:) - - "'1 ••, '~J~

r-1 1":1" "
(II (II I") ;"P H.«' - - IPo

•• • I• OIl ••
•• eo

2 01

,,- Brown
III
soft to finn
- clayey alit III
-

u- 2 01

-
01
-
,,- 01

-
- 1>1

-
IU- 01

Brown I Of
- atlff to very atlff
w- aIIty clay - •••

.~
-
_1 Oli
- -f- -
-
... - 20
-[
- I .,;
-
-
114.
•• -

--

-
- - •• - -1- -.

..• - ••
End or the borehole

Nato: Only SPI" wu pcrfcmncd

UNIQUE BORING AND 1ENGINlEJER][NG1..ro.

DRAWN BY :
I CHECKED DY : I DATE -rUHG. NO. :
 60

LOG FOR BORE HOLE. # 19

lUll<I' : Inc!qxMont Univonlty,lJan&l"""b '""'0)(._ : !'<In:uIaI,,,,Wuh.

IIOlIICf : I'ropoooI Jodq>oaIla Uiftniy ~ IlA. (JIIOB ID.B : 120 IIDD (Nominal)
DAm : -
-......•
LOCAIIJl :Bubundbon., DIuoka.

II
SUMKAKY ar IABOIlATORY TBST 1lB5ULT3

I"~I" '. 'tt- '~t:t:fl.:J:j"

ITAI<MIlI> ........,.,.

