Accredited by NAAC With A' Grade, An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution

“ A STUDY ON IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO THE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRIMARY AGRICULTURE CO-OPERATVE AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT BANK ”
SUBMITTED IN PARTISAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
“MASTER OF COMMERCE(M.com)”
To
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
DUTING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-18
SUBMITTED BY
MARUTHEESH K
Reg.No.16KXCOM014
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL GUIDE
Prof. Narendra. K Mr. Murulidhar
Assistant Professor, Manager
Dept. Of Commerce PCA and RD Bank, Gowribidanur Branch
P G DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
SURANA COLLEGE
SOUTH END ROAD BANGALORE-560004
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade, An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution.

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “A STUDY ON IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO
THE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERNCE TO PRIMARY
AGRICULTURE CO-OPERTAIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK LIMITED.,”
submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Commerce, is based on
investigation carried out by the guidance of Prof. Narendra.K, Assistant Professor, Department
of Commerce, Surana College, Bangalore
The dissertation/part thereof has not been submitted for the award of any degree/diploma of any
university or institution.
Place: Bangalore MARUTHEESH K
Date: (Reg. No. 16KXCOM014)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled, “A STUDY ON IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO THE
AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRIMARY
AGRICULTURE CO-OPERATIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK ” submitted by
“MARUTHEESH K” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of
Commerce at Bangalore University is an authentic work carried out by him under my supervision
and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the project, has not been submitted to any
other University/Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Date:
NARENDRA.K
Professor
Surana College
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege that it was given an opportunity to prepare a project report on“A STUDY ON
IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO THE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO PRIMARY AGRICULTURE CO-OPERATIVE AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT BANK ” for the final year M.Com course in Bangalore University.
At the completion of my final project, I am deeply grateful to many people who extended me their
helping hand. First of all, I raise my heart and mind in thanks to the Almighty God who is always
leading and guiding me in all my endeavors.
I thank Dr. Sakuntala Samuelson, Principal, Surana College, for giving me an opportunity to
carry out the project on this topic.
I would also like thank our M.Com coordinator Prof. Narendra.K for giving mw with proper
guidance and valuable suggestions.
I express my thanks to Prof. Narendra.K who provided me the opportunity to do my project under
his guidance and for the help. I am also grateful to all the Faculty members of the Department of
commerce, SURANA COLLEGE, whose encouragement and support were a source of inspiration
to me. I affirm my renewed thanks to everyone who have helped me one way or the other to
complete this project. I deeply acknowledge every service with gratitude.
I would also like to thank my parents for giving me the support and encouragement during the
completion of my course.
MARUTHEESH K
16KXCOM014
SURANA COLLEGE, BANGALORE-560004
LIST OF CONTENTS
SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-40
2 RESEARCH DESIGN 41-49
3 INDUSTRY AND BANK PROFILE 50-59
4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 60-145
5 FINDINGS, CONCULUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 146-149
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 150-151
ANNEXURE
LIST OF TABLES
Table no. CONTENT PG. NO
4.1 Table showing amount of loan borrowed by the respondents 60
4.2 Table showing age composition of respondents and amount of loan 62
4.3 The table showing gender and amount of loan by the respondents 64
4.4 Table showing religion of respondents and amount of 66

Loan
4.5 Table showing amount of loan and community of the respondents 68
4.6 Table showing educational background of respondents and amount of 70

loan
4.7 Table is showing occupation of respondents and amount of loan 72
4.8 Table is showing numberof dependents of respondents and amount of 74

loan
4.9 Table is showing nature of house of respondents and amount of loan 76

taken
4.10 Table is showing ownership of house and amount of loan of 78

respondents
4.11 Table is showing annual income of respondents and amount of loan. 80
4.12 Table showing ownership of land of respondents and amount of loan 82
4.13 Table is showing size of land holdings and amount of loan of 84

respondents
4.14 The table is showing sources of irrigation by the respodents 86
4.15 Table is showing the purpose of borrowing of loan by the respondents 88
4.16 The table is showing problems regarding the crop cultivation of 90

respondents
4.17 The table is showing the reasons for aviailing crop loan for the 92
respondents in pca and rd banks
4.18 This table is showing sources of finanace aviability and interst of 94

respondents
4.19 This table is showing the reasons for overdues of loans borrowed by 96
the respondents in the banks
4.20 The table is showing the reasons of respondents to the irregular of 98

repayments
4.21 The table is showing problems on crop loans procedures in pcard 100
banks and respondents
LIST OF GRPAHS
GRAPH CONTENT PG.NO

NO.
4.1 Graph showing amount of loan borrowed by the respondents 61
4.2 Graph showing age comparission and amount of loan taken by the 63
respondents
4.3 Graph showing gender and amount of loan by the respondents 65
4.4 Graph showing religion of the respondents nd amount of loan 67
4.5 Graph showing community of the respondents and amount of loan 69
4.6 Graph showing qualification of respondents and amount of loan 71
4.7 Graph is showing occupation of respondents and amount of loan 73
4.8 Graph is showing numbers of dependents by respondents and amount 75

of loan borrowing
4.9 Graph is showing nature of house of respondents and amount of loan 77
4.10 The graph is showing ownership of house of respondents and amount 79

of loan borrowed.
4.11 Graph is showing annual income of respondents and amount of loan 81
4.12 Graph is showing ownership of land and amount of loan 83
4.13 Graph is showing size of land holding by respondents and amount of 85

loan
4.15 89
Graph is showing purpose of borrowing of lon by the respondents and
amount of loan
4.16 The graph is showing problems of respondents regarding the crop 91

cultivation
4.17 This graph showing the reasons of avialing of crop loan to the 93
respondents
4.18 This graph shows the interst of respondents and sources of fiance 95
avialability of all banks
4.19 The graph showing the reasons for overdues of loans borrowed by 97
respondents in the pacd banks
-
4.20 The graph is showing the reasons of respondents to irregular of 99
repayments
4.21 The graph is shows the problems of crop loan procedures in pacd banks 101
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
This project provides information on the status of crop loan to agricultural development and
associated the crop loan. Crop loan is the financial assistance provide by the banks to meet
cultivation expenses for various crops. "Agriculture has been the primary occupation of human
beings, and that took a very important role. It provides a variety of products, crops that are essential
for humankind. Agriculture not only supports humans for their subsistence but helps a large
number of industries too”.
In this project special referenced to this company is have good network on loan to formers, its
create well platform for formers and give information about the crop loans. It’s have great vision
and mission there are Provide Long term and short-term loans for Agriculture purposes,
Developing Rural areas, Providing the loans for mini agriculturists at reasonable interest rates to
develop the agriculture activities, Providing various schemes for his customers and Co-operatives
with various Agriculture Activities.
I examined the study on “impact of crop loan to the agricultural development”. Objectives of the
study are to find out how many farmers are taking the crop loan, to find out impact of crop loan to
the area of cultivation, to find out of utilization of crop loan by the borrower, to find out the impact
of crop loan production per acre, to find out the impact of crop loan to savings patterns. The study
period is two and half months (01-02-2018 to 15-04-2018) and i took sample 100 for data analysis
and interpretation. This study can used the data for questionnaires.
This project analysis has helped loan barrowings formers based on the analysis; it was found that
which has found that the crop loan is impact to the development to the agricultural activities.
The study concludes that, this study has been undertaken mainly to help the government to take
up policy decisions and formulate suitable schemes and programmed to the agriculture formers.
The study gives comprehensive ideas of the various problems which are the primary agricultural
cooperative and rural development bank face and effective implementation of schemes introduced
by the governments for the formers. The suggestion made in the study will support to solving in
the problems of the crop cultivators and primary agricultural cooperative and rural development
bank.
The study mainly focusses on to gives crop loans for utilizing the formers and its impact on
agriculture pre-loan and post-loan. This helps to the formers to developing the crop activities and
its develops crop loans schemes.
A STUDY ON IMPACT ON CROP LOAN TO THE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT WITH
SPECIAL REFERANCE TO PRIMARY CO-OPERATIVE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT BANK LIMITED.,
1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is a multifunctional activity which provides livelihood, employment, food, nutritional
and ecological security. In the 21st century, agriculture continues to be a fundamental instrument
for sustainable development and poverty reduction. The improvement or changes in the national
output depend on the output of agriculture. For the same reason, it has to provide the capital
required for its own development and make available surpluses for national economic
development. In the early stages of economic development, the exports of primary produce earn
valuable foreign exchange which can be used to import capital goods for the development of
industry and infrastructure. The people in rural areas improve their standard of living and share
the fruits of development. This points out the significance of agricultural development.
1.2 MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming forestry. Agriculture was
the key development that led to the rise of civilization with the husbandry of domesticated animals
and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and
stratified societies.
"Agriculture has been the primary occupation of human beings, and that took a very important
role. It provides a variety of products, crops that are essential for humankind. Agriculture not only
supports humans for their subsistence but helps a large number of industries too”.
1.2.1 Christopher Chwebius- The word 'agriculture' has no rigid definition, it does not refer
merely to the cultivation of plant on the earth's surface. In other words, agriculture, according to
1.2.2 George O. Brain, means "every industry aiming at producing vegetables or animals by the
cultivation of the soil". In short, agriculture is the business of raising products from the land.
SURANA COLLEGE, Department of M.com Page. 1

1.2.3 Section 336 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 defines,
'Agriculture' as including;
 'horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy farming;

 the breeding and keeping of livestock (including any creature kept for the production of
food, wool, skins or fur, or for the purpose of its use in the farming of land);
 the use of land as grazing land, meadow land, osier land, gardens or nursery grounds; and
 the use of land for woodlands where that use is ancillary to the farming of land for other
agricultural purposes.
1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Agriculture held an important place in the national economy; its efficiency remained at a low
level. Before independence, it was stagnant over a long period and was impoverished. It became
subsistence farming and way of life but not an enterprise. Economic, social and institutional factors
as well as lack of administrative attention contributed to this state of affairs. Here, it will be
worthwhile to note the characteristics of Indian Agriculture.
1.3a Excessive Pressure of Population on Land
In India, too many people depend on land. Agricultural prosperity varies inversely with the
number of agricultural workers. There are about 80 workers per 100 acres of cultivated area of
land and there is practically no work from 4 to 6 months in a year. There is, thus, a good deal of
under-employment. In United Kingdom (U.K), it was estimated that there were about 6 persons
per 100 acres of farm work and the tendency is now to still further reduce the number of workers
with further mechanization. In Eastern Europe, the number of workers was estimated at 15 per 100
acres. Land shortage in India is, therefore, to be met by finding a suitable outlet for surplus
agricultural workers.
1.3b Uneconomic Methods of Farming
Indian agriculture is largely subsistence agriculture associated with the cultivation of food grains
and subsistence agriculture is starvation agriculture. Cotton, sugarcane and jute are the only crops,
other than grains and oil seeds, of any importance to the average cultivator in India. Special types

of farming such as gardening and dairying have not developed in the agricultural economy of the
country.
Turning to the methods of cultivation, they are primitive and archaic in character. Further, the
system of cultivation is not intensive. The average outturn per acre is very low, and when compared
it is very unfavorable with those of progressive countries.
1.3c A Deficit Economy
Indian agriculture is a deficit economy. It fails to remunerate fully the persons engaged in it and
yields a very low net output per acre. In fact, the country has not reached self- sufficiency in its
food requirements. In recent years, the unilateral fall in the prices of agricultural products has also
made Indian agriculture a deficit economy. The nutritive value of Indian agricultural products is
also not up to the desired level. There is an alarming lack of protective foods such as milk, egg,
vegetables and fish.
1.3d Lack of Co-ordinate Policy
The rationalization of agriculture all over the country requires a well-coordinated policy to be
undertaken by the State. The scarce resources are not properly utilized. Cultivable wasters are yet
to be brought under the plough. Crop planning is practically unknown to the masses. There is
unemployment and under employment of labor; the excessive pressure of population on land is the
primary cause for this. A growing percentage of landless laborers accentuate the labor problem.
Shortage of capital needs no mentioning. Scientific farm management is 50 also conspicuous by
its absence. In fact, planned economy alone can bring prosperity to Indian agriculture.
1.3e Predominantly a Rain-fed-Cultivation
Nearly 65 per cent of the cropped area is under cultivation. Some areas, though classified under
irrigated land, enjoy irrigation facility under the conditions of rainfall. Minor irrigation (wells, tube
wells and irrigation tanks) continues to be a predominant source of irrigation in India.

1.3f Multiplicity of Crops
Indian agriculture is characterized by multiplicity of crops. Under the varying climatic and soil
conditions, a variety of crops grown in different parts of the globe are all grown in India.
1.3g Majority of Small and Marginal Farmers in Indian Agriculture
Small and marginal holdings together constitute around 80 per cent of the total holdings and their
average size is less than one hectare. Under these circumstances, cultivation in many cases has
been uneconomical and therefore, not a well-paying proposition.
A State of Semi-Commercial Agriculture in India, a bulk of food grains produced is meant for
domestic personal consumption. However, in the case of non-food crops, a large part of it is
marketed. In recent years, the trend is towards commercial farming. Even small and marginal
farmers under pressing cash requirements raise cash crops intended for marketing.
1.3h Low Average Level of Productivity
The productivity or yield per hectare of land of different crops remains low in India as compared
to that in Japan and many other countries. This aspect of backwardness in agriculture may be
attributed to several factors such as inability of the small size landholders to invest in modem
inputs and inadequate institution support in terms of credit, marketing and crop insurance.
1.3i Seasonal Unemployment
In the absence of assured irrigation, timely and adequate rainfall and supplementary occupations,
farmers do not have effective work provided throughout the year.
1.4 ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIAN ECONOMY
Agriculture is the largest and the most important sector of our country. It forms the major share of
Indian economy. Agricultural output in its widest sense is the basic working capital of a nation in
its initial stages of growth. This proposition is still true all under developed countries. Agriculture
represents 40 to 60 per cent of the national income and 50 to 80 per cent of the population is

employed in agriculture. A country in its early stages of economic growth, therefore, cannot afford
to ignore the progress in agricultural sector as a principal part of its planning. Modem economic
development is not possible without development in the agricultural sector and it is especially
crucial in the early stages of economic growth. The existence of a substantial agricultural surplus
is a pre-condition for the general economic development of a country.
1.4a Contributes National Income
Agriculture contributes the largest share in India's national income. For example, in 1999-2000,
agriculture alone contributed about 47 per cent of national income. As per the National Income
Committee and the Central Statistical Organization, agriculture contributed nearly half of the
national income of India. Comparison can be made between the positions of agriculture in India
with that in the other countries as regards the share of agriculture in national income. In the United
Kingdom and United States, only 2 to 3 per cent of the working population is engaged in
agriculture; in France, the proportion is about 7 per cent and in Australia, this is about 6 per cent.
It is only in backward and less developed countries o that the working population engaged in
agriculture is quite high.
1.4b Provides Huge Employment and Economic Living
Agriculture provides huge employment and economic living to the working population of India.
According to 1971 census, more than 72.5 per cent of the working population was engaged in
agriculture. In developed countries, this rate is very small. It is 50 per cent in United Kingdom
(U.K) 4 per cent in United States of America (U.S. A) 16 per cent in Australia, 14 per cent in
France and 21 per cent in Japan. This shows that agriculture in India provides the maximum
number of jobs to the working population. Besides, a large number earn their living by working in
agricultural occupations, for example, in storage, in processing and trade and transport of
agricultural products. In villages, about 80 per cent of the people earn from cultivation and allied
agro-industries. Their economic living also depends on agriculture only. Thus, agriculture provides
huge employment and economic living to the working population of India.

1.4c Provides Food and Fodder
Agriculture meets almost the entire food needs of the people. The total production of food grains
for the year 2006-2007 was 118 million tones. Agriculture also provides fodder to livestock. They
include cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and horses. In India, agriculture has to provide food for more
than 100 crores of people. It also provides fodder to the cattle which are one-fourth of the world
population. So, the role of agriculture in India is really a great one.
1.4d Supplies Raw materials to the Leading Industries
Agriculture has been the source of raw materials to India's leading industries. For example, cotton,
jute, textiles, sugar, tobacco, leather and plantation industries have to depend on agriculture
directly. Moreover, processing and preservation of fruits, vegetables, rice husking, oil crushing,
handloom industries have to depend upon agriculture for their raw materials.
1.4e Agriculture for Industrial Development
Agriculture has been the source of supply of raw materials to our leading industries. Cotton and
jute textile industries, sugar, flourmills, Vanaspati and plantations depend on agriculture directly.
There are many other industries which depend on agriculture in an indirect manner. Many of our
small-scale and cottage industries like handloom weaving, oil crushing and rice husking depend
upon agriculture for their raw material.
But then, in recent years, the significance of agriculture to industries is going down as many new
industries are coming up which are not dependent on agriculture. Under the Five-Year Plans, iron
and steel industries, chemical industries, machines and tool industries and engineering industries,
automobiles and information technology have come up in a big way. However, in recent years, the
importance of food processing industries is being increasingly recognized both for generation of
income and for generation of employment.
1.4f Agriculture in the Field of International Trade
Importance of Indian agriculture also arises from the role it plays in India's trade. Agricultural
products-tea, sugar, oilseeds, tobacco and spices constitute the main items of exports of India.

