UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

ELECTRIC FENCING

PROJECT INDEX: PRJ 002

BY
WAKOLI GERVASE JENERI
F17/2155/2003
SUPERVISOR: MR. WALKADE
EXAMINER: DR WEKESA

PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
BACHALOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2011

Submitted on: 18TH MAY 2011

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DEDICATION

To my Parents Sylvester and Margaret, my Brother Kevin, my sisters Anne, Daisy, Cecilia,
Inviolate, Betty, Phidelis and Joan, my Love Marilyn and son Alban

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I sincerely thank my supervisor Mr. Walkade for his guidance and support. I also thank Mr.
Raymond Maina of Gallagher Fencing Systems for his technical support and advice. To my
proof readers Marylin Ndethya and Clyde Omurayi; thank you.

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 DECLARATION AND CERTIFICATION
ND CERTI

This BSc. work is my original work and has not been presented for a degree award in this or any
other university.

………………………………………..
WAKOLI GERVASE JENERI
F17/2155/2003

This report has been submitted to the Dept. of Elect and Info. Engineering, University of Nairobi
with my approval as supervisor:

………………………………
MR. WALKADE

Date: ……………………

FICATION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... iii
DECLARATION AND CERTIFICATION ........................................................................... iv
DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1
Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 1

Scope............................................................................................................................................... 1

Report Organization......................................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................... 3
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC FENCING .....................................................................3
2.1 How an Electric Fence Works................................................................................................ 3

2.2 Functions of Electric Fences .................................................................................................. 4

2.3 Typical electric fence installations ........................................................................................ 4

2.4 Electric Fence Performance .................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................... 5
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRIC FENCE ......................................5
3.1 The Fence ............................................................................................................................. 5

3.2 The Electronics ................................................................................................................... 11

3.3 Grounding System .............................................................................................................. 14

3.4 Flood gates......................................................................................................................... 16

3.5 Auxiliary Items.................................................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................. 19
ELECTRIC FENCE DESIGN ................................................................................................ 19
4.1 Planning an Electric Fence .................................................................................................. 19

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................. 22
ELECTRIC FENCE PHENOMENA ..................................................................................... 22
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 5.1 Induced Voltage on Electric Fences ..................................................................................... 22

5.2 Lightning and Surge Voltage ............................................................................................... 22

5.3 Electric Fence Noise ........................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................. 24
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC FENCING IN KENYA ................................ 24
6.1 Fence installation ............................................................................................................... 24

6.2 Types of Electric Fences ...................................................................................................... 29

6.3 Advantages of Electric Fencing ........................................................................................... 32

6.4 Disadvantages of Electric Fencing ....................................................................................... 33

6.5 Standards, Requirements and Regulations.......................................................................... 33

6.6 Fence Maintenance and Fault Finding ................................................................................ 38

6.7 Economic Viability of Electric Fencing in Kenya ................................................................... 41

6.8 The Kimana and Namelok Fences ....................................................................................... 42

6.9 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................................. 44
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 44
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 45
Appendix. A : Diagram of a DC operated Electric Fence Controller Circuit ................ 46

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1: HOW A SHOCK IS DELIVERED BY AN ELECTRIC FENCE ..............................................3
FIGURE 3.1: COMMON WAYS OF INSULATING AN ELECTRIC FENCE .............................................6
FIGURE 3.2: THE LINE POST INSULATOR ............................................................................7
FIGURE 3.3 TIE-OFF INSULATOR ......................................................................................7
FIGURE 3.4: POST SPACING.............................................................................................9
FIGURE 3.5: GATEWAY WITH UNDERGROUND CIRCUIT ......................................................... 11
FIGURE 3.6: AN ELECTRIFIED FENCE................................................................................ 11
FIGURE 3.7: AN EARTH RETURN SYSTEM ........................................................................... 14
FIGURE 3.8: FENCE RETURN SYSTEM .............................................................................. 15
FIGURE 3.9: DIAGRAM OF A FLOOD GATE ......................................................................... 16
FIGURE 3.10: COMMON CUTOUT SWITCHES ....................................................................... 17
FIGURE 3.11: INDICATOR LIGHT LAMP ............................................................................. 17
FIGURE 4.1: AN IDEAL FENCE LAYOUT SET UP ON A FLAT RECTANGULAR FARM .......................... 21
FIGURE 5.1: INDUCTION PHENOMENON ............................................................................ 22
FIGURE 6.1: BI-POLAR FENCING ..................................................................................... 24
FIGURE 6.2: POOR GROUNDING INSTALLATION .................................................................. 26
FIGURE 6.3: TRANSFERRING POWER FROM ONE FENCELINE TO ANOTHER .................................. 27
FIGURE 6.4: METHODS OF CONNECTING WIRES, ROPE AND TAPES ............................................ 28
FIGURE 6.5: CHOKE COIL WITH ADJUSTABLE GAP ............................................................... 28
FIGURE 6.6: LIGHTNING ARRESTOR ................................................................................. 29
FIGURE 6.7: EXAMPLE OF A WALLTOP SECURITY FENCE ........................................................ 30
FIGURE 6.8: POWERPLUS B1600 CONTROLLER .................................................................. 32
FIGURE 6.9: THE RG-7781 SENSOR AND ALARM ................................................................ 18

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 DEFINITIONS
 Electric fence is barrier which includes one or more naked electric conductors, insulated
from earth, to which electric pulses are applied by a controller.
 Controller is an apparatus which is intended to periodically deliver voltage impulses to a
fence connected to it.
 Peak current is the maximum current delivered during the shock.
 Insulator is a non-conductive material or a device made with the intention of preventing
current flow.
 Leakage is a small energy loss from the fence line to earth.
 A leadout is the supply wire that connects the fence controller to a fence some distance
removed from the utility.
 Line wire is a single fence wire which may be single or Multi-stranded.
 Polythene wire (Polywire) is a Polypropylene or Polyethylene twine incorporating one or
more stainless steel or tinned copper strands.
 Polythene tape (Polytape) is a Polypropylene or Polyethylene woven tape incorporating
stainless steel or tinned copper strands.
 Short is a large energy loss from the fenceline to earth.
 Dropper is a rigid vertical post component used to keep line wires apart.
 Stake is a post that is driven into the ground.
 Strut is an angled support to a straining post.
 Yield point is the point at which a wire stretches plastically
 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the ability of electrical and electronic
equipment to function properly in its environment, which might also contain other
equipment, without causing any electromagnetic disturbance in this environment.
 Electromagnetic disturbance is a phenomenon that might degrade the performance of a
device or system, or adversely affect living or inert matter.
 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is the degradation of the performance of a device
or system caused by electromagnetic disturbance.
 The fence load consists of all the factors along the fenceline that impede or divert flow of
electricity.

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ABSTRACT
An electric fence is an effective first perimeter protector and has steadily gained popularity in
Kenya in the past few years despite the fact the electric fencing concept is not understood by
many. The principle of operation of an electric fence was studied and the various fence
components discussed. The phenomena associated with electric fences like interference with
communication channels and ways of minimizing them were also discussed. The process of
planning, designing an electric fence and installing its various components was explained.

Electric fence implementation in Kenya was studied by observing the voltage, power and
material requirements of these fencing systems. The International Electric Fencing Standards and
Regulations were also studied and reference made to those applied in Kenya. With Namelok and
Kimana fences as a case study, the effectiveness, challenges in implementation, disadvantages
and advantages of electric fencing were discussed. Based on the discussions, various
recommendations were given on ways to increase effectiveness and encourage use of electric
fences.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background
Security is a fundamental aspect of life to which every citizen has a right and is a subject of
concern to all. In Kenya, watchdogs and human guards have been used as a way of protecting
property for a very long time despite not being the most effective ways. Electric fencing is not so
widely used in Kenya but with time, electric fencing is increasingly being used to protect
property and control animals.

Objective
The objective of the project was to:
i. Understand the principle of operation of electric fences
ii. Study electric fencing systems in Kenya with reference to residential, commercial,
business establishments and game parks.
iii. Study voltage, power and material requirements of these fencings systems.
iv. Study the international electric fencing standards and regulations with reference to those
applied in Kenya.

Scope
Most institutions and individuals in Kenya who use electric fences try to set them up as cheaply
as possible. They also often do not carry out regular maintenance. There is no proper training for
fence installation and maintenance personnel in Kenya. As a result, most of the electric fences
set up are not very effective, do not meet the required standards and are very expensive to
maintain. All research on electric fencing done in Kenya has been on its effectiveness in ending
human wildlife conflicts.