!nATA BNCXXJNIBRBD LOG

LL
If l~nD '.orlllTlll
JIl'"ro.-m.o1lOll
~~~ t

(oj ("'Y~l II - e" ~ - "" .., ("I {II I.) :: .r.r- - ':1:'.r.
-

••• Brown
• " '" '" '" ••
ooft cIa~ d1t
2 ~1

.. -
- 0Ry
vecy ooft to ooft
01

cIa~d1t ~ Ol
.

••• 2 01

.
01
0Ry Ibm oIlty clay
-
u- Ol

-
8 DI
Brown
-
aiff to vrxy atiff
wo- - Ol
d1ty clay
-
Ol

,.. -

••
- ~ri
-
IU- - - ~ri
-
.ri
-
.11
••
-
-
••
hlliA
•••
End o( the borehole

Naco: Only SPT w •• pcrdonncd

UNJ[QUE BORING AND ENGINEERING L'ID.

IlHAWN IIV :
I
CHECKED lIY : I DATE lORG. NO. :
 61

LOG FOR BORE HOLlE # 22

--
QJIl!!T : Indopcodcot Univcnity. B'Ds1ade,h IlIlIlIIl CI'IIOIlN<l ; Pcrcuuivo Wuh,
IIlOlICT; PnJpoooI ~ IhmnIIy BqIadoola IlA. (II BCRIlIIIJI ; 120 mm (Nomlna1)
LOCAtD< :BuhUDdhara, Dhab. IlA11! : -

II
8UMMAJt.y OF L\DORATORY 'I1lST RESULTS

I'tl' '..:,~.:t:~lt
Ll. IWODW> ••••••••••• .__ ._-- - -
IIlr.u ~ (IIIl"'OlJDUIll"
S't'RATA BNCDlINlEItBD LOG mr ••••.•• ll'Ion !'IOPlIIT11-'l
(1U-"ImIUSTlCll

(.) (N.YAUIII)
- (X)- - ••
, ••
/ (~lIII (il) Ta: (\1'. r •
= ~"':J ':1 ~'I:'
- - ~I'.

•• • ,. '" •• ••
3J

-
M
-
BI
"'- Brown - - -- - -f-
10ft
-- clayey dlt
BI
-

<D- Ol

_.
~
Brown

.. -

-
Itift
dlty clay Ol

Dl
Black Itift dlty clay
-
tnoo organic
•••• ••
-

-
••
••••
Brown
.tiff to very stiff
•• --
- dltyclay ~N

w- -1 Mi

--
~1i
1--
-
,.. - ~I(

•••
--

End
2

of
8

the borehole
~.
~l(

Note: Only SPr wu performed

UNIQUE BORING AND lENGlINEElRXNG ]LTD.

--
UltAWN IlY :
I CHECKED UY : I DATE I DUG. NO. :
 62

samrrl CFI
l.OG FOR BORE HOLlE # 26

:Independent Univc:nity. B.ngJada;b : Pcn:uuive Wuh.

: 120 mm (Nominal)

B.OJ. 0 10 EO

JfFF!TTTTi--:--'
o..or~7/"--~~~i/~~" 20 3l '"

i; Brown
Soft I .IIbli J
Mrr-r-. I -r--+-L~.+!;-
J siltty clay .l.Z 01, I I i I I I i
~I-------[lfi
J ,
U
1.~ 1M
DI

r;
~
,
II l
I 1,-;- 1

r;1
10..0 11 Brown
i very &tiff to bani .~
I
III
I '01
DI
r-r
H'H- I-
I
silty clay \ 14

'r1
I1
01

01 ---,+ttl!-
r-,n -tr
I

Wll
i,
13 ~.i I I ;
i-
iI 1

~1
~Ii
~~, I n-,
I

.,.1,
j
J
II
tti
:~li
+H~.
I I l
I~~ lUi:
i
~4
I~( I T[~-I;. I
l~tI~d
r~---r i-;
1

"-'I
I

I
30
I L,-.--
i lrl I~.
V'
i I I~.
=Fj="- H-
i "'S'
,.. i 3 rtt IM1 IJ ~-~._._-
I

End or the borehole

Note: Only SPT wu performed

UNIQUE BORJ:l\rG AND JE!NG!NEElIUNG LID,

lJIWr';i BY : I CHECKED BY , I DATE DRG. NO. :
 63

LOG lFOR BORE HOlLE # 24

(UM : Indcpcodcor: UDivcnity, BanaJadcsh lI!IIIIl OPBCU«l : PmcuuIvcWuh.

IIOII:l' : I'nJpod IDdlpadoalI1maJlly
I!aapdoIb In. (JI'JOB IUJl : 120 DUn (Ncmlna1)
LOCAlDf
--- -
:Buhundhora, Dhab.

LL IrAJGAI:DPIlICUlDf
DAlE

I :

SUWYAllY Of'lABORATORY
-
rnsr IUlSULn

r
S'I1tAT A BN<XXJN'I'BIUD) LOG mraun
II
- "----
(al (If.YAUD)

.
''I'
- (~l jj~;~~;1;"J;~~J
~
---------_._---_._-
-
-
••, ••, ell) (1I) ell) TI w.e' - - 01'.

u_ • 1.
'" 30
'" '" -

-
Brown 2 ~
aoft - - - -- ---
- &Illy clay
u. Gl
I- -- -- - - f- '- -- -_ .._-
Gl
-
- -
BLocll:
aoft ~
u-
dc>c<Jmpoo..->d
wood -- - - --
- 3 Gl
-
fA Gl
Brown -I-
fum
&Illy clay 7 ~ -
-
,u- Gl
-I-

Gl

..
- Brown
, very mt'f - 8 I~

-
&Illy clay
~,
,... -
I~

-
- ~ - -- - --- --
-
21..0- - M\

•••
-

End or the
2

borehole
~.
~

No<c: Only SPr wu performed

UNJ[QUlE BORING AND lENGXNElERING lLID.

llIW'N BY :
I CIlr.CK~:D UY : I DATE ORG. NO. :
 64

SIIEl:."T [OF I
LOG FOR BORE HOLE # 25

CLIENT : Independent University, Bangladesh METHOD OF BORING Percussive Wnsh.

PROJECf : Proposed Independent University Bangladesh OIA. OF BORE HOLE 120 min (Nominal)
lOCATION :Bashundham. Dhaka. DATE -

"
E~
_z
-~
R.L STAI'DARDPEN81lATION G.IY,T ~
J
SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
SllU~ • COI<$llU~.no.~

. '.- '-. '.

TEST Rf.SUlTS ISOfl: rRorunrs
STRATA ENCOUNTERED m
>"
C1Ilk.lCftllmCl
t~ LOG
,
~ '. '. '.
. ..'.
(S. VALUES) Ib) <
w'
010
1m)
00
- '..I"
IX) - - ,/ /
u

1'1
SILT AN l'YP

"
(11 (1) 1ts (kr. ( •
•••
E.G.L. 0 10 20 30 40 50
IIlI - v/;-w/~r-"""WI' ,,

Brown ~I
Soft
clayey silt ~1

W -
~,n_

- ~
Grey 10 brown C)
firm to soft
clayey silt 01

lUll
- --"-- ---- ~,-- -- -- - .. -- -- .- - - - --
C! - -

01
)
--
I~O"-' Brown 1 Ol~
very stifr ot hard
silty clay 0 ~I'

1 ~I

~Ii
1\1.('
•
~I
- I- - -

Oil

- -0 - Ol~ - ,--
- .- -
1\11- 2 ~I
- - - - :- -
2 ~I
Brown
compact 10 dense 3 ~I
salllJy silt

,\0,11
3 ~~

End of lhe borehole

Note: Only SPT was pcrronncd

UNIQUE BORING AND ENGINEERING LTD.

DRhYiN ilY : cnECKED DY , DATE DRC. NO. ,

I
 65

LOG FOR BORE HOLE II 28

Cl.IENT : Indcpcndcl1\ University, Bangladc:<ih METHOD 01' BORING Percussive Wash.

rRUJECT : Pro~d Independent UniversilY Banglade.o;h 01,1,. OF BORE 1l0LE 120 mm (Nominal)
LOCATION : Bashundham. Dhaka. om -
SUMMARY 01' LABORATOkY TEST RESULTS
-e~••..
0

." ."t.. •
R.1. STA"IM~or~:"lml"no~
IMDEl NIOI'UTIES CO",OUD'nOM
STRATA ENCOUNTERED Tf..~T RE.~ULTS ClI'Uttr.lOniCi
t~ LOG
~
••
0" (III) IN.V"W.S)
~
<
''l:r"l'" :;J::J::J ;~:r:::~~~.:.I,
• ('I. • - '"I : I'. ...'.
"/ 11;) 11) 11!.)TIS kr.l" J ':- •

0
IIl1
" 1Q 30
" 50

- 2 01
---
-
,,, Brown
02
sort In firm
- clayey silt
- "
~"- 7
" -

- ,
-
"
._-
"11 _ - - -
" I- - -- -

- ~I
-- _. _ .. - --- I- ---- -
-
---- --
1:0+-
I
" -I- -- --I- - -
- I,

-
Brown
slifr to very stilT
"
silly clay 014 -
""- c-

-
-
I
.'
,..... 01
- -

- 01' I-
-
I OIi __
:,,,-

9 Oil

-
:." .... 4 "~I

Eml of lh •• borehole

Note: Only SlYI' WilS performed

UNIQUE BORING AND ENGINEERING LTD.

DRAWN BY ,
I
CHECKED DY : I DATE I DI{G. NO. :
 66
SHEBrllFl
lLOG FOR BORE HOlLE # 33

llllM :Indepeodmt Unlvenlly, BlngJodc.h : Pm:uulvc Wuh.

IIOIID" : PrqaoI !BdqlaxIcD UoiftDily BqIobh : 120 mm (Nominal)
LOCAtIJI :Buhundhara, Dhaka.

stAMlo\IDftNIDA!DI )11.
~ SUMMAR.Y OF lABORATORY TBSTRBSULT3

DlItIBlWl •
. ~ INDn I'ROPflfW:S S1l~~Dmo~

(H.YAUBI) ~)
18
:"1 (: L_. :. :: .~:~:) :~L) :)1~(k:'l: I~.
J~ !k;'
B.O.L 0 10 203040 10
0.0 _.w~-w~,."....----w;,~"
-
III I
Brown
Soft
oiltty clay III

_L - - Ol
-----f------
III
Brown to grey ---
Iltiffto finn 01
oilly c1By -- -
III

III

01
--
Brown~ DI
fine undy oilt --

1 ~
III
-I-:---f-
Brown
very .tiffto hard ~ --1- - -- - ._-
oilly c1By
~

---
~

- -
III

s Illi

II

III

1 ~

End or lhc horehole

Note: Only SPI' wu pcrlonned

UNXQUE BORING AND ENGINJElEJRJING lLID.

IlHAlfN IlY : I CHECKED OY : I DATE DRG. NO. :
 67

LOG FOR BORE HOLE # 36

llJIlNT : Indepcodcnt Univcnlty. BmaJecJcah lImDl <I'IlOIll«l : Pm-cuaaive Wuh.

I'JOIIlCr : PIq>oool•••• 1JOniy IlIqIadca rIA..(II lOB III.B : 120 mm (Nomlna1)
LOCAlD( :B •• lnmdbara, Db.aka. DAm : -
SUIOlAR.Y Of'LABORATORY 'I11ST ItESULTS

!"I' '-'I" :,J~,t:t:',tr~'J:j~I" "

LL rwIlAID-.uD<
IHUil • tOHSOUDAnoN
mrlBlW'l INDII PMOI'IIrTIf.S
8'IltA TA BNCXlUN'I"BRED

II
LOO
(0) (N.VAIlIII) A ~~Q

• ,. .. '" ..
- (II: - - "'I ••, l'l;l (111 (il) ;,.' ."1' - - ih

eo
••
-
2 ~
Brown
110ft to finn 2 1)1
u-
d1ty clay
-
•• 1- -
u- ~

- Di
- -

-
,,- Brown to areY
Ititf to very .tift 1 III
d1ty clay
- 1 DI
-
,u III
- -
- 1 III
-
-

.... - I~
•
-

~.
-
~l( j--
.
l-

'u-
-

21.0 -
Brown
vory otIff
d1ty clay
1 OIt

~Ii

2i4 ~1i

>U- l ~-t

'nd or the borehole

N_: 00Iy SPI" w•• performed

UNIQUE BORlING AND ENGINlE!lERlING lLID,

D1IAl'iN UY : CHECKED UY : 1 DATE DHG. NO. :
I
 68

LOG lFOR BORE HOLlE # 37

l1IlI\'l' : lDdcpcodeol Unlvonlty. BaniJ ••••••b IlElIDl (I' IQJl«J : Pm:uuivc Wuh.
IIOIICl' : ~~u.;-,Ilaapdoob IV.. (II BOIBIIIB : 120 mm (NomlnaI)
LOCAlXII :BuInmdbara, Dbllb. DA11I : -
smA T A BNCXJUN'III:JlB LOG
LL
_ •.••.•• ;
IL\IOlA>D ....,..,...
~
SlJWl,(ARy Of' lABORATORY
INon '~OP~NTlr.s
TEST RESULTS
lHua
~~~
•• f'O"OOUlIilItl>l