Broadly speaking, the proportion of agricultural goods which were exported came to 50 per cent
of our exports, and manufactures with agricultural content contribute another 20 per cent or so;
and the total comes to 70 per cent of India's exports, more especially after the introduction of
agricultural exports which were 8.5 per cent in 1990-991 rose to 20.3 per cent in 1996-97 and
thereafter, indicated a continuous decline and were of the order of only 12.8 per cent in 2008-2009.
1.4g Agricultural Sector in Economic Planning
Importance of agriculture in the national economy is indicated by many facts. For example,
agriculture is the main support for India's transport systems, secure bulk of their business from the
movement of agricultural goods. Internal trade is mostly in agricultural products. Agricultural
growth has direct impact on poverty eradication. It is also an important factor in containing
inflation, raising agricultural wages and for employment generation. The rural areas are the biggest
markets for low-priced and middle-priced consumer goods, including consumer durables. Besides,
rural domestic savings are an important source of resource mobilization. Accordingly, any change
in the agricultural sector, positive or negative, will have a multiplier effect on the entire economy.
Since 2007-2008, Indian agricultural sector is almost going through a crisis-huge food grains
surplus wiped out, large imports of wheat being planned and farmers' suicides more frequent all
over the country. A nation of more than a billion people cannot be dependent on imports for basic
items like food grains and edible oils.
Besides, the allied sectors like horticulture, animal husbandry, dairy and fisheries have an
important role in improving the overall economic conditions and health and nutrition of the rural
masses. To maintain the ecological balance, there is need for sustainable and balanced
development of both agriculture and the allied sectors. Economic plans brought out the crucial role
of the agricultural sector in enabling the widest dispersal of economic benefits and emphasized
that "agricultural development is central to economic development of the country".
1.4h Maintains Industrial Tempo
Agriculture employs more than 10 per cent of the total population. They provide a good market
for industrial goods. Now-a-days, modem agricultural practices are followed. So, the demand for
inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural implements, machineries, pumps and

consumer goods increases. Thus, agriculture provides the market for industrial goods and thereby
maintains the meteor of industrial activity at a higher level.
1.4i Main Support for Transport
Transport has to depend upon agriculture to a very large extent. Agriculture is the main support
for railways. Railways and roadways transport bulk agricultural produce from place to place. The
major part of the freight is only agricultural products. Moreover, internal trade is mostly
agricultural products only. ''The finance of the government also depends upon to a large extent on
the prosperity of agriculture.
1.4j Vital to International Trade
Agriculture provides a large proportion of India’s international exports. Roughly the proportion
of agricultural goods contributes about 50 per cent of our exports. The chief items of exports are
tea, coffee, cashewnuts, spices, tobacco, raw jute, raw cotton, gum, leather goods and oil-cakes.
Total value of export of agricultural commodities amounted to Rs. 1,395 crores in 1974-75. In
2009-2010, India exported sugar to the value of Rs.205.8 crore, fish Rs.345.8 crore, leather
Rs.598.9 crore, jute Rs.481.27 crore, tea Rs.425.3 crore, cotton Rs.354.7 crore, cashew Rs.110.9
crore, tobacco Rs.113.4 crore, coffee Rs.163.3 crore and oil cakes Rs.115.7 crore. Thus, agriculture
is very vital to international trade of India.
1.4k Capital Investment
A major portion of the productive capacity of India is in the form of agricultural assets only. For
example, irrigation facility, ploughs, storage capacity. Every year, there is addition to this stock
also. For example, in the First plan, the outlay for agricultural development was only Rs.823 crore.
But, it jumped to Rs. 8,084 crores in the Fifth Plan. Agriculture, being an important sector, also
occupies an important place in the capital investment of India.
1.4l International Ranking
Even at the international level, Indian agriculture has a fair ranking. She enjoys quite a high
position in certain agricultural goods. For example, in case of groundnut, India stands first in the

world. In the production of rice, India's ranking is second. In the production of tobacco, she ranks
third.
1.4.m Lends Stability to the Economy
Development of agriculture lends stability to the economy. Economic development without

agricultural development will create bottlenecks and generate inflationary pressure. Low rate of
agricultural development has resulted in shortage of food and essential raw materials leading to
inflation. So, agricultural development is highly essential for the stability of the economy.
1.4.n Product Contributions
Product contribution is an increase in the total net or gross output of the country or the growth of
the product per capita. Therefore, an increase in the net output of agriculture represents a rise in
the output of the country. This type of contribution from agriculture is constituted by the growth
of product within the sector itself This product contribution to the economic growth of a country
will be higher, if the share of agriculture in the country's labour force is larger, and the ratio of
product per worker in agriculture to that of non-agricultural sector is higher. Secondly, as the
economic growth proceeds, and the share of agriculture in the labour force decreases, there will be
a continuous decrease in the proportional contribution of agriculture to economic growth.
1.4.o Market Contribution
This contribution of agriculture to economic growth is larger because, at that stage agriculture
accounts for a greater share of the net output of the economy. So, the magnitude of the trade with
other sectors of the economy will be larger and thus, it will have a greater bearing on the economic
base of the country But, as the growth process proceeds and there is a decrease in the share of
agriculture in both product and labour force, there is a tendency of declining proportionate
contribution of such market contribution to the total output of the economy. In short, we can say
that this market contribution of agriculture is very important in the early stages of growth, but this
contribution declines as the growth proceeds apace. In the early stages of growth of many of the
developed countries of today, agriculture was an important source of exports and this facilitated

the modem economic growth. Thus, the contribution of agriculture to exports assumes strategic
importance.
1.4.p Factor Contribution
By agriculture to economic growth was very large in the initial phases of economic growth in
some countries. In Japan, the land tax was as high as 80 per cent of the Central Government
taxation and the direct tax ratio to income produced was in the range of 12 to 22 per cent in
agriculture. Whereas in non-agricultural sectors, it was only 2 to 3 per cent. In Soviet Union also,
there was compulsory extraction of surplus from agriculture in the shape of taxation. These
measures financed a substantial part of industrialization programmers in the Soviet Union. Thus,
we see that agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic development of underdeveloped
countries. The contribution of agriculture to economic growth can be put in five propositions;
1. Agriculture must provide adequate food supplies for the rapidly increasing population in the
developing countries.
2. Agricultural development is essential for supplying raw materials for the expanding industrial
economy and increasing foreign exchange earnings through enlarged agricultural exports.
3. Agriculture helps economic development by providing an expanded market for industry and
manufactured consumer goods.
4. Agricultural development can facilitate the development of industry by releasing labour from
agriculture to non-agricultural sectors.
5. In the early stages of development, agriculture, being the predominant sector, can generate
capital formation needed for further economic growth
1.4.q Revolutionary Contribution
Since the mid-1960's, the traditional agricultural practices are gradually being replaced by modem
technology and farm practices in India and a veritable revolution is taking place in our country.
The following revolutions are supportive to develop the agriculture.

a) Green Revolution
Mutually reinforcing packages of technology services and government policies led to the birth of
what was termed in October 1968 as the Green Revolution and is considered as one of the biggest
success stories of India cited globally, which enabled the country to convert the nightmarish,
"Begging Bowl" status to that of "self-sufficiency" and a net exporter of food and non-food
products. The success of India's agriculture is attributed to a series of steps that led to availability
of farm technologies which brought about dramatic increase in productivity and production in the
post-eighties often labeled as the Green Revolution Era. An important facet of progress in
agriculture through this revolution is its success in the eradication of its critical dependence on
imported food grains. In the 1950s, nearly 5 per cent of the total food grains available in the country
were imported. This dependence worsened during the 1960's when two severe drought years led
to a sharp increase in import of food grains as against a domestic production of 72 million tones.
However, in the following years the total availability of food grains has increased considerably
and by 1980 there appeared surplus. In 2009-2010, it was 247 million tones.
b) White Revolution
The Green Revolution in our country has been followed by the White Revolution through the
pioneering efforts of the Indian Dairy Corporation. Through Operation Flood Programmed, the
country has succeeded in the field of dairying. At present, we are leaders both in the possession of
cattle and production of milk in the world. The production of milk in 1950-51 was 17 million tones
and it is above 100 million tones at present. As far as the per capita consumption of milk is
concerned, it was 124 grams per day in 1950-51 and at present it is 238 grams per day.
c) Blue Revolution
Blue Revolution India with a long coast line is among the leading fish producing and exporting
countries of the world. The growth of marine and inland fisheries is quite encouraging over these
years. With the introduction of modern strategy and through government policy supports, a
revolutionary change occurred in this. The production of fish in 1950-51 was about 750 thousand

tones and at present it is around 7000 thousand tones. As far as the production of eggs is concerned,
it was 1,832 million in 1950-51 and at present it is about 42,000 million.
d) Yellow Revolution
The dramatic transformation of the Indian oilseeds economy from a 'net importer' status in the
eighties to a 'self-sufficient' and more so a 'net exporter' status during early nineties has been
popularly termed as the "yellow revolution." From a mere twelve million tons in 2008-2009 to
around seventy million tones in terms of vegetable oils, India is the fourth largest oil economy in
the world after the United State (U.S), China and Brazil. If efforts are made for promotion in all
potential areas with 65 appropriate policy back up, it is possible to reach 35 million hectares under
oil seeds within 5 to 6 years.
e) Golden Revolution
A spectacular change, which has been observed in the horticultural sector, is popularly known as
"Golden Revolution." Horticulture encompasses a wide range of tree crops, field crops, fruits,
vegetables, flowers and ornamental, aromatic medicinal plants, spices and commercial crops. The
present acreage under these crops was around 20 million hectares in 2006-2007. India is the second
largest producer of both fruits and vegetables in the world. The area under these has increased
more rapidly over these years. This sector is likely to grow rapidly in the future both on account
of internal demands and export opportunities. At present, India is the largest producer of areca nut,
coconut, mangoes, bananas, cashew nuts, ginger, black pepper and turmeric.
As far as the floriculture scenario is concerned, India is the second largest grower of flowers after
China. About 1,15,921 hectares of area is under floriculture, producing about 6,70,000 metric
forms of loose flowers annually. Nearly 77 per cent of area under this is mainly concentrated in
eight states comprising of Tamil Nadu, Kama taka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra,
Haryana, Utter Pradesh and Delhi. The area under this has been increasing over these years. India
exports this to Japan, Russia, and South East Asia and Middle-East countries.
f) Gene Revolution

Recently, a new scientific discipline of genomics has arisen and it has contributed to powerful
new approaches that can be used in agriculture as well as medicine and has helped the
biotechnology industry. To improve the efficiency of production, the use of the technology is
becoming popular and is labeled as the "Mantra for the New Millennium." It is felt that the use of
biotechnology in conjunction with traditional farming practices is the sustainable solution for the
future.
1.5 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. About 65 per cent of population is engaged in
Agriculture. During the last 25 years, the total production of food grains, vegetables, fruits, and
milk, has been increased. Now a day, we are playing attention to production. The major sources of
agricultural growth during this period were the spread of modern crop varieties, intensification of
input use and investment lending to expansion in the irrigated area. In areas where `green
revolution’ technologies had major impact, growth has now delayed. New technologies are needed
to push out yields. Utilize inputs more efficiently and diversity to more suitable and higher value
cropping patterns. At the same time where is urgency to better exploit potential rainfall and other
less endowed areas if we are to meet targets of agricultural growth and poverty alleviation
Given the wide range of agro ecological setting and produces, Indian agriculture is faced with a
great diversity of needs, opportunities and prospects. Future growth needs to be more rapid, more
widely distribution and better targeted. In order to reach the target of food grains and non-food
grains of Indian population, it is essential that the cultivators use modern in the production of crops
and maintenance of livestock. The protected cultivation should be introduced in low productivity
areas with innovative farmers with strong technological and financial support of the central and
state government.
1.6 AREA OF MAJOR CROPS IN INDIA
India grows a large and rich variety of crops. These included cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibers,
plantation of crops and many other crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables.
Cropping pattern of any region depends upon physical characteristics such soil, climate, weather,

and rainfall. Most of the land in India remains unutilized or underutilized. More than 50 per cent
of the net as well as gross sown is under rainfed cultivation over the year.
Major crops In India
 Rice
 Wheat
 Maize
 Cholam
 Cumbu
 Pulses
 Oil seeds
 Ground nut
 Soya beans
 Sun flower
 Cotton
 Jute and Mesta
 Sugarcane
These are some major Agriculture Crops in India
1.7 AGRICULTURE IN KARNATAKA
Karnataka is India’s eight largest state in geographical are covering 1.92 lakh sq. km and
accounting for 6.3 per cent of the Geographical area of the country. The state is delineated 30
Districts and 176 taluks spread over 27,481 villages. In Karnataka, Agriculture is the major
occupation for a majority of the rural population. As per the population census 2011, agriculture
supports 13.74 million workers of which 23.61 per cent are cultivators and 25.67 per cent
agriculture workers. A total of 123,100 km square of land is cultivated in Karnataka constituting
64.6% of the total geographical area of the state. The agricultural sector of Karnataka is
characterized by vast steppes of drought-prone region and sporadic patches of irrigated area. Thus,
a large portion of agricultural land in the state is exposed to the vagaries of monsoon with severe

agro-climatic and resources constrains. Agriculture employs more than 60 per cent of Karnataka’s
workforce.
1.8 Major crops in Karnataka
 Rice
 Sorghum
 Pearl millet
 Maize
 Small millet
 cereals
 Pigeon pea
 Chick pea
 pulse
 Food grains
 Groundnuts
 Sunflower
 Oilseeds
 Cotton
 Sugarcane
Etc., are the main crops In Karnataka
1.9 AGRICULTURE IN CHIKKABALLAPUR DISTRICT
Chikkabalapur district is situated in the south eastern part of Karnataka and falls in the Eastern dry
climatic zone. Located on the National Highway connecting Bangalore and Hyderabad, it is the
Eastern gateway to Karnataka. It experiences a semi-arid climate characterized by typical monsoon
tropical weather with hot summers and mild winters. The rural population is 77.6 per cent of the
total population which higher than the state average of 61.3 per cent. Agriculture is the

predominant economic activity. The net sown area(NSA) and gross cropped area (GCA) are 1.91
ha lakh and 2.10 lakh ha respectively. About 24% of the NSA is under irrigation and the cropping
intensity is 110 per cent. The soil and the climate are favorable for growing field crops like, ragi,
maize, pulses, and oil seeds, vegetables and fruit crops. The important field crops in terms of
coverage are maize (55,801 ha) and ragi (46,032 ha). Horticulture is one of the important economic
activities in the district, with 47,069 ha or 22 per cent of GCA under horticultural crops as 31 st
March, 2015, with a production of 643165 tones. The district is well known for mango, grapes,
pomegranate, sapota, Guava, papaya, banana and citrus and cut flowers cultivation. Besides,
farmers are increasingly going in for protection cultivation, particularly, carnation, gerbera, Dutch
roses, capsicum, tomato, etc. there are 2 large scale units employing 1,756 people, 8 million scale
units employing 1511 persons and 8390 small scale units employing 47753 persons in the district
as on 31st march 2015.
1.10 THE MAJOR CROPS IN CHIKKABALLAPUR
 Ragi
 Maize
 Pulses
 Oil seeds
 Vegetables
 Fruit crops
 Mango
 Grapes
 Pomegranate
 Sapota
 Guava
 Papaya
 Banana
 Citrus
 Cut flowers etc.
There are the main crops cultivating in Chikkaballapur.

1.11 AGRICULTURE IN GOWRIBIDANUR
Gowribidanur is a town or Taluk in kolar now chikkaballapur District in the south Indian state of
Karnataka. It is about 75 km from Bangalore and 25 km chikkabalapur. Along with native language
is Kannada, the other languages of Telugu and Urdu are spoken since the town borders the
neighbouring State Andra Pradesh.
Gowribidanur is at average elevation of 694 meters. As of census, gowribidanur had a population

of 80,673. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Gowribidanur has an average
literacy rate 72%, male literacy is 77% and female is 67%. 11% of the population is under 6 years
age. The gowibidanur has 6 hoblies and 239 villages.
1.12 Major crops in Gowribidanur
 Paddy
 Banana
 Tomato
 Ragi
 Corn
 Flowers
These are the main crops in Gowribidanur Taluk.
1.13 INTRODUCTION OF CO-OPERATION
Co-operation is a world-wide movement. It is the back-bone of economic activities and social

progress. Co-operatives were expected to play a vital role in bringing about socio-economic
transformation. If they visualize the future and gear up to meet the challenges, they would surely
have a bright future. The long cherished co-operative principles will become the guiding spirit for
the future business world'. In the 21st century, co-operative movement is expected to play an

important role in protecting the environment, managing resources, improving life quality and
eradicating poverty.
1.14 DEVELOPMENT OF CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT
The development of Co-operative Movement can be divided into six stages.
1.14.1- The First Stage of the Movement (1904-1911)
The first stage was essentially an experimental one. The Indian organizers of the movement had
little experience and scarce knowledge of the imported ideas of co-operation. Their task was made
even more difficult by the fact that they were required to spread a new idea among the uneducated
rural people. The main objective of the Co-operative Credit Societies Act of 1904 is to encourage
thrift, self-help and cooperation amongst agriculturists, artisans and persons of limited means
Local officers were also instructed that the organization of Rural Credit Societies should be their
first concern. One of the special features of the societies during this period was that the government
was the prime-mover of the movement. The movement was not only initiated by the government,
but also supported by government loans. In 1909, government loans formed 22 per cent of the
working capital of the societies. By 1912, 8,177 societies with a membership of over 4 lakhs and
working capital of Rs.335.7 lakh were organized.
1.14.2 -The Second Stage of the Movement (1912-1918)
The Act of 1904 was found insufficient to cope with the expanding movement. It did not, for
example, allow central and non-credit societies to be organized. Various other provisions also
stood in the way of the healthy growth of the movement. A new Act was, therefore, passed in
1912, which removed the defects of the Act of 1904. The main objective of the 1912 Act was the
promotion of the economic interests of its members. The important changes brought about by the
new Act were as follows:
 The Act of 1904 confined co-operative activities to Primary Credit Societies only. The new
Act enabled the registration of non-credit societies as well, so as to ensure an all-round
progress of the movement.

 The old Act classified societies into Rural and Urban, whereas the new Act provided for
the classification of societies on the basis of their liability into limited and unlimited.
 The old Act was silent about distribution of profits. The new Act realized that Co-
operative Movement in India could not flourish so well unless the right of investors to
reasonable profits was recognized.
 The new Act also enabled for the first time the registration of Central Societies.
During the second stage, the government of India appointed a Committee under the
chairmanship of Sir. E.D. Mach lagan in October 1914 and that the Committee submitted
its Report in 1915. The committee suggested for the establishment of co-operatives
spontaneously. Audit and supervision of Primary Societies by Co-operative Unions,
Central Cooperative Banks and Provincial Co-operative Banks should be carefully done.
The committee had also laid down the following recommendations for the proper
functioning of the Co-operative Credit Societies.
Every member should have knowledge of principles of co-operation
 The society should lend only to its members.

 Loans should be given for productive purposes.
 Loans will be given only to those persons who are in a position to repay.
 The members should exercise a vigilant watch that the money is expended and the purpose
for which the loan was granted.
1.14.3- The Third Stage of the Movement (1919-1929)
Under the Reforms Act of 1919, co-operation became a transferred subject under the charge of a
minister in each state. This was another landmark in the history of the movement. During the early
years, progress was made rather too rapidly in various states. Bombay gave a lead by passing a
Special Act in 1925 incorporating amendments to suit local conditions. Various states appointed
Committees of Enquiry to judge the progress of the movement. The Royal Commission on

Agriculture with Calvert as its chairman was set up during this period. It examined problems
relating to agriculture and stressed the need of co-operation for implementing the programmed of
agricultural development. The Commission brought out good as well as weak points in the
movement.
The Act of 1919 gave great stimulus to the movement. Its success was measured more by its
quantity than by its quality, but all seemed to be going on very well during these early prosperous
days. The economic prosperity between 1920 and 1929 facilitated expansion and there was a rapid
increase in the number of societies. During this period, the working of co-operative movement was
examined by the Royal Commission which suggested that "co-operation is the best hope of rural
India"
1.14.4-The Fourth Stage of the Movement (1929 to 1938)
In this stage, the Great Depression of the 1930's resulted in fall of prices particularly of agricultural
commodities which adversely affected the economic conditions of the agriculturists. Their
repaying capacity dwindled considerably. The demand for loans increased while over dues
mounted. A significant highlight of this period was the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India
in 1935 and its Agricultural Credit Department which was charged with the duty of studying
various problems relating to agricultural credit.
1.14.5-The Fifth Stage of the Movement (1938-39 to 1946-1947)
From 1939 to 1947 the co-operative movement made rapid progress as a result of the Second
World War. The increase in the prices of agricultural commodities boosted up the gains to farmers.
The deposits in societies increased but the demand for fresh loans was low consequent upon the
introduction of controls. The Government of India appointed the Agricultural Finance Sub-
Committee, under the Chairmanship of Prof D.R. Gadgil, which expressed the confidence that co-
operation would provide the best and the most lasting solution for the problem of agricultural
credit. In 1945, the Government of India appointed the Cooperative Planning Committee under
the chairmanship of R.G. Saraiya for drawing up a plan for the future development of co-operative
movement and its report was submitted in 1946.

