Units

1 Bar = 105 Pa = 14.5 Psi

1 Kgf/cm2 = 14.22 Psi = O.98 Bar
1 lb = 0.454 Kg (1 Metric Ton = 2200 lb)
1 bbl = 159 l
1 gal = 3.78 l (US)
1 ft = 0.3048 m (1 m = 3.28 ft)
1 inch = 2.54 cm

2
Hydrostatic Pressure

𝑑(𝑘𝑔/𝑙)×𝐻(𝑚)
𝑃ℎ 𝐵𝑎𝑟 =
10.2
𝑃ℎ = K × 𝑑 × 𝐻

𝑃ℎ 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 0.052×𝑑(𝑝𝑝𝑔)×𝐻(𝑓𝑡)

K : Conversion factor
d : fluid density
H : Vertical Height

P = Z.d/10.2
3
Hydrostatic Pressure
Example : Calculate the hydrostatic pressure in both cases below

H = 200 m H = 200 m
L = 200 m L = 240 m

Pressure
d=1.20 d=1.20
Is always calculated with
Vertical Depth (TVD)

200 × 1.2 200 × 1.2

= 23.5 𝐵𝑎𝑟 = 23.5 𝐵𝑎𝑟
10.2 10.2
4
Hydrostatic Pressure
Drilling at 299 m with 1.1 mud density
Gas density 0.10
Water density 1.05

What is the formation pressure at 300 m ?

What is the needed mud density at 300 m ?

5
Casing
• Control pressure during drilling
• Provide a safe system for subsurface and
surface equipment (Production Equipment)
• Secure drilled sections
• Isolate formations
Example :
Lower formation need at least 1.4 sg mud density to be safely drilled
Upper formation fracturing density is 1.2 sg
How to drill this well ?

6
Types of Casing Strings
Hole Size Casing Size
36” Structural casing 30”
26” Conductor Pipe 20”

17 1/2 Surface casing 13 3/8

12 1/4 Intermediate casing 9 5/8

8 1/2 Production Liner 7

7
 Tolerance for Upset Casing
Table 1.2

Casing Properties
Outside Diameter [5, 6]
Nominal Outside Tolerances (in.) Tolerances (mm)
Diameter, do (in.) + − + −
Diameter and Wall Thickness
> 3-1/2 to 5 7/64 0.0075do 2.78 0.0075do
1. OD : Outside Diameter : Ranges from 4½"
> 5 to 8-5/8 1/8 0.0075do 3.18 to 30"
0.0075do
>8-5/8 5/32 0.0075do 3.97 0.0075do
2. ID : Inside Diameter Specified in terms of
• Wall Thickness : 12.75% of nominal WT
Table 1.3 Minimum Drift Mandrel Dimensions
• Drift Diameter : ɸ
[5, 6] of cylindrical mandrel that can pass freely
Nominal Outside Mandrel Length Mandrel Diameter
Diameter (in.) (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm)

< 9-5/8 6 152 di − 1/8 di − 3.18

9-5/8 to 13-3/8 12 305 di − 5/32 di − 3.97
>13-3/8 12 305 di − 3/16 di − 4.76

7 in Csg 20 lb/ft, WT = 0.272 in

ID = OD -
ide diameter and 2xWT = 6.456 in
wall thickness Drif Diameter = ID – 1/8 = 6.331 in
inside diameter of the casing determines the wall thickness or vice versa. Rather than a specific
8
rance for the amount at which the internal diameter might exceed a nominal value, the tolerance
 Casing Properties
Joint Length
n to casing design
The lengths of pipe sections are classified in three major ranges
Table 1.4 Length Range of Casing [7]
Range 1 Range 2 Range 3

(ft) (m) (ft) (m) (ft) (m)

16-25 4.88-7.62 25-34 7.62-10.36 34-48 10.36-14.63

may Which One is more suitable to use on a drilling rig ?

still be some waste if that is done. Even if the joints vary in length, they need to be so
e reasonable ranges of lengths for ease of handling and running in the well. Three range
Generally
e specified by APIcasing is run Practices
Recommended in R3 lengths
5B1 [7], to reduce
Ranges 1, 2, the
and 3number of
(Table 1.4).
connection
casing used today isininthe string,
either Rangea factor that most
2 or 3, with minimizes both Range
of that being rig time and 1 is
3. Range
ome areas where wellsof
the likelihood arejoint
veryfailure.
shallow, and the small rigs that drill those wells cannot ha
pe.
9
Casing Properties
Makeup Loss
Makeup loss is the loss of pipe Box
length due to connection
Buttress Thread

Calculate the number of 7 in

casing joints we need to case a Precision
drilled section at 2850 m. Coupling
Thread
Casing joint average length = 11.20 m
Makeup loss = 12 cm
Pin
257 Joints

10
Casing Properties
Nominal Weight
Nominal weight is the weight of the casing based on the
theoretical weight per foot for a 20-ft length of threaded and
coupled casing joint.