II (a) <N.VALtIlI)
'.:rrT- '''[~~;~t:''
f\
- (\II, - - "'I "'/ IXI l"l ("I
YL1.c : J". c.
TO~ kr.(O - -
p.
w.

•• 0 10 "'30
'" '"
. Brown 2 ~l
aoft
- dlty clay. tro<:e"'llmlc
2
••• Dl

Dl
- - t- - -
... Brown
aliff
dlty clay
1 01
- - -C- .-

-
- Dlj- _. - - -f-- -

.. ..

- 01

--
7 DI
Grey finn clayey dll
- trace oramic

wo

-
. " Dl
-
Brown 1 Dl
..
aliff to v..cy aliff
wo- dlty clay ~(

-
. ~ri

..
,
-
~.:
-
9 I~~ 1- --
..

•..•. '~~
-- - -
-
~l(
.

..•- 8 ~Ii

f:nd or the borehole

Note: Only SPI" wu pcdonncd

UNIQUE BOlRlNG AND ENGINlElElRING LID .

..
UIlA'rfN IIY :
I CIIECKF.D IlY : I DATE I DHG. NO. :
 69

lLOG FOR lBORJE:HOlLE # 39

C1IlllI' : 10dcpcDdcnt UDivcnity. B1na'ecJc.b 1I!llID(I' IIOOl«l : P<ln:uuIvo Wuh.

IIlOIIr:I' : I'nlpcmI !Ddq>oadlIOtlIiftnllyll.qla<lo* IIA. (II IKaBlOB : 120 mID (Nomlna1)
LOCAlD< : Bu1nmd1uIn. Dbaka. IlATB : -

II
SlltATA BNCXXJN'IE2BD 1.00
1.1..

(.)
_ •••.•.•• 11 G.•
IWI>o\ID .......,...

(H.YAUIIII)
smo.lAltY
l1IDn

~. '. ~:j:~~u
OF LABORAn»lY
PROrrIlT1F.s

'~Lt: m,"
'lEST RBSULT3
ifllb. • C(lIIMlUDA1101f
ClI•••• C'TnJnlClI

'. " "

- (X) - - .., " ••, PO (l) ('Ill T _ ~v.( • - . 'r.
0 10
•• '" 30
'" !O

..
Brown I ~l
_. very 10ft to 10ft
oIlty clay
,,- Dl

-
2 Dl
-

.. -
Bbc.k
aoft
2 Dl I- - - ---- - - I- - - --

clayey oil" ttac:e oraanl, 01

- - - I- - - - - I- - -

... . ------
Browu
finn
- 01 I-
- - - -- ---- - - - 1- .- - --

clayey alit 7 - Dl
- I- - - -- - - -- - -- - _ . .-
-
- ..
Dl
11.0 .. 1- -- - - I- I- -- -
-

~.
1 Dl
--
- Browu
!SA niff to very at:lff ~
oIlty clay

~.
-
~I

,.. -

..
~"
..

~"
~.
no-

-
..• - •••
End of lhc borehole

Note: Only SPY' wu pcdonncd

UNJ[QUE BORING AND lENGJINlElERING lLTD.

DRAWN BY :
I
CHECKED BY : I DAn; DHG. NO. :
 70

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 03/12/06

Date of Testing: 12/12/06

Dcscription of soil: Light brown, Clayey SILT

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

0.4 -. _. - - ... .-.. -- -- '1- --1-- --. -IJ

0.35 -----
- - -- -- - .
-1-- -1---1-1- -~- / ••••..•••••.•.•••--- .-' _._J
c
~
~
Vi
~
O3
.
0.25 . -1-1-

0.2
-1-1-

1/
V
/ vV' --
V
If
II -+- Specimen 01 I
l I

.;;;
~
go
o
0.15 . - c.- I
U
0.1 . .,
I.- -- I-

0.05
• -- -- -I-

o
o 5 10 15 20
I
I ._.~_._ _
Axial strain ("!o)
_

Axial
Water
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No (tt) No. failure c (tsf) wt.(1b/ft3) wt.(1b/ft3 )
(%)
(%)

I UD-01 5 I 15 0.16 115.99 89.96 28.9

 71

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 04/12/06

Date of Testing: 13/12/06

Description of soil: Lt. grey with mottled brown, Clayey SILT

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

0.9 .,-- -- - ,-- -- ~ --

0.8

0.7 -
~~-
1
c
~ 0.6
~
'"'"
-_. -_. /
v •... 1-- i-' - --I
~" VI.~
:;; 0.5 -
__ Specimen _01
":-
'Vi
__ Speeimen_02
0.4
'""~

U
0.
E
0 0.3 II- --.- Specimen 03

-I-

0.2 -

0.1

o
It
5 20 25
° 10

Axial strain (%)

15

Axial
Water
HII Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No (ft) No. failure e (tsf) wt.(lb/ft3 ) wt.(lb/ft3 )
(%)
(%)
I UD-03 15 1 15 0.38 118.85 92.82 28.0
2 15 0.32 121.30 96.18 26.1
3 15 0.31 122.00 97.77 24.8
 72

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Dalc of Sampling: 04/12/06

Date of Tcsting: 19/12/06

Description of soil: Black, Organic Clayey SILT

Stress Vs Strain

1.2 ~--. -- -- ~. --- -- - --- - r- --- _. ---

--- I-
....-, •...
-- !J •••••• ~

~C
I-

V r-
- - .~
/ -+-Spccimcn_Ol

---
l 'I -
____ Spccimcn_02

--.- Specimen 03 - J
0.2

o
11
o 5 10 15 20
Axial strain (%)

Axial
Water
BII Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No (ft) No. failure c (1st) wt.(1b/ft3 ) wt.(1b/ft3 )
(%)
(%)
1 UD-04 20 1 7 0.37 107.33 73.82 45.4
2 7 0.44 107.53 74.08 45.1
3 7 0.47 105.64 70.90 49.0
 73

II Unconfined Compressive Strength II

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Dale of Sampling: 04/12/06

Dale of Testing: 18112/06

Descriplion of soil: Light grey, Sandy Clayey SILT

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

0.8 -- -- .'- - .. ..

