CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and the blood

vessels, such as the veins and arteries, which move the blood
around the body.

1. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. The

main artery from the heart is the aorta.

2. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart. At the

lungs, it is the pulmonary artery that brings oxygen-poor
blood into the lungs and the pulmonary vein that carries
oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.

The heart is the pump responsible for maintaining adequate

circulation of oxygenated blood around the vascular network
of the body. It is a four-chamber pump, with the right side
receiving deoxygenated blood from the body at low pressure
and pumping it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation) and
the left side receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and
pumping it at high pressure around the body (the systemic
circulation).

1
 THE CORONARY CIRCULATION
1. The heart itself needs to be supplied with blood. This is
delivered by the two coronary arteries and their branches.

2. The right coronary artery takes its origin from the aorta just
distal to the aortic valve and appears on the surface of the
heart between the pulmonary trunk and the auricle of the
right atrium.

3. The right coronary artery is distributed to the

right atrium, right ventricle, and variable
portions of the left atrium and left ventricle.

4. The left coronary artery also arises from the base or

ascending portion of the aorta. It is at first located between
the pulmonary trunk and auricle of the left atrium.

5. Thus, the left coronary artery supplies both ventricles, the

inter-ventricular septum and the left atrium.

6. Most of the blood supplied by the coronary arteries is

returned to the right atrium by way of the coronary sinus.

2
 BLOOD CIRCULATION

SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION:

1. The blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) are

responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the
tissue.
2. Oxygen-rich blood enters the blood vessels through the
heart's main artery called the aorta.
3. The forceful contraction of the heart's left ventricle forces
the blood into the aorta which then branches into many
smaller arteries which run throughout the body.
4. The inside layer of an artery is very smooth, allowing the
blood to flow quickly.
5. The outside layer of an artery is very strong, allowing the
blood to flow forcefully.
6. The oxygen-rich blood enters the capillaries where the
oxygen and nutrients are released.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION

1. The veins bring waste-rich blood back to the heart,

entering the right atrium throughout two large veins called
vena cavae.
2. The right atrium fills with the waste-rich blood and then
contracts, pushing the blood through a one-way valve into
the right ventricle.
3. The right ventricle fills and then contracts, pushing the
blood into the pulmonary artery which leads to the lungs.
4. In the lung capillaries, the exchange of carbon dioxide and
oxygen takes place.

3
 5. The fresh, oxygen-rich blood enters the pulmonary veins
and then returns to the heart, re-entering through the left
atrium.
6. The oxygen-rich blood then passes through a one-way
valve into the left ventricle where it will exit the heart
through the main artery, called the aorta.
7. The left ventricle's contraction forces the blood into the
aorta and the blood begins its journey throughout the
body.

CONDCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART

The heart is a muscle with a special electrical conduction system.

The system is made of two nodes (special conduction cells) and a
series of conduction fibers or bundles (pathways).

This pathway is made up of 5 elements:

1. The sino-atrial (SA) node

2. The atrio-ventricular (AV) node
3. The bundle of His
4. The left and right bundle branches
5. The Purkinje fibres

4
The normal heart begins with an electrical impulse from the SA
(sinoatrial) node, located high in the right atrium. The SA node is
the pacemaker of the normal heart, responsible for setting the rate
and rhythm. The impulse spreads through the walls of the atria,
causing them to contract.

Next, the impulse moves through the AV (atrioventricular) node, a

relay station, into the conduction bundles (bundle of his) which are
located in the ventricles themselves to the Purkinje fibers and the
endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to the ventricular
epicardium.

MAJOR DISEASE

• MAYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

A heart attack, known in medicine as an (acute)

myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), occurs when the blood
supply to part of the heart is interrupted. This is most commonly
due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the
rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable
collection of lipids (like cholesterol) and white blood cells
(especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. The resulting
ischemia (restriction in blood supply) and oxygen shortage, if left
untreated for a sufficient period, can cause damage and/or death
(infarction) of heart muscle tissue (myocardium).

Classical symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden

chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the
neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations,
sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending
doom). Most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of
indigestion, and fatigue.

5
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Following test are taken to diagnose or treat several heart diseases:

1. ECG
2. SCINTIGRAM (GAMMA CAMERA)
3. ANGIOGRAPHY
4. ANGIOPLASTY
5. ECHOCARDIOGRAM

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a diagnostic tool that
measures and records the electrical activity of the heart in exquisite
detail. Interpretation of these details allows diagnosis of a wide
range of heart conditions. These conditions can
vary from minor to life threatening.

As the heart undergoes depolarization and

repolarization, the electrical currents that are
generated spread not only within the heart, but
also throughout the body. This electrical
activity generated by the heart can be measured
by an array of electrodes placed on the body
surface.

The different waves that comprise the ECG represent the

sequence of depolarization and repolarization of the atria and
ventricles. The ECG is recorded at a speed of 25 mm/sec, and the
voltages are calibrated so that 1 mV = 10 mm in the vertical
direction. Therefore, each small 1-mm square represents 0.04 sec
(40 msec) in time and 0.1 mV in voltage. Because the recording
speed is standardized, one can calculate the heart rate from the
intervals between different waves.

6
 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY

BIO-INSTRUMENTATION

ASSIGNMENT # 01

NAME: OMAR FAROOQ

ROLL NO: 2006-BM-122

SUBMITTED TO: SIR IQBAL BHATTI

7
8