The research was carried out by collecting information from electric fence users, installing
companies and potential users. Most of the technical information available about electric fencing
was provided by the equipment sales agents. This was very limiting given that proper
understanding of fences is required so as to set up an effective fence. Factors that determine the
final fence system design include the animals to be controlled, level of security required. Most of

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the companies with electric fence installations were unwilling to give any information about their
fences.

Report Organization
This report was organized into seven chapters. Chapter 2 gives the theory on electric fencing e.g
how it works, its major areas of applications and how its performance is determined. Chapter 3
explains all the main equipment and components that constitute an electric fence. Chapter 4
outlines the procedure of designing an electric fence. Chapter 5 explains the various phenomena
associated with electric fencing.

Chapter 6 outlines the procedure of setting up various parts of an electric fence. It also explains
classification of electric fences by their function. The pros and cons of using electric fences were
also discussed in this chapter. The international standards and regulations of electric fencing and
those set by Kenya Bureau of Standards as well as the ways of troubleshooting and maintaining
faulty fences were listed in this chapter. This chapter also discusses the case studies. Chapter 7
gives conclusions on the research and recommendations for further work on electric fencing.

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CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC FENCING
An Electric Fence is a fence which is electrically energized for the purpose of repelling animals
or intruders by a high voltage shock. It is not a physical but a psychological barrier. An electric
fence usually consists of several uninsulated conductors supported on insulators and connected to
a fence controller which in turn is connected to the power source and a grounding system. The
live uninsulated wires and the grounding system form a pulsed high voltage open loop circuit
with an animal or intruder as the completing link. An effective electric fence has a high and
strong structure, high voltage and the alarm, if incorporated, goes OFF when the fence is
tampered with. A controller is the machine that supplies power to the fence wires. The controller
is also referred to as the fence energizer, fence charger or fencer.

2.1 How an Electric Fence Works

An electric fence controller converts mains or battery supply power into short, high DC voltage
pulses and sends these pulses of energy out to the fence live wires. When an animal or intruder
makes contact with these wires, the circuit is completed and a shock is delivered. The shock is
uncomfortable but could even be painful or lethal.

Figure 2.1: How a shock is delivered by an electric fence [5]

Shock Delivery
To deliver a shock, an electric fence controller must maintain a voltage adequate to overcome the
insulation resistance of the grounding system and that of the hide and fur of the animal. This is
called the Guard Voltage. Guard voltage only means a controller has the voltage to deliver a
shock but is not a measure of the shock effectiveness. The minimum guard voltage is
approximately 700V for short-haired animals like dairy cows, 2000V for long-haired animals

3
like beef cows and sheep and over 2,500V for the large animals like elephants and rhino. A
controller with sufficient guard voltage delivers a shock, but the intensity or effectiveness of a
shock depends on many operating conditions, all of which are difficult to measure. Indicators of
shock intensity are the peak current and electrical energy outputs delivered by the controller
under field conditions. High currents indicate high shock intensities. Voltage is necessary to
force electricity through the fenceline and fence load. Current is needed to make intruders feel
the shock. The most effective fence controller is that which has the highest power in the shortest
on-time possible, thereby developing a sharp shock which is more effective and safe to use.

2.2 Functions of Electric Fences

The function of a security electric fence is to keep out intruders and secure residents inside the
perimeter. An animal control fence controls animal movement on a farm or park. A good electric
fence is that which is capable of providing effective shock, detecting breach, filtering nuisance
alarms and has no limitations in horizontal or vertical zone configurations.

2.3 Typical electric fence installations

An electric fence is very versatile and provides effective security solutions for a wide variety of
applications including military bases, borders, high security installations, industrial sites and
factories, remote warehouses and builders yards, cellular phone antenna sites, electricity
transformers, sub-stations and electricity pylons, water-pump facilities and reservoirs, housing
estates, private houses, car lots, high value and rental storage facilities, game parks, farmhouses,
buildings on farms and small holdings, prisons and rehabilitation centers, utilities, complexes
and large corporate parks, etc.

2.4 Electric Fence Performance

Important factors in measurement of electric fence performance include Energy output at specific
loads or the maximum value, the pulse shape, the voltage under load and fence length. Fence
load are all the factors along the fenceline that impede or divert flow of electricity such as
vegetation, broken insulators, rusty wires, poor splices and insufficient wire diameter. The
typical electric fence flashover voltage under wet conditions is more than 30kV.

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CHAPTER 3
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRIC FENCE
An electric fence consists of various components namely the Fence (posts, wires, insulators and
gates), Electronics (controller, insulated cables and switches) and Grounding system (ground
rods, clamps and wiring).

3.1 The Fence

Electric fence circuit materials include insulators, posts, wires, and gates. Other miscellaneous
materials include insulated wire tensioners, digital voltmeters for system checking, lightning
protection devices, indicator lights for distance monitoring of fence circuit, cutout switches for
isolation of fence sections, insulated spring handles for simple gates etc.

3.1.1 Insulators
An electric fence uses uninsulated wire thus all points of contact between the electrified wires
and any point of possible grounding is always insulated to prevent leakage or shorting out the
fence. Electrical current can pass through an air gap (arcing) in order to make its way to ground,
if doing so is the path of least resistance. The higher the power being supplied, the larger the
possible arcing gaps thus the thicker the required insulators. Poor insulation results in poor shock
intensity or only a very short length of fence being energized due to heavy energy losses. Many
materials that are considered to be insulators behave unexpectedly at high voltages; Plastics can
carbonize and become conductive, Timber holds moisture that can allow current to flow,
Surfaces conduct electricity because of moisture. Thus only purpose made insulators should be
used.

The required length of insulator depends on the type of post used; metallic posts require
insulators that are wider than the post. Environmental conditions such as amount of rain expected
as well as relative humidity also need to be taken into account; for areas that experience high
relative humidity at least 2.54cm should be added to the insulators used. Fences require an
insulator for each live wire on every post, at tie-off points and all other points of possible
grounding. High quality insulators when utilized eliminate nuisance alarms from environmental
contamination.

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 All purpose made electric fence insulators have voltage limits above 20kV, way much higher
than the fenceline voltages of about 10kV, and a life expectancy of at least ten years. Thus
insulator selection is more based on position than quality. Plastic and porcelain insulators are the
most commonly used. Porcelain insulators generally have a longer life span but are more
expensive and can crack due to poor installation, mechanical vandalism and changes in
temperature. Plastic insulators are easy to use, are relatively inexpensive and come in many
styles for different applications. UV stabilized plastic is used since common plastic allows
leakage under high voltages.

Figure 3.1: Common Ways of Insulating an Electric Fence

Types of Insulators
I. Line Post Insulators
They are nailed or screwed onto posts to protect against possible sparking over. Characteristics
of a good post insulator include:
 Ability to resist deterioration from the sun.
 Having a sufficient separation between the post attachment point and the fence wire to
prevent electrical leakage.
 Ability to maintain high resistance to electrical leakage under both wet and dry
conditions.
 Having the physical strength to withstand the wire tension loads and the high voltages of
fence controllers.
 Ability to allow installation of the fence wire after the insulator is attached to the post.

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  Being reusable and not requiring accurate nailing to prevent damage.

Figure 3.2: The Line Post Insulator

Offset Insulators are a special kind of line post insulators used to offset an electrified wire from
the main nonelectric fence to ensure that the animals contact it first. This prolongs life of a non-
electric animal control fence.
II. Tie-Off Insulators
They have additional strength to withstand the entire fence wire tension. They are used where a
fence changes direction or at tie-off points. They are made of porcelain, high grade plastic or
steel reinforced plastic tubing and are usually wire-tied to the post.

Figure 3.3 Tie-Off Insulator

3.1.2 Posts
Straining posts are used to tension line wires of a fence. Contour posts are used to hold a fence in
a depression or valley. A turning post is used when the fenceline changes direction and the
internal angle is greater than ninety degrees.

Wood posts are strong, rigid, highly visible and provide a psychological barrier. Steel posts are
strong, rigid, provide a physical barrier and are ideal for a broken hill country terrain. Fiberglass

7
posts are low cost, lightweight and flexible, need no maintenance or additional insulation and are
easy to install. Stake or Droppers or Battens can be made of wood, plastic or fiberglass. They
are usually 2m long and can be used with all types of fence posts. They maintain wire spacing
and increase fence visibility. Droppers should be inserted at right angles to a slope in order to
maintain the height of the fence and wire spacing. For portable fences, lightweight metal, timber
or plastic-coated metal stakes and fiberglass stakes or posts are used since there is usually no
sustained direct pressure from animals leaning against an electric fence.

