Polar Coordinates

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 Polar Coordinates
Objective:

* Introduction to polar coordinates

and conversion between
polar and rectangular coordinates
 Polar Coordinates
The location of a point P in the
plane may be given by two
numbers:
 Polar Coordinates
The location of a point P in the
plane may be given by two
numbers:
 Polar Coordinates
The location of a point P in the
plane may be given by two
numbers:

r = distance of the location to

the origin
 Polar Coordinates
The location of a point P in the
plane may be given by two
numbers:

r = distance of the location to

the origin

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 Polar Coordinates
The location of a point P in the
plane may be given by two
numbers:

r = distance of the location to

the origin

 = directional angle measured

against the +x-axis.
 Polar Coordinates
The location of a point P in the
plane may be given by two
numbers:

r = distance of the location to

the origin

 = directional angle measured

against the +x-axis.
 Polar Coordinates
The location of a point P in the
plane may be given by two
numbers:
(r, )
r = distance of the location to
the origin

 = directional angle measured

against the +x-axis.
The ordered pair (r, ) is the
polar coordinate of the point P.
 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)R for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

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 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)R for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

Example: Plot the following

coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P
 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)R for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

Example: Plot the following

coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P
 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)R for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

Example: Plot the following

coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P
 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)R for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

Example: Plot the following

coordinate pairs: 
F

A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P r

a
n
k
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P M
a
2
0
0
6
 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)R for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

Example: Plot the following

coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P
Negative r means to go in the opposite direction.
 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)R for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

Example: Plot the following

coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P
Negative r means to go in the opposite direction.
 Polar Coordinates
If needed, we write (a, b)P for
polar coordinate ordered pair,
and (a, b)C for rectangular
coordinate ordered pair.

Example: Plot the following

coordinate pairs: 
F

A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P r

a
n
k
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P M
a
2
Negative r means to go in the opposite direction. 0
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There are infinite many ordered pairs representing each position.
 Polar Coordinates
Conversion Rule:
 Polar Coordinates
Conversion Rule:
Let (x, y)R and (r, )P be
the rectangular and
polar coordinates of the
same point P, then:
 Polar Coordinates
Conversion Rule:
Let (x, y)R and (r, )P be
the rectangular and
polar coordinates of the
same point P, then:


x = r*cos() F
r
a

y = r*sin() n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
 Polar Coordinates
Conversion Rule:
Let (x, y)R and (r, )P be
the rectangular and
polar coordinates of the
same point P, then:

x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()

r 2 = x 2 + y 2,
 Polar Coordinates
Conversion Rule:
Let (x, y)R and (r, )P be
the rectangular and
polar coordinates of the
same point P, then:

x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()

r2 = x2 + y2, tan() = y/x

 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P

For A = (4, 60o)P ,

(x, y) =

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r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
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 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P

For A = (4, 60o)P ,

(x, y) = (4*cos(60), 4*sin(60))
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 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P

For A = (4, 60o)P ,

(x, y) = (4*cos(60), 4*sin(60))
= (2, 23)
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P

For A = (4, 60o)P ,

(x, y) = (4*cos(60), 4*sin(60))
= (2, 23)

For B = (8, 0o)P ,

 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P

For A = (4, 60o)P ,

(x, y) = (4*cos(60), 4*sin(60))
= (2, 23)

For B = (8, 0o)P , (x, y) = (8, 0)

 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P

For A = (4, 60o)P ,

(x, y) = (4*cos(60), 4*sin(60))
= (2, 23)

For B = (8, 0o)P , (x, y) = (8, 0)

For C and D,
(x, y) = (4cos(-45o), 4sin(-45o))
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
into rectangular coordinate pairs:
A = (4, 60o)P , B = (8, 0o)P
C = (4, -45o)P , D = (-4, 135o)P

For A = (4, 60o)P ,

(x, y) = (4*cos(60), 4*sin(60))
= (2, 23)

For B = (8, 0o)P , (x, y) = (8, 0)

For C and D,
(x, y) = (4cos(-45o), 4sin(-45o)) = (-4cos(135), -4sin(135))=(22, -22)
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

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 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o

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 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o
Hence A  (52, 123o)
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o
Hence A  (52, 123o)

For B, r = 8,  = 180o
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o
Hence A  (52, 123o)

For B, r = 8,  = 180o
Hence B = (8, 180o)P
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o
Hence A  (52, 123o)

For B, r = 8,  = 180o
Hence B = (8, 180o)P
For C, r =  9 + 4 = 13,
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o
Hence A  (52, 123o)
A

F

For B, r = 8,  = 180o r
a
n
Hence B = (8, 180o)P k
M
a

For C, r =  9 + 4 = 13, tan(A) = 2/3, A = tan-1(A)  33.7o

2
0
0
6
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o
Hence A  (52, 123o)
A