1.14.6- The Sixth Stage of the Movement (1946 to 1953)
The government has taken important steps to reorganize and develop the Co-operative Movement.
The All India Rural Credit Survey Committee appointed in 1951 under the chairmanship of
Gorwala, submitted its Report in 1954. The Committee found that "at the rural base, no form of
credit organization will be suitable except the co-operative society. Co-operative Societies has
failed but co-operation must succeed. The foremost objective of the policy then becomes positive
and deliberate creation of conditions on which co-operative credit will have a reasonable chance
of success". Among other recommendations the Committee's scheme of "Integrated Rural Credit"
is commendable which paved the way for the growth of agricultural co-operatives in India. From
1946 to 1953 the Co-operative Movement made rapid progress as a result of the Second World
War. The increase in the prices of agricultural commodities boosted up the gains to farmers.
1.15 MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF CO-OPERATION
Co-operation means living, thinking and working together. In the technical sense, it denoted a
special method of doing business. In its former sense. Co-operation existed even before the
existence of man. In fact, Co-operation is much older than the man himself.
Co-operation depends on self-help through mutual help. Cooperation is fundamentally a socio-

economic movement. It is non-political in character. Co-operation stands to fight against
exploitation of man by man. Co-operation generates centripetal forces and brings individuals and
groups in to closer harmony, mutual understanding as contrasted with the capitalistic system which
creates centrifugal forces and sets man against man.
Seligman observes that Co-operation means the abandonment of competition in distribution and
production and the elimination of middlemen of all kinds.
According to Calvert, "It is a form of organization where in the persons voluntarily associate
together as human beings on the basis of equality for the promotion of economic interests of
themselves".

According to the International Co-operative Alliance Commission on Co-operative principles
appointed in 1964, "the essential principles of co-operation are voluntary and open membership,
democratic control and equitable distribution of surplus or patronage dividend, limited interest on
capital, co-operative education and co-operation among co-operatives". To these, we may add
liberty, self-help through mutual help, cash trading, thrift, equity, publicity, spirit of dedication
and services with absolute honesty and unquestionable integrity. Its motto is each of all and all for
each.
A Co-operative bank can be defined as an institution established on the Co-operative principles

and engage in the normal banking business of accepting deposits from the public for the purpose
of lending and repay it on demand or otherwise.
Dr. R. Phillips regards a Co-operative organization as an economic institution which we know is

not wholly true. He says, "The Co-operative association of firms or households for business
purposes is an economic institution through which economic activity is conducted in the pursuit
of economic objectives".
Mr. Tamaki has defined a Co-operative as "An association of the weak who gathers together for
a common economic need and keys to life themselves and others out of weakness into strength
through business organization conducted for the common benefit of all who join it".
Henry Wolff defined Co-operative banking as "An agency which is in a position to deal with
small man on his own terms accepting the security he has and without drawing the protection of
rich".
1.16 CHARACTERISTICS OF CO-OPERATION
The essential characteristics of co-operation are abandonment of competition in distribution and

production and the elimination of middle men of all kinds. The following is the list of economic
advantages of cooperative organization.
1. The substitution of the profit incentive in business by that of service to humanity or production
for consumption.

2. A more equitable distribution of wealth.
3. The breaking up of monopolies and trusts which operate at the expense of the consumer.
4. The increase of the workman's purchasing power and real wages by giving him more and better
goods for his money.
5. The reduction in cost of distributive system by: -
 Elimination of unnecessary middlemen,

 Removal of useless duplication services,
 Eradication of such practices as misleading advertisement and high-pressure
salesmanship.
 The elimination of fraudulent practices like adulteration and short weight.
6. Stabilization of employment which will result from the regularity of demand and the absence
of speculation.
Indian economy is mainly an agricultural economy where in 70 per cent of the population is in
agriculture and 85 per cent of its rural population is dependent on it. About 40 per cent of the
national income comes from this sector of the economy. Agricultural development is the
measurement of economic progress. Indian agriculture is the gamble of monsoon. There is
uncertainty of agricultural output and consequently farmers do not get fair return on their product.
So, the farmers' position is not so sound and they need working capital, large and small credit for
making permanent improvements on the land and purchasing permanent assets. Short term credit
is needed by the farmers for meeting their seasonal demands. Long term credit is needed for
purchasing tractors, agricultural land and permanent improvement on land. These long terms
credits are provided by Primary Agricultural Co-operative and Rural Development Banks.
Prior to independence, the role of money lenders was predominant in this sector. Major position
of credit of agriculture was supplied by them and farmers were not aware of Co-operative Credit
Societies. So, majority of the farmers in India were under the clutches of rural money lenders.
They were exploited by money lenders in various ways. They charged high rate of interest and
compelled the farmers to sell their produce through them at a flat rate fixed by them.

After independence, the Government has taken several steps to free the farmers from the clutches
of money lenders and to provide agricultural credit through Co-operative Credit Societies,
Commercial Banks and Rural Banks. The role of Co-operative Credit Societies is increasing
enormously in recent years. They provide short term, medium term and long-term credit to
agricultural sector in the country.
The large credit structure is either of unitary in nature, or federal. For this Purpose, State
Agriculture and Rural Development Bank has been set up at the state level. At the block level
either a Primary Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank or branches of State
Agriculture and Rural Development Bank have been set up. The structure of co-operative credit is
like a pyramid type of three - tier structure. The Primary Co-operative Credit Societies are
functioning at village or taluk level, the Central Co-operative Banks is functioning at the district
level and the State Co-operative Banks are functioning at the state level in the system of co-
operatives. The State Co-operative Banks are closely linked with National Bank for Agriculture
and Rural Development (NABARD). The entire system of co-operative credit is depending upon
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.
1.17 PRINCIPLES OF CO-OPERATION
According to the International Co-operative Alliance Commission on co-operative principles,

appointed in 1964, the essential principles of co-operation are as under.
1.17.1-Voluntary Association
The chief characteristic of a co-operative organization is that of its being a voluntary form of
association. There is no compulsion on anybody to join a co-operative society. Membership and
withdrawal in a co-operative should only comprise persons who have joined it voluntarily without
being coerced in any way. The principle of voluntarism is considered to be cardinal and vital to
the co-operative character of society. It provides an incentive for better work and develops
initiative among the members.

1.17.2-Democratic Control
The next important principle is that of democratic control. This means that each member of a co-
operative has only one vote and no more, irrespective of the number of shares held by him.
Professor Paul Lambert has stated, "Each member has a vote solely by virtue of the fact that he is
a man". In a co-operative society, each member stands on the basis of equality and gets an equal
opportunity to participate freely in the conduct of its affairs. In a co-operative organization as in a
democracy, all members are put on an equal footing irrespective of the number of shares they may
possess, their economic position, their social status, or the amount of business they do with the co-
operative.
1.17.3-Distribution of Surplus
It is generally accepted that the principle of distribution of surplus in proportion to transactions

was the most ingenious and unique principle invented by the Rockdale Pioneers. Indeed, this
principle is the essence of the Rockdale Co-operative system. William e. Gladstone, the great
liberal Prime Minister, called it the "greatest economic invention of the nineteenth century". This
is a device whereby co-operatives accomplish their purposes of providing goods or services to
their members and patrons at cost. This principle is considered to be a practical expression of the
nonprofit character of the co-operative economy. This is achieved simply by dividing the surplus
among members in proportion to their business done through the co-operatives, not to their
investment in it.
1.17.4-Limited Interest on Capital
Another important principle of co-operative enterprise is the payment of limited interest on capital.
Capital is subordinated in cooperative enterprises because it is thought of as noxious, bearing many
seeds of injustices, if it is not kept under control. The Pioneers of the movement considered that it
would be ideal if no interest were paid on shares, but it did not take them long to realize that they
could not mobilize the necessary capital without paying interest.

1.17.5- Co-operative Education
One of the principles on which the Rockdale Pioneers insisted, particularly strongly was the
promotion of education. In 1853, they introduced a provision into the rule that 10.5 per cent of
surplus should be devoted to education. In the Raiffeisen and Schulze - Deglitch systems, the
principle of education was not particularly stressed but it was not ignored either. It has been
acknowledged on all hands that the strength and success of the co-operative movement depend on
the existence of vast and enlightened membership and without co-operative education; enlightened
membership does not become a reality.
1.17.6-Co-operation among Co-operatives
The International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) Commission of 1966 has incorporated a new
principle of co-operation, namely, "Principle of growth" - mutual co-operation among co-
operatives. The spirit of this principle is that all co-operative organizations in order to best serve
the interest of their members and their communities should actively co-operate in every practical
way with other co-operatives at local, national and international levels.
1.17.7-Self-help through Mutual Help
An important principle of co-operative movement is the principle of self-help through mutual aid.
According to Professor D.G. Karve, "Self-help and mutual help are of the essence of co-operation.
Without these, there is no genuine co-operation". In the words of Indian Co-operative Union,
mutual aid is the core of personal relationship amongst members. Its motto is, 'Each for all and all
for each' because cooperation is based on the self-help, the emphasis is always on working
together. Co-operation has nothing to offer to the man who wishes to sit with folded hands and
wait for the government or someone else to alleviate his difficulties. Lamber writes, "The co-
operator works out his own salvation instead of waiting for it to come through other people's
charity".
1.17.8- Cash Trading
Cash trading was considered to be essential principle of cooperation by Rockdale Pioneers. This
was because more co-operatives had inadequate capital and they wanted to maintain the financial

soundness of no the societies. Moreover, co-operatives in those days regarded indebtedness as one
of the great and political evils. A man in debt was not a free man, and freeing and keeping the
working classes from debt was necessary to their emancipation.
1.17.9-Political and Religious Neutrality
The meaning of this principle is that a co-operative is an economic enterprise, not an instrument
for political or religious action. A co-operative comes into being to serve its members by improving
their economic position, not to serve the members as political or religious groups. This principle
envisages that there should be no discrimination, either among applicants for membership or
among actual members on religious or political grounds. No one should be obliged to subscribe to
any doctrinal declaration.
1.17.10-Principle of Thrift
The principle of thrift means that a co-operative organization should inculcate the habit of savings
amongst the members. Thrift is considered to be the first step in self-help. It is particularly
important for resource societies. Unless all the members understand the importance of thrift, they
cannot build up the resources of their society nor can they ensure themselves against evil days.
Thrift connotes not only frugality and savings but also economical management and lays stress on
avoidance of wasteful expenditure. A man who is not thrifty cannot help himself nor can help
others. He always depends on others and hence, he is imbecile.
1.17.11- Principle of Service
The keynote of co-operative enterprise is service as distinguished from that of capitalist enterprise
whose mainspring is the profit motive. A co-operative enterprise is motivated by the spirit of
service. Its business mechanism is geared towards the provision of most economical services.
1.17.12-Principle of Equity
Another great principle of co-operation is that of equity and justice. This principle originated as a
reaction against injustice and tyranny in the economic system. It is expected that co-operative
idealism would include equity and justice. The principle is practiced by distributing surplus

product on the basis of purchases and by giving all patrons equal treatment. Laborer is justly treated
and receives fair wages.
1.17.13- Principle of Unity and Fraternity
Co-operation is the application of the philosophy of brotherhood to the economy. Kagowa, the
great Japanese Christian, has called it "Brotherhood Economics". The fact, the co-operative
movement is a struggle for survival on the part of the economically weak and oppressed shows
that mutual aid and unity are necessary if they are to work out their emancipation. This principle
of fraternity and unity is not limited to one region or country but is extended to all people and parts
of the earth.
1.17.14- Principle of Honorary Service
The Founding Fathers of the co-operative movement regarded honorary service as an important
aspect of the co-operative movement. As the early societies were small, they could not afford to
engage trained, qualified and well-paid staff and hence, they have to rely on the services of
honorary workers. There was hardly any dearth of people who were prepared to do such work with
dedicated spirit.
1.17.15-Principle of Publicity
Another principle governing the activities of a co-operative enterprise is publicity, i.e., doing
everything in public. All business should be transacted with the maximum of publicity within the
society. For example, there should be kept in some places open to inspection of every member, a
list showing the loans issued to every member, the names of his sureties and the amount of loans
still unpaid. General meeting should be frequently held at which the accounts and affairs of the
society should be fully discussed.
1.17.16-Principle of Social Ownership
A co-operative is privately owned by its members, but the private ownership of a co-operative is
conditioned by membership. Without membership, there can be no ownership rights. So, a co-
operative represents joint or social ownership. No one can claim right to any part of the assets, but

everyone can become co-owner of the co-operative by joining the ranks of its membership and can
take full advantage of its service.
1.17.17- Honest Trading
The principle of honest trading signifies that co-operative should always sell pure and
unadulterated commodities giving true weight and measure.
1.17.18- Principle of Autonomous Local Society
The co-operative independent commission has drawn pointed attention to a rather different aspect
of co-operative democracy, namely, the principle of autonomous local society. In an age when the
general trend swings relentlessly towards centralization and remoteness, it is most desirable to
preserve local organizations with local roots and local loyalties.
1.18 ROLE OF CO-OPERATION
Co-operative credit and banking institutions play an important role in meeting the growing credit
needs of rural areas. The primary level co-operative credit institutions at village level were to be
revitalized for effective delivery of credit. The co-operative banks would be encouraged to
concentrate more on non-farm sector activities with special reference to generation of employment
and alternative sources of income. The co-operatives also aimed to draw up programmers for rural
poor such as small and marginal farmers, landless, SC/ST and women.
Agricultural Development Co-operation can promote agricultural development in a number of

ways. Some of the fields where co-operative principle can be applied are given below:
1.18.a-Provision of Farm Credit.
Finance for the agriculturists is very important. To solve this problem, co-operative credit is the
best system. This finance for agriculture can be supplied co-operatively, not only for meeting the
current needs of the agriculturists but also for the more important purposes of land improvements,

for extending irrigational and other facilities which require funds for long periods. Co-operative
and development banks are the best agencies for these purposes .
1.18.b-Agricultural Marketing.
Closely connected with agricultural finance is the problem of agricultural marketing. Co-operative
marketing will not only fetch for the farmer higher prices but can also be made an instrument of
agricultural development, as has been demonstrated by the working of cane unions in Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar.
1.18.c-Other Fields.
The application of the co-operative principle extends to the whole field of agriculture. Whatever
the drawbacks from which agriculture suffers, co-operation can help in removing them. It may be
the fragmented holdings, the absence of irrigational facilities and supplementary occupations, the
difficulties of animal husbandry-all these can be tackled through the formation of co-operative
societies either for specific purposes or on a comprehensive multi-purpose basis.
1.18.d-Co-operative Farming.
It is now admitted that the introduction of cooperative farming in the country will have many far-
reaching results such as modernization, mechanization of our agriculture and development of agro-
industries. In addition to solving the various problems of agriculture, co-operation can improve
sanitation, water supply. In short, the entire rural life. view of the great importance of co-operation
in agricultural finance, the National Co-operative Development Corporation has been set up as a
planning and promotional body in respect of agricultural cooperative activities. It looks after
disbursement of loans and grants of State Governments for financing agricultural operations in
accordance with the annual plan provisions and keeps a watch on their utilization and makes
recoveries of loan instalments.
Economic Development In any programmer of economic development of an underdeveloped

economy, co-operation has a very valuable role to play. The role of co-operation in India's
economic development was emphasized in the Second Five Year Plan thus; "Economic
development along democratic lines offers a vast field for the application of co-operative principles

in varying forms. Our socialistic pattern of society implies the creation of a large number of
decentralized units, both in agriculture and industry. The character of economic development in
India, with its emphasis on social change, therefore, provides a great scope for co-operative
activity".
Co-operation is a universal economic system equally relevant and effective under capitalism,
socialism or communism. It is a golden mean between the extremes of capitalism and complete
state control. It tempers the basic urge of self-interest with a concern for the common social good
and secures all the benefits of a large-scale operation without sacrificing individual freedom or
initiative. On 21st December 1844, twenty-eight poor flannel weavers met at Rock dale and formed
the Rocha dale Society of Equitable Pioneers to save themselves from the malpractices of the
unscrupulous shop-keepers. This marked the beginning of co-operation. It became first as
consumers, co-operation then gradually spread to other fields of human endeavor. It aims at
eliminating the middle men and their exploitation of the economically weaker sections in the
community.
1.19 CO-OPERATIVE BANKING IN THE WORLD
The Co-operative Bank which saw the light of the day in Europe has spread throughout the world.
In 1937, there were 8, 10,000 co-operative societies of various types in 103 countries of the world.
These societies had a membership of more than 143 million. Since 1937, the co-operative
movement has grown by leaps and bounds throughout the world. In some countries, they are the
principal form of organization in agriculture, marketing and supply, provision of credit and
distribution of consumer goods.
 In Scandinavian countries, virtually all milk and livestock for slaughter are marketed
through farmer's co-operatives. The central fact of the story of Scandinavia co-operation is
that the northern people have learnt to live together, to work, to play, to sing, to consume
and even to think together.

 In Germany, the share of co-operatives is significant in cereals marketing and processing.
Co-operatives also play a vital role in the supply of milk, wine production, vegetable
marketing, supply of seeds and fertilizers and also in the distribution of pesticides and
animal feeding stuffs. In Germany, its inception was around 1940 for providing credit to
the agriculturists.
 Great Britain was the pioneer in the field of co-operation. In Germany, its inception was
around 1840 for providing credit to the agriculturists.
 In Russia, at the beginning of 19 century, the consumer co-operatives played a significant

role in stabilizing prices.
 In Belgium, the role of co-operatives in dairy, distribution of fruits and vegetables as well
as in disbursement of credit is notable.
 In France, the co-operatives play a use fatal role in collection of wheat and coarse grains,
handling of fruits and vegetables and production of wool.
 In Italy, co-operatives handle milk processing, fruits and vegetables, supply agricultural
requisites, seeds and fertilizers and farm machinery.
 In Israel, if we take into account the economic enterprises run by the co-operatives, it is
estimated that nearly 28 per cent of the national economy is organized co-operatively. In
certain fields, this percentage is much higher. For instance, nearly 75 per cent of the
agricultural produce in the country is raised within the co-operative sector. Almost the
same proportion of the produce is marketed through co-operatives.

 In Japan, for instance, virtually every farmer is a member of a multipurpose co-operative.
At least half of all the agriculturists’ production is marketed through the co-operative
network, and 30 per cent of total saving deposits from agriculturists are placed in co-
operative institutions.
 In the past, people used to work together in large or small groups to attain social as well
as economic objectives. This was formulated into co-operation by veterans, namely,
Robert Owen (Britain) and Charles Fourier (France). The co-operative movement saw the
light in 1844 after the formation of The Roach Dale Society in England. Later on, under
the guidance of Scheele, F.W., and Raiffeisen, F.W., co-operative credit societies were
started in Germany which had been a model to the present day co-operative credit sector
in the world.
 Co-operative principles have come to be known mainly as Roach dale principles all over
the world. This is due to two reasons; first, the clarity in the formulation of the Roach Dale
Pioneers; and secondly the universality in their application. These principles have inspired
the cooperative movement throughout-the world.
 In the course of time, the co-operative movement spread out in various countries and
various forms of co-operatives were developed. The need for reformulating co-operative
principles also arose out of two other factors; one, ideological, and the other, practical or
technological with the establishment of the Socialist State in Russia and the co-operators
of the world began to be serious divided on account of ideological grounds. The other
important factor which necessitated a second look at co-operative tenants and philosophy
was the size and complexity of the operations of co-operatives which had increased far
beyond the simple ideas and forms of Rocha dale Pioneers. In 1934, the International Co-
operative Alliance (ICA) was asked to appoint a special Committee to examine and
formulate the principles of co-operation.

