CDI 2: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND - the action taken by the police, such as

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket

TRANSPORTATION
- is an act or process of conveying from one
place to another
- from the Latin word “Terans” meaning
across or and move and “Portare” means to
carry
and providing warning to the erring
driver for the purpose of deterring and
discouraging and or preventing such
violation
2. EDUCATION
- the process of giving training and
practice in the actual application of
traffic safety knowledge

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF 3. ENGINEERING

TRANSPORATATION
A. MANPOWER
B. ANIMAL POWER
C. WIND POWER
ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY
WHEEL
- was invented probably in Western Asia
- one of man’s great inventions
THE ROMANS
- were the major road builders in the
ancient world
- Roman road networks reached a total of
about 50,000 miles (80, 000 km)
CANALS
- a body of water used to be channel of
sea transportation
- the first canal was constructed by Engr.
James Brindley
RAILWAYS
- channel of transportation wherein a
parallel line of irons were used as roads
- the first railroad is the Stockton and
Darlington line (1925)
TRAFFIC
- it refers to the movement of persons,
goods, or vehicles, either powered by
combustion system or animal drawn
vehicle, from one place to another for
the purpose of safe travel
- originated from Greco-Roman word
Trafico and Greek word Traffiga, origin
of which is not known
THE 5’Es OF TRAFFIC
1. ENFORCEMENT
- the science of measuring traffic and
travel, the study of basic laws relative to
the traffic law and generation; the
application of these knowledge to the
professional practice of planning,
deciding, and operating traffic system to
achieve safe and efficient transportation
of persons and goods
4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT
- the study of potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to the scale and
density of new urban concentration and
new activities carried out, air pollution,
water pollution and crowding, transport
congestion which result therein
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
- deals with the benefits and adverse
effects of traffic to our economy
MANAGEMENT
- it is an executive function such as
planning, organizing, Directing and
supervising, coordinating operating
recording and budgeting traffic affairs
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE
ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC
Land Transportation Office
- tasked to enforce laws, rules and
regulation governing the registration of
motor vehicles, operation of motor
vehicle and traffic rules and regulation
as provided by RA 4136 as amended
Land Transportation Franchising and
Regulatory Board
- tasked to regulate transport route
- regulate franchising
- prescribe fare rates
- investigate traffic cases

1
- perform judicial function - local government units and
- promulgate rules instrumentalities that have the same
- impose and collect fees function as the DPWH
- formulate and enforce rules and - perform such powers within their
regulation for transport operation for territorial boundary
promotion of safety and convenience
of public AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC
- coordinate with concerned agencies EDUCATION
and enforce E.O. NO 125,124-A and
E.O. 202 dated June 19,1987 Schools

Department of Transportation and Elementary

Communications
- in charge of planning programs
coordinating implementing and perform
administrative function and promotion
development and regulation of
dependable and coordinated network of
transportation and communication in
order to have fast, safe, efficient and
reliable postal transportation and
communication services (EO No. 125.)
Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
- created under RA. 7924 and sets
policies concerning traffic in Metro
Manila, coordinates and regulates
implementation of program related to
traffic
Congress and Local Council
- the branch of government primarily
tasked to create laws for the welfare of
the public
Judiciary
- the branch of government that interprets
the law through adjudication of cases
Traffic Management Group (TMG)
- the basis service of the PNP tasked to
direct and control traffic, perform
accident investigation, enforce the laws
and issue citations.
AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING
Department of Public Works and Highways
- has responsibility of determining traffic
flow planning approval of program and
budget finding of construction and
maintenance of road and instrument
Local Public Works and Engineering Offices
- tasked to educate children to obey traffic
rules through their programmed
curricula
Secondary
- tasked to educate students in obeying
tha traffic rules by imposing school
policies intended for the welfare of the
students
Higher Education
- they offer subjects on driving and traffic
safety course or any allied subjects
TRAFFIC EDUCATION
- is priceless gem in the entire scale of
social order of the road
- is the process of inculcating to an
individual the knowledge, skill,
responsibilities and values to become
a fully developed person
- the key to smooth traffic flow is
discipline and to acquire discipline
people must be educated
PURPOSE OF DRIVER EDUCATION
1) To Instill awareness of one's legal and
moral responsibilities in traffic; and
2) To teach abilities required for one to be
eligible for a driver’s license.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN
- the aim of this campaign is to make
road users behave properly
- focuses on public information
attitudes; this is characterized as
road propaganda
BIORHYTHM
- the theory asserting that man exhibit
constant variation of energy and mood
states