For B, r = 8,  = 180o
Hence B = (8, 180o)P
For C, r =  9 + 4 = 13, tan(A) = 2/3, A = tan-1(A)  33.7o
  180o+A  213.7o,
 Polar Coordinates
Example: Convert the following
polar coordinate pairs:
A = (-4, 6)R , B = (-8, 0)R, C = (-3, -2)R

For A, r = 16+36 = 52

 = arccos(-4/52)  123o
Hence A  (52, 123o)
A

For B, r = 8,  = 180o
Hence B = (8, 180o)P
For C, r =  9 + 4 = 13, tan(A) = 2/3, A = tan-1(A)  33.7o
  180o+A  213.7o, hence C = (13, 213.7o)
Polar Equations
 Polar Equations
Polars equations are equations in the
variables r and . Many curves may be
described easier using relations in r and
 rather than relations between x and y.
 Polar Equations
Polars equations are equations in the
variables r and . Many curves may be
described easier using relations in r and
 rather than relations between x and y.
 Polar Equations
Polars equations are equations in the
variables r and . Many curves may be
described easier using relations in r and
 rather than relations between x and y.
 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c

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 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
I. The equations r = c,
 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
I. The equation r = c,
distance from the point to the origin = c, and  any number.
 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
I. The equation r = c,
distance from the point to the origin = c, and  any number.
This equation describes the circle of radius c, centered at (0,0).

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 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
I. The equation r = c,
distance from the point to the origin = c, and  any number.
This equation describes the circle of radius c, centered at (0,0).
 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
II. The equation  = c,
 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
II. The equation  = c,
Directional angle to the point = c, and r any number.
 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
II. The equation  = c,
Directional angle to the point = c, and r any number.
This equation describes the line making the angle c to x-axis.
 Polar Equations
The Constant Equations r = c &  =c
II. The equation  = c,
Directional angle to the point = c, and r any number.
This equation describes the line making the angle c to x-axis.
r>0

=C F
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r<0
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The
equations
r = ±c*cos()
r = ±c*sin()
are circles.
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations
r = ±c*cos()
r = ±c*sin()
are circles.
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2

F
r
-3/2 2π/3 a
n
k
-2/2 3π/4 M
a
-½ 5π/6 2
0

0 π 0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2

F
r
-3/2 2π/3 a
n
k
-2/2 3π/4 M
a
-½ 5π/6 2
0

0 π 0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2

F
r
-3/2 2π/3 a
n
k
-2/2 3π/4 M
a
-½ 5π/6 2
0

0 π 0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2

F
r
-3/2 2π/3 a
n
k
-2/2 3π/4 M
a
-½ 5π/6 2
0

0 π 0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2

F
r
-3/2 2π/3 a
n
k
-2/2 3π/4 M
a
-½ 5π/6 2
0

0 π 0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2

F
r
-3/2 2π/3 a
n
k
-2/2 3π/4 M
a
-½ 5π/6 2
0

0 π 0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()

The Example: Graph r = -sin()

equations r 
r = ±c*cos() 0 0
-½ π/6
r = ±c*sin() -2/2 π/4
-3/2 π/3
are circles. -1 π/2
-3/2 2π/3
-2/2 3π/4
-½ 5π/6
0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3
1 3π/2 -1 π/2
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6
0 2π 0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3 
1 3π/2 -1 π/2 F
r
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
a
n

2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4

k
M
a
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6 2
0

0 2π 0 π
0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3
1 3π/2 -1 π/2
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6
0 2π 0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3
1 3π/2 -1 π/2
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6
0 2π 0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3 
1 3π/2 -1 π/2 F
r
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
a
n

2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4

k
M
a
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6 2
0

0 2π 0 π
0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3
1 3π/2 -1 π/2
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6
0 2π 0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3
1 3π/2 -1 π/2
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6
0 2π 0 π
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3 
1 3π/2 -1 π/2 F
r
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
a
n

2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4

k
M
a
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6 2
0

0 2π 0 π
0
6
 Polar Equations
r = ±c*cos() & r = ±c*sin()
Example: Graph r = -sin()
r  r 
0 π 0 0
½ 7π/6 -½ π/6
2/2 5π/4 -2/2 π/4
3/2 4π/3 -3/2 π/3
1 3π/2 -1 π/2
3/2 5π/3 -3/2 2π/3
2/2 7π/4 -2/2 3π/4
½ 11π/6 -½ 5π/6
0 2π 0 π
Note the graph swept traced out two circles as  goes from 0 to 2π.
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()