 The co-operative movements in different countries developed in their own way, improving
their own modifications to all the more and less essential principles set out in 1937 report.
After 1937, great changes took place all over the world. Conditions as they emerged after
the Second World War were radically different in most of the countries of the world. Social
and political conditions of the various nations changed considerably and the co-operatives
had to adapt themselves to these changing conditions.
 In October 1964, the Central Committee of International Co-operative Alliance appointed

a Commission "to ascertain how far the principles of Roach dale - as defined by
International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) Congress at Paris in 1937- are observed today
and the reasons for any non-observance".
 The Commission's Report submitted in 1966 was characterized by two important features
which distinguished it from the 1937 report. First, the Commission did not differentiate
between some principles as essential, while others as non-essential. Secondly, in
formulating the principles, brevity of phraseology at the cost of its accuracy and adequacy
was carefully avoided by the commission.
 The economic prosperity between 1920 and 1929 facilitated expansion and there was a
rapid increase in the number of societies. During this period, the working of co-operative
movement was examined by the Royal Commission which suggested that "co-operation is
the best hope of rural India"
1.20 CO-OPERATIVE BANKING IN INDIA
Co-operative banking was started in this country to remove poverty of the millions of small
agriculturists. It was adopted as the most useful weapon for ending stagnation of the poor masses.
In India, co-operative banks are the oldest and strongest units. The co-operative banks are further
dominated by agricultural credit co-operatives. Hence, the understanding of the co-operative banks

in India is incomplete without the study of the agricultural credit co-operative banks in India.
Nonagricultural credit co-operatives have also grown equally in very many states. The activities
of the co-operative banks are growing in volume and dimension to suit the changing circumstances
and the needs of the customer, the co-operative banks are adopting themselves to the changed
circumstances.
Since the nationalization of the major commercial banks, co-operative banks are able to improve
their organizational structure, quality of service to customers and managerial efficiency. Though
the process is incomplete, the co-operative banks are striving to improve their operational
efficiency. The co-operative banks are slowly but steadily coming forward to provide banking
facilities to the common man especially at rural areas.
Mr. Devine, in his study on people's Co-operative Banks, defined a co-operative bank, as "A
mutual society formed, composed, and governed by working people themselves, for encouraging
regular saving and granting small loans and easy terms of interest and repayment".
1.21 Structure of Co-operative Banking in India
The Co-operative Banking in India has grown in size and volume. When the movement was
started in 1904 only agricultural co-operatives were popular. At present, co-operative banks have
been organized in many sectors. A special feature of co-operative banks in India is that they have
federal structure, the units ranging from primary level to national level. The structure of co-
operative banking in India is basically three tiers, namely. State Co-operative Bank, Central Co-
operative Bank and the Primary Agricultural Co-operative Bank. The co-operative credit structure
for short and medium-term credit is a federal one with a State, Central Co-operative Bank at the
district level and Primary Agricultural Co-operative Bank at the village level. The Central and
State Co-operative Banks though organized for the benefit of agricultural credit sector also serves
the non-agricultural credit sector. As it is not possible to have viable super-structure for various
types of co-operative societies, such financing functions are undertaken by the central co-operative
banks then.

1.21.1-STRUCTURE OF CO-OPERATIVE BANKING IN INDIA
1.22 Cooperative Movement in Karnataka
Karnataka is one of the states to start cooperative societies in the period immediately after the
enactment of Cooperative Societies Act 1904. The first PACs was registered on 8th May 1905 at
Kanaginhal in Gadag district. A nonagricultural cooperative society was registered in Beta Geri of
the same district
The growth of cooperative movement in Karnataka State was slow in the initial stages up to 1910-
11. The progress has been rapid thereafter. There were 111 cooperative societies with membership
of 9043 and working capital of Rs 3.71 lakhs as at the end of 1910-11. The number of societies
rose to 725 with a membership of 56267 and working capital of Rs 30.85 lakh by the close of
1914-15 for the whole state. The Bangalore Central Cooperative Bank Ltd was set up in 1908 and
the Mysore Provincial Cooperative Bank came into existence in 1915 with the objective of
financing and supervising the cooperative societies in the state. The Provincial Bank was
recognized as the Apex Bank for the state in 1925 as per the recommendations of the Mysore
Cooperative Inquiry Committee set up in 1912-13. The Apex Bank is financing and supervising
the activities of the PACs through the DCC Banks in the respective districts. In Karnataka the
short-term credit structure consists of Karnataka State Cooperative Apex Bank with 28 branches,

19 DCCBs at the district level with 985 branches and 4277 PACs at the village level. The State
Government is planning to set up another 7 DCCBs in the newly formed districts of Bagalkot,
Haveri, Gadag, Udupi, Chamarajnagar Koppal and Davangere.
1.23 CO-OPERATIVE BANKING IN CHIKKABALAPUR DISTRICT
In the chikkabalapur district has 248 Bank branches of which, 180 are rural and 68 semi urban
branches. The number of branches of commercial banks, RRB, DCCB, Primary co-operative
agriculture and rural development banks were 104,36,6 and 6 respectively. In addition, one branch

of Karnataka state Finance corporation (KSFC) and 95 pacs, affiliated to the DCCB are also
functioning in the District. The “per branch” population at 5060 was favorable than the state
average of 6420. The deposits of banks growth of 19.78% and 22.38% respectively during the
2013-14 and 2014-15, while advances grew at 19.52% and 13.64% respectively, during same
period. Credit -deposits (CD) ratio of the district decreased from 107 per cent as on 31 st march,
2014 to 99 per cent as on 31st march 2015. Of the 320 villages with a population of more than 2000
and 1004 villages with a population of 1000 to 2000, 1324 have been covered through brick and
mortar branch/CSP or through other modes.
 Co-operative Banks in Chikkaballapur District

 DCC Bank
 Akshaya souharda credit co-operative bank
 Sri vasavi vartakara soudha co-operative bank
 Sri Ganapathi Souhardha co-operative bank
 Sri banasankari co-operative bank
 Primary agriculture co-operative and rural development banks- 06 Branches
 Sri Raksha co-operative Banks
 Samrudhi Mahila Co-operative Bank
 Vemana Souhardha co-operative Bank
 Ashirvadha Co-operative Bank
These are the different co-operative Banks In chikkaballapur District.
1.24 CO-OPERATIVE BANKING IN GOWRIBIDANUR TALUK

Karnataka. It is about 75 km from Bangalore and 25 km chikkabalapur. Along with native lauguage
is kannada, the other languages of telugu and Urdu are spoken since the town borders the
Gowribidanur is at average elevation of 694 meters. As of census, gowribidanur had a populalation

1.25 Banks in gowribidanur
 State bank of India

 Vijaya Bank
 Canara Bank
 Kotak mahindra bank
 HDFC bank
 Karnataka Bank
 Co-operative banks
 Primary agriculture and Rural development Bank
 Praghathi Gramin bank
 DCC bank
 Akshaya souhardha Bank
1.26 Primary Agriculture co-operative and Rural Development Bank,

Gowribidanur
Primary agriculture co-operative and rural development bank is one of the co-operative bank in
gowribidanur Taluk. It is established in the 1933. The major importance of the Bank is primarily
for agriculture sector as well as mini agriculturests.

The bank will also plays more important in development of farmers and rural areas. The main
office is located in Bangalore, this bank will contain 177 branches throughout Karnataka.
The head office will provide financial facilities to its sub-branches. This bank is framed by
shareholders. This bank will be having main aim of developing agriculture and rural areas
development. The bank will finance various activities of crop cultivations, the shareholders is the
main authorities of the Bank.
1.27 Objectives of the Bank
 Provide Long term and short-term loans for Agriculture purposes.

 Developing Rural areas.
 Providing the loans for mini agriculturists at reasonable interest rates to develop the
agriculture activities.
 Providing various schemes for his customers
 Co-operatives with various Agriculture Activities.
1.28 - MEANING OF CROP LOAN
Crop loan is the financial assistance provide by the banks to meet cultivation expenses for various
crops.
1.29-VARIOUS SCHEMES OF CROP LOAN IN THE PRIMARY CO-OPERATIVE

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS.
AGRICULTURE
 Loans for crops.

 Loan for plantation of coconut trees
 Loans for plantation for papaya
 Loan for plantation of grapes
 Loan for plantation of agree cultural gropes
 Loan for coconut schemes
 Loan for pomegranate schemes
 Loan for plantation of sapota,etc.

2. RESEARCH DESIGN:
2.1 TITLE OF THE STUDY-
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO THE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

WITH SPECIAL TO REFRENCE CO-OPERATIVE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL
DEVELOPMENT BANK
2.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

 What is the banks have been playing in financing crop loans?
 What is their contribution to agriculture development?
 What are the merits and demerits of the present crop loan scheme?
 What are the steps would be required to make the present scheme of crop loan efficiently?
2.3 OBJECTIVES
 To find out how many farmers are taking the crop loan
 To problems is in the crop loan schemes.
 To find out impact of crop loan to the area of cultivation
 To find out the impact of crop loan production per acre
 To find out the impact of crop loan and expenditure
 To find out the impact of crop loan and income per cultivation
 To find out the impact of crop loan and assets beneficieary
 To find out the impact of crop loan and the liabilities
 To find out the impact of crop loan to the income.
 To find out the impact and savings patterns.
2.4- SCOPE
 To understand the theoretical background of crop loan and agriculture.

 To identify the utilization of crop loan by the farmers.
 To give valuable suggestions based on findings of the study.

2.5 LITERATURE REVIEW

 Vincely Jabakar. S (1997): -
In his study entitled “Impact of institutional credit on agricultural development”.

A case study of Kanyakumari district concluded that co-operatives are the significant
institutional agencies considering the other institutional agencies catering to the
financial requirements of the farmers.
 Bhai and Ganeshwar (1997)

In this article “A study co-operatives crop loan overdues” the loan overdues of the
crop loans, studying the pattern of the financing and recovery trends of co-operative
crop loan in Orissa. In this article suggesting necessary policy measure to be pursed
to reduce the amount of overdues loans that creates problem in the smooth of credit.
The study pertains to the evaluation of the implementation and performance of the
crop loan system under the co-operative sector in Myurbhaj. In the study excludes
the performance of other participating financial institutions like, commercial Banks,
Regional banks and Rural banks.
The study pertaining to the district of Mayarabhaj thus, under taken revels a series of
relevant facts and promises to advance same valuable suggestions that could be
applied to control down the levels of loans
 Saraiya.S.G. (1998)
In his study entitled “Rural banking in India” has traced the organizational structure
of the banking institution in the rural sector which is not sound in regard to the
existence of facility of the funds in primary credit societies’ to lend money adequacy
to agriculturists. The banking habit in the rural sector is also not well developed due
to the poor functioning of co-operative banks and the officials of central co-operative
banks are not well qualified and trained for the effective implementation of the
suggestions.

 Arutse and Zeaden (2000): -
In their study entitled “Agricultural credit- A study in Villianur Block of Region”,

concluded that the repayment is regular for crop loans, since the farmers need the
credit for the next season. Hence, the payment is regular and complete. But in the
case of long term loan, there are huge amounts outstanding. From the decision with
the farmers, it was observed that they are not interested in repaying it. Because it will
get cancelled at the time of election.
 Amuthasurabi J, and Vasanth Kumar A (2001): -
In their article entitled “Sustained Agricultural development” have stated that the
policy formulations arise in a new way to achieve the formations of food security
through sustainable agriculture and rural development coupled with environmental
extension. They also stated that the country should have a compressive agricultural
extension policy. They opined that present policy is not focusing much on the
conservation of natural resources which are locally originating and it needs to refer
the success stories of the pioneering countries with enabling policies to suitable
concept.
 Srivastava. B (2004): -
In his Book “crop loan of Agriculture in India” pointed out that more than half of
the crop loans and advances provided to farmers came from the co-operative Banks
and co-operative Societies. He also pointed out that overdues were high in
commercial banks the main causes being diversion of loans from productive purposes
to unproductive purposes. Inadequate supervision, and unsatisfactory management,
political, financial, and other considerations.

 Nidhesh K.B (2009): -
In his study “Role of co-operative Banks in to the credit needs of Rural mases”
has observed the role of primary co-operative banks in providing credit to rural poor
and he suggested improving the performance of co-operative banks.
 Iswarahas. C, Dhiagra (2010)
In his study “The Indian economy environment and Policy” stated that debt
payment was a must and a legal obligation. It should not be totally unrelated to
borrower’s capacity. He has also stated that 40% of the gross value of the product
production by the small farmers was utilized for their own consumption another 40%
to meet their fresh commitments and also for repayment of the loans and another
20% utilized for the repayment of old debts.
 Chandrashekar S, Manika S, and Soleman Raj D (2011)
In their Study entitled “Role of agriculture in cultivator Generation” concluded

that the borrowers farmed achieved a substantial rise in crop productivity.
Improvement in irrigation facilities with the sustained use of fertilizers and other
inputs were evidently the decisive forces. It was observed that bank loans have helped
to raise per hectare income of the borrower farmed substantially”.
 Geetha. K (2012): -
In her study “A study on impact of crop loan to the agriculture development” in
this study has been undertaken mainly to help the government to the government to
take up policy decisions and formulate suitable schemes and programs.
In the study on the impact of the agriculture loan on agriculture development by the
Kanyakumari district with reference primary agriculture co-operative credit society.
In this study on fund mobilization policies in primary agriculture co-operative credit
societies’.

2.6 Research Methodology
Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a given problem on a specific matter or
problem that is also denoted as research problem.
In this study both primary data is collecting for data is using questionnaires.
2.7 Research Design
The research design is a study defines the study type (descriptive, correction, semi-
experimental, experimental, review, meta- analytic) and sub-type research problem,
Hypothesis, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and collection of
data
This is a type of study is descriptive and exploratory.
2.8 SAMPLE DESIGN-
A sampling Design is the frame work, or road map, that serves as the basis for the selection
of survey sample and affects many important aspects of a survey.
SAMPLE SIZE: 100 respondents sample size for the project that all the respondents is the
borrowers of the Primary co-operative and agriculture development bank.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Non- probability convenient sampling.
2.9 TOOLS USED-
 Tables
 Graphs
 Pair- t test

2.10 STATISTICAL TOOL
In this project paired t-test used for the find out impact of before and after crop loan
borrowed.
2.11 HYPOTHESIS
The following is the different null Hypothesis have been made during the study
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and area of cultivation.
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and production.
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and cultivated expenditure.
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and income from crops.
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and value of assets.
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and sources of income.
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and liabilities.
 There is no significant difference between crop loan and savings pattern of the respondents.
2.12 CONCEPTS
In the study using of the following concepts

 Agriculture
Agriculture is a crop production, or Agriculture included not only crop production but
also activities where biological transformation was process of production
 Credit
Credit refers to loans which are given by the bank for his customers.
 Farmers
Those who are engaged in crop cultivation as an occupation are called farmers.
 Agriculture credit
Agriculture credit is amount or funds available for purpose of development of agriculture.
 Allocation
Allocation is the making the funds to be lent to priority sectors under crop loans.
 Members

Members is the farmers who are joining in the Primary agriculture co-operative and rural
development banks and borrowing the money for crop cultivations as called members.
 Borrowing
Borrowing is the taking or obtaining or receiving certain amount for the money for a
specific purpose and repaid a specific period of time.
 Crop loan borrowers
The farmers or people who are taking money or crop loan from the Primary agriculture
co-operative and rural development banks.
 Crop loan
Crop loan is the financial assistance provide by the banks to meet cultivation expenses for
various crops.
 Small farmers
These farmers who are own or lease the land between 2 to 4 acres.
 Marginal farmers
The farmers who are own or lease the land to 1 acre.
 Big farmers
Those farmers who are own or lease the land more than 10 acres.
 Tenant farmers
Those farmers or cultivating crops in lease land are called Tennant farmers.
 Cropping pattern
Cropping pattern is the distribution of crop in a given area, a farm, a village, a district or
a region for the given period.
 Crop production
The output of the crop cultivation for a specific period.
 Net cropped area
The area of using crop cultivation for an agricultural year, area is the land irrespective of
the number of crops raised in the year.
 Assets
Assets are the land, buildings, vehicles, jewel, bank deposits, farm machineries and
equipment’s, and animals held by the farmers.

 Co-operative year
Co-operative year is a period commencing from 1st July to 30th June of every year.
 Cultivated income
Cultivated income is the income earned by the farmers to sale of crops and other products
in the certain period.
 Cultivated expenditure
The expenditure of a farmer included cost of cultivation of crops, wages paid to labourers
and all expenses of crop cultivating.
 Agricultural labourer
The persons who are working in another person land for wages that may paid in cash.
 Recovery
Recovery is the amount of loan which are received or recover from the borrower by the
Primary agriculture and rural development banks during a specific period of time.
 Repaying capacity
The repaying capacity of the farmer or the repayment capacity by the famers of his
borrowings.
 Overdues
The overdues are the amount which are due or not paid by the borrowers for a certain
period of time. It is a part of outstanding amount.
 Defaulter
A defaulter is a person who does not pay his dues or loan amount within a time.
 Subsidy
It is the fund or amount allotted by the government.
2.13 GEOGRAPHICAL AREA COVERD

Karnataka. It is about 75 km from Bangalore and 25 km chikkabalapur. Along with native language
is kannada, the other languages of telugu and Urdu are spoken since the town borders the

Gowribidanur is at average elevation of 694 meters. As of census, gowribidanur had a population
2.14 Limitations of study

 The study was limited to only one bank Is Primary Co-operative Agriculture and rural
Development Bank, Gowribidanur Branch.
 The study limited to the respondents who have taken the loan from bank.
 Financial limitation and selected few crops.

3. INDUSTRY AND BANK PROFILE:
3.1 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE

Primary co-operative agriculture and rural development bank is one of the co-operative banks
which is established at the 1933.It gives important primarily for agriculture sector as well as mini
agriculturists. It also plays more important in development of farmers and rural areas. The main
head office is located in Bangalore, this bank will contain 177 branches in all over Karnataka.
The head office will provide financial facilities ton its sub -branches. This bank will have formed
by shareholders. This bank having the main aim of development of agriculture and rural area
development it provided the many facilities. The bank will give the finance for various activities
like purchasing the tractor, agriculture equipment’s, fisheries, coconut form, etc.
Promoter of a bank is shareholders, farmers needs loans for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides, feeds, marketing of agricultural products, livestock, repair of wells, payments of wages
etc.
Interest rate as per RBI directives on interest rates issued from time to time for the purpose of
valuation of the land for fixing the quantum of financial assistance, the price indicated by the
farmers may be cross checked with the last 5 years average registration value available with the
Registrar / Sub- Registrar of the area and view may be taken by the bank.
Quantum of loan it will depend on the area of the land to be purchased and its valuation and also
development cost.
Repayment period loan may be repaid in 7-12 years (as against the earlier stipulation of 7- 10
years) in half yearly /yearly instalments including a maximum moratorium period of 24 months.
The moratorium period may be fixed taking into account the gestation period of the project and
cash flow.
Increase in repayment period up to maximum of 12 years, will provide some relief to the small
farmers towards repayment of loan.

