CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DESIGN

Some of the design parts in this project are

I. Drainage design
II. Road design
III. Geotechnical design
IV. Retaining wall design

I. Drainage design
Design of storm water management plan for Langat CSTP is following MSMA
(MANUAL SALIRAN MESRA ALAM) 2nd Edition from JPS. There is some
existing condition:
 The catchment land use at the proposed site location is undeveloped catchment
area and generally is occupied with vacant lot and plantation area.
 Catchment area with 7.6 ha.
 Existing terrain generally flat.

Drainage design for CSTP includes the overall drainage system, drain diversion and
on-site facility that provided which are below ground storage tank and detention pond.
Drainage layout for this project was split into 4 sub catchment to minimize the
depth of the drain about 1.5m. Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) which is the average
or expected value of the periods between exceedances of a given rainfall total
accumulated over a given duration. The existing drainage system is designated to cater
10 years ARI.
There is an irregular shaped earth drain flows through CSTP site. It receives
storm water flow rainfall from existing pipe culvert which is crossing under Grand Saga
Highway. The runoff is from residential areas located at the East of Grand Saga
Highway the total catchment area for drain diversion is 60.2 ha. The existing drain will
be realigned within CSTP site with a proposed 3.6m wide reinforced concrete U-drain
to the outfall at Sg. Langat.
On-site detention facility is as below:
Site sub catchment Type of on-site facility proposed
Catchment A Below ground storage tank
Catchment B Below ground storage tank
Catchment C Below ground storage tank
Catchment D Detention pond
*size of below ground storage tank depends on the storage requirement and the
availability of the space at site.
*detention pond is provided where there is adequate space for an open space

II. Road design

Road design control and criteria are as below:
1. topography and land use
- includes geometric design elements such horizontal alignment, vertical
gradients, sight distance and cross section which are directly affected by
topography
2. traffic
- design of road based on traffic data
3. vehicle characteristics
- dimensions of design vehicles
4. capacity
- often stated in terms of passenger car units (pcu)

Elements of design are as below:

1. sight distance
- the minimum stopping sight distance is the sum of the distance traversed during
perception and brake reaction time with the distance required to stop the vehicle.
2. horizontal alignment
- maximum super elevation rate of 0.10 is used for roads in rural areas and 0.06
in urban.
3. vertical alignment
- a smooth grade line with gradual changes should be strived for instead of a line
with numerous breaks and short length of grade.
4. cross section elements
- bituminous materials, stabilized granular materials, unbound granular road
base and sub base should be selected to meet performance requirements.

III. Geotechnical design

Deep foundation which is pile foundation used in this project to transfer load to a
deeper and competent soil layer. Pile foundation is used when the soil conditions
are poor and it is uneconomical or not possible to provide adequate spread or
shallow foundations. There are two major categories based on the mode of support
which are end bearing pile and friction pile.
 end bearing pile
it is used if a hard stratum or the bedrock is within a reasonable depth and if
there is no soil below this stratum which is too soft to impair the supporting
capacity of the hard stratum.
 friction pile
it is used when hard stratum or bedrock is deep which would require very
long point bearing piles. The length of friction pile varies and piles are
driven up to such a depth that the frictional resistance developed at the sides
of the pile equals the load of piles.
Pile load test is needed to be carried out to determine the pile load bearing carrying
capacity and to check the structural integrity of pile.
IV. Retaining wall design
Retaining wall is used to retain material in place without undue movement airisng
from deflection, overturning and sliding. It is also use to retain soil between two
different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes where the
landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific like hillside
farming.

Type of retaining wall used is gravity wall and cantilever wall.

Advantages:
- Can hold in tight spaces
- Longer durability
- Can be design in a variety of
styles and easy installation.

Advantages:
- Offer an unobstructed open
excavation
- Do not require installation of
tiebacks below adjacent
properties
- Offer a simpler construction
procedure