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Certificate E-Course on Smart Cities Planning and Development

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Smart, Livable and Sustainable
c a l cities
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T e Module II
Lecture 6

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 The Debate

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• Often smart city has been compared to livable city, green city and
sustainable city.
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• Question is what these metaphors tell you about the cities and

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what value addition does smart city debate bring to the previous

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metaphors.

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• In order to understand and respond to this debate, this lecture will

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show various performance measurement frameworks and

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indicators adopted adopted by different agencies globally to

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measure the livability, sustainability and smartness of cities.

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• Those will be analyzed on six conventional dimensions of urban
development. i.e Environment, Economy, Governance, People,
living and Infrastructure

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 Performance Measurement Framework

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To understand the debate following studies has been considered

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Economist Intelligence Unit- Liveability : Liveable Ranking (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012)

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Mercer Consulting : Quality of Living Survey (Mercer LLC., 2014)

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Australian Conservation Foundation (Sustainable cities Index, 2010)

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Arcadis Sustainable City Index (Arcadis, 2015)

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Un-Habitat City Prosperity Index (Prosperity of Cities: UN-Habitat, 2012-13)

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US, Smart City Council (SCC, 2014)

Tu Delft (TU Delft, 2007)

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 Livability Vs. Smart City

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EIU CDI Tu Delft SCC

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Economy Economy

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14 15

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12

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10

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8 10
Governance Quality of life

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Governance Quality of life
6

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4 5

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2

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0 0

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Society Environment
Society Environment

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Infrastructure
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Infrastructure

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The Chart shows the Indicators used in The Chart show the Indicators used in
1. Economist Intelligence Unit 1. US: Smart City Council
2. City Development Index : Un-Habitat 2. Tu delft framework

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 Livability V/s Smart City

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CDI Mercer Tu Delft SCC

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Economy Economy

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14

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14
12

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12
10 10

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8 8

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Governance Quality of life Governance Quality of life
6

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6

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4 4

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2 2

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0 0

Society

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Environment
ol Society Environment

T e ch
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Infrastructure Infrastructure

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The Chart show the Indicators used in The Chart show the Indicators used in
1. Mercer Consulting 1. US: Smart City Council
2. City Development Index : Un-Habitat 2. Tu delft

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 Sustainable City Vs. Smart City

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CSD-2006 ACF Tu Delft SCC

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Economy

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Economy 14

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15
12

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10
10

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Governance Quality of life Governance 8 Quality of life

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5 6

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4

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0 2

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0

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Society Environment

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Society Environment

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Infrastructure

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Infrastructure

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The Chart show the Indicators used in The Chart show the Indicators used in
1. Commission of Sustainable 1. US: Smart City Council
Development 2. Tu delft
2. Australian Conservation Foundation
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 Sustainable City Vs. Smart City

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CSD-2006 ARCADIS SCI Tu Delft SCC

Economy

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Economy

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14

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14
12

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12
10 10

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Governance 8 Quality of life 8
Governance Quality of life

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6 6

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4 4

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2 2

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0 0

o l Society Environment

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Society Environment

e c h Infrastructure

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Infrastructure

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The Chart show the Indicators used in The Chart show the Indicators used in
1. Commission of Sustainable 1. US: Smart City Council
Development 2. Tu delft : Smart City
2. Arcadis
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 The Debate

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• The comparison of indicator of smart city with livable city and

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sustainable city will show strong correlation.
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• In Previous module livability and sustainability
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is already
defined.
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• But livability and Sustainability have been defined and even

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extended in these studies.

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 Livability : Extended

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1. Globalization:

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Over the time globalization has influenced cities and local economy. When liveability is measured in

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cities which are dominant in national economy, global linkages are needed to be measured. Mercer

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has measured global network and ancillaries activities which are linked to harnessing city economy.

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Many indicators which are considered in these studies are reflection of state policies. Mercer with

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help of Ease of entry and exit try to capture status of work permit. Other important indicators which

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Mercer has taken are relationship of countries with neighbouring one, Currency exchange regulations

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and banking services. EIU have included indicators which capture international link in terms of

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infrastructure. It implies that global network do influence cities social-cultural values.