Generally expressed in lb/ft (ppf) or Kg/m

Calculate the weight of a 5400 ft, 7 in 29.2 Kg/m casing string

Weight in mud ? 1.3 sg

48 Tonnes BF = Buoyancy Factor = 1 – (dmud / dsteel) 40 Tonnes
Weightair x BF = Weightmud
11
Casing Properties
Steel Grade
Casing Design
The steel grade of the casing relates to the tensile strength of the steel
from which the casing is made.
TABLE 7.1—API STEEL GRADES

Yield Stress (psi)

API Minimum Ultimate Minimum
Grade Minimum Maximum Tensile Strength (psi) Elongation (%)

H–40 40,000 80,000 60,000 29.5

J–55 55,000 80,000 75,000 24.0
K–55 55,000 80,000 95,000 19.5
N–80 80,000 110,000 100,000 18.5
L–80 80,000 95,000 95,000 19.5
C–90 90,000 105,000 100,000 18.5
C–95 95,000 110,000 105,000 18.5
T–95 95,000 110,000 105,000 18.0
P–110 110,000 140,000 125,000 15.0
Q–125 125,000 150,000 135,000 18.0

12
Hooke’s Law
Contrainte

Tensile Strength
Rupture
Limite d’élasticité

Résisitance maximale à la traction

Contrainte de rupture nominale

E = Young’s Modulus = Stress / Strain Elongation

13
Casing Setting Depth
Several parameters that we must consider in selection casing
depths :

§ Experience in an area
§ Pore pressure (formation fluid pressure)
§ Fracture pressure
§ Borehole stability problems
§ Corrosive zones
§ Environmental considerations
§ Regulations
§ Company policy

14
Casing Setting Depth
Pore Pressure
Created by fluids (gas or liquids) within sedimentary rock pores (voids)
• Simple hydrostatic column
• Abnormal pressure caused by the weight of the overlying rock.

Porosity
Permeability

15
Casing Setting Depth
Fracture Pressure
The pressure at which a formation matrix opens (fractures)

Sources of fracture data

• Lost circulation caused inadvertent fracture in nearby wells

• Intentional fracturing during stimulation of nearby wells
• Mini fracture tests
• Fracture gradient curves and correlations
• Leakoff tests
• Pressure integrity tests

16
ACTURING GRADIENT AND LEAK OFF TE
Casing Setting Depth M1

Fracture Pressure
FRACTURING GRADIENT AND LEAK OFF TEST
EATON Formula :
MULA
EATON FORMULA
Pfrac = Pr + -111 (S- Pr)
Pfrac = Pr + --!1
111 (S- Pr)
-!1
= fracturing pressure
Pfrac pressure
uring
Pr = pore pressure
pressure
S = overburden pressure (weight of formations)
f.l
burden =pressure
Poisson's ratio (0.25 to 0.50)
(weight of formations)
son's ratio (0.25 to 0.50)
LEAK OFF TEST

ST .1 I I I I I I I I I)_
I
Start of injection
- - f---
I

-1- ·-
, .....,
Pumps stopped
P'-o.:
17
.J
Casing Setting Depth
Pressure Gradient
Is a pressure expressed per unit of depth

𝑃ℎ 𝑑(𝐾𝑔⁄𝐿)
𝐺𝑝 = = = 0.052 × 𝑑 (𝑝𝑝𝑔)
𝑍 10.2

Calculate Pore Pressure Gradients for :

d= 1.1 kg/l Gp= 0.107 Bar/m

d= 8.34 ppg Gp= 0.433 Psi/ft

Calculate pore pressure at 6000 ft

18
Casing Setting Depth
Conductor Pipe Depth

• The largest diameter

• Support the weight of subsequent casings (Offshore)
• Support the weight of wellhead and BOP’s
• Maintain borehole integrity while drilling surface phase
• Preventing washing under the rig

Conductor pipe is generally hammered into the soil and not drilled.
Using Diesel Pile Driving Hammer
Cemented to surface.