2
The Environmental Factors in Man’s
Theorized Cycles and Interpretation of
Biorhythm
1. The exchange of Light and darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Wet and dry seasons
4. The waxing and waning of the moon
The Biorhythm Cycle
1. 23 days of physical cycle
2. 28 days of emotional cycle
3. 33 days of intellectual cycle
The High State
Physically high
-people are energetic, strong and agile
Emotionally high
-people are creative, artistic and happy
Intellectually high
-people think quickly and logically
The Low State
Physically low
-people tend to be tired and succumb to
sickness
Emotionally low
-people are moody, irritable and
depressed
Intellectually low
-people find it difficult to think logically
and lacks coordination
LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY
LICENSING SYSTEM
- it is the system of issuing license to any
person who is qualified to fulfill the
responsibilities required by the license
- administered by the LTO
DRIVER’S LICENSE
- issued to the drivers as privilege granted
by the government providing statutory
qualification
LICENSING PROCEDURE
REQUISITES FOR ISSUANCE OF LICENSE
- At least 16 years old for student’s permit
- 17 years old for sub-professional
- 18 years old for professional
KINDS OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
1. Student permit
2. Non-professional
3. Professional
4. Military
5. International
RESTRICTION CODE
1. Restriction Code No 1 - limited to drive
motor motorcycles
2. Restriction Code No 2 - limited to drive
vehicle weighing not more than 4500 kg
3. Restriction Code No 3 - limited to drive
vehicles weighing more than 4500 kg
4. Restriction Code No 4 - limited to drive
weighing 4500 kg and with automatic
transmission only
5. Restriction Code No 5 - limited to drive
vehicle with automatic clutch and
weighing more than 4500 kg
DRIVER
- Licensed operator of a vehicle
DUITES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS
1. Stop immediately.
2. Show the license to the victim and give
the true name, address and contact
number.
3. Driver is not allowed to leave the scene
without aiding the victim.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRECEEDING TOPIC
1. If he is in imminent danger of being
seriously harmed by reason of accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest
police station; and
3. If he has summoned the physician or
nurse to aid the victim.
CONDUCTOR
- licensed person allowing limited number
of passengers, freight or cargo in public
utility truck or buses
TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF TRAFFIC
1. KEEP RIGHT
- (two lanes, two ways) in case of one
way the left lane shall be the fast lane
and the slow lane is the right
2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY
- yield to emergency vehicle, pedestrians,
trains, vehicle with right of way, vehicles
ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic,
vehicles with momentum, straight traffic,
and traffic signs
Emergency Vehicles:
3
 a. Vehicle with physician
b. Ambulance on emergency call
c. Vehicle with wounded or sick person
d. AFP/ PNP vehicle on official call
e. Vehicle in pursuit of criminals
f. A police or fire on call
RIGHT OF WAY RULE
- the right to proceed ahead of another
vehicle or pedestrian
a. Intersection- when two or more vehicle
is entering an intersection the one on
the left will give way to the right vehicle.
b. Pedestrian- drivers should yield to
pedestrian crossing except
intersection whereas the movement of
vehicles is regulated by a police officer.
c. Through highway/ railroad crossing- the
driver shall bring to a full stop before
traversing to an intersection. If there is
no hazard the driver may slowdown to
5mph.
d. Police /emergency vehicle- all drivers
should yield to emergency to emergency
vehicle except as directed by traffic
enforcer. Fire trucks are accepted to
speed limit but they are prohibited to
have unnecessary speed.
e. From private road to highway- vehicle
from private road must yield to that on a
highway.
3. PROHIBITED PARKING
Places where parking is prohibited:
a. Near an intersection
b. Crosswalk/ pedestrian lane
c. Within 6 meters from drive way of any
response installation, fire hydrant and
private roads
d. Double parking
e. Sidewalks, alleys, foot of the bridge
f. Places wherein official signs are posted
4. WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE.
-overtaking lane is the lane to the left of
overtaken vehicle going in the same
direction, overtaken vehicle is the
privileged vehicle
CONSIDER THESE IF YOU OVERTAKE:
a. Signal the intention.
b. Make sure that the overtaking lane is
clear and free of oncoming vehicle for