The height of a standalone fence depends on the animals to be controlled and the depth to which
the posts or stakes have to be sunk into ground; this depends on soil texture and whether the post
is to be set in concrete. When fence posts are positioned too close together and a wire is strained,
it could break the insulators or knock posts out of the ground. Hence posts should be spread apart
far enough for the fence to have such elasticity that the wire just bends and pops back like a
rubber band instead of breaking.

Table 3.1: Fence Post Lengths for Permanent Electric Fences Set In Concrete

Fence height Posts Stakes Struts

(m) Section Length Section Length Section Length
(m) (m) (m)
0.6 1.45 1.20 1.30
0.8 1.65 1.40 1.50
0.9 1.75 1.50 1.60
1.05 1.85 1.60 1.70
1.15 2.00 1.75 1.80

When not set in concrete, the lengths of the posts lengths specified in Table 5.1 should be
increased by 300mm and set 300mm deeper in the ground.
Posts are usually spaced farther apart in level terrain but in uneven terrain, they are positioned
wherever there is a high or low place. On hillsides, posts are usually installed perpendicular to
the slope. This keeps the wire at the proper height and prevents it from binding on insulators or
clips.

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 Figure 3.4: Post spacing [7]

3.1.3 Wires
Any unwanted current flowing in the fence wires should always be minimized. Thus short
circuits, faulty insulators and overgrown vegetation must be removed to ensure that the wires
carry current as a result of an animal or intruder contacting the fence. Conducting wires can be
either single or multi-stranded and range in diameters. Proper wire sizing helps to avoid
problems of restricting electrical flow which would reduce the shock intensity. Synthetic
webbing and rope-like fencing materials woven with fine conducting wires, usually of stainless
steel, are particularly useful for areas requiring additional visibility and for temporary fencing.

Leadout Fence Section

A leadout is the supply wire that connects the fence controller to a fence some distance removed
from the utility. The leadout wire can be of coated steel, aluminium or an aluminium alloy. The
Zinc or aluminium coating protects steel conductors against corrosion. The arrangement in which
the number and size of wires on the leadout section are equal to those on the main fence is the
most effective since it ensures a low voltage drop both along the leadout and where the main
fence starts. The length of the leadout and that of the fence being energized determine the gauge
of the wire used. A single leadout wire does not properly supply a multistrand fence when the
leadout and fence are very long (over 5km) since the pulse action of the current traveling in the
wire causes surge impedance. Thus several standard gauge wires are preferred over one large
wire of equivalent resistance since it cannot handle the pulse in the same manner. On long
fences, wire matching helps to reduce a pulse or surge problem. The Double insulated cable is

9
usually used in buildings and under gates since ordinary house cable is only rated for 600kV and
may cause leakage to earth.

Types of Electric Fence Wires

There are many categories of electric fence wires like the spring-steel wire, multi-strand cable
wire, aluminium wire, polywire, electric mesh netting wire, polythene tape wire but the most
commonly used are the high and medium tensile steel wires.

I. Medium-Tensile Steel Wire

Along with aluminium wires, medium-tensile steel wires have the smallest diameters (about
2mm) and are used on temporary fencing where ease of handling and little tension are required.
These wires are less suitable for long permanent fences especially where more than one wire is
required due to the small diameter. They have a yield point at which they stretch plastically.
When this point is reached before the stretched wire breaks, then the fence does not retain its
tension over long periods and requires a large number of support stakes and posts to prevent
sagging.
II. High-Tensile Steel Wire
This wire has high carbon content, does not have a yield point and when tensioned does not
stretch or slacken therefore less likely to cause a fault. However, it is more brittle and may
fracture during tensioning. It is only be used on permanent fencing because of the fracturing
hazard.

3.1.4 Gates
Where a gate is required on an electric fence, the circuit must be continued either over the gate or
under the gate. A gate can also be electrified without causing any inconvenience to users.
Passing the fence circuit under the gate is the simplest method but requires good insulation and
mechanical protection of the wire. When by-passing a gateway it is essential to use high quality
double-insulated underground cable encased in a high density polythene pipe because ordinary
insulated wire is liable to corrode over time when underground.

10
 Figure 3.5: Gateway with Underground Circuit

The underground cable (3) is buried at least 300mm below the surface to protect it from
mechanical damage. The ends of the pipe are bent downwards to avoid rainwater entry. Joint
clamps (1) are used for all wire connections or joints. Cut out switch (2) is best installed on the
controller side of the gateway for easy isolation.

Figure 3.6 An Electrified fence

3.2 The Electronics

3.2.1 The Fence controller
This is the machine that converts input AC or DC voltage into repetitive high DC voltage pulses
which are delivered along the entire length of a fence connected to it. Each pulse lasts for a very
short time (approximately 100ms) and is produced at regular intervals of about one second. High
pulse potential energy values indicate high shock intensities and are important in ascertaining the
shock safety. Controllers with an output in excess of five joules are not recommended under
International Health and Safety codes of practice, although controllers producing up to twenty
joules are available on the market.

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The Joule Rating
The energy output in a shock is the product of current, voltage and the pulse on-time. The longer
the on-time of the pulse, the higher the joule rating of the controller and the less safe the
controller is to use thus the less effective the fence. Therefore the joule rating is not the correct
way to measure the performance or effectiveness of an electric fence controller because it does
not consider peak current value. The joule ratings are machine specific. For instance, Gallagher
medal 501 controllers have a joule rating of 4J output energy and 5J stored energy. The
PowerPlus B1600 model has a joule rating of 10J output energy and 16J stored energy. These
values can be calculated using equation 3.1 and equation 3.2
E0=V0×I0×t1 (3.1)
Where E0 is the output energy, V0 is the output voltage, I0 is the output current and t1 is the
machine on-time.

Most of the market available controllers have a low or half power (yellow) output terminal, high
or full power (red) output terminal and an earth terminal (green) common to either output. Low
Impedance controllers are the most preferred because they allow more shocking power to be
delivered to the fence. Fence controller designs are patented products and are their circuitry a
guarded secret thus it hard to analyze and compare controllers from different manufacturers.
Manufacturer rating of controllers in quarter miles is for miles of wire not miles of fence. For
instance, a controller rated for six miles is sufficient for 1.5 miles for four electrified strands of
fence. There are three types of controllers namely the mains operated, the battery operated and
those that use both. Where there is a choice, mains operated controllers are preferable to avoid
the problems of battery charging and maintenance.

i. Mains operated controller

The input is the AC mains. One possible design of such is that in which the input mains voltage
is doubled by a voltage doubler network which in turn charges up a reservoir capacitor to the
required voltage. Capacitance of the capacitor determines the length of the shock. The energy
stored in the capacitor is discharged through a Step Up Pulse Transformer primary via a thyristor
switch at a rate of not more than once per second. The resulting high voltage pulse is then
applied to another pulse transformer whose secondary is connected to the fenceline.

12
 ii. Battery operated controller
The input is DC battery power. The controller is usually connected to a solar or photovoltaic
panel that recharges the battery. The battery can also be charged using a twelve volt battery
charger. The battery could be a replaceable dry cell battery or a rechargeable wet cell battery.
Battery operated controllers are used in remote locations and in portable fences. They require
more maintenance and can be more expensive. One of the possible designs of such a controller is
that in which the battery runs an oscillator, which in turn steps up the voltage. This DC voltage is
then rectified and used to charge the reservoir capacitor. Energy stored in the capacitor is then
discharged through a Step Up Pulse Transformer primary just like in mains operated controllers.
The stored energy depends on the size of the capacitor and the rectified DC voltage.
Voltage ×Capacitance = Stored Energy ( 3.2)

Power Backup
Most modern mains operated controllers have inbuilt leisure batteries that are charged by a
trickle from the controller. They automatically switch to battery backup in event of power
failure. When mains power is restored, the controller automatically reverts back to mains power
for example the Gallagher Medal 501 that is used in medium security applications. An inverter
and external backup battery can be used by controllers without an internal battery so that the
inverter converts DC battery power to AC power in event of mains power failure.

Most controllers when switched ON have mechanisms to show their working condition. For
example the 12V HOTLINE controller flashes GREEN with each pulse of electricity that is sent
to the fence when working properly. But when the battery requires recharging, it goes RED a
buzzer sounds when the battery is wrongly connected.

Choosing the Controller

Correct choice of a controller combined and quality construction makes an electric fence
effective. Factors considered when choosing a controller include the required fence security
level, the animals to be controlled, fence location, length of the fence and controller output. The

13
Joule Rule is a requirement that a controller outputs one joule for every ten kilometers of
electrified wire set up.

3.3 Grounding System

Grounding makes completes the electric circuit when electrons travel from the feet of an animal
or intruder to the ground rod and then to the ground terminal of the controller. Grounding
requires that at least one ground rod be installed and a wire be connected from the ground rod to
the ground terminal of the controller.