19
Casing Setting Depth
Surface Casing Depth
• Pore pressures
• Fracture pressures
• Depth of fresh water bearing zones
• Legal regulations and requirements

Which criteria to consider if each one gives you a setting depth ?

The ultimate goal is always

Allow us to drill to the next casing point

The subsequent casing strings points are generally chosen using

pore pressure and fracture pressure
20
 Casing Setting Depth
Pore & Frac Pressure Plot
size determination 27

Equivalent
mud density

d
p
m

density slightly lower than

fracture pressure :
Frac / kick Margin
d

density slightly higher than

that required to balance the
formation pressures :
Trip Margin
21
e hole is cased down to 1700 ft or more because the mud density required to contain
ure at bottom is greater than the fracture pressures at the surface (including the safety

Casing Setting Depth

is exactly how we determine the setting depth of the surface casing for this well.
.4, we start with the mud density at 12,000 ft (point a) and draw a line vertically until it
racture margin line (point b) then horizontally to the vertical axis (point c); we can read
Pore & Frac Pressure Plot
th of the surface casing which in this case is about 1700 ft.

a = 12000 ft
b d = 1.3 sg
c d
p b = 1700 ft
m
d = 1.3 sg

c = Casing point
d

Above 1700 ft
Mud density is
higher than kick
margin
a

22
Casing Setting Depth Casing and Liners for Drilling and Complet
Pore & Frac Pressure Plot
p g

p
d
p
m
d

, 23
 Casing Setting Depth Casing Design 419 Casing Design

Equivalent Mud Density Equivalent Mud Density

Conductor Conductor
Normal pressure

Normal pressure
Fracture Fracture
Surface Surface
gradient gradient
Depth

Depth

Fracture Fracture
gradient less gradient less
Pore Pore kick margin kick margin
pressure pressure Intermediate Intermediate
gradient gradient

Mud density Mud density

(pore pressure (pore pressure
plus trip margin) plus trip margin)
Production Production
Depth Objective Depth Objective

Fig. 7.16—Casing setting depths [from Bourgoyne

Fig. 7.16—Casing et depths
setting al. (1991)].
[from Bourgoyne et al. (1991)].
24
Casing Size Selection
Casing sizes will depend on a number of criteria, two important
things to know about selection of casing size:
• Hole size determines casing size
• Hole size at any point in the well except the surface is
determined by the previous string of casing

Methodology:
• Determine the hole size (bit size) for the final string of casing.
• Determine what diameter casing will allow that size bit to
pass through it.
• Repeat the procedure until all of the hole sizes and casing
sizes have been determined.
25
Casing Size Selection
30 Casing and Liners for Drilling and Completion

Casing/liner
4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2 6 5/8

Bit/hole

5 5/8 6 1/8 6 1/2 6 3/4 7 7/8 8 1/2

Casing/liner
6 5/8 7 7 5/8 8 5/8 9 5/8

Bit/hole

7 7/8 8 1/2 8 3/4 9 7/8 10 5/8 12 1/4

Casing/liner
8 5/8 9 5/8 10 3/4 11 3/4 13 3/8

Bit/hole
10 5/8 12 1/4 14 3/4 17 1/2

Casing/liner
11 3/4 13 3/8 16 20

Bit/hole
14 3/4 17 1/2 20 26

Casing/liner
16 20 24 30
26
Casing Design
• Collapse (Ecrasement)
• Burst (Eclatement)
• Tension (Traction)
• Biaxial Effect (Effet biaxial)
• Buckling
• Pressure Testing
• Shock Load
• …..
27
Casing Design
Selection of Weight and Grade

Nominal Weight
Collapse Burst Tension

No Combined
Load

Yes

28
Collapse
Collapse loads are differential pressure loads in which the outside
pressure exceeds the inside pressure,tending to cause the casing
to collapse, p = pi − po < 0

po

po pi pi

29
Burst
Burst loads are differential pressure loads in which the inside
pressure exceeds the outside pressure, tending to cause the casing
to rupture or burst, p = pi − po > 0

pi pi
po

30
Tension
Tension load is mostly caused by gravitational and frictional forces
on the pipe due to its own weight but they can also be caused by
pressure and temperature changes as well as bending in curved
wellbores

T
31
Biaxial Load
Biaxial loads are differential pressure loads (Burst or Collapse) that
coexist with tension load.