sufficient distance to facilitate proper
overtake.
c. Maneuver at own risk, the vehicle being
overtaken is the privileged vehicle.
Drivers keep his lane, maintain speed
and yield to overtaking vehicle.
d. He shall increase his speed until the
overtaken vehicle has cleared the way
e. In a two lanes, on a divided roadway,
they may use either of the lanes.
f. In an expressway with fast and slow
lanes, on a divided roadway, they may
use either of the lanes.
g. Overtaking is prohibited at crest of a
grade curve, railway crossing, at the
intersection and between construction
and caution.
at
5. THE BUS STOP RULE
a. The buses queue up in a single file in
their order arrival.
b. Lead bus moving toward the center of
column of busses lining on the bus stop
zone, and remain until zone is filled with
busses, but longer than three minutes.
6. RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE
TRAFFIC JAMS
- Keep lanes and intersection open in
heavy and slow traffic to avoid
overtaking. In a construction, vehicles
should merge alternately.
7. OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MEASURES
- Observe and obey traffic notices sign
like notices and pavement markings.
8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER
- Motorist should observe equity of the
lead vehicle, doctrine of the last clear
chance on rotunda drive.
9. ON PEDESTRIAN
- Keep off the roadway except when
crossing on crosswalk. Wait embark and
alight at bus or jeepney stop.
10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL
SAFETY REMINDER- “SAFETY FIRST”
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
- the action taken by the police to compel
obedience to traffic laws and ordinance
regulating the use and movement of
motor vehicle for the purpose of creating
4
 a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all ACTIVITIES OF TRAFFIC LAW
potential violators ENFORCEMENT
1. Preventive activities
2. Persuasive activities
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER 3. Punitive activities
- a person duly deputized by an agency of
government authorized by law to MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC
enforce traffic laws, rules and ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
regulations 1. Enforcement system
2. Road user system
POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT 3. Traffic system
- the part performed by the police and
other agencies with police power TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE OF
including deterrent to law violations ENFORCEMENT
created by the presence of uniformed
police officer and their special CHARACTERISTIC OF TRAFFIC LAWS
equipment, special assistance to court 1. Laws are developed from experiences
and prosecutor and incidental service to of the public over the years.
highway users 2. Laws reflect beliefs, behavior and
standards agreed upon by society.
COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
- the performed by the court through VIOLATIONS
adjudication and penalization - those act and omissions against traffic
laws
POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT PROCESS
CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLATION
FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS 1. Hazardous traffic violations that cause
1. DETECTION - wholly police activities and danger to road users. Unsafe behavior
entails looking for defects in the behavior and unsafe conditions are the causes of
motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment and these violations.
roadway condition. 2. Non-hazardous violations that do not
2. APPREHENSION - a police responsibility affect safety of the public but affect the
wherein the police are required action to use of roads.
prevent continued and future violation.
3. PROSECUTION - it is a court function, the REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE VIOLATING
police also provides corresponding influence TRAFFIC LAWS
through preparation and introduction of 1. Physical infirmities
evidence or close contact with the 2. Ignorance
prosecution office. 3. Mental disorder
4. ADJUDICATION - it is court function, the 4. Lack of training
police provides influence on this step by as 5. Wrong attitude
a witness to the prosecution by supplying 6. Habitual violators
additional evidence. It determines the guilt 7. PUV drivers are aiming for more
or innocence of the accused. compensation
5. PENALIZATION - the imposition of penalty
upon the accused. Penalty can be POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
influenced by previous records of conviction - these include arrest and citation of any
as provided by the police. person

GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

1. Increase safety level
2. Increase traffic efficiency
3. Ensure harmony and comfortable
environment
4. Maximize safety
PURPOSES:
1. Prevent such violation from endangering
the public and inconvenience
2. Prevent continued violation
3. Discourage future violation

5
KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
1. Traffic arrest - the taking of a person into
custody of the law. It is made when:
a) the offense is serious;
b) detection is needed to avoid
continued violation; and
c) there is reasonable doubt that
violators may not appear in
court.
2. Traffic citation - made to compel
violators to appear in court in absence
of arrest.
3. Traffic warning - an act reminding the
driver of his violation in order for him to
not do it again. No arrest or citation is
made.
TYPES OF WARNING
1. Visual warning - using gestures and
signals.
2. Verbal warning - oral warning made
when there is newly enacted law
3. Written warning - combination of two
preceding types with written note of
citation
TRAFFIC PATROL
- part of traffic supervision by patrolling to
ensure public obedience
OBJECTIVES:
1. Deterrence of violators
2. Detection and apprehension
3. Observation and reporting of traffic
condition and road condition
4. Providing certain services to public
TYPES OF PATROL
1. Line patrol- it is assigned to a particular
place
2. Area patrol- type of patrol assigned to
an area of vicinity
TRAFFIC OBSERVATION
1. Stationary traffic observation - officer is
assigned at specific place
2. Conspicuous traffic observation - officer
attracts attention
3. Visible traffic observation - stationary
observation that the observer is in full
view
4. concealed traffic observation - observer
is not visible to the public
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PURSUIT AS
TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
1. Decision - nature of violation
2. Pursuit technique
3. Safety driving technique
STOPPING AND APPROACHING TRAFFIC
VIOLATORS
1. It must be done with consideration to
safety of both parties engaging
2. Upon approaching officer must be from
the left side from the rear, be alert
TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK
- It is done to inspect the following:
1. Faulty vehicle equipment
2. Registration and licensing procedure
3. Intoxication or cargo check
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHECK
1. Faulty vehicle
2. Officer directing road check
CONSIDERATION IN ROAD CHECK
1. Minimum delay to motorist
2. Thorough checking procedure
3. Protection and safety of parties involved
4. Timing and location and frequency
OBJECTIVE IN DEALING WITH VIOLATORS
1. Immediate objective- to act against the
person
2. Ultimate objective- to change the future
of a person
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Violators are diversified
2. Conflicts arises in violators
3. You are professional officer, there is no
professional violator
4. Be alert for an unexpected
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, DIRECTION AND
CONTROL
- an act of overseeing the traffic to keep
order on street and highways within
existing laws
POLICE WORKS
1. Accident investigation
2. Less serious offense
3. Serious traffic offense
OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO BE SKILLED
IN THE FOLLOWING INSTANCES:
1. Accident scene
6
 2. Emergencies
3. Planned and special events
4. Regular points and integration control
5. Directing pedestrian movement
OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO KNOW HOW
TO DIRECT IN THE FOLLOWING PLACES:
1. Not signalized intersection
2. Signalized intersection
3. Between intersection
SUPERVISED ROUTE
- A street or highway on which traffic is
supervised to some considerable
degree
POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION
- It involves telling the public how and
when they should not stand and move
POINT/ AREA CONTROL
- It is the part of the traffic direction
concerning the control of vehicular/
pedestrian movement
POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT
- It involves mobile supervision of traffic
movement, directing orally and visually
are done to allow free and safe
movement of escorted vehicles.
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
- It is the control direction of traffic units
according to proportionate time to
prevent traffic accident to maintain
smooth flow of traffic.
MEANS OF DIRECTING
1. Signaling
2. Whistling
3. Gestures
HAND SIGNAL
1. Use hand signals
2. Use uniform signals
3. It must be clear
4. Don’t make verbal
5. Be alert, stand erect
6. Look to the person when signaling