Most of the electric fence problems are attributable to poor grounding. Ground rods are of about
2cm diameter galvanized steel or copper and at least 2m in length. Practically, they should be as
long as possible for maximum contact with the soil. Non-galvanized metal rusts quickly and
causes resistance to electron flow. Painted rods are not used for grounding since paint, just like
rust, acts as barrier preventing contact between the ground rod and the ground wire.

Types of Grounding Systems

3.3.1 All Live or Earth Return System
In this system, all the fence wire strands are connected to the live terminal of the controller and
electron return is through the earth only. This system not recommended since it is only effective
in soil with good conductivity and when the intruder is not dressed in insulating shoes. It is often
installed at sites that are damp all year round like an irrigated. Ground rods are installed into the
earth at least 3m apart and connected together in parallel by a continuous insulated cable. This
cable is then connected to the controller ground terminal. A good ground system consists of at
least three ground rods.

Figure 3.7: An earth return system [5]

14
Testing the Earth Return System
The live wires circuit is firstly short out to ground, either with a metal stake or by laying the
fenceline on the ground for about 100m and at least 30m away from the controller. The
controller is then switched ON and then voltage between the controller ground terminal and the
ground rod is measured. A voltage above 20V means the grounding installation is inefficient and
the connections should be checked or the number of ground rods increased. In case there is a
shock from the ground rod before shorting the fence line, then there is a poor grounding and
possibly a fault on the fenceline as well. This could be a result of vegetation on the fence or
faulty insulators.
3.3.2 The Live-Ground or Fence Return System
This system consists of alternately live and grounding wire strands on a fenceline. Insulated
wires and L-clamps are used to jump and connect wires. Ground wires are connected to the
ground rods and then to the controller ground terminal. The live wires are connected in parallel
to each other and tied onto the controller live terminal.

This system provides a return path for electrons through additional grounded wires rather than
relying on ideal soil conductivity conditions only. It ensures fence effectiveness in all seasons.
This system requires two grounds namely the main or primary ground and secondary grounds.
The primary ground is set up as described in earth return system. To install the secondary
grounds, ground rods are driven into the earth along the fenceline at approximately 200m
intervals then connected in parallel to the ground wires on the fenceline. This helps reduce
induction and improves the effectiveness of the main ground.

Figure 3.8: Fence Return System [5]

15
3.4 Flood gates
Floodgates incorporate a flood or short isolator to stop the main fence from shorting out when
water contacts the lower part of the fence during flooding. The hanging lengths of chain in a
flood gate are at intervals of 150mm to 300mm, with the chain ends hanging approximately
200mm above the average water level. The short isolators can also be used between the bottom
and the adjacent live wires of a fence to prevent power losses when green grass and other
vegetation touch the bottom wire.

Figure 3.9: Diagram of a Flood Gate [6]

1. Earth wire - also takes fence strain over creek.
2. Flood isolator - supplies pulses to mesh panels.
3. Mesh panels or hanging wires or chains.
4. Heavy support cable - insulated both ends
5. Underground cable or insulated cable.
6. Insulator

3.5 Auxiliary Items

3.5.1 Cut out switches
Cut out switches are used to isolate parts of a fence without the need to turn off the controller.
Different switches are capable of isolating and insulating up to different voltage level. They are a
quicker and easier way of troubleshooting and isolating system faults. A convenient switch
location is where a number of fences join and at a gate under or over pass. They make possible
switching OFF fence lines that are not in use, so that all energy is directed only to the fence

16
sections which are in use. Thus it improves fence voltage, reduces energy wastage and allows
sections of the fence system to be switched off during fence maintenance.

Figure 3.10: Common cutout switches

3.5.2 Electric Fence Indicator Light Lamb

It is usually installed along the fenceline. It flushes with each pulse to indicate that the fence is
working properly and flushes intermittently to indicate abnormally reduced voltage (below 3kV)
but it does not flush when the voltage is less than the least recommended (2kV). It eases
faultfinding.

Figure 3.11: Indicator Light Lamp [10]

17
3.5.3 Voltage Sensor or Monitor and Alarm
An electric fence is relatively easy to short out thus incorporating a fence monitor, an electric
fence alarm or a plain fence alarm with voltage alarm capabilities is required to make an electric
fence more secure. Most modern controllers have an inbuilt voltage monitoring feature and can
be connected to alarms or sirens so that when the fenceline is cut or shorted out, a no voltage
alarm is sounded. Alarms alert to a condition caused by deliberate action, accidental damage to
the fence or lack of proper care and maintenance. An alarm should activate only when the wires
are cut or held for several (usually three) pulse cycles to eliminate false alerts. An alarm turns an
ordinary electric fence into a high security electric fence. Thus an intruder may cut or short the
fence however this sets off the alarm. Some Electric Fence alarms have the Weed Alert feature
that sounds a low voltage alarm when vegetation starts to affect the operation of the fence.

Figure 3.12: The RG-7781 Sensor and alarm [14]

18
CHAPTER 4
ELECTRIC FENCE DESIGN
4.1 Planning an Electric Fence
The type of fence installed depends on the main purpose of the fence, duration of need for the
fence, how frequent people visit the enclosed area, size of the area to be enclosed, fence length,
and the local fencing rules and standards. Construction of a quality fence ensures fewer
maintenance problems.

Drawing a sketch diagram is the first step in fence design. This helps identify the length of new
electric fence, the length of existing fence to be electrified (using offsets) and the length of
leadout from the controller to the electric fence. Thus, it allows different fence designs to be
compared to minimize materials and position gates at the best locations. Planning enables the
user to find and repair any faults or shorts quickly in future. A fence plan shows the type of
power supply, the direction the power flows, position of gateways and cutout switches. It also
shows the number, location and size of controllers and grounding systems used. Fence design is
determined by the required level of security of the premises and in animal control fences, by the
type of animals being fenced plus the animal population or pressure. There are many possible
designs of different types of Perimeter Electric Fence solutions, thus the final fence design
depends on user preference.

Electric fences do not need to be constructed to the same strength as conventional fences because
they provide a psychological barrier rather than a physical one but all the same they should be
constructed to withstand the rigors of use. Rough, stony or steep areas should be avoided if
possible since they render a fence less effective. For maximum fence length, bipolar fencing is
usually used. It may take several days to train the animals to respect the fence and the fence may
require minor adjustments. Animals prone to jumping like monkeys are difficult to confine but
trying different fence heights results in the best height.

19
4.1.1 Wire and Post Spacing
The space between live and ground wires should not be too large to allow animals to pass
through. For free standing fences, the lowest wire should be located approximately 15cm to
20cm above the ground. Fence height and number of wire strands depends on the animals to be
controlled, surface flatness, and many more factors. Some recommended wire heights are as
shown in Table 6.1 below. These are mere recommendations but in case of doubt, it is best to
add an extra line. The recommended distance between posts for standalone fences is 6m but
when the land being fenced is hilly, shorter post spacing is required.

Table 6.1 Recommended number of fence wires and their heights

Animal to No. of Height (mm)
wires

Cats, Dogs, 4 Wire 1: 110mm, Wire 2: 270mm, Wire 3: 430mm, Wire 4: 580mm
Foxes
Horses 3 Wire 1: 460mm, Wire 2: 1020mm, Wire 3: 1480mm

Elephants 4 Wire 1: 600mm, Wire 2 : 1200mm, wire 3: 1800mm, wire 4: 2200mm

Badgers 3 Wire 1 : 100mm, Wire 2 : 330mm, Wire 3 : 580mm

Rabbits 4 Wire 1 : 110mm, Wire 2 : 200mm, Wire 3 : 290mm, Wire 4 : 410mm

Sheep 4 Wire 1:225mm, Wire 2: 460mm, Wire 3: 550mm, Wire 4: 920mm

20
Figure 4.1: An Ideal Fence Layout Set Up On a Flat Rectangular Farm

21
CHAPTER 5
ELECTRIC FENCE PHENOMENA
5.1 Induced Voltage on Electric Fences
Induction is the transfer of electricity from an electrified wire to a non electrified wire without
the wires physically touching each other. This is often mistakenly blamed on insulator leakage.
This phenomenon is more common in areas with damp air like in conditions of fog. It is a quirk
of nature and cannot be stopped from occurring but to avoid receiving shocks caused by
induction on non electrified fences and gates, a ground wire is usually connected to all wires of
the non-electric fence. This wire is then buried as far as possible into the ground to send all the
offending voltage into the ground.