F
r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3
2 3π/2 0 π/2
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6
1 2π 1 π
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3
2 3π/2 0 π/2
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6
1 2π 1 π
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3 
2 3π/2 0 π/2 F
r
a
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3 n
k
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4 M
a
2
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6 0
0
1 2π 1 π 6
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3 
2 3π/2 0 π/2 F
r
a
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3 n
k
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4 M
a
2
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6 0
0
1 2π 1 π 6
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3
2 3π/2 0 π/2
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6
1 2π 1 π
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3
2 3π/2 0 π/2
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6
1 2π 1 π
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3
2 3π/2 0 π/2
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6
1 2π 1 π
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3 
2 3π/2 0 π/2 F
r
a
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3 n
k
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4 M
a
2
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6 0
0
1 2π 1 π 6
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3 
2 3π/2 0 π/2 F
r
a
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3 n
k
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4 M
a
2
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6 0
0
1 2π 1 π 6
 Polar Equations
r = c(1 ± cos()) & r =c(1 ± sin())
Example: Graph r = 1 – sin()

r  r 
1 π 1 0
3/2 7π/6 ½ π/6
1+2/2 5π/4 1-2/2 π/4
1+3/2 4π/3 1-3/2 π/3
2 3π/2 0 π/2
1+3/2 5π/3 1-3/2 2π/3
1+2/2 7π/4 1-2/2 3π/4
3/2 11π/6 ½ 5π/6
1 2π 1 π
Polar Equations
r = cos(n) & r = c*sin(n)
 Polar Equations
r = c*cos(n) & r = c*sin(n)
The following steps help us to graph
polar equations, especially equations
made up with sine and cosine of :


F
r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
 Polar Equations
r = cos(n) & r = c*sin(n)
The following steps help us to graph
polar equations, especially equations
made up with sine and cosine of :
1. Find 0o <  < 360o where r=0
 Polar Equations
r = cos(n) & r = c*sin(n)
The following steps help us to graph
polar equations, especially equations
made up with sine and cosine of :
1. Find 0o <  < 360o where r=0
2. Find  between 0 and 360o where
|r| is greatest.
 Polar Equations
r = cos(n) & r = c*sin(n)
The following steps help us to graph
polar equations, especially equations
made up with sine and cosine of :
1. Find 0o <  < 360o where r=0
2. Find  between 0 and 360o where


|r| is greatest. F
r
a

3. Trace the curves using 1 and 2. n

k
M
a
2
0
0
6
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2),
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.


F
r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.
Therefore 2 = 0, 180, 360, 540, or  = 0, 90, 180, 270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.
Therefore 2 = 0, 180, 360, 540, or  = 0, 90, 180, 270
Find r = 1 = sin(2),
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.
Therefore 2 = 0, 180, 360, 540, or  = 0, 90, 180, 270
Find r = 1 = sin(2), 2 = 90, 450, or  = 45, 225.


F
r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.
Therefore 2 = 0, 180, 360, 540, or  = 0, 90, 180, 270
Find r = 1 = sin(2), 2 = 90, 450, or  = 45, 225.
Find r = -1,
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.
Therefore 2 = 0, 180, 360, 540, or  = 0, 90, 180, 270
Find r = 1 = sin(2), 2 = 90, 450, or  = 45, 225.
Find r = -1, 2 = 270, 630,  = 135, 315
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.
Therefore 2 = 0, 180, 360, 540, or  = 0, 90, 180, 270
Find r = 1 = sin(2), 2 = 90, 450, or  = 45, 225.
Find r = -1, 2 = 270, 630,  = 135, 315
90
Draw the directions that r = 0.

180 1 0

270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Find r = 0 = sin(2), 0 <  < 360  0 < 2 < 720.
Therefore 2 = 0, 180, 360, 540, or  = 0, 90, 180, 270
Find r = 1 = sin(2), 2 = 90, 450, or  = 45, 225.
Find r = -1, 2 = 270, 630,  = 135, 315
90 45
Draw the directions that r = 0. 135

Draw the directions that r = ±1. 

F
180 1 0 r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :

90 45
135


F
180 1 0 r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :
0 <  < 90  0 < 2 < 180, sin(2) goes from 0 to 1 back to 0.

90 45
135


F
180 1 0 r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :
0 <  < 90  0 < 2 < 180, sin(2) goes from 0 to 1 back to 0.

90 45
135


F
180 1 0 r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :
0 <  < 90  0 < 2 < 180, sin(2) goes from 0 to 1 back to 0.
90 <  <180  180 < 2 < 360, sin(2) goes from 0 to -1 to 0.

90 45
135

180 1 0

225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :
0 <  < 90  0 < 2 < 180, sin(2) goes from 0 to 1 back to 0.
90 <  <180  180 < 2 < 360, sin(2) goes from 0 to -1 to 0.

