TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ i

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................ii

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... iii

NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... v

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Background of the study ................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Objective ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Significance of the study ................................................................................................. 2

1.3.1. Output.................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.2. Outcome ................................................................................................................ 2

1.4. Scope of work ................................................................................................................. 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 4

2.1. Designing Spiral Turbines Using Blade Angle ............................................................... 4

2.2. The Collection Chamber ................................................................................................. 4

2.3. Turbine Torque and Efficiency ....................................................................................... 5

3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 7

4. PROJECT TIMELINE ........................................................................................................... 9

5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 10

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Comparison of turbine efficiency increasing at given water velocities with (a)
horizontal spiral blade and (b) 3-bladed axial type ............................................ 3
Figure 2. Turbines tested for flow, including 4 spiral turbines and a 3-bladed axial type
turbine................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 3. The collection chamber ............................................................................................. 5
Figure 4. CFD setting conditions for analysis; under conditions of free-flow water and using
collection chamber ............................................................................................. 7
Figure 5. Static pressure distributions from CFD findings; (a) under condition of free-flow
water (b) under condition of using collection chamber (c) free-flow and using
collection chamber with the 3-bladed axial turbine ........................................... 8

ii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Torque of the turbines at water velocities of 1.0, 1.5, and 2 m/s according to
computer calculations ......................................................................................... 3
Table 5.1 Project Timeline ......................................................................................................... 9

iii
 NOMENCLATURE

𝜏 Turbine torque ( N.m )

𝜔 speed of turbine rotation ( rad/ s )
𝑟 length of the blade from the center point of the turbine ( m )
𝑃 actual turbine output ( watt )
𝑃𝑡 maximum power ( watt )
𝜌 density ( kg/ m3 )
𝑉 water velocity ( m/s)
𝐴 cross-sectional area ( m2 )
𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 coefficient variation of maximum power ( 𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5926 )
𝜂 Efficiency of the turbine ( % )

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, we would like to express our gratitude to our Parents for their charitable, morale,
encouragement and financial support, which are extremely important for us during our
studying.

We would like to express our profound thanks to HE. Dr. OM Romny, General Director of
Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC) for good cooperation with partner universities at
local, regional and international levels to develop the quality of the education and the best
cooperation with other companies which provides a lot of opportunities for students who
finished their studies to work in those companies as well.

Moreover, we would like to express our acknowledgment to Mr. PAN Sovanna, Head of
Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, for his efforts to manage and prepare
all the tasks for students and try to solve for all student's problem and inform all student's
scholarship programs and information relating to the opportunity for jobs, as well as many
companies for training students.

We are heartily thankful to Dr. Kinnaleth Vongchanh, as my professor that she has taken time
for teaching us, in the ways to write research proposal and thesis writing for final year. We are
grateful for her wise advice, consultant and significant ideas and tactics to support our thesis
until it was completed.

Finally, we are also indebted to Mr. SAN Rathana, our advisor, who guide during our
research. He warmly advises us like he takes his valuable time to adjust and correct our research
proposal. he has shown in listening to all of our problems. His mentorship was paramount in
providing well-rounded experiences both in theory and practical works.

v
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

As the world moves into an age where it can no longer be reliant on fossil fuels to meet
our energy needs, renewable sources of electrical power are being explored more thoroughly
than they have been in the past. While solar and wind energy is available around 20–30% of
the time, hydro energy is a capacity to develop for environmental clearance and closely energy
resource. Water circulation results in maximum energy relative to other kind of energy resource
circulation. The quantity of energy produced can be controlled by adjusting the head and flow
rate, which can be managed through calculations and the assignable design principle. Presently,
in many country developments of hydropower plants through dam construction is not so simple
due to high cost of investment, impact on ecosystem, community opposition, and many other
constraints. (1) has analyzed the amount of alternative energy technologies, including
transformation the kinetic energy of hydropower.
This research has carried out different abstract ideas of hydropower energy use, like
from canals, rivers, the flow of irrigation canals. The troubles of dam construction have led to
a chance of using hydro energy from small water resources or streams to generate electricity
by improving turbines for simple implementation at irrigation canals. However, the flow rate
of canal and slope are generally low. Thus, there is a need to design a turbine suitable for slow
velocity and very low head. (2) demonstrated that the most effective way to select a type of
turbine to generate electricity with small-sized water resources and low turning speeds is to
consider the last user. This concept can regulate the type of usage pattern and can be applied
to far areas that have various levels of water. This explanation similar to research by (3), which
said that hydro energy, is the most favorable alternative energy resource that can be converted
into electricity, and if there is a focus on increasing the output of turbines using minimal force,
it can be developed with a more effective design.
Due to the requirement for hydro energy design development, the number of researchers
interested in turbine design for irrigation canals has increased, and much of their research has
focused on designing and developing turbines with different patterns in order to catch more
energy from water flow and for maximum electricity generation. (4) found that the horizontal
spiral pattern turbine designed by applying the (5) as a function of blade radius expansion had
optimal performance compared to a turbine with 3 blades and a turbine diameter to turbine
length (D/L) ratio of 2/3. Such a turbine was able to generate electricity efficiently with a water
velocity range of 0.5 – 2 m/s. Therefore, the current study aimed to compute torque generation