NABARD would provide refinance to banks for the loans disbursed by them for purchase of land
under the scheme broadly on the same terms and conditions as applicable to schematic finance.
Agriculture credit clearly started to grow after bank nationalization, and it has been growing
continuously since then. With all the concerns and skepticism expressed the difficult and
continuous changes in institutional credit have indeed borne fruit. Over the years there has been a
significant increase in the access of rural cultivation to institutional credit and, simultaneously,
The role of informal agencies, including money lenders, as source of credit has declined.
According to all India Debt and Investment survey 1991-92. The relative shares of institutional
agencies in the total cash debt of rural cultivators increased from 31.7 % in 1971 to 63.2 % in 1981
and further to 66.3 % in 1991. Nonetheless,
Recent years have again been characterized by a concern over the falling share of agricultural
credit as a proportion of total credit. This is indeed true but is this the correct metric to look at the
progress of agricultural credit? what would be more relevant is to evaluate agricultural, proportion
of agricultural GDP or short-term credit has as a proportion of the value of inputs; or long-term
credit as a proportion of private investment.
As might be expected, the share of agricultural value added has been falling as a share of total
credit, to agriculture may also be expected to fall as a proportion of total credit, assuming relative
stability in the share of purchased inputs as a proportion of value added. What is interesting is that
the Share of agricultural credit as a proportion of agricultural GDP has been rising continuously
since the 1950s, and even as a proportion of total GDP until the 1980s. There was indeed a fall in
the mid-1990s but has again risen now. It is true, however, that agricultural credit has indeed fallen
as a proportion of total credit.
It is quite remarkable how long it has taken to really substitute institutional credit for informal
money lending channels and how tortuous the process of change has been, change of any
significance took over 50 years from the beginning of serious attention in the 1930s to the 1980s.
It was the nationalization of banks in 1969 and subsequent spread of rural bank branches that has
really made a difference in reducing, finally the share of money lenders in agricultural credit.

Among the striking features of the agricultural credit scence in India are the wide regional
disparities in the disbursement of agricultural credit by scheduled commercial banks (excluding
RRBs).
The correct way to evaluate the performance of agricultural credit is look at the ratio of agricultural
credit to state agricultural value added. It is difficult to obtain these data. So, as a second best, we
can look at agricultural credit as a proportion of net state domestic product(NSDP).
The Southern states stand out with a substantially higher share of agricultural credit followed by
the Northern and central regions. Whereas the ratio for the southern region increased during the
latter part of the 1990s, it remained stationery for the Northern, central and north-east regions.
It is also notable that the southern states have a much more active co-operative movement and
hence their share of agricultural credits is likely to be even higher.
The low share of the western region is surprising but could be because of the very active role of
co-operatives in this region. The east and north-eastern regions clearly get a very low share.
3.2 BANK PROFILE
PRIMARY CO-OPERATIVE AGRICULTURE AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT BANK, GOWRIBIDANUR TALUK
CHIKKABALLAPUR DISTRICT.
The primary agriculture co-operative and rural development bank is located at gowribidanur
branch.

3.3 OBJECTIVES OF PRIMARY CO-OPERATIVE AGRICULTURE AND

RUARAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
 Providing long-term and short-term loans to the agriculturists.
 Development of rural areas
 Providing finance to the mini agriculturists at reasonable interest rates to develop their
agriculture activities.
 Providing various finance schemes at every year to different customers.
Co-operates with various agriculturists and make to agriculture development
3.4 Present Board of directors of The primary co-operative agriculture and

rural development Bank, gowribidanur Branch
 Sri S.T. Madana Gopala Readdy -President

 Sri L. Gangadhar-Vice president
 Sri.C.G.Vijay Kumar-Board of Director
 Sri B. Aravind –Board of Director
 Sri Rudregowda -Board of Director
 Sri K. Puttaswami – Board of Director
 Sri M. Jayaramegowda -Board of Director
 Sri M.S. Vijayasarathi- Board of Director
 Sri B.H. Narasimhayya – Board of Director
 Sri I .Narayana Ready -Board of Director
 Sri T. Govinda -Board of Director
 Sri A. Govinda – Board of Director
 Sri P.S. Ramesh -Board of Director
 Sri Chikkannagowda -Board of Director
 Sri Dr.A. Kalappa- Board of Director
 Miss. C.G. Jayalakshmi – Board of Director
 Miss. S.N. Latha -Board of Director

 Sri D. Devaraja -Board of Director
 Sri C.G. Ravi -Board of Director
These are the people who are the present board of directors of the bank.
3.5 The primary co-operative agriculture and rural development

bank
Major lending loans to such as
AGRICULTURE
 Loans for crops.

 Loan for plantation of coconut trees
 Loans for plantation for papaya
 Loan for plantation of grapes
 Loan for plantation of agree cultural gropes
 Loan for coconut schemes
 Loan for pomegranate schemes
 Loan for plantation of sapota
 Loan for plantation of medicine plants.
SERI CULTURE
 Purchase of agriculture land

 Purchase of agriculture equipment’s
 Purchase of tractor and tiller
 Loans to plantation of grapes
 Construction of well
 Pump set
 Drilling of borewell
 Yasaswini formers health insurance
 Animal insurance

 Purchase of cattle’s.
Agricultural credit needs can be classified into three categories as per Gowribidanur branch:
1. Short term;( for periods up to 15 months)-

Short term loans are required for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, feed marketing of
agriculture produce, payment of wages of hired labour, litigation and variety of consumption and
un productive purposes. The period of such loans is less than 15 months. Main agencies granting
loans are moneylenders and co-operative societies. These are expected to be repaid after the
harvest.
2. Medium term :( from 15 months up to 5 years)-

Medium term loans are required for purchase of cattle, small agriculture implements, repairs and
construction of wells etc. the periods of such loan extend from 15 months to 5 years. The loan is
provided by moneylenders, relative of farmers, co-operative societies and commercial banks etc.
3. Long term: (above 5 years)-

Long term loans are required for effecting permanent improvements of land, digging of tube wells,
purchase of larger implements, machinery like tractors and repayment of old debts. The period of
such loan extends beyond 5 years.
3.6 PROBLEMS FACED BY FORMERS IN GOWRIBIDANUR BRANCH

Rural development means nothing but the transformation of the subsistence agricultural production
to a market oriented agricultural economy. Availability and access to financial resources is one of
the key element to his transition. Financial resource is a very important, if not the most important,
factor in economic development.
Shortage of financial is one of the major problems facing small farmers. Farmers need financial
resources to buy improved agricultural inputs and farm implements so that they can increase their
output and income level and break the cycle of poverty.

Farmers investment in these technologies cannot be real without having place organizations and
systems that are capable of adequately providing rural financial services to farmers. So, the effort
to develop agriculture could suffering in the absence of strong.
Agriculture is unorganized profession. Its success and failure depend upon on climatic factors. It
is also not possible to distinguish productive and unproductive loans required for farmers.
Therefore, banks do not show much interest in advancing loans to agriculture therefore farmers
have to depend on moneylenders, Mahajan’s etc. who exploits them due to strong grip on socio-
economic position in rural areas.
3.7 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
To provide a structure where various work roles and responsibilities are delegated, controlled and
coordinated. Organizational structure also determined how information flows from the top down.
In a decentralized structure, the decisions are made at various different levels.
As like the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development bank systems is also having
unique organizational structure in order to precede all the functions in a smooth way. The supreme
power of the bank is managing director, in banking systems managing director controls all the
resources. He administrates all the level of business.
After managing director, president under the power of MD. Various department of the bank
controlled by the respective managers of the company. It is classified into four departments which
are
 Finance department.
 Project department
 Marketing department
 H R department
After the managing director shareholders will take part, the shareholders have full rights to control
the business systems and they have full rights to decision making of the bank, as per the guidelines

of the shareholders the bank will be running, the shareholders are the asset of the bank without
shareholders the bank cannot be able to get the money.
After shareholders branch manager he plays important role in branch he will be the responsible
person to control the branch activities, as per the branch managers guidelines the staff will be
followed and make the banking activities.
After branch manager, staff will be coming the important role in the bank. The staff members are
to be gives different banking services to various customers and the staff members will maintaining
accounting and other activities of the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development bank.
Finance Department
Managers have to be very careful while handling the finance and accounts of the bank. The main
aim of financial manager is to allocate the funds properly according to the needs of the Bank.
Human Resource Department
Human Resource is the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, business
sector or an economy. Human Resource management is the process of managing the human
resources of the organization. The human resource department is responsible for the recruitment
and selection of the work force in the organization.
3.8 MEMBERS ARE WORKING IN GOWRIBIDANUR BRANCH
BANK MANAGER MURALIDAR

SECFRETARY BHIMAIYYA
STAFFS 3 PERSONS
ACCOUNTANTS 2 PERSONS
HOUSE KEEPER 1 PERSONS
SECURITY GUARD 1 PERSONS

OTHER COMPETATORS OF PRIMARY CO-OPERATIVE AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
 State Bank of India

 Vijaya Bank
 Canara Bank
 Kotak Mahindra Bank
 HDFC Bank
 Karnataka Bank
 Pragathigramin Bank
3.9 SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE BANK
STRENGHTS
 The farmers are preference or Interested to take loans from these Bank.
 Attractive interest rates.
 Good services providing for customers.
 In lending competitive ability matches with other banks.
 In the India the primarily agriculture is back bone of the country the bank will provides
lending for agriculture sectors.
WEAKNESS
 Less promotional activities.

 Lack of skilled employees to deal with situations needing competence.
 Rigid working hours lending to overload of work.
 Low interest rates.
 Losses mounting since last 4 years.
 Old rules and regulations.
 Lack of funds to expand the business activities.

 Huge competition of other banks
 The bank is Using old systems and software’s.
 Lack of efforts to recover the principle amount of loan from the customers.
 Lack of literacy among the customers of the bank.
 In last year the bank will facing losses.
OPPERTUNITIES
 The important in efficiency of identifying the future risks

 Expands the core business
 Make profitability by new acquisitions
 Availability of large customers.
 Availability of land lord customers in Gowribidanur
 To attract the customers with the help of promotions.
THREATS
 Changing in the government policies.

 Increasing the competitors.
 The bank is failure for the recovery of the loan amount from the customers.
 The farmers were selling the agriculture lands.
 Lack of rain falls caused the farmers to diversified the other business activities.
 Bank need to follow the majority shareholders decisions.

4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

TABLE-4.1
TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT OF LOAN BORROWED BY THE
RESPONDENTS
SL.NO AMOUNT(Rs) NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENT (%)
1 Upto 5000 22 22 %
2 5000-10000 15 15 %
3 10000-15000 18 18 %
4 15000-20000 13 13 %
5 Above 20000 32 32 %
TOTAL 100 100 %
ANALYSIS:
The above table shows the amount of borrowing of loan by the respondents. In this table 22
Respondents (22%) have borrowed Up to Rs.5000, 15 respondents (15%) have borrowed between
5000 to 10000, 18 respondents (18%) have borrowed between 10000 to 15000, 13 respondents
(13%) have borrowed between 15000 t0 20000 and 32 respondents (32%) have borrowed above
20000.

GRAPH-4.1
GRAPH SHOWING AMOUNT OF LOAN BORROWED BY THE
RESPONDENTS
32
35
30
22
25
18
20 15
13
15
10
5
0
Upto 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000 Above 20000
AMOUNT OF BORROWNIG
NUMBER OF RESPONDENT
INTERPRETATION:
In the above graph the present study reveals that majority of the respondents borrowing the loan
amounts above the Rs.20000 and Up to 5000 and less respondents prefer to borrowing of amount
5000 -10000, 10000-15000 and 15000- 20000.

TABLE -4.2
TABLE SHOWING AGE COMPOSITION OF RESPONDENTS AND

AMOUNT OF LOAN
SL.NO AMOUNTOF AGE OF RESPONDENTS TOTAL

LOAN (Rs)
30-40 40-50 50-60 Above 60
1 Up to 5000 8 4 4 6 22
2 5000-10000 2 5 5 3 15
3 10000-15000 8 3 4 3 18
4 15000-20000 1 5 4 3 13
5 Above 20000 10 10 4 8 32
TOTAL 29 27 21 23 100
(29%) (27%) (21%) (23%) (100%)
Analysis:
The above table shows that the age of respondents and amount of loan borrowing, the age of 30-
40 respondents and borrowing up to 5000 is 8, 5000 to 10000 is 2, 10000 to 15000 is 8 respondents,
15000 to 20000 is 1 respondent, and above 20000 is 10 respondents total 29(29%). The age of 40-
50 is borrowed up to 5000 is 4, 5000-10000 is 5, 10000-15000 is 3, 15000-20000 is 5, and above
20000 is 10 respondents total 27 respondents (27%). The age of 50-60 is borrowed up to 5000 is
4, 5000-10000 is 5, 10000- 15000 is 4, 15000-20000 is 4 respondents and Above 20000 is 4
respondents total 21 respondents. The age 60 above is borrowed up to 5000 is 6, 5000-10000 is 3,
10000-15000 is 3, 15000 to 20000 is 3 and above 20000 is 8 and total is 21 respondents.

GRAPH- 4.2
GRAPH SHOWING AGE COMPARISSION AND AMOUNT OF
LOAN TAKEN BY THE RESPONDENTS
AGE COMPARISSION AND AMOUNT OF LOAN

10 10
10
9
8 8 8
8
7
6
6
5 5 5
5
4 4 4 4 4
4 3 3 3 3
3 2
2 1
1
0
UPTO 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000 ABOVE 20000
Amount of borrowing
AGE OF RESPONDENTS 30-40 AGE OF RESPONDENTS 40-50

AGE OF RESPONDENTS 50-60 AGE OF RESPONDENTS Above 60
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present the study reveals that 29% of respondents is age 30-40 and 27% is
40-50 and less majority 23% is above 60 and 21% is 50-60. The 30-40 age groups borrowing high
amount.

TABLE-4.3
THE TABLE SHOWING GENDER AND AMOUNT OF LOAN BY THE
RESPONDENTS
SL.NO AMOUNT OF GENDER TOTAL

LOAN (RS.)
MALE FEMALE
1 Up to 5000 19 3 22 (22%)
2 5000-10000 7 8 15 (15%)
3 10000-15000 13 5 18 (18%)
4 15000-20000 9 4 13 (13%)
5 Above 20000 24 8 32 (32%)
TOTAL 72 (72%) 28 (28%) 100 (100%)
ANALYSIS:
The above table the up to 5000 is borrowings male is 19 and female is 3 and 5000-10000 is male
is 7 and female is 8, 10000-15000 is male 13 and female 5, 15000- 20000 is male is 9 and female
is 4 and the above 20000 borrowings 24 is male and 8 is female total male is 72% and female is
28%.

GRAPH-4.4
GRAPH SHOWING GENDER AND AMOUNT OF LOAN BY THE
RESPONDENTS
8
ABOVE 20000
24
4
15000-20000
Amount of borrowing
5
10000-15000
13
8
5000-10000
7
3
UPTO 5000
19
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
GENDER FEMALE GENDER MALE
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present study reveals that the 19% male and 3% female borrowing amount
up to 5000, 7% male and 8% female are borrowing 5000-10000, 13% men’s and 5% female
borrowings 15000-20000 and 24% and 8% borrowings male and female. Total 72% of borrowings
are male and 28% is females.

TABLE-4.4
TABLE SHOWING RELIGION OF RESPONDENTS AND AMOUNT OF
LOAN
SL.NO AMOUNT OF RELGION TOTAL

LOAN
BORROWING Hindu Christian Muslim
(Rs. )
1 Up to 5000 15 5 2 22 (22%)
2 5000-10000 8 3 4 15 (15%)
3 10000-15000 10 3 5 18 (18%)
4 15000-20000 4 4 5 13 (13%0
5 Above 20000 11 10 11 32 (32%)
TOTAL 48 (48%) 25 (25%) 27 (27%) 100 (100%)
ANALYSIS:
In the above table depicts that the religion wise of borrowings the up to 5000 is Hindu 15
respondents, Muslim 2 respondents and Christian 5. The 5000-10000 is Hindu 8, Christian 3, and
Muslim 4 respondents, 10000-15000 is Hindu 10 respondents, Christian 3, and Muslim 5, 15000-
20000 the Hindu is 4 respondents, Christian is 4 respondents and Muslim is 5, above 20000 is 11
respondents Hindu, 10 Christian, and 11 is Muslim respondents.

GRAPH-4.4
GRAPH SHOWING RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS ND AMOUNT
OF LOAN
11
Above 20000 10
11
5
4
Amount of borrowing
15000-20000
4
5
10000-15000 3
10
4
5000-10000 3
8
2
Upto 5000 5
15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
RELGION Muslim RELGION Christian RELGION Hindu
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present the study reveals that the 15% of Hindu, 5% Christian, and 2%
Muslim borrowing up to 5000, the 8% Hindu, 3% Christiane, and 4% Muslims borrowings 5000-
10000, the 10% Hindu, 3 % Christiane and 5% Muslims borrowings 10000-15000, and 4% Hindu,
4% Christiane and 5% Muslims borrowings 15000-20000, and 11% Hindu and 10% Christiane,
and 11% Muslim borrowings above 20000. The majority of the borrowing is 48% is Hindu, and
27% is Christiane and 25% is Muslims.

TABLE-4.5
TABLE SHOWING AMOUNT OF LOAN AND COMMUNITY OF THE
RESPONDENTS
SL.NO AMOUNT COMMUNITY TOTAL

OF LOAN
(Rs.) SC ST OBC GM
1 Up to 5000 2 1 15 4 22
2 5000-10000 3 2 8 2 15
3 10000-15000 3 0 5 10 18
4 15000-20000 1 1 7 4 13
5 Above 20000 1 1 10 20 32
Total 10 (10%) 5 (5%) 45 (45%) 40 (40%) 100 (100%)
ANALYSIS:
The above table depicts that there was the amount of loan up to 5000 is SC 2 respondents, st 1,
Obc 15, and gm 4, 5000 to 10000 is SC 3, st 2 respondents obc 8 respondents and gm 2. 10000 to
15000 is SC 3, st 0 , obc 5 and gm 10 respondents. 15000-20000 is sc is 1, st is 1 obc is 7 and gm
is 4 respondents. And above 20000 is sc 1, st 1, obc 10 respondents and gm 20 respondents

GRAPH-4.5
GRAPH SHOWING COMMUNITY OF THE RESPONDENTS AND
AMOUNT OF LOAN
20
Above 20000 10
1
1
4
15000-20000 7
Amount of borrowing
1
1
10
10000-15000 5
0
3
2
5000-10000 8
2
3
4
Upto 5000 15
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
COMMUNITY GM COMMUNITY OBC COMMUNITY ST COMMUNITY SC
INTERPREATATION:
The above graph the present study reveals that up to 5000 is 2% Sc, 1% st, obc is 15% and 4% gm.
5000 to 10000 is sc 3%, st 2%, obc 15%, gm 4%, 10000-15000 is 3% sc, 0% st, obc is 5%, gm is
10%, 15000 to 20000 is sc is 1%, st is 1%, obc is 7%, gm is 4%.above the 20000 is sc is 1, st is
1%, obc is 10% and 20% is gm respectively. The majority of the 45% is obc and 40% is gm and
less is 10% sc and 5% in ST.

TABLE-4.6
TABLE SHOWING EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF RESPONDENTS
AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
SL.NO AMOUNT OF QUALIFICATION TOTAL

LOAN UNEDUCATED SCHOOL GRADUATION OTHERS
BORROWING LEVEL
1 Upto 5000 10 6 3 3 22
2 5000-10000 5 3 4 3 15
3 10000-15000 8 2 8 0 18
4 15000-20000 2 4 2 5 13
5 Above 20000 10 6 12 4 32
Total 35 21 29 15 100
Analysis:
The above table depicts that there was the qualification of respondents, up to 5000 is 10 was
uneducated, 6 is school level, 3% is graduated, and 3% is others. 5000 to 10000 is uneducated is
5, school level is 3, graduation is 4, and others is 3, 10000- 15000 8 is uneducated, 2 are school
level, 8 are graduates, and 0 are others. 15000 to 20000 is undedicated is 2, school level is 4,
graduated is 2 and others is 5. Above 20000 is uneducated is 10 respondents, school level is 6,
graduates are 12 and 4 is others.