po pi

32
 ameter and is affected by tensile stress, the
Burst actual burst-failure rating.
The Barlow equation is easily applied
Internal Pressure Resistance
wall-thickness tolerance for casing (whic
acceptable tubular designs in noncritical
Maximum internal pressure that casing withstand before yielding,
equation is:
expressed by the Barlow equation :

2 t
Pbr f
yield
, ................
dn

t = Wall thickness where the wall-thickness correction factor

f = Wall thickness correction factor = 0.875 for API casing
tolerance is specified. Line pipe has differe
dn = Nominal diameter
3183 (2009).
𝞼yield = Minimum yield strength
API recommends use of this equation w
rounded to the nearest 10 psi. 33
 Pbr f
yield
, ..............................
Because
dn actual tube failure does not occur
Burst ameter and is affected by tensile stress, the AP
where the wall-thickness
actual rating.factor is f = 0.875 for st
correction
burst-failure
tolerance isThe
specifi
Internal Pressure Resistance ed. Lineequation
Barlow pipe has different
is easilywall-thickness
applied in c
3183 (2009).
wall-thickness
Example : API recommends tolerance for casing (which
use of this equation with wall thicknes
rounded acceptable
to the nearest tubular
10 psi. designs in noncritical w
Compute the API burst resistance for 20-in. 133-lbf/ft, K-55 casing
equation is:
with a nominal wall thickness of 0.635 in
Example 7.2 Compute the API burst resistance for 20-in., 13
2 yield t
of 0.635 in. P f , ..................
dn resistance is computed using Eq.
Solution. brThe API burst

Pbr(0.875)[(2)(55,000)(0.635)
where the wall-thickness / 20.0)]
correction factor is
3,056 psi. is specified. Line pipe has different
tolerance
3183 (2009).
Rounded to thepsi.
= 3,060 nearest 10 psi, this value becomes 3,060 psi.
API internal
imum expected recommends
pressure use of this
at which equation
permanent pipewit
def
34
 Baker Oil Tools Tech Facts Engineering Handbo
ers also publish pipe-body performance tables and
Tension proprietary methods and performance-property su
Casing Tension Strength
7.6.1 Casing Tension Strength. API TR 5C3 (20
Pipe body yield strength is the axial load in the tube, which results
which results in the stress being equal to the mat
in the stress being equal to the material’s minimum specified yield
in the tube, the specified or nominal OD and the
strength (API TR 5C3 2008).
can be expressed as

Ften yield ( d 2
d2 ) ................
n
4
The pipe-body yield strength computed using Eq
nent deformation of the pipe. The expected minimu
The minimum force that would be expected to cause permanent
than this value. Note that nominal OD and ID are
deformation of the pipe.
even with permissible tolerances, the overall wall cr
if specified or nominal OD and ID are assumed.35
 even with
Yield
strength. permissible
strength tolerances, the
in compression overall wall
is typically cross-secti
assumed to
if specifi
loaded inedcompression,
or nominal OD andbuckling
axial ID are assumed.
may occur, and th
Tension Yield strength in compression is typically assumed to
strength.
loaded in7.1compression,
Example Compute the axial bucklingyield
pipe-body maystrength
occur, and
for th
2
Casing Tension Strength
0.635 in. and a nominal weight per foot of 133 lbf/ft.
strength.
Example
Solution. 7.1 Compute
This pipe has the
a pipe-bodyyield
minimum yieldstrength
strengthoffor
55
Example :
0.635 in. and a nominal weight per foot of 133 lbf/ft.
Compute the pipe-body
Example yield
20.007.1
d Solution. strength
Compute
This pipe has
2(0.635) for
thea20-in.,
18.730 in. K-55yield
pipe-body
minimum casing
yield with a of
strength
strength for5
nominal wall thickness of 0.635
0.635 in. and in. and
a nominal a nominal
weight weight
per foot perlbf/ft.
of 133 foot
of 133 lbf/ft.Thus,dSolution.
the20.00
cross-sectional
pipe area
2(0.635)
This has aofminimum
18.730 steel
in. is yield strength of 5

Thus,
Asd the cross-sectional
20.00
(20 2
2(0.635)
18.73 2 area ofin.
18.730
) 38.63 steel
in.
2
, is
4
Thus,
As the (20
cross-sectional
2
18.732 ) area of in.
38.63 steel2 is
,
and Eq. 7.8
4 predicts minimum pipe-body yield strength at a
2 2
F A
andtenEq.
s 55, (20 18.73
000(38.63) ) 38.63
2,125,000in.2
,
lbf.
7.8 predicts minimum pipe-body yield strength at
4

andFten 55,000(38.63)
Eq. 7.8 2,125,000
predicts minimum lbf. yield strength
pipe-body 36 a
Tension
Casing Tension Strength
Example :
Compute the pipe-body yield strength for 9-5/8 in., N-80 casing
with a nominal wall thickness of 0.472 in. and a nominal weight
per foot of 47 lbf/ft.