-J
+._- -

T
+
0.7 - -- - -- -- - ----- _. -- - --
I

-+ - ---
- .. - - ------- - - -- - - - - - . I
-

- - -- - - -IK- I

-. - I
~Spccimcn_OI
~ Specimen 02
-

0.2 -- _. - - - . -- -
I

- - +1
fro
0.1 -

o I
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Axial strain (%)

Axial
Dry unit Water
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit
WI.(lb/ft3 Content
No. No (ft) No. failure e (tst) wl.(lb/ft3)
) (%)
(%)
1 UD-05 35 1 15 0.26 119.76 92.51 29.4
2 9 0.34 116.71 88.4 1 32.0
 74

II Unconfined Compressive Strength II

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 04/12/06

Date of Testing: 12/12/06

Description of soil: Grey, Clayey SILT

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

3 ..- ---- ."

_ . ... -......T..- --~TrTI-T T --,
/h
\ --Spceimen"OI I
2.5 --Speeimen,,02
'" l-

c
2 .- -
V I~
•.....
'\'
-.- Specimen03

~
~
~
~
";;;
)
t 17
~
iN
~ 1\
I~ "'- I
"
> 1.5 -
7 r-....
.;;;
'n
"~
c-
',,)
1\,,1 'lI.

EO
0 ~
u
"
'" ••
.
~
~
0.5

o ~

o
-
~

2 4
1-

Axial strain(%)
6
I 8

,
Axial
Dry unit Water
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit
wt. (Iblft3 Content
No. No (ft) No. failure c (tsf) wt.(Ib/ft3)
) (%)
(%)
I UD.06 30 1 6 1.07 119.73 93.11 28.6
2 4 1.35 122.04 96.65 26.3
3 4 1.10 123.20 99.88 23.3
 75

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 04/12/06

Date of Testing: 14/12/06

Description of soil: Light brown, Clayey SILT

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

3
-. b -'I-I;~I-TTnTrrr--
1/ __ Specimcn_Ol
2.5 - - - - - - --- Specimen 02 -

c
, 1\ -.- SpcclIllcn- 03

Eo 2 -----1-- --
'r,
:"-": / /
"-~ 1.5 ---- l-- _1.-1'
11

. /1
':;'
~
"- / '"
0.
E ""
0
u
~)/
0.5 -JlfI-

a
rt
a 2 4 6 8 10
Axial strain (%)

,
Axial
Water
1311 Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No (tt) No. failure e (tsf) wl.(1bltt3 ) wI.(1bltt3 )
(%)
(%)
I UD-07 35 1 5.5 0.65 120.62 91.95 31.2
2 6.0 1.00 120.36 93.02 29,4
3 4.5 1,40 121.18 94.51 28.2
 76

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IVB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 04/12/06

Date of Testing: 18/12/06

Description of soil: Light brown, Clayey SILT (with kankar)

... _._----~---------------------~--

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

2.5
'-e-
-----1
....•
••••• -
•....
r---- ~-
•....• I
~ !
c
E. 2 - 1- -
/;
11. ~ "•.....
~ "-
~-1/1
~
"v.
;,

":-
'Vi
~
1.5 rI- f-- - - -
-+-Speeimen_OI
--- Specimen_02
-+- Specimen 03
-- .-

"~
0-
E -
0
u ~

0.5 - - - ~

° 10 20
° 5
Axial strain (%)
15

Axial v
Water
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No (ft) No. failure e (1st) wl.(lbm3 ) wt.(lb/ft3)
(%)
(%)
I UD.08 40 1 9 1.23 130.97 109.26 19.9
2 9 1.35 129.83 108.33 19.9
3 9 1.18 131.32 109.97 19.4
 77

Unconfincd Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 04/12/06

Date of Testing: 20/12/06

Description of soil: Lt. brown with mottled grey, Claycy SILT (with kankar)

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

~0.6
.;;;
~
~
0.
gOA
U

o
o 5 10 15 20
Axial strain (%)

Axial
Dry unit Water
BII Samplc Dcpth Specimcn strain at Cohcsion, Wct unit
wt, (Iblft3 Contcnt
No. No (tt) No. failure c (tst) wt,(lblfl3 )
) (%)
(%)
1 UD-09 45 I 15 0.29 118.59 93.74 26.5
2 9 0.55 122.98 99.62 23.4
3 7 0.39 122.22 98.78 23.7
 78

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Dale of Sampling: 05/12/06

Dale of Testing: 23/12/06

Description of soil: Lighl brown, Sandy Clayey SILT (with kankar)

COIllIJrcssi\'c stress Vs Axial strain

4 ... _.
_-.LIJ.::IJJ---
.... _- ---
-r-----
;.h
• -0-

--I
3.5 - - 1-
-+-Spccimcl1_01 ,
___ Spccimcl1_02 I¥ I

3 - --.- Specimen 02
1/ \ -,
--',
,
I

c /
E-~
., 2.5 ._--- /
A
L.
~
J,
~
:;;
I~1/ ~
v 2 _Lf- ___f-"- -
'
1\
- ,- -- - --
>
.~
~ '\
"
v
0- 1.5
E
L __ ~.-i
__
~~
•• ~
•• 1
0
u ~, 1\ - 1-

0.5
_I_~

•
o~
o 2 4 6 8
Axial strain(%)

Axial
Water
BII Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No. (ft) No. failure c (tst) wt.(Ib/ft3) wt.(lb/1i3)
(%)
(%)
I UD-II 55 1 6 1.85 119.80 91.85 27.9
2 5 1.20 119.54 91.43 28.1
3 5 1.30 117.76 88.90 32.5
 79

II Unconfined Compressive Strength

II

LocI IUB campus, Basuhndhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 05/12/06

Date of Testing: 23/12/06

Description of sample: Light brown, Sandy SILT with trace clay

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

1.2

r
C'
E,0.8
/ \
~Specjmcn 01 I

g'"
VJ
~ 0.6
/
.;;; /
'"~
0- /
~ 0.4
j
/
0.2

o V
o 5 10
Axial strain (%)

Axial .
. Water
h. . h' Wet umt
BH Sample Dept Specimen stram at Co eSlon,c (lb/ft3 D ry umt
No. No (ft) No. failure (tst) wt.) wt.(lb/ft3) c~~~nt
(%)
UD-12 60 5 0.55 114.75 91.68 25
 80

II Unconfined Compressive Strength II

Location: rUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Dale of Sampling: 05/12/06

Date of Testing: 19/12/06

Description of soil: Light brown, Clayey Sandy SILT.