Page 1 of 10
from spiral horizontal turbines in comparison with that of an ordinary 3-bladed axial turbine.
The efficiency ratios of the turbines were analyzed, and a comparison was done between using
a free-flow water resource versus having a collection chamber with low velocity water flow.
(6) found that a horizontal spiral pattern turbine was able to efficiently intercept kinetic energy
from fluid. Additionally, having a small radius creates little traction force. In their research, the
water receiving area and the well-connected blades were acceptable for low velocity, so this
type of turbine was stronger and more suitable than the other types tested with a small-sized
water receiving area. There is very little subsequent research associated with the horizontal
spiral turbine.

1.2. Objective

 Designing spiral turbines using blade angle

 Collection chamber
 Analyze on Turbine torque and efficiency

1.3. Significance of the study

1.3.1. Output

We get high torque generation from the result turbine testing and numerical analysis
to determine the optimal spiral turbine blade angle showed that under the condition of free flow
.and we get the blades were most suitably set at 21 degrees. with maximum torque at a water
velocity of 2 m/s, equivalent to 21.58 Nm. Under the condition of using the collection chamber,
maximum torque was at a water velocity of 2 m/s, equivalent to 24.22 Nm. Torque increased
as the velocity of the water increased from 0.5 to 1 and 2 m/s.
1.3.2. Outcome

Developed a horizontal spiral turbine model increase efficiency of hydro power at 21

degree at water velocity 2 m/s from testing torque of the turbines at water velocities of 1.0,
1.5, and 2 m/s.

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 Table 1.1. Torque of the turbines at water velocities of 1.0, 1.5, and 2 m/s according
to computer calculations
Torque (N.m x 100)
Water
15-degree blade 18-degree blade 21-degree blade 30-degree blade 3-bladed axial
Velocity
(m/s) Free flow Chamber Free flow Chamber Free flow Chamber Free flow Chamber Free flow Chamber

1.0 376.91 449.39 506.25 580.90 535.99 617.20 254.87 351.43 0.28 1.36

1.5 847.24 1016.15 1147.63 1311.69 1211.65 1347.48 574.98 790.48 0.70 3.09

2.0 1511.19 1813.65 2047.72 2336.82 2158.33 2422.05 1029.22 1403.5 1.27 5.63

(a) (B)
Figure 1. Comparison of turbine efficiency increasing at given water velocities with
(a) horizontal spiral blade and (b) 3-bladed axial type

1.4. Scope of work

Turbine design of blade angle:

 We chose degree of angle from 15 degree, 18 degree, 21-degree 30
degree and 3-blade axial.
 We are testing at water velocities from 1 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 2 m/s and two
condition of free flow water and using collection chamber.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Designing Spiral Turbines Using Blade Angle

The horizontal spiral turbines were designed to whirl around the core using the blade
width angle, with the width of the blades expanded at angles of 15, 18, 21, and 30 degrees. The
number of turbine blades used for the axial type turbine was 3 blades (4) . The width and length
of the horizontal spiral turbine blades were determined by when the blades turned around the
axle one full round, or 360 degrees, with a stable pitch length, as this is when the best turbine
torque and turbine efficiency is possible. Spiral angle blade turbines featuring 15-, 18-, 21-,
and 30- degree angles with width as a function and the 3-bladed axial turbine are shown in
Figure 1.

2.2. The Collection Chamber

The inlet velocity ratio was most improved by the collection chamber featuring an inlet
nozzle and brim [7]. The proposed turbine applies the principle of a diffuser wind turbine [8]
with an attached brim and attempts to improve the output by catching and accelerating the flow
using a collection chamber with a diffuser section. The design for the collection chamber is
shown in Figure 2.

15 degree-blade type 18 degree-blade type

21 degree-blade type 30 degree-blade type 3-bladed axial type

Figure 2. Turbines tested for flow, including 4 spiral turbines and a 3-bladed axial type
turbine

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 Figure 3. The collection chamber

2.3. Turbine Torque and Efficiency

Turbine torque (𝜏) can be calculated using the (Eq. 2.3.2 )

𝝉 = 𝝎𝒓 (Eq. 2.3.1)

where 𝜔 is the speed of turbine rotation and 𝑟 is the length of the blade from the center
point of the turbine. If 𝑃𝑡 is the maximum power that the turbine can intercept, it can be
calculated from the formula

𝟏 (Eq. 2.3.2)
𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟔 ( ) 𝝆𝑨𝑽𝟑
𝟐

Page 5 of 10
 where 𝜌 and 𝑉 are density and water velocity, respectively, 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area,
and the invariant 0.5926 is the coefficient variation of maximum power 𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 or Betz
Coefficient (8). Efficiency of the turbine 𝜂 can be calculated by

𝑷 (Eq. 2.3.3)
𝜼=
𝑷𝒕

where 𝑃 is the actual turbine output.