2. Social and Cultural Values:

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As society grows implications on social and cultural values are inevitable. EIU has measure the relative

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Social and religious restriction predominant in cities. Mercer talks about freedom in terms of speech

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and movement. Other aspects over the time become important for development and liveability in
cities are Media and censorship. Mercer and EIU have measured the free press as influence on

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liveability with level of censorship as indicator.

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3. Environment:
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EIU has taken climate condition, Humidity and temperature ratings as indicators for peasant
environment of cities. These conditions do depend on geographical location of cities. The other
aspects which have considered are pollution levels and incidents of natural disasters.

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 Livability : Extended

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4. Governance:

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Irrespective of public participation was major focus from habitat-I, but not considered in

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measuring the liveability. Level of corruption and and Law enforcement are considered in

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market based PMF.

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5. Consumerism and recreation:

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Liveability was started with basic indicator of quality of life, but over the time cities are moving

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toward more leisure products. As standard of living increases it influence the consumerism of

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city. EIU and Mercer have measured cities on consumption as well availability of services and

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goods such as of Meat, fish, Daily consumption items, Fresh Fruits, Vegetables, Alcoholic

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beverages, Automobiles. They have involved indicators which shows advancement in standard

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of living like availability of sporting, Food, Drinks, Cinema. The recreational activities like number

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of green spaces does not got spaces in liveability studies.

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 Livability : Extended

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6. Extended Quality of life:

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When liveability has compared at global level, quality of services become important to compete.

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EIU has graded quality of services such as road network, public transport, international links,

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energy provision, water provision, and telecommunication. The health and Education services

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whether they were provided by government or private are benchmarked on quality. Mercer have

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consider negative aspects of quality of life like infectious diseases, Troublesome and destructive

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animals and insects.

7. Safety:

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Safer are the cities better will be quality of life. Even Habitat-I has defined safety as the principle.

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CDI does not reflect it into their measurement frameworks. Mercer and EIU both has taken safety

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as prime concern in their framework. With crime level, they do measure the internal stability and

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treat of terrorism.

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8. Housing:
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Rental housing is need for working class to come in cities. Mercer has responded to this need and

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measured it in cities. These can be seen as sign of affordability in a city.

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 Sustainability : Extended

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Environment Sustainability:

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ACF and FoF has considered ecological footprint in their studies, which is measure of

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environmental impact of its population life style, consumption habits and energy use. Second

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important consideration has been taken is local food availability which have been realised as

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very minute but important part in food system of city. Other Factors which have considered are

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green building, Energy efficiency, Renewable consumption, GHG emissions.

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Economic and Social Sustainability:

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Economy is important in all the studies. The focus is on unemployment, property prices,

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Household Repayment. Global network and assessment of doing business in cities by World

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Bank is internalised in Arcadis SCI. Doing business ranking involve the parameters such as

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Starting a Business, Dealing with construction permits, Getting electricity, Registering property,

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Getting credit, protecting Minority Investors, Paying Taxes, Trading Across Boarders, Enforcing

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contracts and resolving insolvency. As far social aspects dependency ratio in cities have been

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assessed.

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 Sustainability : Extended

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Quality of life:

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ACF has considered the subjective wellbeing which is community sentiment defined by

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Australian Unity Well Being Index (AUWI). The other factor which is important is Work-life

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balance and Commuting Time by Arcadis. The FOF has measured the time taken to access key

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services without using car.

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Public Participation:

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ACF has considered the public participation as their future proofing indicator. It has been

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defined as Proportion of individuals who volunteer for a group or organisation employed as a

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measure of local community strength and willingness of residents to engage in activities for

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which they are not remunerated.

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Ecological Footprint:

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Total Amount of Land required supporting average lifestyles. (Hectare per person per year)

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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14
 The Debate

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• As Smart city Frameworks have considered the livability and sustainability

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as integral part of their systems, which implies that smart city do

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considere what previous urban metaphors or paradigms have defined for
cities.
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• Smart City Indicators even considered the values in livability and

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sustainability which have evolved over time and have contemporary

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relevance. In that case the smart city assessment is much comprehensive

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than what has been followed in livability and sustainability.

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 Questions

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• Key Differences between a SmartUCity,
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n Liveable
c a l
and Sustainable City
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• Identify the SDGs related to Smart Cities

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