The 3rd International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation 2016 (ICEEDM-III 2016)

The Estimated Spatial Ground Acceleration of the 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake

Composed from the Field Survey
Widodo Pawirodikromoa
a
Department of Civil Engineering and Disaster Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning,
Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract
A lot of moderate and strong earthquakes have been occurred in Indonesia. However, due to the ground motion records
were not available accordingly, the spatial ground accelerations have never been constructed. Several efforts have been
done to present the ground acceleration map. Seismic hazard maps have been proposed by [1,8]. Meanwhile the ground
acceleration maps also have been intended by [3,7,9,6]. However, the maps quite different each other since it used
completely different earthquake sources, attenuations and method of analysis. More over the map was not fitly match
with the actual structural damage of the 27th May Yogykarta earthquake. The estimation of the spatial ground
acceleration of the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake becomes possible after field surveying the earthquake intensity
conducted by [14]. The estimated ground accelerations were carried out by using the acceleration at two control points i.e
at YOGI and BJI stations that was published by [5]. The Cornell (1979) and the Fukushima and Tanaka (1990)
attenuations were use to interpolate the ground acceleration between two-control points. Due to limitation of space the
only the upper bound value of spatial ground acceleration is presented, with the maximum ground acceleration is
approximately of 0.52 g.
Keywords: earthquake; ground ecceleration; earthquake intensity; PGA attenuation; seismic hazard map; ground acceleration map.

1. INTRODUCTION
The earthquake ground motions either horizontal and vertical accelerations are very important information in the
occurrence of earthquakes. The second law of Newton provides feature that the effective external load or seismic
horizontal force acting at the building structure is product between mass and ground acceleration [2]. In particular area
where the network of strong motion records have been installed then the ground motions in spatial form can be
determined easily. However, in the region where the instruments were not available, the estimation of the ground
acceleration becomes a problem. The earthquake ground motions normally can be presented in term of wave form of
time history records. However, if the records provided by network then the spatial ground acceleration map can easily
be constructed.
The 27th of May 2006 Yogyakarta, Indonesia earthquake occur in early Saturday morning at 5:53 a.m local time or at
Friday 22:53:58 p.m (UTC) time. The earthquake epicenter reported by several sources were different each other,
however, the epicenter distance was only  20 km from Yogyakarta city. Beside of the earthquake was very close to the
city, the hypocenter also was only  12 km [11]. The earthquake magnitude according to several sources was only M =
6.3; however, it caused more than 5,700 casualties and more than 130,000 un-reinforced masonry housings collapsed.
The effects of the earthquake were tremendous since the earthquake occur in dense populated area.
 Efforts to estimate the seismic hazard and ground acceleration maps were conducted by several researchers.
Brotopuspito et al.(2006) presented the Yogyakarta seismic hazard map. Even though the soil-fundamental periods in the
region have been investigated, however, the ground accelerations were only predicted by using attenuation equation.
Paramumijoyo (2008) also proposed Yogyakarta seismic hazard map, however, this map was based on very complicated
assumed earthquake faults, in which the faults are still need to be verified. Meanwhile the 27th May 2006 Yogyakarta
ground acceleration map also proposed by [3,7,9,6]. However, the ground accelerations were only calculated by using
ground attenuations. The aim of this investigation is to refine the Yogyakarta ground acceleration map by developing the
earthquake intensity map that has been proposed by [12,14].