GRAPH-4.6
GRAPH SHOWING QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS AND

AMOUNT OF LOAN
QUALIFICATION UNEDUCATED
QUALIFICATION SCHOOL LEVEL
QUALIFICATION GRADUATION
QUALIFICATION OTHERS
12
12
10 10
10
8 8
8
6 6
6 5 5
4 4 4
4 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
2
0
0
Upto 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000 Above 20000
Amount of borrowing
INTERPRETATION:
In this graph the present study revelas that upto 5000 is 10%uneduates, 6% school level, 3%
graduates and 3% others. 5000-10000 is to 5% is uneduaed, 3% schoollevel, 4% is graduated, and
3% is others. 10000-15000 is 8% of uneducated, 2% is schoollevel, 8% is graduated and 0% is
others. The 15000-20000 is 2% is uneduates, 4% is school level, 2% is graduates and 5% is the
others. Above 20000 is 10% uneduates, 6% school level, 12% graduates and 4% on others. The
majority of the respondents is 35% is uneduted and 29% graduated, and less respondents 21% is
school level and 15% is others.

TABLE- 4.7
TABLE IS SHOWING OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENTS AND AMOUNT
OF LOAN
SL.NO AMOUNT OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS TOTAL

OF LOAN FARMERS GOVERNAMENT BUSINESSMAN OTHERS
(Rs.) EMPOLYEES
1 Upto 5000 15 0 5 2 22
2 5000- 10 1 4 0 15
10000
3 10000- 15 1 2 0 18
15000
4 15000- 10 0 0 3 13
20000
5 Above 20 2 5 5 32
20000
Total 70 4 16 10 100
ANALYSIS :
The above table depicts that there occupation of the respondents is upto 5000 is 15 are farmers, 0
is government employees, 5 is business man, 2 is others. 5000 to 10000 is 10 is faarmers, 1 is
government empolyees, 4 business man. 10000-15000 is to 15 farmers, 1 governament employees,
2 business man. 15000- 20000 is 10 is farmers, and 3 others. And above 20 is farmers , 2 is
government employes, 5 is business man and 5 is others.

GRAPH- 4.7
GRAPH IS SHOWING OCCUPATION OF RESPONDENTS AND
AMOUNT OF LOAN
OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS FARMERS

OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS GOVERNAMENT EMPOLYEES
OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS BUSINESSMAN
OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS OTHERS
20
20
15 15
15
10 10
10
5 5 5
4
5 3
2 2 2
1 1
0 0 0 0 0
0
Upto 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000 Above 20000
INTERPRETATION :
The above graph the present study reveals that 15% of farmers are borrowing uptp 5000, 5%
business man, 2% others and 5000 to 10000 is 10% respondents are farmers, 1% govt, empolyees,
4% business mans, 15000 to 20000 is 15% is farmers, 1% government employes, 2% business
mans, and 15000- 20000 10% farmers and 3% others,and above 20000 is 20% is farmers, 2%
govt, empolyees, 5% business man and 5% others and the majority is 70% are the farmers. And
less majority is 4% government empolyes.

TABLE-4.8
TABLE IS SHOWING NUMBEROF DEPENDENTS OF RESPONDENTS
AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
SL.NO AMOUNT NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS OF TOTAL

OF LOAN RESPONDENTS
1-2 3-4 Above 4
1 Upto 5000 3 8 11 22
2 5000-10000 2 3 10 15
3 10000-15000 4 6 8 18
4 15000-20000 8 1 4 13
5 Above 10 18 4 32
20000
Total 27 36 37 100
ANALYSIS :
The above table depicts that there was upto 5000 is 1-2 dependts is 3, 3-4 is 8 respondents, above
4 is 11 respondents. 5000-10000 is 1 to 2 is 2 respondents, 3-4 is 3, above 4 is 10 respondents.
10000-15000 is 1-2 is 4 respondents, 3 to 4 is 6, above 4 is 8 respondents, 15000 to 20000 is 1-2
is 8, 3 to 4 is 1 and above 4 is 4 respondents, and above 20000 is 1 to 2 is 10, 3 to 4 is 18, and
above 4 is 4 respondents.

GRAPH- 4.8
GRAPH IS SHOWING NUMBERS OF DEPENDENTS BY RESPONDENTS
AND AMOUNT OF LOAN BORROWING
18
18
16
14
11
12 10 10
10 8 8 8
8 6
6 4 4 4
3 3
4 2
1
2
0
Upto 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000 Above 20000
NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS OF RESPONDENTS 1 to 2

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS OF RESPONDENTS 3 to 4
NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS OF RESPONDENTS Above 4
INTERPRETATION :
The above graph reveals the number of depedents of the respondents, in this upto 5000 borrowed
3%are 1-2 dependents, 8% 3 to 4 , and 11% above 4 depedents, 5000-10000 is 2% are 1-2, 3% are
3-4 and 10% are above 4, 10000-15000 is 8% are 1-2 , 1% are 3-4 and 4% are the above 4, and
above 20000 is 10% is 1-2 , 18% is 3 to 4, 4% is above 4. In this study majority is above 4 (37%)
is depedents.

TABLE-4.9
TABLE IS SHOWING NATURE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS AND
AMOUNT OF LOAN TAKEN
SL.NO AMOUNT NATURE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS TOTAL

OF LOAN
(Rs.) THATCHED TILED CONCRETE OTHERS
1 Upto 5000 8 4 8 2 22
2 5000-10000 5 1 3 6 15
3 10000-15000 5 6 7 0 18
4 15000-20000 6 4 3 0 13
5 Above 20000 18 6 6 2 32
Total 42 21 27 10 100
ANALYSIS :
The above table shows that the upto 5000 amount borrowed is 8 in thatched, 4 are tiled, 8 are
concrete and 2 are others. 5000-10000 the thathched is 5, tiled is 1, concrete is 3, and others is 6.
10000-15000 the thatched is 5, tiled is 6, concrete is 7. 15000-20000 is thatched 6,tiled 4, concrete
is 3. And above 20000 is thatched are 18, tiled is 6, concrete is 6 and others is 2. Total 100
respondents.

GRAPH-4.9
GRAPH IS SHOWING NATURE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS AND
AMOUNT OF LOAN
20 18
15
10 8 8
7
6 6 6 6 6
5 5
4 4
5 3 3
2 2
1
0 0
0
Upto 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000 Above 20000
NATURE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS THATCHED

NATURE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS TILED
NATURE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS CONCRETE
NATURE OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS OTHERS
INTERPRETATION :
The above graph the study shows that upto 5000 borrowed is 8% thatched, 4% tiled, 8% concrete,
and 2% others. 5000 to 10000 is 5% thatched, 1% tiled, 3% concrete, and 6% others. The 10000-
15000 5% are thatched, 6% is tiled, 7% is concrete. 15000-20000 is 6% thatched, 4% tiled, 3%
concrete, above 20000 is 18% thatched, 6 % tiled, 6% concrete, and 2% others.
The majority will 42% thatched and 27% is concrete.

TABLE-4.10
TABLE IS SHOWING OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE AND AMOUNT OF
LOAN OF RESPONDENTS
SL.NO AMOUNT OF OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE TOTAL

LOAN (Rs.)
OWNED RENTED LEASED
1 Upto 5000 18 2 2 22
2 5000-10000 13 1 1 15
3 10000-15000 15 1 2 18
4 15000-20000 10 2 1 13
5 ABOVE 20000 28 2 2 32
TOTAL 84 8 8 100
ANALYSIS :
The above table shows the upto 5000 borrowed 18 respondents are owned, rented 2, leased 2, 5000
-10000 owned is 13, rented is 1, leased is 1, 10000 -15000 is owned is 15, rented is 1 and leased
is 2. 15000- 20000 respondents 10 owned, 2 are rented, 1 are leased.and aboe 20000 owned is 28
respondents, rented 2 and leased is 2 respondents.

GRAPH- 4.10
GRAPH IS SHOWING OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE OF RESPONDENTS
AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
2
ABOVE 20000 2
28
1
15000-20000 2
10
2
10000-15000 1
15
1
5000-10000 1
13
2
UPTO 5000 2
18
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE LEASED OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE RENTED

OWNERSHIP OF HOUSE OWNED
INTERPRETATION :
The above graph revelas the 18% of respondents is owned and upto 5000, 2% leased and rented,
5000-10000 is 13% owned and 1% is rented and leased. 10000-15000 the 15% respondents is
owned and 1% is rented and 2% is leased. Above 20000 is 28% is owned and 2% is leased and
rented.
The majority of the respondents 84% is owned ownership of land.

TABLE- 4.11
TABLE IS SHOWING ANNUAL INCOME OF RESPONDENTS AND
AMOUNT OF LOAN.
SL.NO AMOUNT OF ANNUAL INCOME TOTAL

LOAN ( Rs.)
UPTO 20000- 40000- ABOVE
20000 40000 60000 60000
1 Upto 5000 5 3 6 8 22
2 5000-10000 3 3 3 6 15
3 10000-15000 2 6 2 8 18
4 15000-20000 1 1 1 10 13
5 ABOVE 20000 10 5 5 12 32
TOTAL 21 18 17 44 100
ANALYSIS-
The above table shows the annual income of repondents and amount of loan. The upto 5000
amount borrowing is annual income upto 20000 is 5, 20000-40000 is 3, 40000-60000 is 6, above
60000 is 8, 5000-10000 is upto 20000 is 3, 20000 -40000 is 3, 40000- 60000 is 3 and above 60000
is 6. amount of borrowing 10000-15000 is to upto 20000 is 2, 20000-40000 is 6, 40000 to 60000
is 2, above 60000 is 8.and 15000-20000 is annual income is upto 20000 is 1, 20000-40000 is 1,
40000-60000 is 1, and above 60000 is 10. And above 20000 is annual income upto 20000 is 10
respondents, 20000-40000 is 5, 40000- 60000 is 5, and above 60000 is 12 respondents.
The above 60000 annual income respondents borrowing highest amount of loan.

GRAPH- 4.11
GRAPH IS SHOWING ANNUAL INCOME OF RESPONDENTS AND
AMOUNT OF LOAN
12
12
10 10
10
8 8
8
6 6 6
6 5 5 5
4 3 3 3 3
2 2
2 1 1 1
0
UPTO 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000 ABOVE 20000
ANNUAL INCOME UPTO 20000 ANNUAL INCOME 20000-40000

ANNUAL INCOME 40000-60000 ANNUAL INCOME ABOVE 60000
INTERPRETATION-
The above graphs describes the annual income of respondents and amount of loan. In this graph
the annual income above 60000 is the highest respondents of borrowing loan amount (44%), and
the 40000- 60000 is the lowerst borrowers (17%).

TABLE- 4.12
TABLE SHOWING OWNERSHIP OF LAND OF RESPONDENTS AND
AMOUNT OF LOAN
SL.NO AMOUNT OWNERSHIP OF LAND TOTAL

OF LOAN
OWN LEASE
1 Upto 5000 15 7 22
2 5000-10000 13 2 15
3 10000-15000 15 3 18
4 15000-20000 10 3 13
5 Above 20000 25 7 32
Total 78 22 100
ANALYSIS-
In the above table the ownership of land by the borrower and loan amount is described, that the
ownership of land is own by the highest respondents(78%), and lease is 22 % and the own land
owners is borrowing highest loan.

GRAPH- 4.12
GRAPH IS SHOWING OWNERSHIP OF LAND AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
7
Above 20000 25
3
15000-20000 10
3
10000-15000 15
2
5000-10000 13
7
Upto 5000 15
0 5 10 15 20 25
OWNERSHIP OF LAND LEASE OWNERSHIP OF LAND OWN
INTERPRETATION-
In the above graph study the amount of loan borrowing by the respondents and the ownership of
the agriculture land. In that the ownership of land own is the highest borrowers of the crop loan
(78%).

TABLE- 4.13
TABLE IS SHOWING SIZE OF LAND HOLDINGS AND AMOUNT OF
LOAN OF RESPONDENTS
SL.NO AMOUNT SIZE OF LAND HOLDINGS OF REPONDENTS TOTAL

OF LOAN MARGINAL SMALL SEMI- MEDIUM
(Rs.) FARMER FARMER MEDIUM FARMER
FARMER
1 Upto 5000 5 5 10 2 22
2 5000-10000 2 3 8 2 15
3 10000-15000 15 1 1 1 18
4 15000-20000 5 1 6 1 13
5 Above 20000 5 5 15 7 32
TOTAL 32 15 40 13 100
ANALYSIS-
In the above table the size of the land holdings by the respondents and amount of loan borrowing.
In this the marginal farmers are the highest borrowing of loan (32), and semi medium farmers is
(40), and medium farmers is the lowest (13) borrowing of loan.

GRAPH – 4.13
GRAPH IS SHOWING SIZE OF LAND HOLDING BY RESPONDENTS
AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
15
16
14
12 10
10 8
8 6
5 5 5
6
3
4 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2
0
MARGINAL SMALL FARMER SEMI-MEDIUM MEDIUM FARMER
FARMER FARMER
SIZE OF LAND HOLDINGS OF REPONDENTS
Upto 5000 5000-10000 10000-15000 15000-20000
INTERPRETATION-
In the above graph the size of land holdings by the respondents and amount of loan borrowings,
and the marginal farmers is the highest in loan borrowing of 10000-15000 loan amount and the
medium farmers is the lowest borrowing of loan and semi -medium farmers is highest borrowing
in all amount of loan.

TABLE- 4.14
TABLE IS SHOWING SOURCES OF IRRGATION OF RESPONDENTS

AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
SL.NO AMOUNT OF SOURCES OF IRRIGATION TOTAL

LOAN (Rs.) PUMPSET RAIN RIVER POND
1 Upto 5000 2 18 2 0 22
2 5000 to 10000 5 7 1 2 15
3 10000 to 15000 3 13 0 2 18
4 15000 to 20000 5 6 0 2 13
5 Above 20000 15 15 1 1 32
Total 30 59 4 7 100
ANALYSIS-
The above table describes that the respondent sources irrigation and amount of borrowing, and the
highest of sources of irrigation is to the Rain (59) respondents, and pumpset (30), the river of
sources of irrigation is lowest (4).

GRAPH- 4.14
GRAPH IS SHOWING SOURCES OF IRRGATION BY THE
RESPONDENTS AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
18
18
16 15 15
14 13
12
10
7
8 6
5 5
6
3
4 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 0 0 0
0
UPTO 5000 5000 TO 10000 TO 15000 TO ABOVE 20000
10000 15000 20000
Amount of borrowing of repondents
SOURCES OF IRRIGATION PUMPSET SOURCES OF IRRIGATION RAIN

SOURCES OF IRRIGATION RIVER SOURCES OF IRRIGATION POND
INTERPRETATION-
In the above graph shows that the sources of irrigation of the respondents and amount of loan
borrowing, in this the sources of irrigation Is the highest is rain (59%), and the lowest is river (4%),
and sources of irrigation of rain will borrowings highest amount of loan.

TABLE- 4.15
TABLE IS SHOWING THE PURPOSE OF BORROWING OF LOAN BY
THE RESPONDENTS
SL.NO AMOUNT PURPOSE OF BORROWING LOAN TOTAL

OF LOAN PADDY BANANA TOMOTO RAGI CRON
1 Upto 5000 5 2 3 6 6 22
2 5000-10000 3 1 1 5 5 15
3 10000-15000 3 2 3 5 5 18
4 15000-20000 1 1 1 4 6 13
5 Above 20000 5 3 3 10 11 32
Total 17 9 11 30 33 100
ANALYSIS :
The above table shows the purpose of borrowing loan from the respondents, upto 5000 the paddy
is 5, banana is 2, tomato is 3, ragi is 6 and cron is 6. 5000 to 10000 is paddy 3,banana is 1, tomato
is 1, ragi is 5, and cron is 5. 10000-15000 is paddy 3, banana 2, tomato 3, ragi is 5 and cron is 5.
And 15000 to 20000 paddy is 5, banana is 3, tomato is 3, ragi is 10 and cron is 11 respondents.

GRAPH- 4.15
GRAPH IS SHOWING PURPOSE OF BORROWING OF LON BY THE

RESPONDENTS AND AMOUNT OF LOAN
6 11
CRON 5
5 6
PURPOSE OF BORROWING
4 10
RAGI 5
5 6
3
LOAN
1 3
TOMOTO 1 3
1 3
BANANA 1 2
2
1 5
PADDY 3
3 5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
amount of loan borrowing of respondents
Above 20000 15000-20000 10000-15000 5000-10000 Upto 5000
INTERPRETATION-
In the above graph stated that the purpose of the borrowing of loan by the respondents and amount
of loan, in this the purpose of cultivation of ragi (30) and cron (33) will be the highest purpose of
loan amount borrowing by the respondents.

TABLE-4.16
THE TABLE IS SHOWING PROBLEMS REGARDING THE CROP
CULTIVATION OF RESPONDENTS
SL.NO PROBLEMS NO. OF PERCENTAGE (%)

RESPONDENTS
1 MONSOON FAILURE 35 35%
2 PROBLEMS ON POWER 15 15%
3 FINANCIAL SHORTAGE 30 30%
4 LACK OF MODERN 10 10%
TECHNICS
5 COST OF LABOUR IS HIGH 15 15%

6 OTHERS 5 5%
TOTAL 100 100%
ANALYSIS:
The above table depicts that, there the respondents problem regarding the crop cultivation is the
respondents prefer that the 35 respondents is monsoon failure and 30 respondents is financial
shortages. 15 respondents on problems on power and cost of labour is high and 10 respondents on
lack of modern technics and others is 5 respondents.

GRAPH-4.16
THE GRAPH IS SHOWING PROBLEMS OF RESPONDENTS
REGARDING THE CROP CULTIVATION
5%
15%
35% MONSOON FAILURE
10% PROBLEMS ON POWER
FINANCIAL SHORTAGE
LACK OF MODERN TECHNICS
30% 15%
COST OF LABOUR IS HIGH
OTHERS
INTERPRETATION:
In the above graph the present study revels that majority of the respondents have the problems
regarding the crop cultivation is to the failure of monsoon and financial shortage and less majority
on power problems and cost of labour is high and lack of moderntechnics.

TABLE-4.17
THE TABLE IS SHOWING THE REASONS FOR AVIAILING CROP LOAN
FOR THE RESPONDENTS IN PCA AND RD BANKS
SL.NO REASONS NO. OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS (%)
1 Less Time Consuming 30 30 %
2 Government Subsidaries. 30 30 %
3 Self-Interest 12 12 %
4 Low Interest Rate 18 18 %
5 Others 10 10 %
Total 100 100 %
ANALYSIS:
The above table shows the many respondents are prefer for reasons for availing crop loan is to less
time consuming 30 respondents, government subsidiaries 30 respondents, low interst rate 18
respondents and self-interest 12 respondents and others 10 respondents

GRAPH- 4.17
THIS GRAPH SHOWING THE REASONS OF AVIALING OF CROP
LOAN TO THE RESPONDENTS
10%
30% Less Time Consuming

18%
Government Subsidaries.
Self-Interest
Low Interest Rate
12% Others
30%
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present study reveals that 30% respondents are prefer to less time consuming
and government subsidiaries for reasons for avialablity crop loans in the PCA and RD banks and
less prefer on low interest rate, self-interst and others.