37
Collapse
External Pressure Resistance
The collapse resistance is more complicated to calculate because it is
sensitive to many factors such as ovality, the ratio of tube diameter
to wall thickness, yield strength, type of steel heat treatment…

API proposed 4 formulas to calculate collapse pressure in increasing

order of dn/t ratio:

• Yield-strength collapse
• Plastic collapse
• Transition collapse
• Elastic collapse

38
Collapse
Collapse Domains and Applicable d0/t

39
Collapse
Empirical parameters used for collapse pressure calculation

40
Collapse
External Pressure Resistance
• Every collapse domains has a formula derived empirically.
• A, B, C, F and G are empirical coefficients calculated using the
reduced yield strength which is equal to the steel grade yield
strength in absence of any axial load.
• Limits between collapse regions are also calculated with the
empirical coefficients.

Procedure to calculate collapse :

Calculate d0/t Determine Collapse Regions Limits Determine in

which domain
the casing
Apply the appropriate formula collapses
41
 73

e
Collapse
2.2: E m p i r i c a l
zero axial load,
parameters u s e d for collapse
i . e . , a~ - - 0. ( A f t e r A P I B u l .
pressure calculation
5C3, 1989.)

EmpiricM Coefficients
Plastic Collapse Transition Collapse
Steel Grade* A B C' F G
H-40 2.950 0.0465 754 2.063 0.0325
- 50 2.976 0.0515 1.056 2.003 0.0347
J, K-55 2.991 0.0541 1,206 1.989 0.0360
-60 3.005 0.0566 1,356 1.983 0.0373
-70 3.037 0.0617 1,656 1.984 0.0403
C-75 and E 3.054 0.0642 1,806 1.990 0.0418
L, N-80 3.071 0.0667 1,955 1.998 0.0434
-90 3.106 0.0718 2,254 2.017 0.0466
C, T-95 and X 3.124 0.0743 2,404 2.029 0.0482
- 100 3.143 0.0768 2.553 2.040 0.0499
P-105 and G 3.162 0.0794 2,702 2.053 0.0515
P-110 3.181 0.0819 2,852 2.066 0.0532
-120 3.219 0.0870 3,151 2.092 0.0565
Q-125 3.239 0.0895 3,301 2.106 0.0582
-130 3.258 0.0920 3,451 2.119 0.0599
S-135 3.278 0.0946 3,601 2.133 0.0615
-140 3.297 0.0971 3,751 2.146 0.0632
-150 3.336 0.1021 4.053 2.174 0.0666
- 155 3.356 0.1047 4.204 2.188 0.0683
-160 3.375 0.1072 4.356 2.202 0.0700
-170 0.412 0.1123 4.660 2.231 0.0734
-180 3.449 0.1173 4,966 2.261 0.0769 42
* Grades indicated without letter designation are not API grades
 Collapse
74

T a b l e 2.3" R a n g e s of dolt r a t i o s for v a r i o u s c o l l a p s e p r e s s u r e r e g i o n s

Ranges of dolt ratios for various collapse pressure regions
w h e n axial s t r e s s is zero, i.e., aa -- 0. ( A f t e r A P I B u l . 5 C 3 , 1 9 8 9 . )

-- Yield---, I -- P l a s t i c -
I -- Transition---, I ~- Elastic--I
Grade* Collapse Collapse Collapse Collapse
H-40 16.40 27.01 42.64
-50 15.24 25.63 38.83
J, K-55 14.81 25.01 37.21
-60 14.44 24.42 35.73
-70 13.85 23.38 33.17
C-75 and E 13.60 22.91 32.05
L, N-80 13.38 22.47 31.02
-90 13.01 21.69 29.18
C, T-95 and X 12.85 21.33 28.36
-100 12.70 21.00 27.60
P-105 and G 12.57 20.70 26.89
P-110 12.44 20.41 26.22
-120 12.21 19.88 25.01
Q-125 12.11 19.63 24.46
-130 12.02 19.40 23.94
S-135 11.92 9.18 23.44
-140 11.84 8.97 22.98
-150 11.67 8.57 22.11
-155 11.59 18.37 21.70
-160 11.52 18.19 21.32
-170 11.37 17.82 20.60
-180 11.23 7.47 19.93 43
Collapse
Example
Calculate collapse resistance for N-80, 9-5/8 in., 47 lb/ft casing in
the elastic, transition plastic and yield ranges. By calculating the
do/t range determine what value is applicable to this sample
casing. Assume zero axial stress.

