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การพัฒนากระบวนการวิเคราะห ์พืนที ่ าน
คุณภาพอากาศจากปั ญหาหมอกควัน (PART AERMOD)

เอกบดินทร ์ วินิจกุล
Assistant Professor
Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change
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School of Environmental Resources and Development
1. INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Overview of Air Pollution Modeling

Why modeling in environmental engineering ?

• Environment effects are product of complex dynamic system

driven by multiple processes: natural and man-made (e.g.
population growth, socio-economic development, policy, and
technologies)

• Modeling tool used to integrate these processes in a

systematic approach to assess impacts of alternative scenarios
on environment

• Hindcast, nowcast, and forecast are possible

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Broad Categories of Air Pollution Models
• Dispersion models: based on a set of analytical or
numerical algorithms (mathematical equations)
describing physical, chemical aspects of air pollution to
estimate resulting ambient concentrations

• Receptor model: a tool, usually statistical, for processing

of monitoring data --> estimate contributions from
existing sources to ambient air quality

• Statistical models for predictions: time series, synoptic

climatological models, etc.

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1.2 Dispersion model vs Receptor Model (I)
Dispersion Model Receptor Model
• Input: source emission • Input: ambient
rate, output: ambient concentration, output:
concentration source contribution
• Need intensive met. Data • Need detail data on
and emission data ambient pollution at
• Used to assess AAQS receptors and emission
attainment & potential sources signature
effects • Used to identify major
• Traditional approach, contributors to focus
widely used in the further mitigation measures
development • Relatively new approach
and of increasing use and
development
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Dispersion model vs Receptor Model (II)

Both dispersion and receptor modeling approaches are required to establish quantitative
link between emission and impacts 6
2. GAUSSIAN
DISPERSION MODEL

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2.1 Normal/Gaussian Distribution Histogram

f(x)

• Density function:

1 (x−μ)2 +∞
f x = exp − ; f x dx = 1
σ(2π)1/2 2σ2 −∞

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When x = μ = average --> f x = --> large σ: more flat distribution curve
σ(2π)1/2
2.2 Gaussian Dispersion Models
• Most widely used
• Based on the assumption
• plume spread results primarily by molecular diffusion
• horizontal and vertical pollutant concentrations in the plume are
normally distributed (double Gaussian distribution)
• Plume spread and shape vary in response to X
Z
meteorological conditions
Q

u
Y
H
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Gaussian Dispersion Equations
• Partial case of Largrangian approach

Q y2 (z − H)2 (z + H)2
C x, y, z; H = exp − exp − + exp −
2πus σy σz 2σy 2 2σz 2 2σz 2

Major assumptions
• Transport along x
• Normal distribution along Y & Z Centerline

• Constant wind in domain for 𝑢𝑠

averaging time period

• Cannot use for calm conditions
ℎ𝑠
(us = 0)
X: downwind
Cross-wind
Gaussian Plume with Reflection

With no reflection

With reflection
2.3 Vertical Concentration Profiles
2.4 Crosswind Concentration
3. AERMOD
PROGRAM PACKAGE

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3.1 AERMOD Modeling System Structure
• AERMOD is a
modeling system
consisting of:

• AERMOD - Dispersion
Model

• AERMAP - Terrain
Preprocessor

• AERMET -
Meteorological
Preprocessor
4. AERMET

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4.1 Input Meteorological Requirement
• Surface data
• Meteorological data that are measured at the earth’s surface
(upto 10 m)
• Contains physical parameters that are measured directly by
instrumentation
• Such as temperature, dew point, wind direction, wind speed, cloud
cover, cloud layer(s), ceiling height, visibility, current weather, and
precipitation amount
• Usually measured every hour

• Upper air data

• meteorological data that are measured in the vertical layers of the
atmosphere
• usually measured by twice daily radiosonde soundings, taken at 00
and 12Z (Greenwich time)
• Radiosonde --> an instrument that is carried aloft by a balloon --> send back
information on atmospheric t, p, humidity by means of a small radio transmitter
Met Station Selection
4.2 Upper Air Data – What is it?
• Meteorological data that are measured in the vertical
layers of the atmosphere

• Upper air data are usually measured by twice daily

radionsonde soundings, taken at 00 and 12Z (Greenwich
time)

• There are other collection methods for gathering upper

air data, though radiosonde soundings are the method
usually employed for local-scale dispersion modeling

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Upper Air Data (1)
• Upper air data: https://ruc.noaa.gov/raobs/

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Upper Air Data (2)

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Upper Air Data (3)

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Upper Air Data (4)

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4.3 Surface Air Data – What is it?
• meteorological data that are measured at the earth’s
surface (technically, somewhere between the ground
level and 10 m)

• This data contains physical parameters that are measured

directly by instrumentation, such as temperature, dew
point, wind direction, wind speed, cloud cover, cloud
layer(s), ceiling height, visibility, current weather, and
precipitation amount

• Surface data are reported by the National Weather

Service for each hour
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Surface Air Data (1)
• Surface data: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa

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Surface Air Data (2)

• Extract and change name

to “SurfaceCM2018.ish”

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4.4 Downloading AERMET
• https://www.epa.gov/scram/meteorological-processors-and-accessory-programs