Figure 5.1: Induction phenomenon [5]

5.2 Lightning and Surge Voltage

When lightning strikes close on an electric fence, it causes a massive surge in voltage which
flows back to the controller to find the quickest path to earth and this could damage the
controller. The most effective way to avoid damage occurring to the controller during an
electrical storm is to disconnect it from the fenceline and from the mains power supply. A
practical alternative is to install a lightning diverter or arrestor. A lightning diverter consists of
several components including a choke. The choke develops inductive forces that cause a
blocking effect for the extremely high lightning voltages. The voltage blocked thus jumps the
gap in the diverter and finds the fastest route to the ground. An adjustable gap feature allows

22
setting the gap to the smallest distance possible without the controller causing an arc in the gap
by itself. The grounding system of the lightning diverter should be as good as or better than the
controller grounding to provide the easiest path to ground. The Lightning Diverter is usually
installed as close as possible to the controller either in the leadout or in the first section of fence
line for better effectiveness. Lightning diverters are recommended for all types of controllers. In
areas where lightning is a major problem, it is recommended to have additional arrestors
dispersed over the fence in damp areas.

Installing a surge suppressor protects the AC mains powered fence controllers from electrical
surges on the utility side. The suppressor is plugged into the AC outlet and the controller plugged
into the suppressor. It usually protects the controller from surges of up to 6kV and has a response
time of less than 5ns.

5.3 Electric Fence Noise

An electric fence can generate radio noise, even if it is in otherwise good working order. Most of
radio interference originating from an electric fence is caused by a spark or arcing across some
fence related hardware. The noise can interfere with radio and television reception and propagate
for a distance over 2km from the fence. The interference is most noticeable on an AM radio and
typically heard as a ticking sound. Bad splices in the fence wire and gate hooks are common
problems associated with electric fence noise. Vegetations also cause electric fence noise when
they grow to the height of the fence and start making contact with it. The fence wire can act as
an antenna and radiate the radio noise generated by arc occurring on the fence wire. To avoid the
risk of radio and telephone interference:
 The fence controller and its grounding system should be placed at least 15m away from
radios and buried telephone wires.
 The fence controller should not be connected to buildings which can act as a broadcast
antenna. This is accomplished by using a double insulated cable or running the wire to
earth using insulators.
 Only quality insulators should be used since insulators arc when they crack or become
weather checked and this arcing causes radio interference.

23
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC FENCING IN KENYA
6.1 Fence installation
Components of an electric fence system such as controllers, batteries, solar panels and surge
protectors are always installed out of reach from unauthorized people. Portable fencing is an
effective and economical way of preventing intrusion into a given locality and or preventing
animals from straying for short periods of time. It is quick and easy be set up or taken down and
is usually used in Kenya to secure camp sites, wildlife carcass, etc.

A Bi-polar fencing system works by sending out two simultaneous pulses of energy down the
fence line one pulse being negative and the other pulse being positive with respect to grounding.
In this system, a controller passes half of its output voltage on to a negatively charged wire
circuit and another half to a positively charged wire circuit. Each wire is insulated in the same
manner as in an earth return system. This system requires two leadouts from the controller, one
for the negatively pulsed circuit and one for the positively pulsed circuit. An insulated cable from
the fence grounding system is connected to the half power terminal of the controller while the
leadout from the negatively pulsed circuit is connected to the ground terminal of the controller
and the leadout from the positively pulsed fence circuit is connected to the full power terminal of
the controller. An intruder receives a shock by making contact with either of the charged wires or
by making contact with the positively and negatively charged wires simultaneously. This fence
system is especially useful with dry ground. In Kenya, it is implemented in Ol Pejeta
Conservancy in Laikipia District for elephant control.

Figure 6.1 Bi-polar fencing [5]

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6.2.1 Controller Installation
A controller is usually installed where there is no risk of fire or mechanical damage and at a
position out of reach of children or animals where a good grounding can be obtained. This
should be undercover to protect its electrical connections from wetness. An internal fault on an
improperly grounded controller could result in high electric shock currents flowing on an electric
fence in case of controller malfunction or break down. Thus controllers should always be
properly grounded to provide a path of low resistance for these currents. The fence controller is
never connected to an AC utility ground rod or a water pipe to prevent shocks due to stray
voltage. An insulated cable or electric fence insulators are usually used to isolate the ground
wire.

Mains powered controllers are usually mounted on a wall or on firm ground away from flooding
near a mains switched supply. For best results the controller is usually located as close as
practically possible to the fenceline and at the center of the area being fenced.

Battery powered controllers can be installed anywhere in the field as per requirement. The solar
panels are usually installed to face the noontime sun; an angle that maximizes the sun rays. The
controller, battery and solar panel are usually kept as close together as is practically possible.
The solar panel is connected to a charge regulator and the charge regulator connected to a
battery. The charge regulator protects the battery from overcharging during the day and
discharging on cloudy days or at night. The battery is in turn connected to the controller.
Batteries designed to be deeply discharged like the wet leisure-type batteries are recommended.

6.2.2 Grounding System Installation

The most effective place to install an earth system is in continuously damp soil. About a metre
of ground rod per joule is required for good grounding. The recommendations of the controller
manufacturer on the type of ground rods to use should be strictly adhered to. Ground rods are
usually driven as far into the ground as possible since the more exposure the ground rod has to
moist soil, the better the grounding system. By Kenyan standards, a minimum of three ground
rods should be driven into the ground but for large controllers and dry sandy soils, extra ground
rods may be required. The ground rods are usually placed at least 3m apart. Ground rods are

25
required to be installed at least 15m from other electrical earths or telephone cables to prevent
occurrence of stray voltages. The grounding system should not be connected to sheds or concrete
footings which are poor grounds. They should be installed out of reach from intruders, livestock
and machinery.

Ground rods are usually connected together by a continuous wire (in parallel), preferably an
insulated 12.5 gauge cable. The continuous grounding wire on the fence is never connected
directly to the ground terminal of the controller since this would result in so little resistance to
current flow and cause problems of current flowing through fence posts themselves. When live
and ground wires are brought in contact with each other, like a branch falling on the fence wires,
a direct short occurs tremendously reducing the power on the fence especially on the side of the
short away from the controller. The grounding is usually installed within 6m from the controller.
Two or more controllers are never connected to the same grounding system.

Figure 6.2: Poor Grounding Installation [7]

6.2.3 Wire Connections
Both live and ground wires are usually insulated on every post so that it is difficult for an
intruder differentiate. Good wire connections are made using wire clamps, wire connectors and
proper splices. Wrapping the wire loosely causes sparks and corrosion at the splice which in turn
results in radio noise and reduced the power on the fence. When using two or more parallel lines
of Electro Plastic wire, the lines are usually connected together at both ends for long fences of up
to one kilometer. For greater distances it is recommended to use high tensile steel wires. It is best
to have several short runs from a controller so that the pulse does not have to travel too far. This

26
retains high fence voltage levels. Too many wire tie-offs reduce fence elasticity thus braces
every 400m to tie the wire off is enough.

The jumper wire carries voltage of an electric fence from one fenceline into another in a
multistrand fence, buried wire, gates and at corners. Only an insulated cable that is meant for
electric fencing is usually used. A jumper wire usually consists of a 25cm to 35cm gauge wire
insulated to 20kV.

Figure 6.3 Transferring Power from One Fenceline to Another

Several leadouts connected in parallel give less resistance than a single leadout connection of
larger diameter. Live wires are usually positioned at shoulder height of the animal under control
so that the animal hits the fence with its nose; the area most susceptible to electric shock. The
wire is usually pulled taut enough to stay at the same height between posts.

Where there is more than one line of live wires or tape, they are usually joined together at regular
intervals. A grounded strand is often added as the topmost strand to help ward off falling foliage,
debris, etc. This helps prevent the plants from shorting out the fence and causing false alarms. In
ground level fences, the bottom strand is often a ground wire to prevent weeds and grass from
shorting out the circuit. However, a concrete footer is a better design option.

27
Figure 6.4: Methods of connecting wires, rope and tapes [4]

6.2.4 Lightning Diverter Installation

For a single wire fence, the lightning diverter is usually connected to the fence wire before
mounting it onto a fence post. Where more than one fence wire is live, the lightning diverter is
first mounted on to a fence post before connecting its hook up cables to each of the live wires
using line clamps. The ground wire is connected by attaching a hook up wire to the bottom nut.
The other end of hook up wire is connected to ground system by ground clamps. The Diverter
ground system usually consists of a minimum of two two-metre ground rods spaced three metres
apart and fifteen metres from the controller ground system. For greater protection, lightning
diverters are usually installed at all corners of the fence. For extra protection, a choke is usually
installed an addition to the arrestor.

