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50
Future
of
Food:
Journal
on
Food,
Agriculture
and
Society
•
Vol.
1,
Nr.
1
•
Summer
2013
Environmental
problems
are
bound
up
and
Chapman
1995:
59).
Here
the
with
the
economic
and
political
contexts
heartland
represents
European
countries
in
which
they
emerge.
Further,
while
hinterland
Southern
part
of
the
environmental
problems
influence
and
world.
The
transition
from
peripheral
to
are
influenced
by
political
and
economic
core
status
is
hard
to
measure
but
some
activities.
As
one
example
from
Sri
Lanka
countries
on
the
periphery
can
change
will
show,
even
projects
that
appear
to
be
their
status.
For
example
the
United
examples
of
environmental
governance
States
has
given
an
opportunity
to
may
be
only
fronts
for
political
or
countries
in
the
South
to
export
resource
economic
gain.
products
to
countries
in
the
North.
Core-‐
periphery
trade,
however,
often
Development
in
the
North
and
South
disadvantages
the
periphery,
and
growth
Nataraja
Shanmugaratnam
(2012)
reveals
in
trade
of
manufactured
goods
has
how
different
factors
contributed
to
the
certainly
been
far
greater
than
that
of
global
environmental
crises
in
the
North
resources
products
(Mather
and
Chapman
compared
to
the
South.
For
the
North,
the
1995:
59).
industrial
revolution
was
an
unprecedented
social,
economic,
and
In
line
with
Shanmugaratnam’s
emphasis
cultural
change.
Generally
speaking,
in
the
on
the
difference
between
the
North
and
colonial
era
the
South
provided
the
North
South,
political
scientists
often
refer
to
with
the
resources
to
industrialise
(Gupta
the
North
as
“developed
countries”
(DCs)
2012:
3).
It
reduced
poverty
and
and
refer
to
the
South
as
“less
developed
accelerated
economic
growth.
According
countries”
(LDCs).
Because
LDCs
tend
to
to
Peter
Hay
(2009:
4),
the
impetus
for
be
poorer
on
a
per-‐capita
basis
(Gupta
environmentalism
was
born
with
the
2012:
3)
economic
development
might
transformative
impact
of
early
appear
more
attractive
to
LDC
industrialisation
at
the
end
of
the
governments
as
ways
to
raise
the
eighteenth
century.
The
total
awareness
standards
of
living
in
their
country.
Yet
it
of
an
environmental
crisis
in
the
North
is
becoming
clear
that
environmental
manifested
in
various
forms:
democratic
governance
is
needed
to
genuinely
raise
freedom,
student
revolt,
feminism,
and
the
standards
of
living:
because
a
large
eco-‐feminism.
The
crisis
in
the
South
was
population
of
the
rural
poor
directly
not
driven
by
the
industrial
revolution,
depend
on
land
for
their
food,
economic
although
it
was
certainly
influenced
by
policies
in
LDCs
that
tend
to
alienate
the
the
systems
of
colonialism
and
capitalism
rural
poor
from
land
are
extremely
that
the
colonial
empires
established
in
dangerous.
the
South.
Principle
crises
in
the
South
were
environmental
degradation
in
the
The
distinction
between
LDC
and
DC
agricultural
areas,
natural
forests,
and
might
have
outlived
its
usefulness,
mining
centres
linked
to
large-‐scale
however.
Some
scholars,
for
example,
processes
like
mining
of
forest
resources
argue
that
there
are
more
differences
for
export
and
shifting
agriculture
to
between
countries
in
the
South
than
steep
slopes
(Shanmugaratnam
2012:
between
the
nations
of
the
North
and
178).
South
(Toye
1988).
Further,
the
North
and
South
share
overlapping
histories
of
Andre
Gunder
Frank
(1966)
introduced
modernisation.
Modernisation
refers
to
‘dependency
theory,’
a
way
of
thinking
processes
of
change
like
growing
about
the
North
and
South
that
was
urbanisation,
and
new
forms
of
economic
rooted
in
a
heartland-‐hinterland
or
core-‐
activity,
increase
in
specialisation
of
periphery
spatial
relationship
(Mather
labour
(Kearney
1978:
3-‐4).
