Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 4
Bearing structures of halls
Bearing structures of multi-storey buildings
water diversion=inclination
technology load, crane 90t
Economic efficiency
Flexibility of use - often changing production methods > expansion possibilty,
- advantage of modular systems > more ways of extension
- big span structures
Fast construction - advantage of construction methods with standardized and
prefabricated elements
Integration of bulding service systems
Structural possibities of space roofing
girder (beam)
pillar (inertia)
A bit of terminology…
Main girder skeletons:
a., Post and beam structure of bar elements
truss
girder with no parallel booms
water diversion, moment
The columns contribute to the flexural strength and stiffness of the beam,
bearing function
-statically determined structures
-not sensible for heat-movements, for sag of support
The shape of the moment diagram depends on the shape of the frame
-the horizontal forces can be taken by a tension bar
Undefined structures,
-horizontal forces and moment are transmitted to the foundation
-sensible for heat-movements, for sag of support
c1 Steel frames
- lightweight construction > simple foundations
- steel columns hinged to foundations
- column-girder connection: stiff connection
- typical structure of steel: the two-pin frame
truss<>plate girder
80 pieces of structural elements
greater labour-intensity,
specific smaller structural weight
> there is no real other solution in case
of spans greater than 40 m
truss<>plate girder
Development of roof structure
1. System of main
girder and purlins
main beam/girder
Roofs of reinforced
concrete structures
> hierarchical bar elements
direction of development:
reduction of the number of elements,
standardization of the lifting weights
2. System of long main
girder and great roof
elements
1. System of main
girder and purlins
Mixed systems:
column+ main girder= reinforced
concrete
purlins+ trapezoidal sheet metal
bearing the roofing=steel
advantage=economical, fire
protection aspects
Multiplying of main girder skeletons
Multi-bay halls
Gerber-girder structure
(ranged at the moment zero-point)
more congenial!
a/2
a/2
the question of the last stand, last wall = smaller load, distribution of the span =
the wall column can bear the roof as well!
Bracing of frames
of steel structures =„windbrace”
a
a
alternative with
a/2
an opening
In frame direction bigger cross sections because of the span> moment resistance, but
the perpendicular direction is crucial> bracing (with shear-resistant panels in the level of
wall or roof) where the geometry, joints of the structural elements and the stress is
symmetric
Two-pin steel frame with purlins, windbrace and wall comuns
Great horizontal frame > distribution: perpendicular windbrace in every frame
Great roof element
Usually reinforced concrete
Grid of bars, space truss Slabs with multiple support eg: rc. slabs
Material: steel, wood Problem of load transmission, punching
> beams, mushroom slab
McCormick Place, Chicago, C. F. Murphy and Ass. 1968 – space truss, 45.7 m span)
Exhibition hall, Grenoble, Jean Prouve, 1967 - creation of large open-plan, flexible spaces
Surface-like roofings
Sometimes prefabrication
on the site
Hangars for zeppelin, airport Orly, Paris, Eugène Freyssinet, 1916–24
CADYL Grain Silo, Young, Uruguay, Eladio Dieste, 1978 double bent shell
Centre des Nouvelles Industries et Technologies (CNIT) Paris, Défense, 1958, architects:
Robert Camelot, Jean de Mailly, Bernard Zehrfuss , facade: Jean Prouve, structure:
Nicolas Esquillan, consultant: Pier Luigi Nervi
218 m wide, 54 m high, roofed area of 22 500 m2 (the greatest reinforced concrete hall
of the world without internal support)
CNIT, Paris, Défense
Light Metal Works, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
Farkas Ipoly, Menyhárd István, IPARTERV 1958-1959
Ellipsoidal shell roofing with tension bar
Xochimilco Restaurant (Los Manantiales) Mexico City, 1968, Felix Candela
Surface-like roofings
New technology
Strain in the structure: tension
Very thin, very light structure.
Overpressure structures
for wide,
sometimes extremely wide span