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

3 - --- ---- .. ---- .. ---- ---.---._------ --- ---- --'1

2.5.--
!

c
£
~
~
~
;;;
2---

~ 1.5 --
';;;
~
~
-+-Specimen.OI
-- Specimen_02
I
0.

g
U
1-

°
° 5
Axial strain (%)
10 15

Axial
BII Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit Water
No. No (ft) No. Content
failure e (tsf) wl.(Ib/ft3) wl.(Iblft3 )
('Yo)
('Yo)
I UD-13 65 1 8 1.20 127.39 104.56 21.8
2 4 0.83 124.50 100.50 23.9
 81

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 05/1 2/06

Date of Testing: 13/12/06

Description of soil: Light grey with mottled brown, Clayey SILT (with kankar)

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

-- ..
5 -

4.5
r---
-ll--I -r-
-+--Specimen_OI
-r-

-
--' i"-. -- Specimen 02
4
/;
0 --r\- l\'--- -1
c 3.5 - - -
~ 1/
~
~ \ _\.
3 .-
'~
"
Vi
'"
:>
.;;;
~
2.5 ~i r-
\_-- ~~
~
'" 2 1"'- i
0.
E
0
u 1.5
'-, I
I

~ -
0.5

a
a 5 Axial strain (%) 10 15

Axial
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Water
Wet unit Dry unit
No. No (ft) Content
No. failure e (tst) wt.(lb/ft3 ) wt.(lb/ft3)
(%)
(%)
I UD-14 70 I 6 2.23 125.18 107.45 16.5
2 7 2.25 129.29 112.24 15.2
 82

Unconfincd Compressive Stren~th

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 06/1 2/06

Date of Testing: 23/1 2/06

Description of soil: Lt. grey with mottled brown, Clayey SILT.

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

J •.....•..... _.• _ .•.

2.5

___ I
I
us I

s 10

Axial strain (%)

Axial
Water
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No (Il) No. failure c (tst) wt.(I b/tl3) wt.(lb/ft3)
(%)
(%)
I UD.I6 80 I 6 1.35 121.05 94.23 28.5
2 5 1.22 120.51 95.65 26.0
 83

II Unconfined Compressive Strength

II

Location: IVB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 06/12/06

Date of Testing: 21112106

Description of soil: Greyish brown, Sandy Clayey SILT (with kankar)

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

4.5

4
1/•..., ,r r---
3.5 i'\
V
c /1.) \
!2. 3
~
~ -~
/ -+-Spccimcn_OI
~ 2.5

e
u
.~ 2
::l
Co
g 1.5
, / ,}
I
\
'\
-
-.-
Spccimcn_02
Specimen_03

r-~

,
u

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20
Axial strain (%)

Axial
BH Water
Sam pi Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
No. Content
eNo (ft) No. failure c (lsf) wt.(lb/ft3) wt.(lb/ft3)
(%) (%)
UD-17 85 I 9 1.90 130.80 109.02 20.0
2 12 2.05 133.83 115.28 16.1
3 7 1.33 122.43 100.00 22.4
 84

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 06/1 2/06

Date of Testing: 23/1 2/06

Description of soil: Light brown, Clayey SILT with some Sand (with kankar)

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

3.5 ._- .•- .. ,- --- ._,-- -_... -_. -~.

Axial strain (%)

I.__ ~.-

Axial
Water
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit C
No. No (ft) . on tent
No. failure c (tst) Wl.(Ib/ft3) wl.(Ib/ft3) (%)
(%)
I UD-18 90 I 7.5 1.45 125.95 101.64 23.9
2 10.0 1.55 123.04 97.34 26.4
 85

Unconfined Compressive Strength

Location: rUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 06/12/06

Date of Testing: 23/12/06

Description of soil: Grcy, Claycy SILT (with kankar)

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

4.--

3.5 . -+- Spccimcn_O 1

---- Specimen _02
3 . -.- Specimen_03

~ 2.5
e
Vi
~ 2
'iii
v.
e0. 1.5 .
g
U

0.5 .

o
o 5 10
Axial strain (%)

Axial
Bll Sample Dcpth Spccimcn strain at Cohcsion, Watcr
Wct unit Dry unit
No. No (ft) No. failure Contcnt
c (tsf) wt. (Iblli3 ) wt.(lblft3 )
(%) (%)
\ UD-19 95 \ 5 1.60 117.07 91.89 27.4
2 5 1.65 117.89 89.85 31.2
3 5 1.74 115.57 86.19 34.\
 86

II Unconfined Compressive Strength II

Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Date of Sampling: 06/12/06

Date of Testing: 23/12/06

Description of soil: Grey, SILT and CLA Y

Compressive stress Vs Axial strain

6 --- --- -- ,- --
--1;[:: -:::r'- -,-
--+--
___
Specimen I
Specimen 2
-

5 -- I- - --
j !\ f- --a- Specimen 3
- -
")
-- - - I- -\
/

I
/
,.. •...,
I \ \
--- -
",,It --
'\

o
ll~----- •
~

o 2 4 6 8
Axial slraill(%)

Axial
Water
BH Sample Depth Specimen strain at Cohesion, Wet unit Dry unit
Content
No. No (ft) No. failure c (tst) wt.(Ib/ft3) wt.(Ib/ft3 )
(%)
(%)
I UD-20 100 I 3.5 2.80 123.50 99.43 24.2
2 5.7 2.25 123.50 96.97 27.3
3 2.8 1.40 118.27 89.16 32.6
 Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Sample no. : UD-OI & UD-03

Depth: 1.05-1.50 m & 4.05-4.50 m

Grain size distribution

100
III

Sample Sand Silt Clay

No. (%) (%) (%)
UD-Ol 12 35 53
UD-03 3 47 52

,
I ' !' II ' 0 ! .
I 0,001 0.01 Particle size (mm) 0.1 I I <Xl
-J
Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Ohaka

Sample no. : UO-04 & UO-05

Depth: 5.55-6.00 m & 7.07-7.50 m

Grain size distribution

--'" - ~ 12100

,
,
~ !
--+-00-04
~
~ --e--- UO-05 ,
""
c:: Sample Sand Silt Clay
,5
C No. (%) (%) (%)
"
~ UO-04 4 63 33
"
c..
UO-05 6 70 24
~
o

III
0.001 0.01 0.1
Particle size (mm)
00
00
 Location: IUS campus, Sashundhara, Dhaka

Sample no. : UD-06 & UD-07

Depth: 8.55-9.00 m & 1O.05-1O.50m

Grain size distribution

1100
[
,

,,
~ iii
:!?
~
o
~ ! ; I Sample Sand Silt Clay
""
<::
I', i :
No. (%) (%) (%)
50
1 i UD-06 4
"~
" I
46 50
,
e UD-07 2 48 50
"
". I
I :

.0

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 I

! Particle size (mm) I 00
'0
Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Sample no. : UD-08 & UD-09

Depth: 11.55-12.00 m & 13.05-13.50 m

Grain size distribution

iii
, Ii!r Ii
I
, ,
I , ,!
-;-'-j-,

iii i ,, ;

~ -'-'-'-, D-+-oo,OS
~
o
~
!
, I! .. II iI__ -
OO 09
, ' Sample Sand Silt Clay
~
"
:: No. (%) (%) (%)
c:::
UD-08 5 51 44
::
"
~ UD-09 7 53 40
"
c... ; j!