2. THE SEISMIC HAZARD AND GROUND ACCELERATION MAP FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCH

2.1 Seismic Hazard Map by [1,8]

The value of earthquake ground acceleration in any area can be found either in the macro-zonation or micro-
zonation. The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is often used to determine the either the maximum design
earthquake or the maximum credible earthquake. In the Indonesian Seismic Codes (SNI 1726,2012) for instance the
short and long period of spectral acceleration maps were presented as maximum credible earthquake. Between the
seismic hazard map and ground acceleration map under specified earthquake in particular area are not comparable,
however, in this discussion both of them will be discussed.
Research on the Yogyakarta seismic hazard map has been carried out by [1]. The earthquake data from the region from
1973-2006 were used. The Kanai (1966) attenuation was used where the ground acceleration ones is function of soil
fundamental period of vibrations. The soil fundamental periods of vibrations were determined from the Horizontal to
Vertical Spectrum Ratio (HVSR) method. It was reported that the soil fundamental periods of the Yogyakarta region fall
in the range of 0.067 s – 1.248 s. Based on the soil fundamental periods of vibrations then the spatial maximum estimated
ground acceleration were finally computed.
110.00 E 110.20 E 110.40 E 110.60 E 110.80 E

7.60 S
1
2

7.80 S 3
4

5
8.00 S 88 77 66
Borne Parangtritis
Sumat
o
ra
Java
8.20 S

Fig. 1. The spatial maximum ground acceleration at Yogyakarta region [1]

The seismic hazard map then presented in Fig.1. The figure is clearly show that the maximum possible of earthquake
ground acceleration occur at the Parangtritis coast. It was found that the maximum ground acceleration varies from
38.862 gals – 531.613 gals. It is surprised that the possible maximum ground accelerations are located in the southern
part of Opak river where geographically is located in the region of South Mountain Range.
Pramumijoyo et al.(2008) also presented the seismic hazard map for southern flank of Merapi sedimentary deposit
based on the assumption of complicated active faults such as shown in Fig.2. In Fig.2 shows that two-fault mechanisms
were considered i.e the normal fault (YN) and strike-slip fault (YS). There were 18-normal faults and 6-strike –slip faults
considered in the hazard analysis. The probabilistic seismic hazard package program EQRISK was used, where the
annual rate of exceedance was represented by the earthquake return period. The earthquake return period of 10 years, 50
years, 100 years, 200 years and 500 years were considered during the analysis. The seismic hazard map of southern
Merapi sedimentary flank for 200 years period is presented in Fig.3. The maximum ground acceleration for 200 years
return period my reach of 600-700 gals.
110.20 E 110.40 E 110.20 E 110.40 E

YN3 YN10
YN11 7.70 S
YN13SG1
7.80S
YN4 Yogyakarta
YN14SG1
YN2 Bantul YN12 YSS1 Yogyakarta
YN1 YN5 YN14SG2
YN6 YSS2
YN15 a 7.90 S
Bantul
YN7 YN13SG2 YSS3
YN8 Imogiri
YSS4
8.00 S a: fault rupture YSS5
YSS6

Fig. 2. The fault sources map Fig. 3. The seismic hazard map for 200 yrs return period

The possible of the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake mechanism has been reported by researchers. According to Harvard
Centroid Moment Tensor (HCMT) the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake was triggered by the strike-slip rupture. The similar
statement was also reported by [11]. Tsuji et al.(2008) presented that the strike-slip fault rupture of the 2006 Yogyakarta
earthquake was located 10-20 km eastern parallel to Opak fault as denoted by mark “a” in Fig.1. Thus the considered
faults as used by [8] were quite different with the rupture fault of the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake. Since there were 24-
faults used in the analysis, therefore, the pattern of the hazard map as shown in Fig.3 exactly follows the location ad
position of faults.