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of
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51
Karl
Marx
theorised
that
these
moder-‐ 550,000
after-‐effect
injuries
like
kidney
nisation
processes
are
tied
up
with
the
failure,
lung
cancer,
liver
disease,
and
formation
of
two
classes
of
society,
the
birth
defects
as
a
result
of
genetic
capitalistic
and
the
labour
class.
mutation
(Mukherjee
2010).
This
was
a
Capitalists,
Marx
believed,
try
to
gain
stark
reminder
to
countries
not
only
in
profits
in
a
short
period
rather
than
the
South,
but
all
over
the
world,
about
protecting
the
environment
or
human
the
potential
harm
that
pesticide
welfare.
Marx
used
the
phrase
production
can
cause,
especially
at
‘metabolism
(Stoffwechsel)
between
man
factories
where
safety
regulations
are
not
and
earth’
to
explain
the
ecological
enforced.
disruption
under
capitalism
(Alier
2003:
3).
This
ecological
disruption
that
began
Environment
and
the
State
at
the
end
of
the
eighteenth
century
Because
there
is
great
pressure
on
states
became
very
disruptive
for
peasants
to
bring
economic
development
to
dependant
on
the
environment
for
their
countries,
many
are
impatient
to
see
livelihood.
economic
growth
even
if
it
is
unsustainable.
After
the
Second
World
One
reason
for
this
disruption
was
the
War,
for
example,
African,
Asian,
and
chemicals
created
during
the
industrial
Latin
American
countries
showed
very
revolution
that
were
very
harmful
for
the
little
limited
interest
regarding
environment.
For
example,
American
pest
environmental
conservation
because
they
authorities
created
and
circulated
had
to
focus
more
on
development.
The
chemicals
such
as
DDT
(dichloro-‐ Bhopal
disaster
is
only
one
example
of
diphenyltrichloroethane)
to
control
pests.
many
instances
where
development
that
Rachel
Karson
(1965)
reveals
the
harmful
neglects
environmental
concerns
can
reaction
of
these
chemicals
that
directly
have
dire
consequences
for
the
human
affect
the
environment
in
her
masterpiece
population.
“Silent
Spring.”
Suroopa
Mukherjee
(2010:
20)
writes
how
the
excessive
use
This
section
begins
with
an
example
from
of
chemical
fertilisers
has
today
resulted
Sri
Lanka.
In
October
2000,
the
Sri
Lankan
in
a
“pesticide
treadmill”
that
increases
Ministry
of
Mahaweli
development
and
the
price
of
foods
with
profit
only
going
to
the
Lahmeyer
International
Association
the
manufacturer
owners.
forwarded
a
capacity
report
to
the
‘Moragahakanda
Development
Project.’1
The
Bhopal
disaster
is
a
stark
reminder
of
Expected
to
be
the
second
largest
dam
in
the
conflicts
between
economic
Sri
Lanka,
the
Moragahakanda
dam
development
and
environmental
disaster.
should
add
25
megawatts
to
the
national
The
Union
Carbine
India
Limited
(UCLI)
grid,
and
provide
an
industrial
water
prided
itself
as
playing
a
key
role
in
supply
to
the
districts
of
Anuradhapura,
India’s
development
(Mukherjee
2010:
Trincomalee,
Polannaruwa,
and
Matale
so
20).
In
1975,
the
Indian
government
gave
that
agriculture
can
develop
in
the
North,
permission
to
the
company
to
East,
and
North-‐Western
provinces.
In
the
manufacture
pesticides.
The
Indian
project
report
(2000:
24),
section
3.13.4
government
wanted
to
produce
pesticides
uses
the
word
‘Cost
Recovery’
which
as
a
development
strategy
to
increase
reveals
the
idea
to
sell
the
water.
The
food
production
in
order
to
combat
section
states:
hunger.
Yet
the
company
was
careless
about
safety
hazards
and
in
1984,
42
tons
of
toxic
gas
leaked
into
the
atmosphere
1 Information
about
this
project
can
be
found
here:
that
resulted
in
nearly
4000
deaths,
and
http://www.treasury.gov.lk/EPPRM/npd/pdfdocs/projecpipeline-‐
chap/Irrigation.pdf
52
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Recommendations
for
appropriate
water
If
we
examine
the
condition
in
China
and
charges
will
be
given
based
on
Vietnam,
it
can
be
seen
that
socialist
state
discussions
with
representatives
of
the
policies
have
contributed
much
towards
concerned
authorities
and
the
on
social
and
environmental
catastrophe
progress
being
made
with
the
(Hershkovintz
1993,
quoted
in
Sirisena
introduction
of
water
charges
at
the
time
2010:
197).