44
 pressure rating (Fig. 7.6). In casing design practice for sim
effects of axial loading.
Combined Load
The current API and ISO method to derate the collapse
the early 1980s. The current API formula accounts for the
Collapse Pressure with axial stress
a casing by modifying the minimum yield strength to the
Yield strength of axial stress equivalent grade (Y
reduced equivalent yield strength is based pa in other places) :
on von Mises y

1 0.75
a
0.5
a
. .....
pa yield
yield yield

The equivalent yield strength due to axial stress is then

Referred also as reduced Yield Strength or effective Yield Strength
σa is the axial stress
7.15). The appropriate collapse-pressure formula (Eqs. 7.
collapse-pressure rating due to axial tension.
45
Pressure Load Determination
Sources of Pressure Loads for Collapse
Internal loads
• Evacuated casing (fully or partially)
• Gas
• Oil
• Freshwater
• Field saltwater or stimulation fluids
• Drilling or workover fluids
• Combinations and partial columns of these

External loads
• Freshwater
• Saltwater
• Formation pressure
• Drilling fluid
• Cement (un-set)
46
Pressure Load Determination
Table 3.1 Summary Collapse Loading
Collapse Load Cases
Cases
Collapse Loading C S I P

Installation
Running, empty S S S
Cementing, post plug bump A A A A
Drilling
Lost circulation A A A
Cuttings injection S S S
Production
Evacuation S S A
Artificial lift S S
Stimulation, squeeze S A
47
Pressure Load Determination
Sources of Pressure Loads for Burst
External loads
• Atmospheric pressure (at surface of string)
• Seawater pressure (at surface of string)
• Freshwater
• Saltwater
• Formation pressure
• Drilling fluid

Internal loads
• Gas
• Oil
• Water
• Combinations of gas and liquids
• Cement (liquid)
• Pump pressure (plug bump, test pressure, stimulations)
48
n Pressure Load Determination 45

Burst Load Cases

Table 3.2 Summary Burst Loading Cases

Burst Loading C S I P

Installation
Cementing, plugged float A A A A
Cementing, plug bump A A A A
Pressure test S A A A
Drilling
Max mud dens. below shoe A A A S
Gas kick (full gas col.) A A S
Oil kick (full oil col.) A A S
Salt wtr. kick (full salt wtr. col.) A A S
Production
Pressure test S A
Tubing backup S A
Tubing gas leak S A
Stimulation, squeeze S A
49
Selection of Casing Grade
• After establishing the number of casing strings required to
complete a hole, the next step is to select casing weight and
grade.
• It is not possible to predict casing burst, collapse and tensile
loads during the entire life of the casing.
• Therefore in casing design we proceed on the basis of the
worst anticipated loading condition.
• Performance properties of the casing deteriorate with time
due to wear and corrosion. A design factor is used, therefore,
to allow for such uncertainties.

Collapse Burst Tension

0.85 – 1.125 1 – 1.1 1.6 – 1.8
50
Selection of Casing Grade
Steel grades, weights, coupling types and performance
Table 3.3: Available steel grades, weights and coupling types and their minimum performance
properties available for the expected pressures.
Nominal ' Pipe
weight,
Size, threads Pipe Body Internal
i outside and Wall Inside collapse yield Coupling pressure Joint
diameter coupling Grade thickness diameter ;resistance strength type resistance strength
(in.) (lb/ft) (in.) , (in.) , (psi) ( 1 0 0 0 lbf) (psi) (1000 lbr)
20 94 K-55 0.438 19.124 520 1,480 LTC 2,110 955
133 K-55 0.635 18.730 1,500 2,125 BTC 3,036 2,123
16 65 K-55 0.375 15.250 630 1,012 ST(; 2,260 625
75 K-55 0.438 15.12,1 1,020 1,178 STC 2,630 752
8,1 I,-80 0.495 15.010 1,480 1,929 BTC 4,330 1,861
109 K-55 0.656 14.688 2,560 1,739 BTC 3,950 1,895
13g3 98 L-80 0.719 11.937 5,910 2,800 BTC, 7,530 2,286
85 I)-110 0.608 12.159 4,690 2,682 PTC 8,750 2,290
98 I)-110 0.719 11.937 7,280 ! 3,145 PTC 10,350 2,800
9~5 58.4 L-80 0.595 8.435! 7,890 1,350 BTC 8,650 1,396
47 P-110 0.472 8.681 5,310 1,493 LTC 9,440 1213
38 V-150 0.540 5.920 19,240 1,644 Extreme-line 18,900 1,430
41 V-150 0.590 5.820 22,810 1,782 PTC 20,200 1,052
46 i V-150 0.670 5.660 25,970 1,999 PTC 25,070 1,344
38 MW- 155 0.540 5.920 19,700 1,697 Extreme-line 20,930 1,592
46 SOO-140 0.670 5.660 24,230 865 PTC 23,400 1,222
46 SOO-155 0.670 5.660 26,830 2,065 PTC 25,910 1,344