2.2 The Yogyakarta Ground Acceleration Map by [3,7,9,6]

If the seismic hazard map is developed by assuming the effects of all faults, subductions activity or any other
earthquake mechanisms, then the ground acceleration map herein is only the map which represents the spatial distribution
of ground acceleration caused by a particular earthquake. The The following descriptions are the maps were have been
proposed by several researchers.
As part of the dissertation, Daryono (2011) presented the spatial base-rock acceleration of the 2006 Yogyakarta
earthquake as shown in Fig.4. The base-rock accelerations under the 27th May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake were
determined by simply using Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) attenuation equation. Since the earthquake mechanism occur
according to fault rupture length then the earthquake source was modeled as a line source. Accordingly, as shown in
Fig.4, the distributions of base-rock acceleration were parallel with Opak fault-trace with the maximum base-rock
acceleration is about 427 cms-2. On the other hand, Khalfan (2013) used USGS ShakeMaps i.e near real time map of
ground motion and earthquake intensity caused by earthquake. The result is presented in Fig.5. As shown in the figure
that the maximum ground acceleration was around 0.60g curvedly follows the Opak fault trace.
The ground acceleration map of the 27 May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake was also predicted by [9,6] as shown in Fig
6 and Fig.7 respectively. Both of these investigations used the fault rupture which was defined by [10]. Such as
mentioned before, the earthquake fault rupture was assumed located around 10- 20 km eastern and parallel to the Opak
fault trace. The maximum ground acceleration was assumed occur at the fault rupture and by using the Ambraseys et
al.(2005) attenuation the ground accelerations was attenuated parallel with the earthquake fault rupture. The maximum
ground acceleration according to [9] is  325 gals and according to [6] the maximum ground acceleration at fault rupture
achieves  0.35g.
 110.20 E 110.40 E 110.20 E 110.40 E

7.80 S 9

Yogyakarta
Piyungan
Sedayu Bng.tapan
Kasihan
Sewon Pleret 8
Pajangan
7
Jetis Bantul
Bantul Opak river 6 3
5 3 2
Imogiri PGA (g)
Progo river 1 0,56 – 0,64 1 4 5
USGS Episenter 6
Bb.Lipuro 2 0,48 – 0,56 4
Pundong
3 0,40 – 0,48 7
4 0,32 – 0,40 8
Sanden 5 0,24 – 0,32
6 0,16 – 0.24
8.00 S Parangtritis 7 0,08 – 0,16
8 0,04 – 0,08
9 0,02 – 0,04

Fig. 4. Ground acceleration Map [3] Fig. 5. Ground acceleration map [7]

110.20 E 110.40 E 110.60 E 110.20 E 110.40 E 110.60 E

Merapi
7.60 S
Yogyakarta Berbah Kaliurang
7.80 S Klaten
Sedayu
Kasihan Sleman
1
7.80 S Yogyakarta Kalasan
Bantul Nanggulan 0
Lendah 2 0
0
Sentolo
Imogiri Bantul 0 3
Srandakan Imogiri Playen
Kebonagung
0 3 Wonosari
Pundong 0 2 1
Sanden 8.00 S Indian Ocean 0
8.00 S Panggang 0 0
0
Borneo Parangtritis 0 0
Sumatra
Borneo Parangtritis
Sumatra
Java
Java Indian Ocean

Fig. 6. The Yogyakarta Ground acceleration Map [9] Fig. 7. The Yogyakarta Ground acceleration map [6]

3. THE ACCELERATION CONTROL POINTS AND Imm AND DISTANCE RELATIONSHIP

In the 2006 Elnashai et al.(2006) reported the field reconnaissance of the Yogyakarta Earthquake of 27 May 2006.
During field investigation, the only the over-scale of ground velocity records i.e the North-South, the East-West and the
Vertical components found at Yogyakarta Geophysics Station (YOGI). Aside of these records, the Team found the
North-South and the Vertical records at Banjarnegara Geophysics Station (BJI). Due to lack of seismograph
characteristics and by assuming a particular sensitivity factor, it was found that the maximum ground acceleration was
unrealistic i.e only 0.030 g.
Elnashai et al.(2006) sated that it should be used other approach to estimate the level of ground acceleration. The case
of collapsing Amongrogo Sport Building was selected to estimate the level of ground acceleration. Based on the assumed
of material data and structural data measured at the site finally the best estimation of the level of ground accelerations for
North-South, East-West and Vertical Components were finally determined. The ground accelerations respectively are
0.197g – 0.336g for horizontal acceleration and 0.183g – 0.303g for vertical ground acceleration. The high level of
vertical ground acceleration indicated that the earthquake source was relatively close to the instrument. Meanwhile, the
ground accelerations at BJI station respectively are 0.028g for North-South component and 0.020g for vertical
component. The ground accelerations at YOGI and BJI stations finally were used for control points.
As mentioned before that the spatial ground accelerations of the 27 May Yogyakarta ones can be carried out after the
field investigation by [14]. One of the results of the field investigation is the relationship between earthquake intensity
and distance. The relationship is presented in the form [12,14],