., i i
"

,'
; i B-1 I
, i;
, ,
i r
i

0.001 0.01 Panicle size (mm) 0.1

'0
o
Location: IUS campus, Sashundhara, Dhaka

Sample no.: UD-II & UD-12

Depth: 16.05-16.50 m & 17.55-18.00 m

Grain size distribution

.
Ii/,
, t
i i - = • • • &100

i
,I I I i
:
• t
!

, ,
!I : ,' ,I
t ' :
.. i
~
~
0 : til i --UO-11 Sample Sand Silt Clay
~
: !!j ,, ~"'i

"
C
t:: i ; I !
--uo-121 I 1 I No. (%) (%) (%)
;: ;i !! UD-II 1 73 26
" i: t
, i
UD-12 1 86
ltiJJj 13
u
~ 40
"
c.. I t

I . :,i

~
,
!

!
JJ
:I I I III
0.001 0.01
-WlTI 0.1
Particle size (mm)
'-0
Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Sample no.: UD-I3 & UD-14

Depth: 19.05-19.50 ill & 20.55-21.00 ill

Grain size Distribution

o
~
~
o
~ --UD-13
~
"" ...,.- UD-14 Sample Sand Silt Clay
<::
~ o
<3 No. (%) (%) (%)
~
UD-13 4 51 45
"
0..
UD-14 6 45 49
o

0.001 om P artIe
. Ie SIze
. ( nun) 0.1
'C
N
Location: IUB campo us, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Sample no.: UD-15 & UD-16

Depth: 22.05-22.50m & 23.55-24.00m

Grain size distribution

00
I.; II ,

~
";l.
~
..:- 'I-+-UD-15
" .,--- UD-16
<.=" Sample Sand Silt Clay
C No. (%)
e (%) (%)
2" UD-15
" 10 54 36
c.. o UD-16 3 59 38

e
II
0.001 0.01 0.1

Particle size (mm)

'0
VJ
Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Dhaka

Sample no. : UD-17 & UD-18

Depth: 25.05-25.50m & 26.55-27.00m

Grain size distribution

r- 100
!

~
i
S, :1--UD-17
.: Sample Sand Silt Clay
1--UD-18
"
c
<:: No. (%) (%) (%)
UD-17
"""
~
c..
UD-18
14
7
46
60
50
33

0.001 0.01 0.1

Particle size (mm)

~
-I>
Location: IUB campus, Bashundhara, Ohaka

Sample no. : UO- I 9 & UO-20

Depth: 28.05-28.50m & 29.55-30.00m

Grain size distribution

,-------------------- 100
, I'
! ' I
,
i

I Ii

~
~
c
~ '*'
! ; !
,: --UO-20 Sample Sand Silt Clay
"
c:
--UO-19
i
No. (%) (%) (%)
'-= ,
C i
UO-19 4 60 36
"
~ 'I
UO-20 3
" IL 65 32
0..
, 0'
I
i
;
!
o
II
0.001 om 0.1
Particle size (mm)
\0
V.
 APPENDIX-2
(Calculation Sheets of Ultimate Pile Capacity by Different theoretical Methods)
 96
Federal Highway Administration Method

TPA2

Segment Unorall1eo UJtllnate ' Area ot tile uItllnate

Dia. length eohesion,e Adhesion unit segment friction of the
(ft) (ft) (tsf) factor, a friction (ft"2) segment (tons)

2.46 2.5 0.16 0.55 0.088 19.31 1.70

2.46 7.5 0.34 0.55 0.187 57.93 10.83

2.46 5.0 0.43 0.55 0.2365 38.62 9.13

2.46 5.0 0.30 0.55 0.165 38.62 6.37
2.46 5.0 1.17 0.55 0.6435 38.62 24.85
2.46 5.0 1.02 0.55 0.561 38.62 21.67
2.46 5.0 1.25 0.55 0.6875 38.62 26.55

2.46 5.0 0.41 0.55 0.2255 38.62 8.71

2.46 7.5 0.41 0.55 0.2255 57.93 13.06

2.46 7.5 1.45 0.55 0.7975 57.93 46.20

2.46 5.0 1.02 0.55 0.561 38.62 21.67

2.46 7.5 2.24 0.47 1.0528 57.93 60.99

2.46 7.5 1.29 0.55 0.7095 57.93 41.10

2.46 5.0 1.76 0.52 0.9152 38.62 35.35

2.46 5.0 1.50 0.54 0.81 38.62 31.28

2.46 5.0 1.66 0.53 0.8798 38.62 33.98

2.46 2.5 2.15 0.47 1.0105 1').31 1').51
Total ultImate tnetlOn- 411.')/
Bearing
Dia. Cohesion, capacity Area of
D (ft) C (tsf) factor base (ft"2)
End bearin '!' 2.46 2.15 9.00 4.75 91.92
Toatal ultimate eapaeit) 504.90
 97
Federal Highway Administration Method

TPBI

Segment UnoraIneo
I UltImate I Area or tne UltImate
Dia. length eohesion,e Adhesion unit segment friction of the
(ft) (ft) (tsf) factor, a friction (11"2) segment (tons)

1.96 2.5 0.16 0.55 0.088 15.39 1.35

1.96 7.5 0.34 0.55 0.187 46.16 8.63

.

1.96 5.0 0.43 0.55 0.2365 30.77 7.28

1.96 5.0 0.30 0.55 0.165 30.77 5.08
1.96 5.0 1.17 0.55 0.6435 30.77 19.80
1.96 5.0 1.02 0.55 0.561 30.77 17.26
1.96 5.0 1.25 0.55 0.6875 30.77 21.16
1.96 5.0 0.41 0.55 0.2255 30.77 6.94
1.96 7.5 0.41 0.55 0.2255 46.16 10.41

1.96 7.5 1.45 0.55 0.7975 46.16 36.81

1.96 5.0 1.02 0.55 0.561 30.77 17.26

1.96 7.5 2.24 0.47 1.0528 46.16 48.60

1.96 7.5 1.29 0.55 0.7095 46.16 32.75

1.96 5.0 1.76 0.52 0.9152 30.77 28.16

1.96 5.0 1.50 0.54 0.81 30.77 24.93
1.96 5.0 1.66 0.53 0.8798 30.77 27.07
J.'i6 2.5 2.15 U.47 1.UIU5 15.3lJ 15.55
loral ultImate metlon jL~.U4
Bearing
Dia. Cohesion, capacity Area of
D (ft) C (tsf) factor base (ftI\2)
End bearing 1.96 2.15 9.00 3.02 58.35
Toatal ultllnate eapaelt) 387.39
 98
Federal Highway Administration Method

TI'C!