TABLE-4.18
THIS TABLE IS SHOWING SOURCES OF FINANACE AVIABILITY AND
INTERST OF RESPONDENTS.
SL.NO SOURCES NO .OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS (%)
1 COMMERCIAL 25 25%
BANKS
2 CO-OPERATIVE 30 30%
BANKS
3 LAND 30 30%
DEVELOPMENT
BANKS
4 MONEY LENDERS 3 3%
5 TRADERS AND 7 7%
COMMISSION
AGENTS
6 PAWAN BROKERS 0 0%
7 OTHERS 5 5%
TOTAL 100% 100%
ANALYSIS:
The table depicts that, the respondents sources of financial ability that the co-operative banks and
land development banks 30 respondents and commercial banks 25 respondents, traders and
commission agents are 7 respondents, money lenders 3 respondents and others is 5 respondents.

GRAPH- 4.18
THIS GRAPH SHOWS THE INTERST OF RESPONDENTS AND
SOURCES OF FIANCE AVIALABILITY OF ALL BANKS
COMMERCIAL BANKS
CO-OPERATIVE BANKS
7%0%5%
3% 25%
LAND DEVELOPMENT BANKS
30% MONEY LENDERS
30%
TRADERS AND COMMISSION
AGENTS
PAWAN BROKERS
OTHERS
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present the study reveals that 30% respondents prefer to source of finance
availability is co-operative banks and land development banks and 25% is commercial banks, less
respondents prefer the money lenders, traders and commission agents and others.

TABLE-4.19
THIS TABLE IS SHOWING THE REASONS FOR OVERDUES OF LOANS
BORROWED BY THE RESPONDENTS IN THE BANKS
SL.NO REASONS RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

(%)
1 LOW YIELD RETURNS 28 28%
2 CROP FAITURE 30 30%
3 REPAYMENT OF OLD DEBTS 18 18%

4 LOAN FROM OTHER BANKS 11 11%
5 INCRESE IN THE COST 10 10%

PRODUCTION
6 OTHERS 3 3%
TOTAL 100 100%
ANALYSIS:
The above table depicts that, reasons for overdues of respondents is to crop failure 30%, low yield
returns 25%, repayment of old debts 18%, loan from other banks 11%, increase in the cost
production is 10% and others is 3%.

GRAPH- 4.19
THE GRAPH SHOWING THE REASONS FOR OVERDUES OF LOANS
BORROWED BY RESPONDENTS IN THE PACD BANKS
3%
10%
28% LOW YIELD RETURNS
11% CROP FAITURE

REPAYMENT OF OLD DEBTS
LOAN FROM OTHER BANKS
INCRESE IN THE COST PRODUCTION
18%
OTHERS
30%
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present the study reveals that 30%of the respondents overdues the loans is
crop failures, 28% respondents low yield returns, and the repayment of debts is 18%, and less
respondents on the loan from other banks, increase the cost production is 11%,10% and 3 %
respectively.

TABLE- 4.20
THE TABLE IS SHOWING THE REASONS OF RESPONDENTS TO THE
IRREGULAR OF REPAYMENTS
SL.NO PROBLEMS NO. OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS (%)
1 Absence of sources of income 15 15%

2 Utilization crop loan to other 15 15%
Purposes
3 Repayment of old debts 20 20%

4 Monsoon failures 32 32%
5 Waiving of loan 5 5%
6 Family problems 12 12 %
7 Others 1 1%
Total 100 100 %
ANALYSIS:
The above table depicts that, the irregular of repayments by the respondents is to the monsoon
failure 32%, repayment of old debts is 20%, absence of sources of income and utilization of crop
loan to other purposes is 15%, and the family problems 12%, waiving of loan is 5% and others is
1%.

GRAPH- 4.20
THE GRAPH IS SHOWING THE REASONS OF RESPONDENTS TO
IRREGULAR OF REPAYMENTS
12% 1% 15%
5%
15%
32%
20%
Absence of sources of income Utilization crop loan to other Purposes

Repayment of old debts Monsoon failures
Waiving of loan Family problems
Others
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present study reveals that 32% of respondents reasons of irregular payment
is to monsoon failure and 20% repayment of old debts, 15% absence of sources of income and
utilization crop loan to other purposes, 12% is family problems, 5% is waiving of loan and others
is 1%.

TABLE- 4.21
THE TABLE IS SHOWING PROBLEMS ON CROP LOANS
PROCEDURES IN PCARD BANKS AND RESPONDENTS
SL.NO PROBLEMS NO. OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONDENTS (%)
1 Lending procedures and 22 22 %

polices
2 Delay in sanctioning of 35 35 %
loan
3 Many formalities 28 28%
4 Getting guarantors 10 10 %
5 Others 5 5%
6 Total 100 100 %
ANALYSIS:
The above table depicts that, the problems faced by respondents in the PCA and RD banks of his
procedures. The 35% respondents is to Delay in sanctioning of loan, 28% respondents is many
formalities, 22% is to be lending procedures and polies, and 10% on getting guarantors and others
is 5%.

GRAPH -4.21
THE GRAPH IS SHOWS THE PROBLEMS OF CROP LOAN
PROCEDURES IN PACD BANKS
5%
10% 22%
28%
35%
Lending procedures and polices

Delay in sanctioning of loan
Many formalities
Getting guarantors
Others
INTERPRETATION:
The above graph the present study reveals that the problems faced by the respondents in crop loan
procedures the 35% is to delay in sanctioning the loan, 28% many formalities, 22% lending
procedures and policies and the 10% is getting guarantors and 5% is others.

HYPOTHISIS-1:
H0 - THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULTIVATION.
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ARE OF

CULTIVATION
CROP NAME – PADDY
Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Std. Error
Deviation Mean
BEFOR
3.8824 17 2.41434 .58556
Pair 1 E
AFTER 4.7059 17 2.73895 .66429
Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 17 .902 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-
Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence tailed)
Deviation Mean Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE -
.8235 1.18508 .28742 -1.43284 -.21422 -2.865 16 .011
1 AFTER
3
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION-
In this above table the P value is less than 0.05, so that the Null Hypthises(H0) is Rejected and
Alternative hypothesis(H1) is Accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULTIVATION.

HYPOTHISIS-1
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CROP CULTIVATION
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CROP CULTIVATION
CROP NAME- BANANA

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
BEFORE 3.6111 9 2.05818 .68606

Pair 1
AFTER 4.7222 9 1.71594 .57198

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 9 .426 .253
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Deviatio Mean Interval of the
n Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE – -
1.111 2.04294 .68098 -2.68146 .45923 8 .041
1 AFTER 1.632
11
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION-

In this above table the P value is less than 0.05 so that the Null Hypothesis (H0) is Rejected and
alternative Hypotheis (H1) is accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULTIVATION.

HYPOTHISIS-1
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULTIVATION
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULIVATION
CROP NAME- TOMATO

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
4.5909 11 2.92248 .88116
Pair 1 E
AFTER 4.2727 11 3.10937 .93751

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 11 .866 .001
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence tailed)
Deviatio Error Interval of the
n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE – .3181
1.56960 .47325 -.73629 1.37265 .672 10 .517
1 AFTER 8

In the above Table the P value is Greater than 0.05, so the Null Hypothesis is Accepted.(H0).
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CROP CULTIVATION

HYPOTHESIS-1
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA
OF CROP CULTIVATION
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULTIVATION
CROP NAME- RAGI

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
5.3000 30 3.53456 .64532
Pair 1 E
AFTER 5.3000 30 3.47305 .63409

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 30 .839 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
1.98703 .36278 -.74197 .74197 .000 29 0.01
1 AFTER 0
ANALYISIS AND INTERPRETATION-
In this above table the P value is less than 0.05, so the H1- alternative hypothesis is accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CROP CULTIVATION

HYPOTHESIS-1
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULTIVATION
H1-THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CULTIVATION
CROP NAME - CRON

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
6.0303 33 4.09447 .71276
Pair 1 E
AFTER 5.8333 33 4.13572 .71994

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 33 .905 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df
Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
1.79817 .31302 -.44063 .83457 .629 32 .534
1 AFTER 7

In the above table the P value is greater than 0.05, so the Null Hypothesis(H0) is accepted.
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA OF
CROP CULTIVATED.

HYPOTHESIS-2
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN PRODUCTION
PER ACRE
CROP NAME -PADDY

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
5.7647 17 4.10075 .99458
Pair 1 E
AFTER 5.5000 17 3.96074 .96062

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 17 .899 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE .2647
1.82104 .44167 -.67159 1.20100 .599 16 .007
1 – AFTER 1

In the above table the P value is less than 0.05, so the H1 is accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
PRODUCTION PER ACRE

HYPOTHESIS-2
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
CROP NAME- BANANA

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
7.3333 9 3.66092 .66839
Pair 1 E
AFTER 6.9000 9 3.11116 .56802

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 9 .884 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - .4333
1.71572 .31325 -.20733 1.07399 1.383 8 .177
1 AFTER 3

In the above table the p value is greater than the 0.05 so that the Null hypothesis (H0) is accepted.
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND

PRODUCTION PER ACRE.

HYPOTHESIS-2
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
CROP NAME- TOMATO

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
5.2727 11 2.83164 .85377
Pair 1 E
AFTER 4.5000 11 3.17017 .95584

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 11 .908 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - .7727
1.32973 .40093 -.12060 1.66605 1.927 10 .043
1 AFTER 3

In the above table the P value is Less than the 0.05 so that the H1- Alternative Hypothesis is
accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND


HYPOTHESIS-2
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
CROP NAME- RAGI

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
7.3333 30 3.66092 .66839
Pair 1 E
AFTER 6.9000 30 3.11116 .56802

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 30 .884 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - .4333
1.71572 .31325 -.20733 1.07399 1.383 29 .177
1 AFTER 3
In the above table the P value is Greater than the 0.05, so that the Null hypothesis is accepted.
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND

HYPOTHESIS-2
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
PRODUCTION PER ACRE
CROP NAME- CRON

Deviation Mean
BEFOR
7.0758 33 3.40982 .59357
Pair 1 E
AFTER 6.3333 33 3.31348 .57680

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 33 .880 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test


n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - .7424
1.64944 .28713 .15756 1.32729 2.586 32 .014
1 AFTER 2
In the above table P value is Less than 0.05 so, that the H1- Alternative hypothesis is Accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND

HYPOTHESIS-3
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
EXPENDITURE PER CULTIVATION
H1-THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND

EXPENDITURE PER CULTIVATION.
CROP NAME- PADDY

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 12882.352
17 5266.43087 1277.29710
E 9
Pair 1
14588.235
AFTER 17 5723.40396 1388.12936
3

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 17 .527 .030
AFTER
Paired Samples Test


n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pai BEFORE - 5359.15 1299.78 1049.54 -
1705.8 4461.30 16 .008
r 1 AFTER 928 705 310 1.312
8235 780
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION-In the above table the P Value is less than the 0.05, so
that the Alternative hypothesis(H1) is accepted.

THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFENRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND

HYPOTHESIS -3
CROP NAME- BANANA

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 15777.777
9 3562.92639 1187.64213
E 8
Pair 1
17111.111
AFTER 9 4891.17686 1630.39229
1

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 9 .393 .296
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Deviati Error Interval of the
on Mean Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pai BEFORE 4789.31 1596.43 2348.05
1333.3 5014.72 -.835 8 .028
r 1 - AFTER 102 701 700
3333 367


In this test the P value is less than 0.05The alternative hypothesis is accepted.
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND EXPENDITURE
PER CULTIVATION.
HYPOTHESIS-3
CROP NAME- TOMATO

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 12545.454
11 4719.39904 1422.95235
E 5
Pair 1
13363.636
AFTER 11 6313.04566 1903.45488
4

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 11 .775 .005
AFTER

Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pair BEFORE - 3995.45 1204.674 1865.999
818.18 3502.362 -.679 10 .512
1 AFTER 196 09 33
182 97

In the above table the P value is greater than 0.05 so that the Null Hypothesis is accepted.
CONCLUSION-
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND EXPENDITURE
PER CULTIVATION.

HYPOTHESIS-3
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
EXPENDITURE PER CUTIVATION.
CROP NAME- RAGI

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 15783.333
30 3951.61105 721.46217
E 3
Pair 1
15083.333
AFTER 30 3959.02142 722.81511
3

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 30 .868 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 700.00 2032.49 371.081 1458.94
58.9459 1.886 29 .069
1 AFTER 000 465 06 597
7
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The above table the P value is than 0.05 is that the Null Hypoythesis is accepted.THERE IS NO
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND EXPENDITURE PER
CULTIVATION

HYPOTHESIS-3
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIEERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
CROP NAME- CRON

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 16015.151
33 4054.48218 705.79475
E 5
Pair 1
15512.121
AFTER 33 3920.04126 682.39159
2

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 33 .814 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 503.03
2438.04 424.4087 1367.522
361.4621 1.185 32 .045
1 AFTER 030
287 9 71
1
The above table the P value is less than 0.05 so, that the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is Accept.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND

HYPOTHESIS-4
H0-THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER
CULTIVATION
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER
CULTIVATION
CROP NAME - PADDY

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 15782.352
17 2882.92067 699.21097
E 9
Pair 1
15305.882
AFTER 17 2590.23903 628.22524
4

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 17 .590 .013
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 476.47 2492.30 604.473 1757.89
804.955 .788 16 .042
1 AFTER 059 802 48 713
95
In the above table the p value is less than the 0.05, so that the Alternative hypothesis (H0)is
accepted.

THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER
CULTIVATION
HYPOTHESIS-4
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
PER CULTIVATION
H1-THRE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER
CULTIVATION
CROP NAME- BANANA
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 18102.777
9 5179.89570 1726.63190
E 8
Pair 1
17944.444
AFTER 9 3506.81875 1168.93958
4

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 9 .922 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 158.33 2373.02 791.0085 1982.402
1665.735 .200 8 .846
1 AFTER 333 550 0 20
53
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION- In the above table the p value is >0.05 so that
the null hypothesis is accepted. THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP
LOAN AND INCOME PER CULTIVATION

HYPOTHESIS-4
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
PER CULTIAVTION
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER
CULTIVATION
CROP NAME- TOMATO

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 27522.727
11 16756.15355 5052.17039
E 3
Pair 1
27863.636
AFTER 11 15612.64057 4707.38825
4

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 11 .950 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pair BEFORE - 5219.809 1573.831 3165.806
340.909 3847.624 -.217 10 .033
1 AFTER 30 72 51
09 69

In the above table the P value is Less than the 0.05 so, that Alternative Hypothesis (H1)is accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER

CULTIVATION

HYPOTHESIS-4
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
PER CULTIVATION
CULTIVATION
CROP NAME-RAGI
N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 30 .893 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 1033.06 3480.365 635.4249 2332.656
266.5231 1.626 29 .115
1 AFTER 667 53 0 51
8

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 22383.066
30 7479.97783 1365.65086
E 7
Pair 1
21350.000
AFTER 30 7561.41521 1380.51923
0

In the above table the P value is Greater than the 0.05, so that the Null hypothesis is accepted.
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER
CULTIVATION

HYPOTHESIS-4
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
PER CULTIVATION
CULTIVATION
CROP NAME- CRON

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 17671.515
33 4104.96051 714.58190
E 2
Pair 1
16706.060
AFTER 33 4386.62309 763.61306
6

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 33 .771 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - 965.45 2884.147 502.0656 - 1988.128
1.923 32 .043
1 AFTER 455 50 4 57.21969 78
In the above table the p value is Less than the 0.05 so that the Alternative Hypothesis accepted.
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME PER
CULTIVATION

HYPOTHESIS-5
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERNS
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERNS.
CHITS FUNDS
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 4780.000
10 4292.31872 1357.35036
E 0
Pair 1
4630.000
AFTER 10 4766.56177 1507.31918
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .957 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence

Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 150.00 1403.368 443.7842 1153.909
853.9096 .338 9 .043
1 AFTER 000 96 3 68
8
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION -
in the above table the p value is <0.05 so that the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is Accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN. (CHIT FUNDS).

HYPOTHESIS-5
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTREN
PATTERN.
CO-OPERATIVE SOCITIES.
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 13700.000
10 5735.85216 1813.83571
E 0
Pair 1
13025.000
AFTER 10 6128.76868 1938.08683
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .868 .001
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 675.00 3073.294 971.8610 2873.502
1523.502 .695 9 .505
1 AFTER 000 47 4 42
42
In the above table the P value is Greater than the 0.05 so that the Null Hypothesis is accepted.
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN ( CO-OPERATIVE SOCITIES)

HYPOTHESIS-5
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN
PATTERN
POST OFFICE
Deviation Mean
14409.142
BEFORE 35 6450.24275 1090.29002
9
Pair 1
14258.571
AFTER 35 6369.69486 1076.67494
4

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 35 .897 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 150.57 2910.828 492.0198 1150.476
849.3331 .306 34 .041
1 AFTER 143 61 4 04
8
In the above table the P value is Less than the 0.05 so that the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is
Accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LAON AND SAINGS
PATTERN ( POST OFFICE).

HYPOTHESIS-5
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN
PATTERN
LIC
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 17015.800
40 7252.66529 1146.74707
E 0
Pair 1
17378.000
AFTER 40 7058.10144 1115.98382
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 40 .895 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pair BEFORE - 3290.521 520.2771 690.1599
362.200 1414.559 -.696 39 .040
1 AFTER 86 9 4
00 94
In the above table the P value Less than the 0.05 so that the Alternative Hypothesis is Accepted.
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN (LIC)

HYPOTHESIS-5
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT SIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN
OTHERS
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 14480.000
5 4575.15027 2046.06940
E 0
Pair 1
13840.000
AFTER 5 4541.80581 2031.15731
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 5 .874 .053
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 640.00 2290.851 1024.499 3484.467
2204.467 .625 4 .566
1 AFTER 000 37 88 67
67
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND SAVINGS
PATTERN (OTHER)

HYPOTHESIS-6
ANALYSIS
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS
AGRICULTURE
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 16224.175
40 5280.99260 834.99825
E 0
Pair 1
15665.500
AFTER 40 5522.45948 873.17751
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 40 .875 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence

Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - 558.675 2715.663 - 1427.1863
429.38410 1.301 39 .02
1 AFTER 00 49 309.83632 2
In the above table the P value is Less than the 0.05, so that the Alternative Hypothesis is Accepted
(H1).THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS

HYPOTHESIS-6
ANALYSIS
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS
TRADE

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 11751.333
30 5360.94030 978.76931
E 3
Pair 1
12470.000
AFTER 30 5609.79378 1024.20353
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 30 .849 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pair BEFORE - 3024.268 552.1533 410.6136 -
718.66 1847.946 29 .203
1 AFTER 20 0 4 1.302
667 97
In the above table the P value is greater than the 0.05 so that the null Hypothesis is accepted. (H0).
CONCLUSION-
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS

HYPOTHESIS-6
H0- THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS
INTEREST ON INVESTMENTS

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 6154.000
10 3627.57403 1147.13963
E 0
Pair 1
5567.000
AFTER 10 3585.27870 1133.76467
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .915 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 587.00 1490.339 471.2867 1653.124
479.1247 1.246 9 .244
1 AFTER 000 63 7 75
5
In the above table the P value is Greater than the 0.05 so that the Null Hypothesis is accepted.H0
Conclusion-THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERNCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
INCOME ANALYSIS

HYPOTHESIS-6
ANALYSIS
INALYSIS.
RENT

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 8357.200
10 5593.64307 1768.86525
E 0
Pair 1
7731.200
AFTER 10 5785.27412 1829.46431
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .977 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 626.00 1236.277 390.9454 1510.379
258.3799 1.601 9 .044
1 AFTER 000 93 1 95
5
In the above table the P value is less than the 0.05 so that the Alternative Hypothesis accepted
(H1).
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENT BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS

HYPOTHESIS-6
ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS.
OTHERS
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 8984.000
10 4984.17763 1576.13536
E 0
Pair 1
8130.000
AFTER 10 4726.76775 1494.73521
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .920 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 854.00 1956.46 618.6871 2253.567
545.5675 1.380 9 .201
1 AFTER 000 052 4 55
5
In the above table the P value is > 0.05 so that the Null Hypothesis is Accepted (H1).
CONCLUSION-
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND INCOME
ANALYSIS

HYPOTHESIS-7
H0 -THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS OF
THE BENEFICIARY
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY.
HOUSE
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 246156.312 655359.4898 115852.2848
32
E 5 4 5
Pair 1
347000.000 757372.2398 133885.7616
AFTER 32
0 4 7

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 32 .727 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pair BEFORE - 530485.0 93777.38 90416.55
100843.6 292103.9 -1.075 31 .291
1 AFTER 1109 717 459
8750 2959
In above the table the P value is Greater than the 0.05 so that the Null Hypothesis is accepted(H0).
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY

HYPOTHESIS-7
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY
BENEFICIARY
LAND

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 176100.000 188518.1246
25 37703.62494
E 0 8
Pair 1
315920.000 557212.3263 111442.4652
AFTER 25
0 8 8

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 25 .337 .100
AFTER
Paired Samples Test


n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pair BEFORE - 524704.5 104940.9 76767.38 -
139820.0 356407.3 24 .195
1 AFTER 3749 0750 804 1.332
0000 8804
In above the table P value is > 0.05 so that the Null Hypothesis (H1) is accepted. THERE IS NO
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSEITS BENEFICIARY.