I mm  8.889. e 0.0088.L (1)

Where Imm is the earthquake intensity and L is distance in km from the center of maximum earthquake intensity.

4.1. The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) Attenuation

It is necessary to use PGA attenuation for interpolating the ground acceleration from YOGI to BJI stations. The
corresponding peak ground acceleration (PGA) attenuations are adopted from [4] and presented in the following items.
The PGA attenuations are selected in which it will match the acceleration at two-control points i.e at the YOGI and BJI
stations. The selected PGA attenuation are presented in the following items.

4.1.a The Cornel (1979) PGA attenuation

Cornel (1979) proposed the PGA attenuation which is expressed as,

Ln a h  a  b M L  c Log ( R  25) (2)

in which ah is horizontal ground acceleration in cms , a = 6.74, b = 0.859, c = -1.80 and standard deviation  = 0.12
-2

4.1.b. The Fukushima & Tanaka (1994) PGA attenuation

Research on the PGA attenuation has been conducted by Fukushima and Tanaka (1994) and the result is,

ln a h  a. M  Log ( R  c.10  . M )  b.R  d (3)

Where ah is horizontal ground acceleration in sms-2, a = 0.41, b = 0.0034, c = 0.032, d = 1.30, and  = 0.21
5. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION
This investigation basically based on the data of earthquake intensity Imm which were originally investigated by [14].
The earthquake intensity Imm was determined at every data points based on structural damage, response objects and
people reactions at field investigation. Based on the data then the earthquake intensity can be correlated to the distance as
presented by [14,12]. The ground accelerations at YOGI and BJI stations as stated before become control-points to
generate further acceleration at any distance.
It needs interpolation scheme of the ground acceleration between two-control points i.e from YOGI to BJI stations.
After trial and errors finally the Cornell (1979) and the Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) attenuations were selected for
interpolating the ground acceleration from YOGI and BJI stations and the result is presented in Fig.8. The plot between
ground acceleration and earthquake intensity as mentioned yields Eq.4.a and Eq.4.b. Substituting Eq.1 to these equations
will provide ground accelerations and can be connected to earthquake intensity Imm.. This relationship will provide direct
relationship between ground acceleration ah and earthquake intensity Imm..

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.a Interpolation of earthquake ground acceleration
The used of Cornel (1979) and Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) attenuations (Eq.2 and Eq.3) for interpolating the
acceleration from YOGI to BJI as presented in Fig.8 yields the following equations,
Ln a h  2.2919.e 0.1131.I mm (4.a)
 Ln a h  2.3045.e 0.1129.I mm (4.b)
Eq.4.a and Eq.4.b mathematically derived from the plot as presented in Fig.8.
7.0 7.0
6.0 6.0
5.0 5.0
Ln (ah)

Ln (ah)
4.0 4.0
3.0 3.0

2.0 y = 2.2919e0.1131x 2.0 y = 2.3045e0.1129x

R2 = 0.9997 R2 = 0.9992
1.0 1.0

0.0 0.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EQ Intensity Im m EQ Intensity Im m
Fig. 8. Ground acceleration vs. earthquake intensity I mm : a) Cornel, 1979; b) Fukushima and Tanaka (1990)