Scgmcnt I Unl!raJnc( u Itunatc f\rCa orthc u Itunatc

Dia. Icngth cohcsion,c Adhcsion unit scgmcnt fi'iction of thc
(Ii) (Ii) (tsl) factor, a friction (11"2) scgmcnt (tons)

1.64 2.5 0.16 0.55 0.088 12.87 1.13

1.64 7.5 0.34 0.55 0.187 38.62 7.22

1.64 5.0 0.43 0.55 0.2365 25.75 6.09

1.64 5.0 0.30 0.55 0.165 25.75 4.25

1.64 5.0 1.17 0.55 0.6435 25.75 16.57

1.64 5.0 1.02 0.55 0.561 25.75 14.44
1.64 5.0 1.25 0.55 0.6875 25.75 17.70
1.64 5.0 0.41 0.55 0.2255 25.75 5.81
1.64 7.5 0.41 0.55 0.2255 38.62 8.71

1.64 7.5 1.45 0.55 0.7975 38.62 30.80

1.64 5.0 1.02 0.55 0.561 25.75 14.44

1.64 7.5 2.24 0.47 1.0528 38.62 40.66

1.64 7.5 1.29 0.55 0.7095 38.62 27.40

1.64 5.0 1.76 0.52 0.9152 25.75 23.56

1.64 5.0 1.50 0.54 0.81 25.75 20.86

1.64 5.0 1.66 0.53 0.8798 25.75 22.65

1.64 2.5 2.15 0.47 1.0105 Ivn 13.01
I otal ultlmatc Inctlon n:>.32
Bearing
Oia. Cohcsion, capacity Arca of
o (Ii) C (tst) factor basc (1i"2)
End bcaring , 1.64 2.15 9.00 2.11 40.85
Toatal ultimatc capaclt) 316.17
 99

American I'etr'olleum Institute Method

TI'A2

I Scgmcnt Undrall1c Ultlmatc Area at the U Itll1latc

Dia. Icngth d Adhcsion unit scgmcnt fi'iction of thc
(Il) (H) cohcsion, factor, a friction (H 2)A
scgmcnt (tons)

2.46 7.5 0.16 0.92 0.1472 57.93 8.53

2.46 7.5 0.34 0.53 0.1802 57.93 10.44

2.46 5.0 0.43 0.50 0.215 38.62 8.30

2.46 5.0 0.30 0.62 0.186 38.62 7.18
2.46 5.0 1.17 0.50 0.585 38.62 22.59
2.46 5.0 1.02 0.50 0.51 38.62 19.70
2.46 5.0 1.25 0.50 0.625 38.62 24.14
2.46 5.0 0.41 0.50 0.205 38.62 7.92

2.46 7.5 0.41 0.50 0.205 57.93 11.88

2.46 7.5 1.45 0.50 0.725 57.93 42.00

2.46 5.0 1.02 0.50 0.51 38.62 19.70

2.46 7.5 2.24 0.50 1.12 57.93 64.88

2.46 7.5 1.29 0.50 0.645 57.93 37.37

2.46 5.0 1.76 0.50 0.88 38.62 33.99

2.46 5.0 1.50 0.50 0.75 38.62 28.97

2.46 5.0 1.66 0.50 0.83 38.62 32.06

2.46 5.U 2.15 U.5U I.U75 38.62 41.52

Total ultimate fj'iclion= 421.16

Bcaring
Diamctc Cohesion, capacity Arca of
r D (H) C (tsf) factor basc (HA2)
End bearing = 2.46 2.15 9.00 4.75 91.92
Toatal ultimate capaeity= 513.08
 100
American Petro Ileum Institnte Method

TPBl

I ::icgmcnt UndraInc UIlnnatc I Area 01 tnc ultnnatc

Dia. Icngth d Adhcsion unit segmcnt friction orthe
(Ii ) (Ii) cohcsion, factor, a friction (li"2) segmcnt (tons)

1.96 7.5 0.f6 0.92 0.1472 46.16 6.79

1.96 7.5 0.34 0.53 0.1802 46.f6 8.32

1.96 5.0 OA3 0.50 0.215 30.77 6.62

1.96 5.0 0.30 0.62 0.186 30.77 5.72
1.96 5.0 1.17 0.50 0.585 30.77 18.00
1.96 5.0 1.02 0.50 0.51 30.77 15.69
1.96 5.0 1.25 0.50 0.625 30.77 19.23
1.96 5.0 OAI 0.50 0.205 30.77 6.31

1.96 7.5 OAI 0.50 0.205 46.16 9.46

1.96 7.5 IA5 0.50 0.725 46.16 33.46

1.96 5.0 1.02 0.50 0.51 30.77 15.69

1.96 7.5 2.24 0.50 1.12 46.16 51.70

1.96 7.5 1.29 0.50 0.645 46.16 29.77

1.96 5.0 1.76 0.50 0.88 30.77 27.08

1.96 5.0 1.50 0.50 0.75 30.77 23.08

1.96 5.0 1.66 0.50 0.83 30.77 25.54

I.% 5.U 2.t5 U.5U 1.075 3U.77 33.UX

Total ultimate li'iction= 335.56

Bcaring
Diamctc Cohesion, capacity Arca of
r 0 (fi) C (tsf) factor base (W'2)
End bearing - 1.96 2.15 9.00 3.02 58.35
Toatal ultimatc capacity= 393.91
 101
Amcrican Pctrollcum Institutc Mcthod

TPCI

:Scgmcnt Undrall1c Ultunatc Wea 0 t the U!lunate

Dia. length d Adhesion unit segment friction of the
(Il) (ft) cohesion, factor, a friction (tl"2) segment (tons)

1.64 7.5 0.16 0.92 0.1472 38.62 5.69

1.64 7.5 0.34 0.53 0.1802 38.62 6.96

1.64 5.0 0.43 0.50 0.215 25.75 5.54

1.64 5.0 0.30 0.62 0.186 25.75 4.79
1.64 5.0 1.17 0.50 0.585 25.75 15.06
1.64 5.0 1.02 0.50 . 0.51 25.75 13.13
1.64 5.0 1.25 0.50 0.625 25.75 16.09
1.64 5.0 0.41 0.50 0.205 25.75 5.28
1.64 7.5 0.41 0.50 0.205 38.62 7.92

1.64 7.5 1.45 0.50 0.725 38.62 28.00

1.64 5.0 1.02 0.50 0.51 25.75 13.13

1.64 7.5 2.24 0.50 1.12 38.62 43.26

1.64 7.5 1.29 0.50 0.645 38.62 24.91

1.64 5.0 I. 76 0.50 0.88 25.75 22.66

1.64 5.0 1.50 0.50 0.75 25.75 19.31
1.64 5.0 1.66 0.50 0.83 25.75 21.37
1.64 5.0 L.15 0.50 1.075 25.75 27.68

Total ultimate frietion= 280.77

Bearing
Diamete Cohesion, capacity Area of
r D (tl) C (tsf) factor base (tl"2)
End bcaring- 1.64 2.15 9.00 2.11 40.85
Toatal ultimate eapaeity= 321.63
 102
Indian Standards Institntion Method