7. Arm signal should be shoulder high
8. Supplement it with whistle
9. Hang your hand when not in use
10. Constant waving of hands causes confusion
11. Maintain 90 degrees turn of the body
12. When stopping point to a man you want to
stop
13. Hand signal should be with arm and palm
facing the person
WHISTLE SIGNAL
1. One long blast for STOP
2. Two short snappy blast for GO
3. Three blast to be used TO ASK FOR
ASSISTANCE
A. COMMAND OF TRAFFIC
- Stand where you can be seen with firm
and posture
B. GESTURE IN STOPPING
- Point the arm and index finger toward
the vehicle to be stopped then show
your palm
- Repeat the process at the opposite side
- Not lower your arm until traffic is ceased
C. GESTURE TO START TRAFFIC
- Stand sideways
- point your index finger toward the
vehicle to start, hold it till he verified,
swing your hand up to your chin
- drop and repeat the process at the
opposite side
- Use it when they are slow or hesitant to
move
D. RIGHT TURN GESTURES
- Not required at intersection
- Point to the vehicle you want to turn and
point to the direction of turning
- Vehicles to your left for right turn bend
your left arm and allow a thumb sign
E. LEFT TURN GESTURES
- Vehicles turn left from right, stop vehicle
from right and direct vehicle to the left
- Left turn vehicle from your right, turn
around and repeat the procedure above
- Street with one lane only
a. allow space for ongoing straight
and turning left vehicles
b. direct finger left turning car with
proper finger left
c. semaphore signals may be used
F. TWO-OFFICER TRAFFIC
- The team leader shall initiate command
followed by the members.
TECNIQUES IN TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND
CONTROL
1. Keep intersection open
2. Don’t allow motorist to cross without exit
7
 3. Stop motorist at their lane
4. Prefer to stop the last moving vehicle FIELD SOBRIETY TEST
1. Walk on straight line
2. One foot balance
3. Reading
TRAFFIC JAM 4. Spelling
- It is caused by such factors as vehicular 5. Counting from 1 to 10
accident, stalled vehicle, absence of 6. Video tape the movement
traffic enforcer and road construction 7. Photograph the unguarded movement
PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC JAM CHEMICAL TEST
1. Determine the cause 1. Blood test
2. In case of accident conduct fast 2. Urine test
investigation 3. Perspiration test
3. In case of engine trouble assist the 4. Breath test
motorist in pushing car to place 5. Skin test
4. Establish oneself and conduct
systematic flow of traffic EVIDENCE AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVERS
5. Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if 1. Drivers admission
not repeat procedure no. 1 2. Co-occupants testimony
6. Implement traffic regulation to prevent 3. Material witnesses testimony
jam 4. Photograph of drunken driver
5. Video/ voice tape of driver
RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRAFFIC ENFORCER 6. Officers testimony
1. Enforce the law without fear or favor and
assist public when neede LEGAL ACTION AGAINST DRIVER
2. In an intersection, remember the following: 1. Submit him to the nearest laboratory for
a. personal safety of enforcer testing
b. policeman’s visibility 2. Impound the vehicle
c. visibility of officers to traffic 3. Confiscate the license
d. non obstruction to traffic 4. Recommend the suspension of privilege
e. ability to effect necessary control 5. Sue him for violation
3. Officer shall not leave his post during tour of 6. If acquitted recommend suspension of
duty without permission from higher license
authority. In case personal necessity he
should notify the station. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
4. Respond immediately to emergency calls - defined as calculating manipulation or
and notify the station direction. It includes forecasting of future
5. Be calm and control the temper even under traffic demands
provoking situation
6. He should be in proper uniform FUNCTIONS
7. In apprehending issue citation, and do it in 1. Fact finding survey and
one minute recommendation of traffic laws
2. Supervision and maintenance of the
PEDESTRIAN CONTROL application of traffic devices
3. Planning of traffic regulation
PROGRAM OF PEDESTRIAN
ENFORCEMENT BASICALLY DEPENDS ON OBJECTIVES
THE FOLLOWING: 1. Achieve free and efficient and rapid flow
1. Campaign of traffic
2. Guiding on the post 2. Prevent traffic accident
3. Warning ticket 3. Promotion of traffic engineering
4. Show that good police action and
DRUNKEN DRIVERS performance makes engineering plans
- it is a driver who drives under the effective
influence of alcohol with 10% of
intoxicating level

