Thomas More is known for his 1516 book Utopia and for his untimely

death in 1535, after refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head

of the Church of England. He was canonized by the Catholic Church
as a saint in 1935.
Synopsis

Thomas More wrote Utopia in 1516, which was the forerunner of the utopian literary genre.
More served as an important counselor to King Henry VIII of England, serving as his key
counselor in the early 1500s, but after he refused to accept the king as head of the Church of
England, he was tried for treason and beheaded (he died in London, England, in 1535). More is
noted for coining the word "Utopia," in reference to an ideal political system in which policies
are governed by reason. He was canonized by the Catholic Church as a saint in 1935, and has
been commemorated by the Church of England as a "Reformation martyr."

Early Years

Many historical records suggest that Thomas More was born in London, England, on February 7,
1478, although some scholars believe the year of his birth to be 1477. He attended St. Anthony's
School in London, one of the best schools of his day, and as a youth served as a page in the
household of John Morton, archbishop of Canterbury and chancellor of England (and future
cardinal). Morton is said to have thought that More would become a "marvellous man."

More went on to study at Oxford University, where he seems to have spent two years mastering
Latin and formal logic, writing comedies, and studying Greek and Latin literature.

The Legal Profession and the Monastery

Around 1494, his father, a prominent attorney, brought More back to London to study common
law. And in February 1496, More was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, one of England's four legal
societies, to prepare for admission to the bar, and in 1501 he became a full member of the
profession. More managed to keep up with his literary and spiritual interests while practicing
law, and he read devotedly from both Holy Scripture and the classics.

Also around this time, More became close friends with Erasmus during the latter's first visit to
England. It was the beginning of a lifelong friendship and professional relationship, and the pair
worked on Latin translations of Lucian's works during Erasmus' second visit. On Erasmus' third
visit, in 1509, he stayed in More's home and wrote Praise of Folly, dedicating it to More.

More was, meanwhile, torn between a life of civil service and a monastic calling, and he made
the decision to work toward becoming a monk. To that end, in 1503, he moved to a monastery
outside the London city limits and subjected himself to the discipline of the Carthusians, taking
part of the monastic life as much as his legal career would allow. The prayer, fasting and
partaking in penance would stay with him for the rest of his life (as would the practice of
wearing a hair shirt), but his sense of duty to serve his country overcame his desire for
monasticism, and he entered Parliament in 1504. He also was married for the first time around
this time, either in 1504 or early the following year.

More is thought to have written History of King Richard III (in Latin and in English) between
1513 and 1518. The work is considered the first masterpiece of English historiography (the study
of history, or the study of a particular historical subject), and, despite remaining unfinished,
influenced subsequent historians, including William Shakespeare.

'Utopia'

In 1516, More published Utopia, a work of fiction primarily depicting a pagan and communist
island on which social and political customs are entirely governed by reason. The description of
the island of Utopia comes from a mysterious traveler to support his position that communism is
the only cure for the egoism found in both private and public life—a direct jab at Christian
Europe, which was seen by More as divided by self-interest and greed.

Utopia covered such far-reaching topics as theories of punishment, state-controlled education,

multi-religion societies, divorce, euthanasia and women's rights, and the resulting display of
learning and skill established More as a foremost humanist. Utopia also became the forerunner
of a new literary genre: the utopian romance.

In the Service of King Henry VIII

In 1520, reformer Martin Luther published three works setting out his doctrine of salvation,
which, according to Luther, could be attained through grace alone; the series rejected certain
Catholic practices and attacked others. In 1521, King Henry VIII responded to Luther with the
assistance of More, in his Defence of the Seven Sacraments. By this time, More had become
treasurer of England's exchequer, but he also served as "Henry's intellectual courtier," secretary
and confidant, and, in 1523, he was elected speaker of the House of Commons.

At Odds With Henry & Subsequent Beheading

More's fate would begin to turn when, in the summer of 1527, King Henry tried to use the Bible
to prove to More that Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who had failed to produce a male
heir, was void. More tried to share the king's viewpoint, but it was in vain, and More could not
sign off on Henry's plan for divorce.
In 1532, More resigned from the House of Commons, citing poor health. The real reason,
however, was probably his disapproval of Henry's recent disregard of the laws of the church and
his divorce of Catherine. More did not attend the subsequent coronation of Anne Boleyn in June
1533, and the king did not view this in a very kind light, and his vengeance was imminent.

In February 1534, More was accused of being complicit with Elizabeth Barton, who opposed
Henry's break with Rome. And in April, the final straw came when More refused to swear to
Henry's Act of Succession and the Oath of Supremacy. This amounted to More essentially
refusing to accept the king as head of the Church of England, which More believed would
disparage the power of the pope. More was sent to the Tower of London on April 17, 1534, and
was found guilty of treason.

Thomas More was beheaded on July 6, 1535. He left behind the final words: "The king's good
servant, but God's first." More was beatified in 1886 and canonized by the Catholic Church as a
saint in 1935. He has also been deemed a "Reformation martyr" by the Church of England.