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4.5 Preparing AERMOD Meteorological Files
• Put AERMET in the FOLDER, along with:
• S1.inp
• S2.inp
• S3.inp
• 2 Meteorological data files (previously downloaded)

• Change S1, S2 and S3 to “aermet.inp” to run for each step

(3 steps in total)
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Step 1/3: Checking the Files

STEP:
• Change S1.INP to AERMET.INP
• Then Click “AERMET.exe”
• Change AERMET.INP to S1.INP

OUTPUT:
• UAQAOUT.DAT
• SFQAOUT.DAT

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Step 2/3: Merging the Files

STEP:
• Change S2.INP to AERMET.INP
• Then Click “AERMET.exe”
• Change AERMET.INP to S2.INP

OUTPUT:
• ChiangMai2018.MRG

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Step 3/3: Split to SFC and PFL Files

STEP:
• Change S3.INP to AERMET.INP
• Then Click “AERMET.exe”
• Change AERMET.INP to S3.INP

OUTPUT:
• ChiangMai2018.SFC
• ChiangMai2018.PFL

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5. EMISSION
INVENTORY

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5.1 Emission Inventory (EI)
• What is emission inventory?
• A comprehensive listing by sources of air pollutant emissions in a geographic area during a
specific time period

• Stationary source:

Emission = EF × AL(1−CE)

• EF = emission factor, e.g. g-PM/kg-coal

• AL = activity level, e.g. amount of coal burnt, amount of product
• CE = overall control efficiency (fraction)

• Mobile source:

Emission = NV × EF × VKT

• NV = number of vehicles
• VKT = vehicle km traveled [km]
• EF = emission factor in [g/km]
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5.2 Chiang Mai Emission Inventory
• Developed in 2005 --> Need an update version!!

• 1x1 km2 gridded cells

• Source: Chatchawan Vongmahadlek, Pham Thi Bich Thao,

Boonsong Satayopas & Narisara Thongboonchoo (2009).
A Compilation and Development of Spatial and Temporal
Profiles of High-Resolution Emissions Inventory over
Thailand, Journal of the Air & Waste Management
Association, 59:7, 845-856, DOI: 10.3155/1047-
3289.59.7.845

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What sources are included in this EI?

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What exactly it looks like?

• Coordinate of the center

point of 1x1 km2

• Concentration of pollutant
in that grid in g/sm2

• Select only the grids in the

study area

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6. AERMOD

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6.1 AERMOD Inputs
• Six “Pathways”
Input File Sample – 5 Pathways
• All required pathway
• No “EVent Pathway”
• EV --> analysis of source
contributions to specific
events for short term
averages (less than or equal
to 24 hours)

• STARTING - beginning of
inputs for each pathway

• FINISHED - Ending of the

inputs for each pathway
Pathway 1: COntrol Pathway

• TITLEONE - A user-specified title line that will

appear on each page of the printed output file

• MODELOPT - Controls the modeling options

through a series of secondary keywords

• RUNORNOT – Run or Not run (checking all inputs

only) the model

• AVERTIME - Identifies the averaging periods to be

calculated

• POLLUTID - Identifies the type of pollutant being

modeled (no influence on the results)

• SAVEFILE – Option to store intermediate results

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Pathway 2: SOurce Pathway
• ELEVUNIT – Identifies unit (meters,
feet, etc.)

• LOCATION - Identifies a particular

source ID and specifies the source type
and location of that source

• SRCPARAM - Specifies the source

parameters for a particular source ID
identified by a previous LOCATION card

• SRCGROUP - Specifies how sources will

be grouped for calculational purposes
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Area Source Type
• Used to specify rectangular
areas that may also have a
rotation angle specified
relative to N-S orientation

• The rotation angle is

specified relative to the SO
LOCATION card (e.g., the
southwest corner)

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Pathway 3: REceptor Pathway
• Cartesian grid receptor networks are
defined by use of the GRIDCART
keyword

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Pathway 4: MEteorological Pathway
• SURFFILE - Specifies the filename and
format for the input surface
meteorological data file

• PROFFILE - Specifies the filename and

format for the input profile meteorological
data file

• SURFDATA - Specifies information about

the surface meteorological data

• UAIRDATA - Specifies information about

the upper air meteorological data

• PROFBASE - Specifies the base elevation

above MSL for the potential temperature
profile
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Pathway 5: OUtput Pathway
• RECTABLE - Specifies the selection of high
value by receptor table output options

• FILEFORM – Either “exponential” or

“Fixed” formatted values

• PLOTFILE – Design values that can be

imported into graphics software for
plotting contours

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Outputs from AERMOD
• RECTABLE – In the “aermod.out” file

• PLOTFILE – In the “All24First.plt” file (Discuss later --> transfer to xlsx) 46

6.2 Getting AERMOD
• https://www.epa.gov/scram/air-quality-dispersion-
modeling-preferred-and-recommended-models#aermod

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6.3 Running AERMOD
• Put AERMOD in the FOLDER, along with:
• Aermod.inp
• 2 Meteorological data files from AERMET

• Then, double click the “aermod.exe”

• Wait until it run for all days

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6.4 Transfer PLOTFILE Output File to .xlsx

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Thank you
เอกบดินทร์ วินิจกุล
Email: ekbordinw@ait.asia
Office: 02-524-5648