8
APPLICATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 3. TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE
1. Habitually congested commercial areas - traffic or road sign
2. Heavily traveled thoroughfares - pavement markings
3. Congested local areas and intersection - traffic light
4. Special occasion of event - traffic island
5. Disaster or emergency
6. School crossing FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC
CONTROL DEVICES
METHODS IN ACHIEVING OBJECTIVES OF 1. Regulatory devices
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 2. Warning devices
3. Guiding devices
I. PLANNING AND GEOMETRIC
DESIGN AIMS OF SIGNAL CONTROL
- composition of traffic stream 1. Reduce traffic conflict and delay
- traffic volume and capacity 2. Reduce accident
- origin and destination 3. Economize police time

II. FACTORS INFLUENCING DESIGN ADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL INSTALLATION

- traffic composition 1. Made for well ordered movement
- traffic volume 2. Reduce accident frequency
- vehicle speed 3. Provide means of interpreting heavy
- movement of traffic traffic
- performance value 4. Economical over manual control at
intersection
III. REGULATION AND CONTROL 5. Coordinating in providing continuous
a. Limited to public safety and flow of traffic
convenience 6. Increase traffic capacity
b. Limitation imposed on road users
c. General rule of road use and conduct CLASSES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
- speed
- overtaking a. DANGER WARNING SIGNS
- right of way b. REGULATING SIGNS
- lateral placement - priority signs
- pedestrian right and duty - prohibitory signs
- general rules on parking - mandatory signs
d. Prohibited and restriction c. INFORMATIVE SIGNS
- one way regulation - advance sign
- speed control - place identification sign
- curb parking control - confirmatory sign
- turning regulation
- stop rule PRINCIPLES OF SIGNS
1. Red triangle connotes hazard
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE 2. Red ring with diagonal line connotes
prohibition
1. ELEMENTARY REQUISITES 3. Blue/ green provides information
- Compel attention 4. Signs on blue disc give positive
- convey simple meaning at a glance instruction
- allowing time for response
- command respect INTERNATIONAL SIGN
1. Round and red; regulatory movement
2. FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS 2. Round black yellow sign, warning sign
- design and outward aspect 3. Equilateral triangle red sign, directing to
- position and placement yield the right of way
- maintenance and condition, appearance 4. Octagon red and white, STOP
and visibility

9
 5. Red triangle and black sign, - that occurrence in a sequence of events
approaching danger zone which usually produces unintended
injury, death or property damage
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
1. Red- stop TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
2. Amber- slowdown - an accident involving travel
3. Green- go transportation on a traffic way

MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

PAVEMENT MARKINGS - event resulting in unintended injury or
1. Arrows point to direction property damage attributable directly or
2. Straight lines means no overtaking indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle
3. Broken lines means overtaking is or its load
allowed
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
ROAD CLASSIFICATION In the investigation of traffic accidents, it
is imperative for the traffic investigator to know
ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION the kinds of accidents occurred in order to map
1. National road- right of way 20 to 120 out the necessary activities to be done when
meters responding and investigating.
2. Provincial road- link between to
municipalities, 15 to 60 meters 1. NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC
3. City road- interlink in the city, 15 meters ACCIDENT
4. Municipal road- within town proper 10 - refers to any accident occurring on a
meters traffic way involving persons using the
5. Barangay road- from market to town 2 traffic way or travel or transportation, but
meters not involving a motor vehicle in motion
(ex. Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic
ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHICAL TERRAIN way)
1. Flat road
2. Zigzag 2. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC
3. Steep hill ACCIDENT
4. Down hill - any motor vehicle accident which occurs
5. Winding road entirely in any place other than a traffic
6. Mountainous road way (ex. Accident on a private driveway)
7. Roller coaster road
3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF - any motor vehicle accident occurring on
ROADWAY a traffic way (ex. Collision between
1. VEHICLES PASSES SAFELY ON automobiles on a highway)
- climb lane
- overtaking lane CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR
- acceleration lane ACCIDENT
- turning lane 1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is
2. PART OF THE ROAD USED FOR: seeing, feeling or hearing and
a. standing lane understanding the usual or unexpected
b. stopping lane movement or condition that could be
c. Bus stop taken as a sign of an accident about to
happen
SIDEWALK 2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the
- it is the portion of the road that answers first action taken by a traffic unit to
the safety of pedestrians escape from a collision course or
otherwise avoid a hazard
ACCIDENT 3. INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental
touching of an object collision course or
otherwise avoids a hazard

10
 4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED
greatest collapse or overlap in a EVIDENCE
collision; the force between the traffic 1. Make a test skid
unit and the object collided with are 2. Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to
greatest at maximum engagement arrest
5. DISENGAGEMENT – it is the 3. Complete examination of vehicle
separation of a traffic unit in motion from 4. Locate key event or point of impact
an object with which it has collided; the 5. Additional photographs
force between the object ceases at this - vehicle damages
time - view obstruction
6. STOPPING – this is when the traffic - present condition
units involved come to rest; it usually - control devices
stabilizes the accident situation 6. Measure scale or diagram
7. INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm; 7. Get additional facts at the scene
this event does not necessarily occur 8. Report to station by radio
after the accident but within any of the
chain of events; it may also happen right STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE
after the evasive action taken by the 1. Get the medical report
drivers involved or during the initial 2. Notify the relatives
contact 3. Develop the photographs
4. Analyze the specimen
STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC 5. Complete accident report, made copies and
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION file.
6. Complete data on the investigators’ report
STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE INCIDENT 7. Reconstruct the accident
CHECK THE FOLLOWING 8. Complete the investigation and file it
1. What happened
2. Who are involved STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO COURT
3. Where and when it happened 1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to
4. How it happened strengthen the case.
5. Why it happened 2. Return to the scene of the incident to
gather additional data
STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER 3. Make a pre-trial conference
CONTROL 4. Testify in court
1. Preliminary question to driver 5. Arrange the file for future purposes
- who is driving
- ascertain sign of nervousness IN CASE OF INJURIES:
2. Gather clues for identification 1. Stop arterial bleeding
3. Ask other witnesses 2. Ask for help
4. Examine driver’s condition 3. Protect the wound for exposure
- check the license and other record 4. Cordon the place
- check registration CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT
- verify ownership ACCORDING TO SEVERITY
- account step by step events 1. Fatal
5. Position and location of vehicles 2. non fatal
- lights 3. Property damage
- gear position
- mark the position of vehicle CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT
- look for the unusual things inside the car ACCORDING TO KEY EVENT
6. Form preliminary opinion 1. Running off road
7. Photograph skid mark and location for later 2. Non-collision on road
measuring - overturning
8. Record place in which person/ damaged 3. Collision on road of vehicles with the
vehicle is placed ff:
- pedestrian
- moving vehicle