LTC - long thread coupling, STC - short thread coupling, BTC - buttress thread coupling, 51
 essures at thetop and bottom are
po = 0 − 0 = 0
Selection of Casing Grade
− 0.052 (1.08) (8.33) (150) = −70 psi

Example Well Data

Table 3.3 Example Well Data
Depth Fm Press Mud Dens Frac Press Frac Marg
(ft) (SG equiv) (SG) (SG equiv) (SG equiv) (◦ F)

0 1.01 1.02 - - 74
3000 1.05 1.11 1.48 1.42 128
10,500 1.36 1.42 1.88 1.82 263
14,000 1.78 1.84 1.94 1.88 328

52
Selection of Casing Grade
Surface Casing (20 in)
Typical surface casing collapse design loads
• Cementing collapse
• Severe lost circulation (Full evacuation)

Typical surface casing burst design loads

• Gas kick that fractures formation below the casing shoe

53
 Selection of Casing Grade
Surface Casing / Collapse
ssure load determination

Cmt, 1.37 SG
Channel
Mud, 1.11 SG
Mud, 1.11 SG

Evacuated

Cmt, 1.85 SG

3000 ft 3000 ft

(a) (b)

gure 3.3 Surface casing collapse: (a) cementing, post plug bump and (b) lost circulation, evacuated.

54
Selection of Casing Grade
Surface Casing / Collapse
Cementing (Post Bump Plug):
P0 = 0 – 0 = 0 psi
P2700 = 0.052 x 2700 x 8.34 x (1.37 – 1.11) = 304 psi ≈ 300 psi
P3000 = 0.052 x 300 x 8.34 x (1.85 – 1.11) + 300 = 396 psi ≈ 400 psi

Lost Circulation:
P0 = 0 – 0 = psi
P3000 = 0.052 x 3000 x 1.11 x 8.34 – 0 = 1444 psi ≈ 1440 psi

55
Selection of Casing Grade
Casing and Liners for Drilling and Completion
Surface Casing / Collapse

Post plug-bump
c
d

p l
Selection of Casing Grade
Surface Casing / Burst
Gas Kick:
Pfrac@3000 = 0.052 x 1.48 x 8.34 x 3000 = 1920 psi
P10500 = 0.052 x 10500 x 8.34 x 1.36 = 6184 psi ≈ 6180 psi
Gas kick pressure at 3000 ft is the pressure at 10500 ft minus the
gas column.
Because gas is compressible, it is not the same simple hydrostatic
calculation, hence the gradient is variable.
For the design we assume that the gas is methane, and this leads
to the following equation: 57
 the common practice of assuming any gas encountered is pure methane whose m
(or 16 lb when using a lb-mol) and whose compressibility factor, Z = 1 for a fair

Selection of Casing Grade

methane is the least dense of the natural gas components, it gives us the most c
casing design. Many companies use it as a standard in casing design.
Fortunately, the assumption regarding the compressibility leads to a simple equ
Surface Casing / Burst
in our basic design work:

M g (h − h0 )
p = p0 exp
ZRTavg
where

p, p0 = pressures, pressure at h and pressure at h0 , respectively

h, h0 = vertical depths, depth of interest and reference depth, respectively
M = molecular mass, 16 for methane
g = gravitational acceleration
Z = gas compressibility factor, Z ≈ 1 for methane
R = 1545
idealingas
USCconstant,
units and see
8314Appendix
in SI units B for appropriate values
Tavg = average absolute temperature, Tavg = (T + T0 )/2