6.b Ground acceleration and Modified Mercalli Intensity Imm Relationship

The ground acceleration and earthquake intensity relationship as presented in Fig.9 can be drawn by inserting the
earthquake intensity Imm of Eq.1 to Eq.4.a and Eq.4.b. From these relationships then the direct relationship between
ground acceleration and earthquake intensity Imm can be generated.
600 600
0.4986x
y = 5.8045e0.4973x y = 5.879e
Ground Acc. (cm/s^2)

500 500
Ground Acc.(cm/s^2)

2
R2 = 0.9913 R = 0.9913
400 400

300 300

200 200

100 100

0 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mod.Mercali Int. (Im m ) Mod.Mercali Int.(Im m )
Fig. 9. Ground acceleration vs. earthquake intensity Imm : a) Cornel, 1979; b) Fukushima and Tanaka (1990)

6.c The Spatial ground Acceleration of the 27th May 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake
The estimated spatial ground acceleration is the final result of the investigation. Due to limitation of space, the only
the upper bound of estimated ground acceleration is presented in this paper. Based on the relationship between ground
acceleration ah and earthquake intensity Imm then the following equations can be formed,

a h  5.8049.e 0.4974.I mm (5.a)

a h  5.8790.e 0.4986.I mm (5.b)
By inserting the field earthquake intensity Imm at every data points to Eq.5.a or Eq.5.b, then the direct relationship
between ground acceleration and earthquake intensity Imm can be developed. The earthquake intensity Imm already given
as initial data, therefore, the ground acceleration at each data points can be determined and the result is presented in
Fig.10.
 110.00 E 110.40 E 110.80 E

 0.50g Merapi
Boyolali

 0.40g Kartasura
Surakarta
Borobudur Srumbung
7.60 S  0.30g
 0.20g Kaliurang
 0.10g
Sleman Klaten
Purworejo
Kalasan

Yogyakarta
Wonogiri

N Bantul
Playen Wuryantoro
Imogiri
Wonosari
7.80 S
Indian ocean Panggang
Parangtritis Pracimontoro
Borneo
Sumatra Giritontro

Java 0 10 20 km

Fig. 10. The distribution of ground acceleration data points composed from field survey (Upper bound).

110.00 E 110.40 E 110.80 E

Boyolali Surakarta
Merapi
Borobudur Srumbung Kartasura
7.60 S
0.10 0.20 0.10
Kaliurang
0.30
0.10
0.15 Klaten
Purworejo Sleman
0.20 Kalasan 0.50
Nanggulan 0.35
Yogyakarta
Wonogiri
0.30 0.20
N Sentolo
Bantul Imogiri
Playen 0.10
Srandakan Wuryantoro
0.50
Kebonagung Wonosari
Indian ocean USGS Epicenter
7.80 S
Panggang Pracimontoro
Parangtritis
Borneo
Sumatra Giritontro

Java 0 10 20 km

Fig. 11. The estimated spatial ground acceleration of the 27 May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake (Upper bound)
 The estimated spatial acceleration of the 27th 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake as presented in Fig.11 is the upper bound
value with the maximum horizontal ground acceleration reaches  0.52g. The maximum ground acceleration did not
occur in the epicenter are, however, the pattern of the map closely follows the earthquake intensity Imm map as presented
by [14,12]. Plot between ground acceleration and distance can be drawn by substituting Eq.1 to Eq 5.a or Eq.5.b,
however, the plot does not presented because of limitation of the space.

7. CONCLUSIONS
After the data analysis the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The new ground acceleration map of the 27th May Yogyakarta earthquake has been proposed as a refinement of the
previous seismic hazard and the ground acceleration maps,
2. In the absent of ground acceleration records, the field earthquake intensity Imm can be used in developing the
proposed of the 27th May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake map,
3. The maximum ground acceleration at upper bound value is approximately 0.52g, and the maximum ground
acceleration did not occur in the epicenter area as usually assumed.