11
 - parked vehicle
- bicycle
- railroad train
- fixed objects
CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT
A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS
- Road condition
- Driver’s attitude
- Weather condition
B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS
- Unsafe greater speed
- Defective vehicle
C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR
- Road hazard
- driver’s non compliance
D. PERCEPTION FACTOR
- driver’s inability to react
- driver’s faulty action to escape
HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION
- This applies to drivers who failed to stop at a
road accident
LEGAL CASES TO BE FILED:
1. Abandonment of one’s victim
2. Failure to lend assistance
3. Reckless imprudence resulting to
homicide
4. Reckless imprudence resulting to
damage to property
5. Failure to render assistance to victim
6. Violation of section 55 of RA 4136
7. Civil liability
COMMON NATURE OF HIT-AND-RUN
1. Ran over pedestrian
2. Sideswiped pedestrian
3. Collided with moving vehicle
overtaking
4. Collided with moving vehicle
overtaking on opposite direction
5. Damaged parked vehicle
6. Crushed police road block
7. Bumped by stray animal
INVESTIGATING FOR UNKNOWN FACTS
1. Victims identity
2. Kind of vehicle
3. The make of vehicle
4. The driver
5. The eyewitnesses
FAST TRACKED INVESTIGATION
1. Send the corpse to laboratory after
investigating
2. Obtain fingerprint and other specimen
and send it to laboratory
3. Splintered glass can be a lead
4. Broken headlamp manifest a run over
5. Paints might stick at victim belonging
6. Don’t forget to bring paper and pencil for
initial note taking
EXAMINATION OF RECOVERED VEHICLE
1. Recover physical evidence immediately
2. Measure the vehicle
3. Photograph the vehicle, debris and
chipped off part
4. Check the interior of the car for driver’s
identity
INVESTIGATION AID FOR TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
1. Motor vehicle certified registration
2. Repair shop
3. Department records
DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF
DEATH
1. Referral slip
2. Arrest report
3. Traffic accident report (TAIC)
4. Affidavit of parties involved
5. Witness’ statement
6. Photograph
DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF
INJURY
1. Memorandum of preliminary
investigation
2. TAIC
3. Estimated amount of damage, it is made
by authorized repair shop
while 4. Affidavit of parties involve
5. Witness statement
while 6. photograph
COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
1. MOTOR VEHICLE – any device which
is self-propelled and every vehicle which
is propelled by electric power obtained
from overhead trolley wires, but not
operated upon rails
2. KEY EVENT – an event on the road
which characterizes the manner of
12
 occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic 14. CAUSE – the combination of
accident simultaneous and sequential factors
3. DEBRIS – the scattered broken parts of without any one of which result could
vehicles, rubbish, dust and other not have occurred.
materials left at the scene of the 15. ATTRIBUTE – any inherent
accident caused by a collision characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a
4. SKID MARKS – these are marks left on person that affects the probability of a
the roadway by tires which are not free traffic accident.
to rotate, usually because brakes are 16. MODIFIER – a circumstance that alters
applied strongly and the wheels locked an attribute permanently or temporarily.
5. TRAFFIC UNIT – any person using a
traffic way for travel, parking or other
purposes as a pedestrian or driver,
including any vehicle, or animal.
6. HAZARD - a hazard is generated when
a critical space-motion relationships
between a traffic unit and another object
develops due to the movement of either
or both (ex. A curve in the path is a
hazard; another traffic unit in the path is
a hazard.)
7. SAFE SPEED – the speed adjusted to
the potential or possible hazards or the
road and traffic situation ahead; safe
speed on the road is determined by the
road rather than the particular driver of a
vehicle (ex. A curve ahead is a hazard
and a safe speed for it is a speed at
which it can be taken comfortably
8. STRATEGY – the adjusting of speed,
position on the road, and direction of
motion, giving signals of intent to turn or
slow down, or any other action in
situations involving potential hazards
9. TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic
unit to avoid hazardous situations like
steering, braking or accelerating to
avoid collision or other accident.
10. IMPACT – the striking of one body
against another or a collision of a motor
vehicle with another motor vehicle.
11. CONTACT DAMAGE – damage to a
vehicle resulting from direct pressure of
some foreign object in a collision or roll
over; it is usually indicated by striations,
rub-off of material or puncture.
12. FACTOR – any circumstance
contributing to a result without which the
result could not have occurred or it is an
element necessary to produce the
result, but not by itself sufficient.
13. PRIMARY CAUSE – a misnomer
loosely applied to the most obvious or
easily explained factor in the cause of
an accident or the most easily modified
condition factor.

13