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3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Numerical Analysis Method

The general-purpose thermal fluid analysis code ANSYS fluent 14.5 was used for
numerical analysis. The basic equations involved were the conservation of mass and
conservation of momentum equations, and the SST (Shear Stress Transport) model was used
as the turbulence model. The boundary conditions for the spiral turbines and 3-bladed axial
turbine were modeled and applied to actual conditions along with the rotor. The rotor was
placed in a rotating fluid domain with stationary inlet and outlet. The fluid was water
maintained at 30Co. The morphology of the domain was set as a constant. The external region
was cylindrical with a diameter 10 times the outer diameter of the runner. Furthermore, for the
analysis of the runner, as well as for the runner and the collection chamber together, the
boundaries of the rotation and static systems were joined using the frozen rotor technique (9)
.Effects of free surface and velocity distribution in the open channel were not considered. The
detail of the equation, that was used, were in with the results of the study by Triputtarat (10).

Figure 4. CFD setting conditions for analysis; under conditions of free-flow water
and using collection chamber

Page 7 of 10
 (a) (b)

(c)

Figure 5. Static pressure distributions from CFD findings; (a) under condition of free-
flow water (b) under condition of using collection chamber (c) free-flow and using collection
chamber with the 3-bladed axial turbine

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 Table 4.1 Project Timeline
Time February March April May June July
4. PROJECT TIMELINE

Task Description Day 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Start End 15 d
d d d d d d d d d d d
1 Turbine Design 1-Feb 15-Apr 73 75days
Designing Spiral Turbines Using
1.1 1-Feb 28-Feb 27
Blade Angle 27
1.2 The Collection Chamber 1-Mar 15-Mar 14 14

1.3 Turbine Torque and Efficiency 16-Mar 15-Apr 30 30

2 Materials and Methodology 16-Apr 30-Apr 14days

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14
2.1 Numerical Analysis Method 16-Apr 30-Apr 14 14

3 Experiment 1-May 31-Jul 91 91days

3,1 Selected and Order Materials 1-May 25-May 24 24

3,2 Testing and Collect Data 26-May 30-Jun 35 35

3,3 Solve Problem and Discussion 1-Jul 31-Jul 30 30

5. REFERENCES

1. Advance and trends in hydrokinetic turbine system. Lago LI, Ponta FL, Chen L.
ELSEVIRE online Energy for Sustainable Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering -
Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
2. Low Head hydro turbine selection using a multi-criteria analysis. Williamson SJ, Stark
BH, Brooker JD. 2012, ELSEVIER online: Renewable Energy, Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, University of Bristol, UK.
3. Review of Various Designs and Development in Hydropower Turbines. Behrouzi F,
Maimun A, Nakisa M. 2014, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International
Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering.
4. An Experimental Study of Electricity Generation Using a Horizontal Spiral Turbine Spira
M. (On the Golden Ratio). Ratchaphon S, Sujate W and Wiroon M. Kitakyushu, Japan : s.n.,
September 8-12, 2016. CPESE 2016, 2016 3rd International Conference on Power and Energy Systems
Engineering.
5. On the Golden Ratio. M, Spira. COEX, Seoul, Korea : s.n., 8 July – 15 July, 2012. 12th
International Congress on Mathematical Education [ICME-12, 2012].
6. Blending of Newtonian and shear-thinning fluid in a tank stirred with a helical screw
agitator. Aubin J, Naude I, Bertrand J, Xueres C. Toulouse Cedex, France : s.n., November 2012,
Ichem online ; Laboratoire de Genie Chimique UMR CNR 5503 - INPT ENSIGC.
7. R.W. Fox, A.T. Mcdonald. [book auth.] John Wiley & Sons. Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics. 5th ed. 1998.
8. M. Ragheb, A.M. Ragheb. Wind Turbines Theory - The Betz Equation and Optimal Rotor
Tip Speed Ratio. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 216 Talbot Laboratory.
9. ANSYS, ANSYS CFX-SolverModeling Guide,. USA : ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, Pa,
2010.
10. A Finite Element Method for Viscous Incompressible Flow Analysis. J, Triputtarat.
2010. KKU Engineering Journal 2010.
11. Study on an Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbine with Collection Device. Yasuyuki N, Terumi
I, Kaoru O, and Norio K. 22 July 2014. Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal
of Rotating Machinery Volume 2014.
12. M. Inoue, A. Sakurai, and Y. Ohya. “A simple theory of wind turibine with Brimmed
diffuser,”. Turbomachinery, vol. 30, no.8, pp. 497–502. 2002.

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