Some
of
the
so-‐called
third
of
reporting.
(Chapabandara
2007:
26)
world
countries
broke
away
from
the
world
system
and
reached
some
The
main
goal
of
the
‘Moragahakanda
alternative
lines
in
order
to
reconstruct
Lake
Project’
is
not
for
the
paddy
and
realign
with
the
North
on
their
own
cultivation
but
for
the
subsidiary
crops
to
terms
to
form
a
more
advantageous
have
an
economic
value.
On
the
one
hand,
position.
After
the
fall
of
the
Berlin
Wall
it
is
under
the
term
and
condition
of
parts
of
the
Second
World
became
First
limiting
the
opportunities
for
paddy
World,
while
others
were
incorporated
cultivation.
Similarly,
there
is
a
possibility
into
the
South
(Gupta
2012:
3).
Today
a
that
the
Moragahakanda
dam
would
few
East
Asian
countries
are
referred
to
induce
other
industries
instead
of
paddy
as
newly
industrialising
countries
(NICs)
cultivation.
As
Johnston
states,
when
the
or
‘the
four
tigers:’
South
Korea,
Taiwan,
state
acts
according
to
the
whims
and
Singapore
and
Hong
Kong.
fancies
of
the
capitalists,
it
is
impossible
to
solve
environmental
problems
Conclusion
(Johnston
1989,
quoted
in
Sirisena
During
the
past
half
century,
2010:194).
The
state,
like
in
Sri
Lanka,
industrialisation
of
the
third
world
has
has
responsibilities
to
manage
bio-‐ influenced
the
environment
drastically.
physical
resources,
but
it
is
hard
to
see
Further,
third
world
industrialisation
whether
they
accept
or
handle
their
influences
and
is
influenced
by
changes
in
duties
well
(Sirisena
2010:194).
Although
international
interactions.
This
the
government
is
responsible
according
phenomenon
has
been
termed
by
Chase-‐
to
state
policy
to
manage
the
environment
Dunn,
Kawano,
and
Brewer
as
“structural
many
states
have
acted
irresponsibly.
For
globalisation”
(2000),
whereby
changes
in
instance,
in
Brazil
there
are
industries
density
of
international
interactions
are
with
out
clear
environmental
laws
so
the
in
relation
to
local
networks.
The
air
is
polluted
leading
to
health
problems
economic
policies
followed
by
the
state
(Hardoy
1992,
in
Sirisena
2010:
198).
for
exporting
natural
resources
such
as
Although
the
study
is
now
outdated,
minerals
and
different
kind
of
fish
has
Norton
Ginsburg’s
1957
study
of
the
affected
local
communities
drastically
relationship
between
resources
and
who
have
become
marginalised
socially
economic
growth
is
relevant
to
this
and
economically.
Governments
who
example
from
Sri
Lanka.
Ginsburg
introduce
temporary
palliatives
must
concludes
that
to
assist
in
economic
strive
for
genuine
environmental
development,
resources
need
not
lie
governance.
By
overusing
natural
within
a
country
but
they
must
be
resources
we
are
creating
environments
accessible.
Accessibility
implies
both
of
scarcity.
transport
and
export,
which
accumulate
the
capital.
One
means
of
accumulating
It
is
a
vital
requirement
for
each
country
such
capital
is
through
exploiting
to
properly
manage
their
natural
resources
within
a
country
(Mather
and
resources.
Projects
like
the
Chapman
1995:
228).
Moragahakanda
Development
Project
must
incorporate
environmental
policies
and
creatively
brainstorm
new
Future
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53
methodologies
for
environmental
the
North
and
South
can
achieve
new
governance.
The
more
governments
care
vistas
of
sustainable
development.
only
about
profit
when
implementing
economic
policies,
the
closer
we
approach
Acknowledgements
an
ecological
tipping
point,
locally
and
I
would
like
to
thank
the
anonymous
globally.
If
governments
in
the
North
and
readers
at
FOFJ
for
their
insightful
South
integrate
environmental
gover-‐ suggestions
that
significantly
raised
the
nance
into
their
development
projects,
standards
of
this
article.
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