TPA2

Segment unoralllec Ultimate IArea 01 tile Ultullate

Dia. length eohesion,e Adhesion unit segment frietion of the
(ft) (ft) (tsf) factor, a friction (11"2) segment (tons)

2.46 7.5 0.16 0.70 0.112 57.93 6.49

2.46 7.5 0.34 0.70 0.238 57.93 13.79

2.46 5.0 0.43 0.50 0.215 38.62 8.30

2.46 5.0 0.30 0.50 0.15 38.62 5.79
2.46 5.0 1.17 0.40 0.468 38.62 18.08
2.46 5.0 1.02 0.40 0.408 38.62 15.76
2.46 5.0 1.25 0.40 0.5 38.62 19.31
2.46 5.0 0.41 0.50 0.205 38.62 7.92

2.46 7.5 0.41 0.50 0.205 57.93 11.88

2.46 7.5 1.45 0.30 0.435 57.93 25.20

2.46 5.0 1.02 0.40 0.408 38.62 15.76

2.46 7.5 2.24 0.30 0.672 57.93 38.93

2.46 7.5 1.29 0.30 0.387 57.93 22.42

2.46 5.0 1.76 0.30 0.528 38.62 20.39

2.46 5.0 1.50 0.30 0.45 38.62 17.38
2.46 5.0 1.66 0.30 0.498 38.62 19.23
L.46 5.0 L.15 0.30 0.645 3X.62 L4.lJ I

Total ultimate !riction= 291.54

Bearing
Diamete Cohesion, capacity Area of
r D (ft) C (tsl) factor base, Ab
End bearing 2.46 2.15 9.00 4.75 91.92
383.46
 103

Indian Standards Institntion Method

TPBI

I~egmenl IUnuralllcc Ultnnale Area or tne ultnnate

Dia. length cohcsioIl,C Adhesion unit segment friction of the
( 1\) (1\ ) (lsI) factor, a friction (ft"2) segment (tons)

1.96 7.5 0.16 0.70 0.112 46.16 5.17

1.96 7.5 0.34 0.70 0.238 46.16 10.99

1.96 5.0 0.43 0.50 0.215 30.77 6.62

1.96 5.0 0.30 0.50 0.15 30.77 4.62

I. 96 5.0 1.17 0.40 0.468 30.77 14.40

1.96 5.0 1.02 0.40 0.408 30.77 12.55

1.96 5.0 1.25 0.40 0.5 30.77 15.39

1.96 5.0 0.41 0.50 0.205 30.77 6.31

1.96 7.5 0.4\ 0.50 0.205 46.16 9.46

1.96 7.5 1.45 0.30 0.435 46.16 20.08

1.96 5.0 1.02 0.40 0.408 30.77 12.55

1.96 7.5 2.24 0.30 0.672 46.16 31.02

1.96 7.5 1.29 0.30 0.387 46.16 17.86

1.96 5.0 1.76 0.30 0.528 30.77 16.25

1.96 5.0 1.50 0.30 0.45 30.77 13.85

1.96 5.0 1.66 0.30 0.498 30.77 15.32

1.96 5.U 2.15 U.3U U.645 3U.77 J 'J.85

Total ultimate ji-ietion= 232.28

Bearing
Diamete Cohcsion, capacity Area of
r D (1\) C (1st) I~letor base, Ab
End bearing 1.96 2.15 9.00 3.02 58.35
290.64
 104
Indian Standards Institution Method

TPCI

::;egment I Unorall1ea UltImate I Area 01 tne u Itnnate

Dia. length eohesion,e Adhesion unit segment fi'ietion of the
(ft ) (tt) (tst) factor, a friction (ft"2 ) segment (tons)

1.64 7.5 0.16 0.70 0.112 38.62 4.33

1.64 7.5 0.34 0.70 0.238 38.62 9.19

1.64 5.0 0.43 0.50 0.215 25.75 5.54

1.64 5.0 0.30 0.50 0.15 25.75 3.86
1.64 5.0 1.17 0.40 0.468 25.75 12.05
1.64 5.0 1.02 0.40 0.408 25.75 10.51
1.64 5.0 1.25 0.40 0.5 25.75 12.87
1.64 5.0 0.41 0.50 0.205 25.75 5.28
1.64 7.5 0.41 0.50 0.205 38.62 7.92

1.64 7.5 1.45 0.30 0.435 38.62 16.80

1.64 5.0 1.02 0.40 0.408 25.75 10.51

1.64 7.5 2.24 0.30 0.672 38.62 25.95

1.64 7.5 1.29 0.30 0.387 38.62 14.95

1.64 5.0 1.76 0.30 0.528 25.75 13.59

1.64 5.0 1.50 0.30 0.45 25.75 11.59
1.64 5.0 1.66 0.30 0.498 25.75 12.82
I.M 5.0 2.15 0.30 0.645 25.75 16.61
Total ullimate li'ietion~ 194.36
Bearing
Dia. Cohesion, capacity Area of
D (ft) C (tst) factor base, Ab
End bearing 1.64 2.15 9.00 2.11 40.85
235.21
 APPENDIX-3
(Field Load-Settlement Curves)
 105

LOAD aONSl

a 82 16S 248 289 . 330

E
E
I-
Z
3

6
......•.•••......•.••• --- ___ i.AXIAL DEFORMATION OF PILE
o

,
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I-
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UJ
12

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AXIAL OEFORMATIOH OF PIL E ..•.•...••

FIG. NO.8 DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY FROM

LOAD-SETTLEMENT CURVE OF TEST PILE TPA-I,

LOA D nONS)
oo _ 41 82 12. 16~ 206 a
_.~
2. 209 330
I I r
3 ~---n
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DEFORMATIOII OF PIL,E

21

FIG. NO. 9 DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY FROM

LOAD - SETTL.EMENT CIJ1VE ,)1" TEST. PILE TPA -:2
 106

LOAD
00 64 96

2
~~
X
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:1'
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f-
z
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f-
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III

,I AX~ 'I. DEFORMATION OF PilE

FIG. NO. 10 DETERMINATION OF CAPACllY FR

LOAD-SETTLEMENT CURVE OF if.3T
PILE TPB-I "

-2 LOAD (TONS)
32 64 96 '28 '60 192 224 266
0

E 2
,-~
f- 4
.z
w
.::E 6
,W
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f- 8
f-
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III '0

'2

OEF'ORMATIOU OF PILE

FIG. NO. II DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY FROM

LOAD-SETTLEMENT CURVE OF
TEST PILE TPB-2
 107

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