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2/2013
ABSTRACT: Due to the climate change caused by global warming, conserving resources, reducing CO2
emissions and saving energy are only a few of the current challenges we are facing these days.
Moreover, legal regulations and directives require us to reduce the energy consumption of buildings in the
construction industry, as this sector is responsible for approx. 40% of the European energy consumption. The
solution is insulating the existing buildings with energy efficient materials, on the one hand, and constructing
new buildings with energy efficient structure, on the other hand.
Thanks to its low thermal conductivity, engineers choose to use polyurethane foam material for building
insulation, and this is the reason why the construction industry is the largest consumer of polyurethane material
today.
This article deals with soft foams, which C. Flexible polyurethane foams used for
are being used as a composition to making mattresses, chairs, or sponges.
lightweight structural panels SIP (Structural Polyurethane foam is most frequently used
Insulated Panels). Our experiment aims to in constructions for insulating, because its
determine three essential properties of insulating properties are superior to other
foam: static compression resistance, static materials. The advantages are:
expansion resistance and static shear • a low thermic coefficient;
resistance. • good resistance to compression;
Polyurethane is available in various forms • light material;
and can be used in applications like: • durable;
A. Binders for: • easy to work with;
• wood industry to produce beams and • dimensional stability. [2]
laminated panels or chipboards; Consequently, using polyurethane foam as
• making sand-based molds; insulating material or reinforcing material
• land consolidation of understructures; in SIP (structural insulated panels) creates
B. Rigid polyurethane foam – used for its the necessity to study all materials in the
thermo-insulating properties in: composite structure to achieve accurate
• insulation boards to insulate buildings mathematical models which correspond to
starting from the foundation all the way to the reality.
the roof; Large prefabricated bearing is therefore a
• making foam sandwich panels; modern design solution that can be adopted
• foam bonding (bonding and sealing to perform a variety of constructions.
carpentry); The panels are made by forming a layered
• for isolated and pre-isolated pipes; structure OSB - polyurethane foam -OSB
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Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu Jiu, Engineering Series , No. 2/2013
(Oriented Strand Board), under industrial panels is realized via wooden laminated
conditions of pressure. (figure no. 1.) structures, which are positioned and sized
Channels are being pre-cut in the so that they ensure a good and precise
polyurethane material for the electric resistance across the entire area.
equipment and the binding of the two
a) b)
Figure 1. The structural insulated panels system.
a) The positioning of structural insulated panels; b) Structural insulated panel.
Panels are used in assembling exterior walls To create the specimens, we used
(Polyurethane insulation thickness is polyurethane provided by "BAYER". The
typically 15 cm, thus giving the panel a goal was achieving low-density
thermal insulation coefficient of 0.0387 polyurethane used in structural insulated
W/m2K), the roof (with the same technical panels.
characteristics) and for making internal Polyurethane foam was prepared using
walls (partitioning), where the thickness of HP40/100 machine (figure no. 2),
the insulating layer is 10 cm, with an manufactured by RMPA LLC. The machine
insulation factor of 0.0409 W/m2K. prepares the components at 40 degrees,
To achieve higher thermal resistance, Components used to obtain the
structural insulated panel manufacturers polyurethane foams are:
recommend the use of conventional thermal diphenylmethanediisocyanate, isomers and
insulation, which leads to achieving a homologues or polyester polyol.
thermal insulation coefficient that meets the To obtain controlled values of the foam
requirements of passive buildings. density, a sealed metal box made of 6 mm
steel sheet was used (figure no. 3). To avoid
2. Experimental part polyurethane sticking to the box, we
2.1 Materials previously polished it with wax. Interior
size of the box and specimens were:
108x80x300, which resulted in a volume of
2592 cm3.
Figure 2. High pressure foaming Figure 3. Box used to Figure 4. Probe foam block
machine HP40/100 form the probes with wood pieces included
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Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu Jiu, Engineering Series , No. 2/2013
2.2 Experimental analysis of mechanical The tests for compression were performed
properties of polyurethane compression, on Instron 3366 equipment (figure no. 5.)
extension and shearing made available by the "Faculty of
Mechanics" of UTCN. Data was collected
Equipment used for testing automatically by the "Instron Bluehill"
program, and will then be processed in
Microsoft Excel.
a) b)
Figure 5. Equipment used for testing
a) Press Instron 3366 b) "Instron Bluehill" software
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Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu Jiu, Engineering Series , No. 2/2013
a) b)
Figure 7. Compression results. a) stress - strain graph; b) compressive modulus determination
Table 1. Compression results with the statistical correction of compression strength and
elasticity modulus
σc sm Real value σc [kPa] E sm for E Real value E [kPa]
[kPa] for σc sm + σc [kPa] sm + E
41.354 3.259 44.614 1287.1 218.909 1506.074
Testing the static tensile of specimens evenly distribution of the tensile stress in
the specimen.
We performed laboratory tests according to
ISO 1926 to determine the strength of Test Procedure
polyurethane foams to static tensile. In
accordance with the provisions, we took Experimental tests were conducted on
into consideration a minimum of five Instron 3366 press. The load was applied at
specimens. Their size was 30x30x100. a constant rate of 5 mm / min. A constant
They were glued to two plates with a rigid load was applied until the specimen broke
polyurethane adhesive (figure no. 8.) for an (figure no. 8.)
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Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu Jiu, Engineering Series , No. 2/2013
a) b)
Figure 9. Tensile results. a) stress - strain graph; b) tensile modulus determination
Table 2. Tensile results with the statistical correction of tensile strength and elasticity
modulus
σtr sm Real value σc [kPa] E sm for E Real value E [kPa]
[kPa] for σc sm + σtr [kPa] sm + E
66.338 5.164 71.501 1641.0 543.175 2184.26
Testing the static shear of specimens They were set up with 3 OBS sheets of 6
mm thickness. (figure no. 10.)
We performed laboratory tests according to
ASTM C 273-94 to determine the strength Test Procedure
of polyurethane foam to static shear. As Experimental tests were conducted on
provided, we took into consideration a Instron 3366 press. The load was applied at
minimum of five specimens. The specimen a constant rate of 5 mm/min. A constant
size was 2 x 30x27x60 (total area subject to load was applied until the specimen broke.
shear 2 x 1800 mm2 = 3600 mm2).
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Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu Jiu, Engineering Series , No. 2/2013
a) b)
Figure 11. Shearing results. a) stress - strain graph; b) shearing modulus determination
Table 3. Tensile results with the statistical correction of tensile strength and elasticity
modulus
τ sm Real value σc [kPa] E sm for E Real value E [kPa]
[kPa] for τ sm + τ [kPa] sm + E
116.75 6.312 123.070 3539.8 366.453 3906.307
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Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi” University of Targu Jiu, Engineering Series , No. 2/2013
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