Figure 6.5: Choke Coil with adjustable Gap

28
 Figure 6.6 Lightning arrestor [4]

6.2 Types of Electric Fences

According to their function electric fences are classified as security and animal control fences.

6.2.1 Security Electric Fence

An Electric Security Fence combines a barrier, intrusion sensor and shock deterrent to prevent
security breaches. It is designed to keep out thieves, trespassers and vandals from a given
premise and to protect the occupants. Its line voltages vary according to demands of the installer
and the type of premise being protected but the typical voltage level in Kenya is 9kV for safe
shocks (non lethal fence). Such high voltage levels ensure that an intruder receives a shock even
when wearing insulating plastic shoes and standing on a ground with poor conductivity like a dry
cement floor. In Kenya, the 1.6mm galvanized high tensile wire is usually used in medium
security electric fence applications. The maximum recommended spacing between the wires is
usually 15cm. Features of a good security fence system include:
 Effectiveness all around the installed perimeter
 Tamper-resistant live and ground wires
 Minimal nuisance alarms caused by birds, small animals, weather and vegetation.
 Capability to be customized to any zone length or wire array
 Capability to be installed as a standalone installation or to be mounted on existing fence,
roof or wall tops.

29
High-security fence is an advanced version of the Security electric fence, designed to make the
perimeter a foolproof system through a Computer based Central Monitoring System. The entire
perimeter is usually divided into zones depending on the level of security required. Every gate is
often treated as a separate zone but sometimes as part of a zone. The Central Monitoring System
controls and monitors all the zones of the fence. Cutting a cable triggers alarm at the Central
Monitoring System. Thus a high security electric fence acts as a monitored burglar alarm
systems in addition to causing an uncomfortable shock.

Walltop security electric fencing is used to secure walls and structures by preventing climbing
over. Poles are bolted to the wall or metal rods are drilled into the wall and the posts welded onto
these rods. Razor wire is often incorporated with walltop fences, but the razor wire is never
electrified. A Walltop fence typically consists of eight strands but the fence height and number of
strands varies by user preference. Walltop fences are mostly set up on metal posts for durability.
The height of Walltop fences is usually 1200mm for those with razor wire and 1000mm for those
without. Spacing between adjacent wires is typically 120mm.

Figure 6.7 Example of a Walltop Security Fence [14]

30
6.2.2 Game or Animal Control Fence
It is used to confine animals for easy control, to reduce animal human conflicts and to keep
predators at bay on farms and game parks. Occasional animal penetration is inherent thus it is
important for game fencing to have power on the fence the same day as the fence is constructed
so that animals investigating the new obstruction get shocked and relate the shock to it. Electric
Fencing is not recommended for animals under hunting pressure. A Livestock containment fence
usually consists alternate live and earth wires spaced at least 100mm apart. The typical voltages
of livestock control fences range from 2kV for pigs to 3kV for sheep and over 6kVfor large
game animals like elephants.

The height of an animal control fence depends on the animals to be controlled. The fence is
usually set up with the lower wires closer together (about 100mm apart) than the higher wires to
control a wider range of animals of different sizes and at the same time save on cost. These are
ground level fences and can be set up of wooden and or metal posts.

In Kenya, the 2.5mm high tensile wire is usually used in game parks for control of large animals.
The typical voltage of these fences is usually 10kV but depending on need, higher voltages of up
to 12kV are used. Battery powered controllers incorporated with solar panels are usually used
due to remoteness of the fence locations. It is preferable to divide the fence into zones whereby
each zone is supplied from a single controller so that when a fault occurs in a given zone, the
whole fence is not put out of order. In some fences all the controllers are monitored remotely by
a central monitoring system for example the Aberdare fence. Where two or more controllers are
connected to an electric fence or where separate electric fences are at a space of less than 2.5m
from one another, the operation of the controllers is usually coordinated to ensure effective
pulses on any conductor or a combination of conductors of the fence. Combination of fences is
usually within a predetermined pulse rate and magnitude range, as defined by the limits of any
compliant single controller. The PowerPlus B1600 is the most commonly used controller for
fencing in game parks in Kenya because it requires little maintenance.

31
PowerPlus B1600 Controller
This controller is capable of powering up to 60km of a multi-wire permanent fence and up to
180km of a single-wire fence (an area of 160 Acres), but it is recommended for use on a multi-
wire fence of about 15km for effective shocks in control of large game animals. It can be
switched to high, medium and low power settings as per requirement. This controller has built-in
lightning protection circuitry and complies with radio frequency interference standards but it is
recommended to also install a lightning diverter on the fenceline. The full (RED) and half
(YELLOW) power output terminals can be operated at once on different fences. The GREEN
terminal is the common.

Figure 6.8 PowerPlus B1600 Controller [10]

6.3 Advantages of Electric Fencing

When properly designed and installed, an electric perimeter security fence is the least expensive
and most secure method of securing property and lives as compared to walls and other types of
fences, human guards and watch dogs. The cost of maintaining an electric fence is much less
than that of maintaining watchdogs or a human guard. Electric fences are often used to extend
the life of existing non-electric fences by adding electrified offset wires. An electric fence is a
quick and easy way to effectively subdivide a paddock for intensive grazing. It improves pasture
management and production by: keeping wild animals out; separating different groups of
animals; allowing rationing of crops and pasture; keeping animals off from eroding areas, trees,
rivers and roads.
 Electric fences are easier and more cost effective to install. Electric fences require less
labor and lighter materials than conventional fences to set up thus lower costs.
 They provide an imposing physical and psychological first security barrier.

32
  They can be connected to the home security alarm system and notify for human response
in case of breach.
 The shocks buy time for premise occupants to get to a protected area.
 They have a longer lifespan due to less physical pressure.
 They have universal application.
 Electric fences require low maintenance due to reduced stock pressure
 They do not harm animals since the shock from an electric fence causes no physical
damage to stock.
 Electric fences are flexible and wire spacing or fence designs can be modified to control a
variety of animals.

6.4 Disadvantages of Electric Fencing

 The electric fence is ineffective when the power is off or grounded out thus frequent
inspections and maintenance is required.
 Special fence designs are required in dry, frozen or snow covered soil conditions.
 For animal confinement fences, the animals require prior training to become familiar with
the fence.
 Fenceline weed control is required to reduce the risk of shorting the electric fence circuit.
 It is difficult to convert an electric fence to a non-electric fence since lightweight
materials are usually used.
 An electric fence is not suitable for confined areas or where animals are crowded
together.
 Most thieves have good knowledge of electric fencing and thus require to be incorporated
with human guards for effective implementation as a security fence.

6.5 Standards, Requirements and Regulations

Any electric fence set up in Kenya is required to meet standards and follow the regulations set by
the Kenya Bureau of Standards. These fencing requirements are intended to ensure safe and
effective operation of the fences. Deviation from these requirements often leads to a less efficient

33
fence with a shorter lifespan and increased possibility of interference with communication
systems. These factors often in turn lead to additional maintenance costs for the fence owner.

6.5.1 Installation Requirements

Electric security fences and their auxiliary equipment should be installed, operated and
maintained in such a way that the risk of people accidentally receiving an electric shock and
interference with communications lines or devices is minimized.
 Use of materials that minimize the galvanic effect between dissimilar metals is
recommended.
 When an electric fence is installed along a public road or in an urban area, the installer is
required to install the electrified wires or articles in such a position that people cannot
inadvertently come in contact with them.
 Electric fences should be installed clear of any obstructions like vegetation and telephone
poles since in wet conditions they could cause false alarms and interference on
communications systems. In urban areas, care should be taken that no obstruction can in
any way come closer than 1000mm above, 200mm below and 200mm on the sides of the
electric fence. In rural areas, care should be taken that no obstruction can come closer
than 1000mm above, 200mm below and 1000mm on the sides of the electric fence.
 Special permission should be obtained from the local county council for any part of an
electric fence to pass underneath or above a national road.
 Fences near communication lines
When an electric fence is installed and operated near communication lines, steps should
be taken to prevent interference on the communication lines. In case it is proven that an
electric fence causes harmful interference on communication lines, the electric fence
installations have to be rectified and compliance with applicable electric fence
regulations proven by the fence owner at his or her own expense provided reasonable
proof can be obtained confirming that the affected communication lines also comply with
national acceptable installation or configuration specifications. In the case where both
parties show compliance and the interference persists, the electric fence owner is obliged
to reconfigure the fence, have it removed or switched OFF as required by legislation.

