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CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature play an important role in development of research project. It


helps the investigator to develop a deeper in sight into a problem and give information on what
has been done before. It also provides basis for further investigation, justifies the need for
replication throws light on feasibility of the study and problems faced by the investigator
indicates the constraints of data collected and helps to relate the findings with one study to
another it also helps to establish knowledge in a professional discipline from which valid and
pertinent theories may be developed.
The purpose of the study to assess the knowledge regarding parenthood preparation
among Primigravida mothers and their husband.Review of literature is a key step in research
process. The literature for the present study will be reviewed from the textbooks, journals,
electronic resources, articles and dissertations.
Based on the objectives of the study the literature from various sources have been
reviewed and arranged under the following categories:

Section A:studies related to well being of men during first time transition to parenthood.
Section B:studies related to Mental health and well being of women during first time transition
to parenthood.
Section C: Comparison of mental health, well being of men and women during first time
transition to parenthood.

Section A:Studies related to well being of men during first time transition to parenthood.
Sabra L (2014)was conducted Aprospective studyon wellbeing of men during transition
to father for first time in South Australia. The questionnaire was administered to 312 men
samples. The results highlighted that the majority (70 %) of men anticipated return of sexual
activity to pre-pregnancy levels; however, this failed to eventuate.

steinberg Lawrence (2012)was conducted A longitudinal studyto find out the transition
into parenthood lead to changes in mental health at New Zealand. The sample size was 6670

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from first time parent, subsequent parent and existing parents and not a parent within the
families. The results showed that, who became first time parents reported an increase in mental
health (β 1.22, 95% CI −0.06 to 2.50; mean=83.8, SD=14.1) and a decrease in psychological
distress (β −0.70 95% CI −1.10 to −0.29; mean=13.4, SD=5.0). Subsequent parents reported a
decrease in psychological distress (β −0.60 95% CI −0.95 to −0.24). Study concluded that, a
transition into parenthood for the first time leads to changes in mental health and psychological
distress.

Barbara (2012)was conducted A descriptive studywas conducted on the transition to


parenthood, means for fathers in South-West England 2005-2006. Purposive sampling technique
was used to recruit 20 partners of prim parous women from two healthcare provider
organizations. The result depicts that, several common needs were identified among both the
ante- and postnatal data such as lack of support mechanisms, involvement in antenatal provision
and the need for more information given in the antenatal period on parenting, baby care and
relationships. The study concluded that, adequately preparing new fathers for parenthood in
advance of the birth of their baby is important, and healthcare professionals can contribute to this
by involving and supporting new fathers, and recommended for further study to explore the role
of fathers in antenatal education.

Section B: Studies related to mental health and wellbeing of women during


first time transition to parenthood.

Fennie KM (2015)was conducted A cross-cultural study on the effects of psychosocial factors


on the emotional well-being of women during pregnancy in Greece and Britain. A 200 Greek and
156 British mothers and their partners completed questionnaires which included a life event
inventory, measure of social support and measure of emotional well-being. The research findings
show that, Greek mothers were found to score significantly higher on measures of depression,
anxiety and somaticism, experience more stressful life events (most relating to family issues) and
report feeling less supported than British mothers. Life events, particularly those relating to
family stresses were found to predict poor emotional well-being among Greek mothers. For
British mothers, social support was the strongest predictor of emotional well-being.

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Sara Molgora (2014) was conducted A retrospective study done in Southwest England on
transition to Parenthood: The Needs of Parents in Pregnancy and early Parenthood. Purposive
sampling technique was used to select 24 nulliparous women at 28th week of gestation. Semi
structured interview was adopted to gather the data. The study found that, the knowledge about
the transition to parenthood was poor (< 30%) among the women. The study concludes that, need
for an improvement in parent’s preparation for parenthood, the importance of including father in
educative sessions. Inadequate preparation remains as a concern to both couple.

Section C: Studies related to comparison of mental health, well being of men


and women during first time transition to parenthood.

Christine McCourt (2016)was conducted A study to assess the impact of partner status
and work hour during transition to parenthood. Total 338 women and 262 men sample were
included. The structured scales were used measure the components. Study depicts that,
Satisfaction with Life Scale (α =0.85), De Gierveld and Kamphuislonliness scale (α = 0.87),
mental health index scale – 5 (α = 0.76), partnership satisfaction is measured by NKPS (α =
0.76). Becoming a mother has a significant negative impact on partnership satisfaction but
among men it is vice versa. Also men who become fathers become lonelier especially with their
friends and colleagues. Study concludes that for women transition can be both a joy and
tribulation and among men it is gloomy side of parenthood most strongly with respect to
partnership satisfaction.

Taiwan (2016) was conducted A longitudinal study on gender- role attitudes and
behavior across the transition to parenthood in University of Wisconsin. 570 pregnant women
and 550 male partners were selected through phone interview and used two scales for measuring
work and family identity. Multilevel latent growth curve analysis was used to analyze the data.
In general parents became more traditional in their gender role attitude and behavior following
the birth of a child, women changed more that (than) men and first time parents changed more
that (than) experienced parents. Findings suggests that changes in gender role attitudes and
behavior following the birth of a child may be attributed to both the process of transitioning the
parenthood for the first time and that of negotiating the demands of having a new baby in the
family.

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SUMMARY

The review of both research and non research literature are carried out keeping in mind
the object formulated for the study and to gain an insight into the problem areas. It was organized
under the following headings

A: studies related to well being of men during first time transition to parenthood.

B: studies related to mental health and well being of women during first time transition to
parenthood.
C: Comparison of mental health, well being of men and women during first time transition to
parenthood.

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