58
This equation is derived in Appendix D as Equation (D.16). In this equation, R
 That
60 is a relatively low fracture pressure. The gas pressure at Casing
10,500 andftLiners
is for D
Selection of Casing Grade
p 10500 = 0.589 (10500) ≈ 6180 psi
That is a relatively low fracture pressure. The gas pressure at 10,500 ft is
Surface Casing / Burst
pUsing Equation (3.1), the gas pressure at the surface casing shoe is:
10500 = 0.589 (10500) ≈ 6180 psi
⎡ ⎤
PUsing
10500 = 0.052 x 10500 x 8.34 x 1.36
Equation (3.1), the16gas
⎣
pressure
(3000 at = 6184 psi ≈ 6180 psi
− 10500)the surface casing shoe is:
⎦
p3000 = 6180 exp⎡ # ⎤$ ≈ 5490 psi
128+263
1545 460 +
16 (3000 − 10500)2
Pp3000
3000 = 6180 exp ⎣ # $ ⎦ ≈ 5490 psi
1545 460
That exceeds the fracture + 128+263
pressure 2of 1920 psi by a considerable margin, so in
at the shoe will fracture and we will assume a gas column from there to the sur
That exceeds the fracture pressure of 1920 psi by a considerable margin, so in this
This
at theexceeds
p3000 shoe willthe
= pfrac fracpsi
≈fracture
1920 pressure
and we willat 3000a ftgas(1920
assume psi),
column fromthe formation
there to the surface.
will be fractured and we will have gas from that point to surface.
p3000 = pfrac ≈ 1920 psi
Therefore
KnowingP3000
the =gas
Pfrac = 1920is psi
pressure 1920 psi at 3000 ft, we calculate the gas pressu
⎡ ⎤
Knowing the gas pressure is 1920 psi at 3000 ft, we calculate the gas pressure at t
16 (0 − 3000) ⎤ ⎦
Pp00 = 1920 exp⎡⎣ # $ ≈ 1820 psi
− 3000)
16 (0460 + 74+128
p0 = 1920 exp ⎣ 1545 # 2 $ ⎦ ≈ 1820 psi
1545 460 + 74+1282
This gives us a maximum surface pressure of 1820 psi and a nasty undergroun
 If on the other hand, the tail slurry is in the casing just as we start to pump the displacemen

Selection of Casing Grade

ve to determine the interface depth of the mud and lead slurry on the outside (see Figure 3.5
!
ad−outside = [3240 − (3000 − 240)] 0.800 = 600 ft
Surface Casing / Burst
ud−outside = 3000 − 600 = 2400 ft

For outside pressure, the worst case we could have for surface
1000 psi
casing would be fresh water, Hence :
Cmt, 1.85 SG
P0 = 1820 − 0 = 1820 psi
Water
P3000 = 1920 − 0.053 x 1.00 x 8.34 x
Mud, 1.11 SG
channel,
1.00 SG
3000 = 618 psi ≈ 620 psi
Cmt, 1.37 SG

Float
plugged Gas
injection 3000 ft
3000 ft
Now we plot our burst load lines
(a) (b)

ure 3.5 Surface casing burst: (a) cementing, float plugged and (b) gas kick.
Selection of Casing Grade
Casing Selection After Collapse & Burst
After collapse and burst loads calculations, a preliminary selection
has to be made.

The below table summarizes different load cases multiplied by the

following design factors :
1.125 for collapse
1.1 for burst

Depth (ft) Collapse BP (psi) Collapse LC (psi) Burst (psi)

0 0 0 2000
2700 340
3000 450 1620 680
Selection of Casing Grade
Surface Casing / Tension
The significant amount of tension loading is always coming from
casing own weight.

Choose a casing grade with nominal weight based on burst and

collapse calculations then proceed to tension calculation and
biaxial effect check ( Excel class work).
Selection of Casing Grade
Intermediate Casing
Typical surface casing collapse design loads
• Cementing collapse (same as surface)
• lost circulation
o Full evacuation : worst case scenario
o Partial evacuation
§ Continuous pumping of freshwater to prevent kick
§ Level drop until balance achieved between
hydrostatic column and loss circulation zone pore
pressure.
Typical surface casing burst design loads
• Gas kick that fractures formation below the casing shoe
63
Selection of Casing Grade
Intermediate Casing / Collapse
The intermediate casing loading is often straight forward like the
surface casing, except that the magnitude of the loads is generally
greater.

Proceed for the design same like surface casing taking into
account the various assumptions given in the previous slide.

64