References
[1] Brotopuspito K S, Prasetya T, Widigdo M, Percepatan Getaran Tanah Maksimum Akibat Gempa Bumi, Journal
Geofisika Vol.7, No.1, 2006, available at : http://www.earthdoc.org/publication/publicationdetails/?publication
=81696 or available at : http://geoinfo.pasca.ugm.ac.id/ downloads/1209113636-PGA-Kirbani-07-PSBA.pdf
[2] Clough R.W, Penzien J, “Dynamics of Structures”, Third Edition, 2003
[3] Daryono, “Indeks Kerentanan Seismik Berdasarkan Mikrotremor Pasa Setiap Satuan Bentk Lahan di Zona Graben
Bantul, DIY”, Doctorate Dissertation, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, 2011 (in Bahasa)
[4] Douglas J, Ground-motion prediction equations, 1964 -2010, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre. PEER
2011/112, April 2011
[5] Elnashai A S, Kim S J, Yun G J, Sidharta D, The Yogyakarta Earthquake of May 27, 2006, Mid-America Earthquake
Center, University of Illinois, Urbana Campaign, MAE Center Report No 07-02, 2006.
[6] Hartantyo E, Brotopuspito K S, Sismanto, Waluyo, “Predicting the liquefaction phenomena from shear velocity
profiling : Empirical approach to 6.3Mw May 2006, Yogyakarta Earthquake”, 3th International Conference on
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Procedia Earth Science and Planetary Science, ISEDM, 2013
[7] Khalfan M, “Fragility Curve for Resindential Building in Developing Countries : A Case Study on Non-engineered
URM Homes in Bantul, Yogyakarta”, Master Thesis McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, 2013.
[8] Pramumijoyo S, Thant M, Kawase H, “Seismic Hazard Mapping for Seismic Hazard Mapping for Yogyakarta
Dipression Area, Indonesia, 2008”, available at : http://www.academia.edu/5090818/ SEISMIC _HAZARD_
MAPPING_FOR_ YOGYAKARTA_ DEPRESSION_ AREA_ INDONESIA
[9] Thant M, Pramumijoyo S, Hendrayana H, Kawase H, Adi A D, “Evaluation of Strong Ground Motion for Yogyakarta
Deprsssion Area, Indonesia”, Journal of SE Asian Applied Geology, Vol.2(2), 2010, pp.81-94.
[10] Tsuji T, Yamamoto K, Matsuoka T, Yamada W, Onishi K, Bahar A, Meilano I, Abidin H Z, Earthquake Fault of
the 26 May Yogyakarta earthquake observed by SAR interferometry, Earth Planet Space E-Letter, 61-e29-e32, 2009.
[11] Walter T R, Wang R, Leuhr B F, Wassermann J, Behr Y, Porolai S, Anggraini A, Gunther E, Sobiesiak G, Grosser
H, Wetzel H U, Milkeriet C, Sri Brotopuspito P J K, Hatjadi P, Zschau J, The 26 May Magnitude 6.4 Yogyakarta
Earthquake south of Merapi Volcano : Did Lahar deposit amplify ground shaking aand thus lead a disaster ?,
Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems Reseach Letters, Volmune 9, No.3, 2008.
[12] Widodo P, Wijaya H H, Sunarto, “Intensity, attenuation and building damage from the 27th May 2006 Yogyakarta
Earthquake”, Proceeding of the International Conference on Disaster Management and Human Health Risk II
Orlando USA, 2011, pp 55-65
[13] Widodo P, Ground Acceleration and Intensity on the Merapi Sedimentary Basin: Confirming Evidence of the Soil-
site Effects in the 2006 Yogyakarta, Indonesia Earthquake, Submitted to Natural Hazard Journal, 2016
[14] Wijaya H.H, 2009, “Isoseismal, Kerentanan dan Rasio Kerusakan Bangunan Rumah Tinggal; Studi Kasus Gempa
Bumi Yogyakarta 27 Mei 2006”, Thesis Magister Teknik Sipil (MTS), Universitas Islam Indonesia (in bahasa)