5 Viruses That Are Scarier Than Ebola

The Ebola virus has now killed more than 1,000 people in West Africa. Although the mortality rate
of the most recent outbreak isn't as high as in previous events, it's still the case that most people
who become infected with Ebola will not survive. (The mortality rate is about 60 per cent for the
current outbreak, compared with 90 per cent in the past, according to the National Institutes of
Health.)

But despite this sombre prognosis, health experts in the United States aren't particularly worried
about the threat of Ebola in this country or in other developed countries.

"I see Ebola as a significant threat in the specific regions that it has been identified in, certainly
central and west Africa," said Cecilia Rokusek, a public health expert with Nova South-eastern
University's Institute for Disaster and Emergency Preparedness in Florida. "But in my opinion, it's
not an imminent threat for those in the United States."

Indeed, other viruses pose a larger threat to U.S. citizens, according to Rokusek.

Although some of these viruses have far lower mortality rates than that of Ebola, they are more
prevalent in developed nations, and kill more people annually than Ebola does. Here are five
viruses that are just as dangerous (if not more so) than Ebola:

Rabies
Over the past 100 years, rabies has declined significantly as a public health threat in the United
States, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Approximately two people
now die yearly in the United States from this virus, which is transmitted to people through saliva
when they are bitten by infected animals, such as dogs or bats.

People who know they have been bitten by an animal should receive the rabies vaccine, which
prevents infection by the virus, according to the CDC. But, especially in the case of bat bites,
people may not always realize they have been bitten.

And rabies has one of the highest fatality rates of any virus; only three people in the United States
are known to have ever survived the disease without receiving the vaccine after exposure to the
virus.

Still, the disease remains a greater threat in other areas of the world than in the United States.
Approximately 55,000 people die of rabies every year in Africa and Asia, according to the WHO.

HIV
Though the number of annual deaths related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has
declined in recent years, an estimated 1.6 million people worldwide died of HIV and
autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related causes in 2012, according to the WHO.
The virus attacks a person's immune cells and weakens the immune system over time, making it
very difficult for the infected individual to fight off other diseases.
About 15,500 people with an AIDS diagnosis died in 2010 in the United States, according to the
CDC. In total, an estimated 650,000 people have died of AIDS in the United States since the
disease was discovered in 1981. An estimated 36 million people have died worldwide from the
epidemic.

Today, people with HIV do live longer than they used to, a trend that coincides with the increased
availability of antiretroviral therapy, as well as the decline in new infections since the peak of the
AIDS epidemic in 1997. However, no cure for HIV exists.

Influenza
The flu may not sound very scary, but it kills far more people every year than Ebola does. The
exact number of people who die each year from seasonal flu virus is the subject of much debate,
but the CDC puts the average number of annual deaths in the United States somewhere
between 3,000 and 49,000.

The large variation in yearly deaths arises because many flu deaths are not reported as such, so
the CDC relies on statistical methods to estimate the number. Another reason for this wide range
is that annual flu seasons vary in severity and length, depending on what influenza viruses are
most prominent. In years when influenza A (H3N2) viruses are prominent, death rates are typically
more than double what they are in seasons when influenza A (H1N1) or influenza B viruses
predominate, according to the CDC.

A highly contagious virus, influenza sickens far more people than it kills, with an estimated 3
million to 5 million people becoming seriously ill yearly from influenza viruses. Worldwide, the flu
causes an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 deaths every year, according to the World Health
Organization (WHO).

Despite the relatively low mortality rate of the virus, public health professionals and doctors
recommend annual flu shots to keep the risk of complications from influenza at bay.

"Healthy people should get their vaccines every year," Rokusek told Live Science. "Studies have
shown that the flu vaccine is an effective preventative measure."

But flu vaccines, which offer immunity from influenza A and B viruses, do not protect against other
forms of influenza, which can arise when the virus undergoes genetic changes. New strains of the
flu result in higher than average mortality rates globally. The most recent influenza pandemic,
the "swine flu" or H1N1 pandemic, killed between 151,700 and 575,400 people globally
during 2009 and 2010, according to the CDC.

Mosquito-borne viruses
Spread through the bite of an infected mosquito, viruses such as dengue, West Nile and yellow
fever kill more than 50,000 people worldwide every year, according to estimates by the WHO and
the CDC. (Malaria — which is also spread by mosquitos, but is caused by a parasite rather than a
virus — kills more than 60, 000 people yearly.)
At least 40 per cent of the world's population, or about 2.5 billion people, are at risk of serious
illness and death from mosquito-borne viral diseases, according to the CDC.

Dengue fever, which is endemic to parts of South America, Mexico, Africa and Asia, claims
approximately 22,000 lives every year, according to the CDC. Dengue haemorrhagic fever is a
deadly infection that causes high fevers and can lead to septic shock.

These diseases occur in regions neighbouring the United States, making them a threat in this
country.

"Dengue is very active in the Caribbean, and travellers to the Caribbean come back to the United
States with dengue," said Dr. Robert Leggiadro, a New York physician and professor of biology at
Villanova University in Pennsylvania.

People infected with dengue while traveling abroad can spread the disease at home when
mosquitos bite them, and then bite other people, Leggiadro said.

Even more deadly than dengue is yellow fever, which mostly affects people in Latin America and
Africa. The disease causes an estimated 30,000 deaths worldwide, according to the WHO.

Less deadly, but still dangerous is West Nile virus, a viral neurological disease that is spread by
mosquitos that bite humans after feasting on birds infected with the virus. Although the vast
majority of people infected with this virus will not show symptoms of West Nile, the disease has
killed an estimated 1,200 people in the United States since it was first seen here in 1999,
according to the CDC.

Rotavirus
Not everyone is at high risk of contracting rotavirus, but for children around the world, this
gastrointestinal virus is a very serious problem. Approximately 111 million cases of gastroenteritis
caused by rotavirus are reported every year globally, according to the CDC. The vast majority of
those affected by the virus are children under the age of 5, and about 82 per cent of deaths
associated with the virus occur in children in developing nations.

Globally, an estimated 440,000 children who contract the virus die each year from complications,
namely dehydration. In the United States, a vaccine for rotavirus was developed in 1998, but was
later recalled due to safety concerns. A newer vaccine, developed in 2006, is now available and is
recommended for children ages 2 months and older.

Despite routine vaccinations for rotavirus in the United States, the CDC estimates that between 20
and 60 children under age 5 die every year from untreated dehydration caused by the virus.

While some parents in the United States have expressed concern about the complications that
may arise as a result of vaccinating for rotavirus, Leggiadro told Live Science that vaccination for
this and other preventable diseases is the best way to safeguard against diseases that, if left
untreated, can be deadly.