34
  It is recommended that an electric fence installation specialist be consulted when an
electric fence is planned and installed.
 Electric fence controllers should not be installed in close vicinity or same enclosure with
power and communication distribution boxes.
 The leadout wires should not be installed in the same conduit as the mains supply wiring,
communication cables or data cables.
 Controllers should be installed as close to the actual fence as possible. This can be
achieved by taking the electrical supply to the controller and not the controller to the
electrical supply.
 Residential electric fences should be earthed at about 30m intervals and at every corner
and strain post.
 Only industry acceptable, purpose-made ground rods should be used.
 Ground rods should be of conductive, corrosive-resistant material.
 A ground rod should have a minimum length of 2m.

6.5.2 Safety Requirements and Regulations

Little is known about the physiological effect of electric shock pulses on animals. Safety
requirements depend on the type of property being protected and the dangers faced.
 Electric fences should be installed and operated in such a way that they cause no
electrical hazard to persons, animals or their surroundings.
 The controller on-time should not exceed 300mS.
 Electric fence constructions which are likely to lead to entanglement of animals or
persons should be avoided.
 An electric fence should not be supplied from more than one controller or from
independent circuits of the same controller at one time since when the pulses are too close
together, they may be hazardous to animals, people and the fence controllers.
 The gap between two separate fences with different controllers should be at least 2m.
 Barbed or razor wire should never be electrified by a controller because barbs may
prevent a person or animal from moving away from the electric fence resulting in injury

35
 or death. Barbs can easily tangle with other fence lines to cause faults. Barbs can injure
animals and cause damage to pelts. Barbs can also cause interference.
 Warning plates should also be fitted to every point where persons may gain ready access
to the wires. They should be securely fastened on fence posts or firmly clamped to the
fence wires at intervals of about 10m. The warning signs should be at least 100mm x
200mm. The background colour of both sides should be yellow with the inscriptions
written in black. The writings should be substance of “TAKE CARE - ELECTRIC
FENCE”. The inscription should be indelible and have a height of at least 25mm in a
language well understood by the population; Kiswahili or English.
 Except for low output battery operated controllers, the controller ground rod should
penetrate the ground to a depth of at least 1m.
 Leadout wires that are run inside buildings should be effectively insulated from the earth
structural parts of the building.
 Leadout wires that are run underground should be run in a conduit of insulating material.
 Care should be taken to avoid damage to the leadout wires due to the effects of animal
hooves or tractor wheels sinking into the ground.
 Fence crossings with overhead cables or communication lines should be avoided
whenever possible. In case such a crossing cannot be avoided, it should be made
underneath the power line and as nearly as possible at right angles to minimize chances of
appearance of stray capacitance. In case leadout wires and electric fences are installed
near an overhead power line, the clearances should be as shown in Table 6.1
Table 6.1: Recommended Clearance between overhead lines and Leadout wires
Power Line Voltage (Volts) Clearance (metres)
0-1000V 3m
1kV – 33kV 4m
>33kV 8m

 A distance of at least 10m should be maintained between the controller grounding system
and any other earthing system such as the power supply system protective earth or the
telecommunication system earth.
 In case a non-electrified fence incorporating barbed wire or razor wire is used to offset
electrified wires of an electric animal control fence, the supporting devices for the

36
 electrified wires should be constructed to ensure these wires are positioned at a minimum
distance of 150mm from the vertical plane of the non-electrified wires.
 Where an electric fence crosses a public pathway, a non-electrified gate should be
incorporated in the electric fence at that point or a crossing by means of stiles should be
provided.
 The design of a fence controller should never be altered or its components substituted
since this could be hazardous.

6.5.3 Safety Precautions

 Flammable goods should not be stored near an electric fence because in case of a fault,
sparks can be produced.
 In times of extreme fire risk, the controller should be disconnected.
 The power cord should not be handled when the temperature is below five degrees
centigrade.
 A damaged supply cord should be replaced by the manufacturer or the service agent or a
similarly qualified person in order to avoid a hazard.
 The controller should be installed out of reach children.
 An electric fence should not be connected to any other device otherwise lightning striking
the fence could be conducted to all the other devices.
 A DC controller should never be connected to an AC power supply.
 A wire may break and recoil when stretched so hand and eye protection should always be
used when handling high tensile wire.
 Leather gloves should be worn whenever handling fence posts or polywires to avoid
minor injury from stainless steel wire ends and fiberglass splinters.
 Children should not be allowed to play near an electric fence. Where small children are
likely to access a fence, some form of obstacle such as a one metre high chain link or
agricultural mesh fence should be set up.
 Family and friends should be educated on how to safely disconnect the electric fence in
case of an emergency
 The fence should not be approached or disconnected during a storm.

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  Controllers that run a long or continuous charge can harm animals or start fires so they
should not be used.

6.6 Fence Maintenance and Fault Finding

Even the best-built electric fences develop problems from time to time. Proper grounding
installation and good maintenance practices are crucial to keeping fence load under control. A
properly maintained fence ensures that the circuit is not shorted out. A voltmeter designed to test
an electric fence or a fence tester like the five light fence tester can be used to check the fence
every day. Wet insulators from rain cause fence voltage to drop, but a proper fence controller
with correct installation techniques performs satisfactorily. Vegetation and rust on the fence are
the most common causes of voltage loss on the fence line. Arcing between an electric fence and
vegetation can cause fires. Rust on the fence wires acts as an insulator and results in a weak
electric shock thus rusty wires should be replaced.

6.6.1 Fault Finding

When fence voltage drops drastically the following steps are usually carried out to correct it:
1. When the Fence controller does not operate, the fuses are checked. In case the fence
controller does not have fuses but there are fuse holders located on the exterior of the
fence controller cabinet, these cutout fuses are checked replaced in case they are blown.
In case the fuses blow instantly the fence controller is plugged in, then the controller
should be serviced. In case fuses are OK, then the problem is with the fence installation
or power source.
2. Checking the power source: The fence controller should be unplugged or the battery
clamps disconnected from the battery, before checking power source. A mains operated
controller should have a power source within the range of its rated input voltage with an
allowable error margin of less than ten Volts. A battery fence controller should have a
minimum test voltage equal to its rated input voltage. If the power source is within
required limits, then controller output is tested by a voltmeter. In case the fence controller
output and power source are normal, then the problem is with fence installation.
3. Checking the fence installation: The live lead-out wire to the controller terminal is
reconnected then the lead-out wire at the fence disconnected and voltage checked. In case

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 the voltage is low, the lead-out wire is replaced but in case the voltage is good then the
lead-out wire is reconnected. All fences that run off the main fence are then disconnected
and the voltage checked. In case the voltage is low, the problem lies in the main fence. In
case the voltage is ok, fences are reconnected and voltage checked as each fence is added.
Voltage should remain steady or show a slight drop until the fence causing the problem is
reconnected then the voltage drops drastically or the fence shorts out completely. The
faulty fenceline is then checked for shorts. Corners, gates and where the fence comes
close to other fences are most prone to shorts. Insulators and connections should also be
carefully observed. Snapping sounds indicate electrical shorting.

Testing the Ground

The ground is half the effective circuit in an electric fence system and most faults and fence
malfunctions are usually due to poor grounding. The main causes of an ineffective ground are
insufficient or few ground rods, badly connected wires or wires of different metal types joined
together, poor connections to ground rods, ground rods being too close together, ground rods not
being long enough, ground rods not being deep enough into the ground; depth ensures that part
of the ground rod is always in damp soil.

Troubleshooting a Noisy Fence

The steps followed in troubleshooting a noisy electric fence are:
1. Visually inspecting the fence for obvious defects, cutting back any problematic
vegetation and replacing any broken hardware. Rust or corrosion at potential problem
areas like splices, gate hooks, turnbuckles and similar hardware is often an indicator that
the fence is generating radio noise. In some cases the spark can be heard by ear.
2. Unplugging the fence controller to verify if the noise goes away at the affected radio or
television. In case it does not, there may be additional sources of noise causing the
problem like the mains power supply plugs and sockets.
3. Removing power to the fence controller and adding a short insulated length of fence wire
to the controller away from anything that could result in arcing. The controller is then
turned ON and confirmed that the noise stops. In case the short wire appears to radiate
noise, then the fence controller should be replaced.

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 4. Removing power to the fence controller and reconnecting the fence wire. In case there
are multiple sections, one section is connected at a time and the controller turned ON and
the fence sections that generate noise are noted.
5. Walking along the perimeter of the fence while listening with a portable radio since the
signal strength of the noise increases as source is approached. The noise occurs in short
bursts in tempo with the fence controller.
6. Listening for faint audible sizzling sound at all suspect areas of the fence especially areas
that look corroded or pitted or those that frequently fail. Arcing may also be visible
especially at night.
7. Placing a jumper across all connections with short clip leads. Problem areas are identified
by removing the jumpers one at a time until the noise returns. The fence is turned OFF
each time a jumper is handled to avoid risk of shock. Alternately, all splices can be
redone after careful cleaning of the wire.

