TPB 311

GENESA BAHAN GALIAN

Hendra Harisman S.T., M. Eng. Sc
29 September 2016
Mineral Deposit
CLASSIFICATION
• Based on their time-relations to the rocks enclosing or associated
with them :
• Syngenetic and Epigenetic.
• Based on their Forming Processes :
• Igneous processes, Hydrothermal processes, Sedimentary
Processes/Surficial processes.
• Based on form of deposit :
• Primary deposit (Hypogene) and Secondary deposit (Supergene).
• Based on their location (Depth of formation), Hydrothermal
processes :
• Hypothermal, Mesothermal, Epythermal.
SOME GENERAL DEFINITIONS
• Metallogeny
• the study of the genesis of mineral deposits.
• Ore
• any naturally occurring material from which a mineral or aggregate
of value can be extracted at a profit.
• Ore Deposit
• A concentration of useable minerals.
• Gangue minerals
• minerals that form part of the ore body, but do not contribute to
the economically extractable part of the deposit.
SOME GENERAL DEFINITIONS
• Syngenetic
• refers to ore deposits that form at the same time as their host
rocks.
• Epigenetic
• refers to ore deposits that form after their host rocks
• Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits
• Ore deposits that form from a hot, aqueous solution that flows
through permeable units and precipitates a localized mass of
minerals from its dissolved load.
• Epithermal
• Hydrothermal ore deposits formed at shallow depths (less than
1500 meters) and fairly low temperatures (50–200 °C).
SOME GENERAL DEFINITIONS
• Mesothermal
• Hydrothermal ore deposits formed at intermediate depths (1500–
4500 meters) and temperatures (200–400 °C).
• Hypothermal
• hydrothermal ore deposits formed at substantial depths (greater
than 4500 meters) and elevated temperatures (400–600 °C).
• Hydrothermal alteration
• Rock or mineral phase changes that are caused by the interaction
of hydrothermal liquids and wall rock.
• The fluid/rock interaction causes chemical and mineralogical
changes in the rock as well as changes in the fluid composition.
SOME GENERAL DEFINITIONS
• Liquid Immiscibility
• This is the segregation of 2 coexisting liquid fractions from an
originally homogeneous magma.
• Diagenesis
• the process by which sediments are lithified into sedimentary
rocks and represents the sum of physical and chemical changes
that occur during burial.
KETERDAPATAN BAHAN GALIAN MINERAL
• Dalam bentuk ASLI nya atau Native Element.
• Bahan galian tersebut dapat langsung diambil serta digunakan
untuk keperluan manusia.
• Dalam bentuk Senyawa dengan unsur lain.
• Untuk mendapatkan mineral yang diinginkan bahan galian
tersebut harus diolah lebih dahulu.
KETERDAPATAN BAHAN GALIAN MINERAL
Ore deposits form when a useful
commodity is sufficiently concentrated in
an accessible part of the Earth’s crust so
that it can be profitably extracted.
There are in fact as many as 118 elements known to man, but those
with atomic numbers greater than 92 (U: uranium) either occur in
vanishingly small amounts as unstable isotopes.
• Almost all the elements have some use in our modern
technologically driven societies.
• Some of the elements (iron and aluminum) are required in copious
quantities, whereas others (the rare earths elements Sc, Ce etc)
are needed in very much smaller amounts.
• Only three elements appear to have little or no use at all.
 Astatine (At, atomic number 85),
 Francium (Fr, atomic number 87),
 Protactinium (Pa, atomic number 91).
NATURAL RESOURCES, SUSTAINABILITY, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
• The Earth’s natural resources are finite, the exploitation should be
done carefully.
• The concept of “sustainable development” implies that future social
and economic practice should endeavor not to deplete natural
resources to the point where the needs of the future cannot be met.

Is it Possible?
• Seem to be an impossible:
 The population growth.
 Many commodities will become depleted within the next 100 years.
NATURAL RESOURCES, SUSTAINABILITY, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
• The number of humans on Earth has risen from 1 billion in 1830 to 6
billion at the end of the twentieth century.
• In the next 100 years, the demand for natural resources continues to
increase and certain commodities might become depleted.

So, What should we do?

• Require a better understanding of the earth system.

• Promote more efficient recycling of existing resources.
• Find alternative sources for commodities that are in danger of serious
depletion.
CAN WE STOP WORLD POPULATION
GROWTH?
http://www.bps.go.id/
NATURAL RESOURCES, SUSTAINABILITY, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
Finding new and large ore deposit? Where? How? Is it
easy?

• It is difficult to find new and large ore deposits, since most of the
accessible parts of the globe have been extensively surveyed and
assessed for their mineral potential.

So what?
There are 3 options:
 Search for deeper deposits.
 To extract material from inaccessible parts of the globe.
 To extract useful commodities from rocks that traditionally have not been
thought of as viable ores.
NATURAL RESOURCES, SUSTAINABILITY, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
• The search for deeper deposits, depend on the technologies that will enable
mining to take place safely and profitably at depths in excess of 4000 meters
(the deepest mine in South African gold mines).
• To extract material from inaccessible parts of the globe, such as the ocean
floor (Mn,Cu).
• There are technological barriers to such processes at present, but these
can be overcome, as demonstrated by the exploration and extraction of
oil and gas from the sea floor.
• To extract useful commodities from rocks that traditionally have not been
thought of as viable ores.
• It’s cheaper to extract Fe from a banded iron formation than it is from
olivine or orthopyroxene even though both rock types might contain
significant amounts of the metal.
Global production trends for Oil, Bouxite, Copper and Gold
(After Craig et al. 1996)
• Those elements which fall above the Fe production line (notably
Au, Ag, etc) are being extracted or depleted at faster rates, than
Fe.
• It is these metals that are in most danger of depletion in the next
50 years or so unless production is ameliorated or the reserve
base is replaced.
• Those metals that plot beneath the Fe production line (such as
Ti, Mg, and Al) are being extracted at slower rates than Fe and
are in less danger of serious depletion during this century.
Banded metataconite ore from Hard, blue hematite-rich ore
the Julienne Lake deposit, from the Sawyer Lake deposit
displaying coarse-grained (Labrador iron Mines).
specular hematite.
Hematite, Iron ore.

Lateritic nickel ore.

22 September 2016
The End