90 45
135

180 1 0

225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :
0 <  < 90  0 < 2 < 180, sin(2) goes from 0 to 1 back to 0.
90 <  <180  180 < 2 < 360, sin(2) goes from 0 to -1 to 0.

The similar observation

about the other two sectors 90 45
135
gives us the complete graph.


F
180 1 0 r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :
0 <  < 90  0 < 2 < 180, sin(2) goes from 0 to 1 back to 0.
90 <  <180  180 < 2 < 360, sin(2) goes from 0 to -1 to 0.

The similar observation

about the other two sectors 90 45
135
gives us the complete graph.

180 1 0

225 315
270
 Polar Equations
Example: r = sin(2)
Investigate the graph in each sector from r = 0 to r = 0 :
0 <  < 90  0 < 2 < 180, sin(2) goes from 0 to 1 back to 0.
90 <  <180  180 < 2 < 360, sin(2) goes from 0 to -1 to 0.

The similar observation

about the other two sectors 90 45
135
gives us the complete graph.

This is known as the four- 

F
pedal-rose curve. 180 1 0 r
a
n
k
M
a
2
0
0
6
225 315
270
Equation Conversion
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
To convert equations
between the polar and
rectangular form:
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
To convert equations
between the polar and
rectangular form:

x = r*cos()
y = r*sin() 
F
r
a
n

r2 = x2 + y2, r = x2 + y2
k
M
a
2
0
tan() = y/x 0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:

x = r*cos()


y = r*sin() F
r
a
n

r2 = x 2 + y 2 k
M
a
2

tan() = y/x 0
0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r=3 square both sides

x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r=3 square both sides
r2 = 9
x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r=3 square both sides
r2 = 9 replace into x&y
x = r*cos()


y = r*sin() F
r
a
n

r2 = x 2 + y 2 k
M
a
2

tan() = y/x 0
0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule: Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r=3 square both sides
r2 = 9 replace into x&y
x = r*cos() x2 + y 2 = 9


y = r*sin() F
r
a
n

r2 = x 2 + y 2 k
M
a
2

tan() = y/x 0
0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 – 3cos() into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:

x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 – 3cos() into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r = 3 – 3cos()

x = r*cos()


y = r*sin() F
r
a
n

r2 = x 2 + y 2 k
M
a
2

tan() = y/x 0
0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 – 3cos() into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r = 3 – 3cos(), multiply by r

x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 – 3cos() into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r = 3 – 3cos(), multiply by r
r2 = 3r – 3*r*cos()
x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 – 3cos() into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r = 3 – 3cos(), multiply by r
r2 = 3r – 3*r*cos() in x&y
x = r*cos()


y = r*sin() F
r
a
n

r2 = x 2 + y 2 k
M
a
2

tan() = y/x 0
0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 – 3cos() into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r = 3 – 3cos(), multiply by r
r2 = 3r – 3*r*cos() in x&y
x = r*cos()
y = r*sin() x2 + y2 = 3x2 + y2 – 3x
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the polar
To convert equations equation r = 3 – 3cos() into
between the polar and rectangular equation in x&y.
rectangular form:
r = 3 – 3cos(), multiply by r
r2 = 3r – 3*r*cos() in x&y
x = r*cos()
y = r*sin() x2 + y2 = 3x2 + y2 – 3x
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the
To convert equations rectangular equation
between the polar and 2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8 into polar
rectangular form: equation.

x = r*cos()
y = r*sin()
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the
To convert equations rectangular equation
between the polar and 2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8 into polar
rectangular form: equation.

2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8
x = r*cos()


y = r*sin() F
r
a
n

r2 = x 2 + y 2 k
M
a
2

tan() = y/x 0
0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the
To convert equations rectangular equation
between the polar and 2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8 into polar
rectangular form: equation.

2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8
x = r*cos() 2x2 + 2y2 = 3x – 8


y = r*sin() F
r
a
n

r2 = x 2 + y 2 k
M
a
2

tan() = y/x 0
0
6
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the
To convert equations rectangular equation
between the polar and 2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8 into polar
rectangular form: equation.

2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8
x = r*cos() 2x2 + 2y2 = 3x – 8
y = r*sin() 2(x2 + y2) = 3x – 8
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x
 Equation Conversion
Conversion Rule:
Example: Convert the
To convert equations rectangular equation
between the polar and 2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8 into polar
rectangular form: equation.

2x2 = 3x – 2y2 – 8
x = r*cos() 2x2 + 2y2 = 3x – 8
y = r*sin() 2(x2 + y2) = 3x – 8
2r2 = 3rcos() – 8
r2 = x 2 + y 2
tan() = y/x