6.6.2 Fence Maintenance

The existing non-electric fence, if there is any, should be maintained so that loose or bulging link
mesh or broken barbed wires do not make contact with the electric fence. Wires, empty tins and
drums or any other conductive material should not be discarded in such a way that they will
come in contact with the fence. Care should be taken when parking machinery to ensure it is not
left in contact with the fence and other stored equipment should be carefully stacked so that they
do not fall against the fence. It is recommended that at regular intervals, a fence alarm condition
be deliberately generated to confirm the state of both the fence and monitoring service.
In order to maintain the fence in a satisfactory condition, monthly overviews and three-monthly
detailed inspections should always be done on an electric fence.
a) The monthly overview inspection involves:
 Walking along the electric fence to identify and correct all obviously visible faults.
 Clearing the fence of all vegetation and debris like plastics that could cause leakage
of high-voltage pulses and lower the effectiveness of the fence
 Tightening wires that are visibly slackened.
 Fixing all broken parts of the fence.
b) The three-monthly detailed inspection involves:

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  Walking along the length of the electric fence and inspecting all components of for faults.
A clicking sound is audible where arcing occurs.
 Inspecting the electric fence controller installation, tightening all loose wires and
reporting any damage on the controller to the installer or controller manufacturer.
 Inspecting the fence grounding system, tightening loose wires, replacing worn-out clamps
and rusted components.
 Inspecting the insulators and ensuring that they are in a satisfactory condition. Broken
and deformed insulators should be replaced.
 Looking for live wires touching any part of the non electrified fence or any other non-live
component.
 Checking the fence for tautness of wires and tightening faulty wires.
 Inspecting all joints and re-doing loose joints, replacing broken or rusted clamps, and
ensuring soldered joints are still electrically sound.
 Inspecting the electric fence installation for faults at gates and fixing all noted faults.

6.7 Economic Viability of Electric Fencing in Kenya

Electric fence component prices vary from time to time. As of May 2011, the price of Gallagher
Medal 501 controller was Ksh150, 000; a roll of high tensile wire was priced at Ksh50, 000. A
roll of 1.6mm high tensile wire is about 1500m long while that of the 2.5mm wire is averagely
650m long so that the average weight of a roll of wire irrespective of gauge size is standard. The
amount of time required to set up an electric fence depends on personnel, size of area to be fence
and the surface softness; rocks and hard clay takes longer dig post holes and require special
drills. For walltop fences it depends on surface flatness; it is easier, faster and takes less material
to set up a fence on a flat surface.

The cost of setting up an electric fence was approximated Gallagher Fencing Systems Limited to
be Ksh400,000 per kilometer. The cost of maintenance of these fences was approximated to be
Ksh23,000 per kilometer per year. An electric fence requires a dedicated maintenance technician
for every four kilometers of fence even though that is not the case in Kenya.

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6.8 The Kimana and Namelok Fences
These fences were set up in the year 2000 at a cost of US$9000 per kilometer by Gallagher
Fencing Systems Limited. Each fence consists of six wires; four live and two earth wires. The
fences are 2m high and supported on wooden posts spaced approximately 8m apart. These fences
use battery powered controllers coupled to solar panels. The Kimana fence consists of six fence
zones and the Namelok fence consists of four zones. Each zone is powered by a powering unit
that consists of a solar panel, a 12V power battery, and a PowerPlus B1600 controller. The
controller powers up to 6km length of the fence. The leadouts of these fences are made of double
insulated 12.5 gauge conductors for effective power transmission with minimal voltage drop.
The fenceline is made of 2.5mm high tensile steel wires for extra physical strength to withstand
action of the elephants.

Wire connections were done by wire clamps and occasionally by tight splices. The UV-stabilized
plastic post insulators were used along the fenceline. At tie-off points and corners, porcelain
insulators were used because of their ability to withstand high tension forces. These fences were
designed as fence return systems for effective shock delivery in all seasons of the year. Ground
rods 2m long each were used. Each zone has Electric Fence Indicator Lambs installed along the
fenceline for easy troubleshooting. Each of the fence zones is installed with an RG-7781 voltage
sensor that acts as alarm systems in case of voltage drops, breach, wire cuts or fence short outs.
The sensors are not centrally monitored thus do not effectively serve their purpose. As a security
precaution, lightning diverters are installed in each zone near the controller.

The fences are managed by a committee of farmers living inside Kimana and Namelok fenced
areas. These fences were initially operated at voltages ranging from 3.5kV to 7.5kV but due
persistent trespass of elephants, each of the systems was upgraded to always carry a voltage of
over 5kV. The annual cost of maintaining each of these fences (salaries for the fence attendants,
etc) was estimated at about Ksh44,000 to per kilometer.

6.9 Discussion
As compared to the cost of human wildlife conflict, the cost of installation and maintenance of
electric fences is more economical. A large complex is better and more cheaply secured by an

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electric fence incorporated with human guards than when watchdogs and or human guards are
deployed. Typical controller power consumption is about 18W thus the power costs are very low.
The electric fence maintenance costs are very low since there is very little contact between the
fence and other objects or animals.

Even though they are not set up to recommended standards and being managed by untrained
personnel, the Kimana and Namelok fences have been effective in reducing human wildlife
conflicts. They have also protected the Amboseli national park from illegal loggers, poachers and
human encroachment. The fence installer is usually only called when there occurs a major fence
malfunction otherwise these fence are not regularly inspected as required. This in actual sense is
more expensive than employing a trained technician to carry out regular maintenance tasks. No
tests had ever been carried out on both fences to determine if they meet the national safety
standards and requirements of an electric fence as stipulated by the Kenya bureau of standards.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Electric fencing is based on simple electric circuit theory and yet it is not well understood by
many Kenyans. Electric fencing is an economically viable solution and has potential of
tremendously reducing costs of securing various premises and controlling animals on ranches
and parks. Thus information about electric fencing should be availed to the public so as to
increase its implementation in Kenya since there any many enterprises, national parks, ranches,
protected lands, prisons and other utilities that need fencing.

There is still need to research on use of electric fences for security, on farms for livestock
control, etc. It is also important to study electric fencing practices in Kenya so as to establish
ways of enhancing its implementation and regulate it so as to alleviate risks posed by installation
of substandard fences.

In as much as electric fences have been successfully implemented, most of the standards
proposed by the Kenya Bureau of Standards are yet to be confirmed. This ought to be done
immediately. A regulatory body should be set up to ensure that there is compliance with set
standards. Fencing personnel should be properly trained so that they may effectively install and
manage fences. The project objective of studying electric fencing in Kenya was sucesfully
achieved.

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REFERENCES
1. Fencing factsheet, BRITISH COLOMBIA, Ministry of agriculture, food and fisheries
Order No. 307.310-1 Agdex: 724 July 1996
2. Speedrite fencing manual 809517, 809518, 809519 , Issue 1 06/06
3. Electric Fence Reference Manual, G McKillop, Central Science Laboratory, Sand
Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ
4. http://www.electricfence-online.co.uk/shop/electric-fencing/electric-fence-advice-
faqs/guide-to-electric-fencing.html
5. http://www.kencove.com/fence/99_Energizer+Installation_resource.php
6. www.thunderbird.net.au/pdf/fencemanual.pdf
7. http://www.afence.com/store/HTML1/elecinstall.htm?phpMyAdmin=tJ-
UlkQ00wHxg7RrdzQiL06d3nd
8. KENYA STANDARD KS 2112-3: 2009 Electrical Security Installations, Part 3:
Electrical Security Fences (Non lethal), PUBLICREVIEW DRAFT, AUGUST 2009,
First Edition 2009
9. The performance of electric fences as elephant barriers in Amboseli, Kenya
John Kioko1*, Philip Muruthi2, Patrick Omondi3 & Patrick I. Chiyo4, 1School for Field
Studies, Centre for Wildlife Management Studies, Box 27743, Nairobi, Kenya,
Received 13 June 2006. Accepted 17 July 2007
10. www.gallagherusa/electric-fencing/benefits.aspx.htm
11. Fencing systems for rotational Grazing Energizers, University of Wisconsin-Extension,
Tom Cadwalleder
12. Zareba smart systems for animal control, User’s manual
13. DakenAg Electric Fencing Manual
14. http://www.electricfencealarm.com/

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Appendix. A : Diagram of a DC operated Electric Fence Controller Circuit

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