HYPOTHESIS-7
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY
BENEFICIARY.
TRACTOR

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 370388.888 264972.1714
18 62454.53975
E 9 3
Pair 1
352500.000 247423.4878
AFTER 18 58318.27537
0 8

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 18 .969 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 17888.8 66075.6 15574.1 50747.5
14969.7 1.149 17 .047
1 AFTER 8889 1523 7187 1931
4153
In the above table the P value is Less than the 0.05, so that the Alternative hypothesis is Accepted
(H1).
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY

HYPOTHESIS-7
BENEFICIARY
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOANS AND
ASSETS BENEFICIARY.
PUMPSET
Deviation Mean
BEFOR 62673.434
23 57944.26983 12082.21547
E 8
Pair 1
52934.782
AFTER 23 44881.23326 9358.38406
6

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 23 .965 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - 9738.65 18780.60 3916.025 1617.311 17859.99
2.487 22 .021
1 AFTER 217 026 86 61 273

In the above table the P value is Less than the 0.05 so that the Alternative Hypothesis is Accepted
CONCLUSSION-THERE IS A SIGNIFICANCE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
ASSETS BENEFICIARY

HYPOTHESIS-7
BENEFICIARY
BENEFICIARY.
VAN/ AUTO

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 65710.000
10 34386.57522 10873.98986
E 0
Pair 1
68120.000
AFTER 10 59001.03201 18657.76454
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .928 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
- -
Pair BEFORE - 29972.6 9478.190 19031.15
2410.00 23851.15 -.254 9 .805
1 AFTER 7089 76 711
000 711
In the above table the P value is Greater than the 0.05, so that the Null hypothesis (H0) is accepted.
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANCE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY

HYPOTHESIS-7
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANCT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY.
OTHERS

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 25000.000
2 .00000 .00000
E 0
Pair 1
21000.000
AFTER 2 1414.21356 1000.00000
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 2 . .
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
-
Pair BEFORE - 4000.00 1414.213 1000.000 16706.20
8706.204 4.000 1 .156
1 AFTER 000 56 00 474
74
THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANCE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND ASSETS
BENEFICIARY

HYPOTHESIS-8
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANCE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
LIABILITIES
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIABILITIES
LOAN FROM BANKS

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 191177.500 213052.0407
40 33686.48544
E 0 0
Pair 1
156250.000 167080.0130
AFTER 40 26417.66964
0 8

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 40 .952 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Mean Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - 34927.5 74481.7 11776.60 11107.06 58747.93
2.966 39 .005
1 AFTER 0000 9260 544 710 290

In the above table the P value is less than the 0.05 so that the Alternative Hypothesis is Accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIABILITIES

HYPOTHESIS -8
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
LIABILITIES
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIABILITIES
AGRICULTURE JEWEL LOAN

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 89370.000 132819.4865
40 21000.60475
E 0 2
Pair 1
71825.000
AFTER 40 86720.56140 13711.72470
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 40 .984 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - 17545.00 49991.38 7904.332 1556.978 33533.02
2.220 39 .032
1 AFTER 000 875 59 24 176
In the above table the P value is less than 0.05, so that the alternative Hypothesis (H1) is accepted.
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANCE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIABILITIES

HYPOTHESIS-8
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANCE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
LIABILITIES.
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIBILITIES
LAND TAX

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 28900.000
10 19664.97168 6218.61006
E 0
Pair 1
22700.000
AFTER 10 16268.92061 5144.68442
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .986 .000
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - 6200.00 4522.781 1430.229 2964.596 9435.403
4.335 9 .002
1 AFTER 000 84 20 78 22
In the above table the p value is less than 0.05 so, that the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted
CONCLUSSION-
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANCE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
LIABAILITIES.

HYPOTHESIS-8
H0 – THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIABLITIES
H1- THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIBLITIES.
LOAN FROM OTHERS

Deviation Mean
BEFOR 13850.000
10 6984.30781 2208.63206
E 0
Pair 1
12850.000
AFTER 10 5207.09985 1646.62955
0

N Correlatio Sig.
n
BEFORE &
Pair 1 10 .884 .001
AFTER
Paired Samples Test

n Difference
Lower Upper
Pair BEFORE - 6200.00 4522.781 1430.229 2964.596 9435.403
4.335 9 .002
1 AFTER 000 84 20 78 22

In this above table the P value is less than the 0.05 so, that the alternative hypothesis(H1) is
accepted.
THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND LIABILITIES

HYPOTHESIS RESULTS-
OBJECTIVE-3
HYPOTHESIS-1
H0-THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND AREA
OF CULTIVATION
SL.NO CROP NAME RESPONDENTS P VALUE RESULT
1 PADDY 17 0.011 REJECTED
2 BANANA 9 0.041 REJECTED
3 TOMATO 11 0.517 ACCEPTED
4 RAGI 30 0.01 REJECTED
5 CRON 33 0.534 ACCEPTED
TOTAL 100
OBJECTIVE-4
HYPOTHESIS-2
SL.NO CROP NAME RESPONDNTS P VALUE RESULT
2 BANANA 9 0.117 ACCEPTED
3 TOMATO 11 0.043 REJECTED
4 RAGI 30 0.177 ACCEPTED
5 CRON 33 0.014 REJECTED
OBJECTIVE-5
HYPOTHESIS-3
SL.NO CROP NAME RESPONDENTS P VALUE RESULTS
2 BANANA 9 0.028 REJECTED
3 TOMATO 11 0.512 ACCEPTED
4 RAGI 30 0.069 REJECTED

OBJECTIVE-6
HYPOTHESIS- 4
H0-THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
INCOME PER CULTIVATION
SL.NO CROP LOAN RESPONDENTS P VALUE RESULTS
2 BANANA 9 0.846 ACCEPTED
3 TOMATO 11 0.032 REJECTED
4 RAGI 30 0.115 ACCEPTED
OBJECTIVE-7
HYPOTHEISI- 5
SAVINGS PATTERNS.
SL.NO SAVINGS RESPONDENTS P VALUE RESULT
1 CHIT FUNDS 10 0.043 REJECTED
2 CO-OPERATIVES 10 0.505 ACCEPTED
3 POST OFFICE 35 0.041 REJECTED
4 LIC 40 0.041 REJECTED
5 OTHER 5 0.566 ACCEPTED
OBJECTIVE-8
HYPOTHESIS- 6
INCOME ANALYSIS.
SL.NO INCOME RESPONDENTS P VALUE RESULT
1 AGRICULTURE 40 0.020 REJECTED
2 TRADE 30 0.203 ACCEPTED
3 INTREST ON 10 0.244 ACCEPTED
INVESTMENTS
4 RENT 10 0.044 REJECTED
5 OTHERS 10 0.201 ACCEPTED

OBJECTIVE- 9
HYPOTHESIS- 7
ASSETS BENEFICIARY
SL.NO ASSETS RESPONDENTS P VALUE RESULTS
1 HOUSE 32 0.291 ACCEPTED
2 LAND 25 0.195 ACCEPTED
3 TRACTOR 18 0.047 REJECTED
4 PUMPSET 23 0.021 REJECTED
5 VAN/ AUTO 10 0.805 ACCEPTED
6 OTHERS 2 0.156 ACCEPTED
OBJECTIVE- 10
HYPOTHESIS- 8
H0-THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCE BETWEEN CROP LOAN AND
LIABILITIES
SL.NO LIABILITIES RESPONDENTS P VALUE RESULT
1 LOANS FROM BANKS 40 0.005 REJECTED
2 AGRICULTURE JEWEL 40 0.032 REJECTED

LOAN
3 LANDTAX 10 0.002 REJECTED

4 LOAN FROM OTHERS 10 0.002 REJECTED
*The P value is less than 0.05- Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is Accepted, the P value
is Greater than 0.05 the Null Hypothesis is Accepted (H0).

5. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSSION
5.1 FINDINGS –
 In the study of 100 respondents the major the respondents borrowed loan amount more
than 20000(32%), the respondents prefer to borrowed high amount, and other respondents
is 22% is borrowed below 5000.
 The age of respondents is 30-40 is highly borrowed the amount of loan (29%), and above
50 to 60 are respondents is borrowed small amount loans (21%).
 In the study of genders, the males 72% are borrowed loans and females are 28%, so that
the males are borrowed high when compare to the females.
 The religions the Hindu are borrowed 48%, and the Christiane is 25%, and Muslim is 27%
is borrowed loans.
 In the community basis 45% of OBC, 40% GM are borrowed loans and SC, ST Is 10% and
5%.
 In the study of the qualification of the respondents of loan borrowers 35% are uneducated
is high when compare to others. And second is graduates were 29%.
 In the study of the occupation of the borrowers the farmers are high (70%) to loans.
 In the number of dependents of respondents above 4 is borrowed 37% and 3-4 is 36%.
 Nature of house by the respondents is thatched is 42% and concrete is 27% and the
ownership of house is 84% owned.
 Annual income of the respondents is being the 44% of the people is to above 60000. The
ownership of land -78%.
 Size of land of holding semi medium farmers 40%, marginal farmers-32%.
 Sources of irrigation is to rain fall and pump sets-30%, purpose of borrowings loan is corn
cultivation 33%, and ragi cultivation- 30%.
 The study of problems regarding the crop cultivation is the monsoon failure (35%) and
financial shortage (30%).
 The reasons for availing of crop loan is to less time consuming and government
subsidiaries.

 In the sources of finance interest from the respondents is to co-operative societies, and land
development banks.
 The reasons for overdues of the respondents is to the crop failures and low yield returns.
And the reasons for irregular of payments to monsoon failure.
 The problems of crop loan from the primary agriculture co-operative and rural
development banks is to lending policies and procedures, delay in sanctioning of loan, and
societies follows more formalities.
 In the study the impact of crop loan to the agriculture development the following finding
were find by the analysis.
 Impact on crop loan to the area of cultivation
 In this study paddy impact on area of cultivation, banana is also impacted, tomato not
impacted, ragi impacted, and corn not impacted.
 Impact on crop loan to the production per acre Paddy- impacted, Banana- not impacted,
Tomato-impacted, Ragi- not impacted, Corn- impacted.
 Impact on crop loan to the Expenditure, Paddy- impacted, Banana-impacted, Tomato-not
impacted, Ragi-not impacted, Corn-impacted.
 Impact on crop loan to the Income, Paddy- impacted, Banana- not impacted, Tomato-
impacted, Ragi- not impacted, Corn-impacted.
 The crop loan impact the savings pattern of the loan borrowers and income of the
borrowers, assets and liabilities of the crop loan borrower.
5.2 SUGGESTIONS: -
On the basis of the Above Findings the following Suggestions are made to improve the crop
loans and borrowers living standards.
5.2a Suggestions for the government
 To increasing the agriculture production the government should take necessary actions to
suppling of water, right seeds, fertilizers, technologies, for the farmers.

 According to the study in primary co-operative and rural development banks the formalities
is granting the loan is problems for the customers. The government will reduce the
formalities.
 The government take actions for reducing of selling of agriculture lands.
 The farmers or borrowers of crop loan followed the traditional cultivation methods for
cultivation the government should aware them.
 The government should regulate the market price for all agriculture products.
 The government is implementing the various schemes and make them to successful.
5.2b Suggestions to the Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural

Development Banks
 The banks are encouraging the farmers to increasing the production of crops.
 The PAC and RD banks should input the new technologies in banking activities the delay
of banking activities may be reduced.
 The loan recovery is improved by the banks.
 The PACRD s help for the members to maintain the books of accounts of their cultivations.
5.2c Suggestions to the crop loan borrowers

 The crop loan borrower should repay the loan amount correctly.
 The crop insurance made by the farmers of their crops and make protect the crops.
 The crop loan borrowers should be adapting the new technologies or modern methods for
cultivation and make the increasing in the crop production.
 The crop loan borrower should be use for crop cultivation did not use the loan amount for
other purpose.
 The farmers stop to lending the money form the money lenders and Pawan brokers.

5.3 CONCLUSSION-
The study of the project is to be the IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO THE AGRICULTURE
DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE PRIMARY CO-OPERATIVE
AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK.
This study has been undertaken mainly to help the government to take up policy decisions and
formulate suitable schemes and programmed to the agriculture formers. The study gives
comprehensive ideas of the various problems which are the primary agricultural cooperative and
rural development bank face and effective implementation of schemes introduced by the
governments for the formers. The suggestion made in the study will support to solving in the
problems of the crop cultivators and primary agricultural cooperative and rural development bank.
The study mainly focusses on to gives crop loans for utilizing the formers and its impact on
agriculture pre-loan and post-loan. This helps to the formers to developing the crop activities and
its develops crop loans schemes.
In the study the analysis has been made as per the results of the t-test using in the data analysis.
The impact is considered the results of the statistical tools.
The study will make the overall crop loan borrowers of the PCA and RD banks, and problems for
the Crop loan schemes and the finally impact on the crop loan to the area of cultivation, production
per acre, and expenditure and income, assets and liablities, income analysis and savings pattern of
the crop loan borrowers.
In the study will made by the respondents and responses.
So, that the study is concluded that the crop loan is impacted by the agriculture activities. The
government has to make the crop loan schemes effectively.

6 BIBILOGRAPHY
6.1 Books
 Co-operative management - (optional) Bangalore university.

 Srivastava, R.B- “Crop loan of Agriculture in India”, Vohra publishers and distributors
Allahabad, 2004-July.
6.2 Reports-
 Chikkaballpur distrct financial reports.

 Financial reports of the bank.
 Karnataka state agriculture reports.
6.3 Review of literature References
 Amuthasuraibi J, and Vasanth Kumar – “Sustainable Agriculture Development”, Kian

world January 2001.
 Arunthse and Zeaden – “ A Study on villanur block Region – Financing Agriculture”, July
2000.
 Bhai and Ganeshwar- “ A Study Co-operatives crop loan overdues”, 1997.
 Chandrashekar S, Manika S, and Soleman Raj D- “Role of Agriculture in cultivator
generation”, Southern economists,2011.
 Geetha K- “Impact on crop loan to the Agriculture Development – Kanyakumari District”,
2012
 Ishwara S C, Dhigra- “The Indian Economy Environment and Policy”, Sulthan Chand and
sons, Mumbai ,2010.
 Nidhesh K B- “Role of Co-operative Banks into the credit needs of Rural masses”, Kisan
World, 2009.
 Saraiya S G- “Rural banking In India”, 1998.
 Srivasthava B – “Crop loan of Agriculture in India”, 2004.

 Vincely Jabakar – “Impact of Institutions credit on Agricultural development, Ph.D.
Thesis, Manomamiun Sundarar University, Tiruvelnali.
6.4 Websites: -
www.agricultureinchikkaballapur.com
www.co-operativebanks.com
www.primaryagriculturco-operativebanks.com
www.agricultureinindia.com

ANNEXURE
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
PROJECT TITITE-
A STUDY ON IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO THE AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRIMARY
AGRICULTURE CO-OPERATIVE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK
GOWRIBIDANUR TALUK.
QUESTIONARIES
1. Name of the Borrower
2. Amount of loan borrowed

a) Up to Rs.5000
b) Rs.5000-10000
c) 10000-15000
d) 15000-20000
e) Above 20000
3. Age
a) 30-40
b) b)40-50
c) c)50-60
d) d)Above 60.
4. Gender
a) Male b) Female
5. Religion

a) Hindu
b) Muslim
c) Christian
6. Community
a) SC b) ST c) OBC d) GM
7. Level of education
a) Uneducated b) school level c) Graduated d) Others.
8. Nature of occupation
a) Farmers b) Government employees c) private employees d) Business man e)
others.
9. Number of dependents
a)1-2 b) 3-4 c) above 4
10. Nature of house
a) Thatched b) tiled c) concrete d) Any others
11. Ownership of house

a) Owned b) Rented c) Leased.
12. Annual income
a) Up to Rs.20000 b)20000- 40000 c) 40000- 60000 d) Above 60000
13. Ownership of land

a) own b) leased
14. Size of holdings

a) Marginal farmer (less than 1 acre)
b) small farmer (1 to 2 acres)
c) semi- medium farmer (2-4 acres)
d) medium farmer (4-5 acres)
e) Big farmer (above 5 acres)

15. Sources of irrigation

a) Pump set b) Rain c) River d) Pond
16. Problems regarding crop cultivation

a) Monsoon failure b) Problem of power c) Financial shortage
d) lack of modern technologies e) Cost of labor is high f) others
17. Purpose of borrowing of loans
a) Less time-consuming b) government subsidy c) self- interest
d) low interest rate e) others
18. Sources of finance

a) Commercial banks
b) Co-operative banks
c) land development banks
d) money lenders
e) traders and commission agents
f) Pawan brokers
g) others.
19.Reasons for overdues
a) Low yield return
b) b) crop failure
c) c) repayment of old debts
d) d)loan from other banks
e) e) increase in cost production
f) f) others
20.Reasons for the irregular repayment

a) Absence of other sources of income
b) utilization of loan for other purposes
c) repayment of old debts
d) monsoon failure
e) waiving of loan others

21.Problems of crop loan from PCA and RD
a) Lending policies and procedures
b) More formalities
c) Getting Guarantors
d) others.
22. CROP-
SL.NO NAME AREA OF EXPENDIT PRODUCTION INCOME PER
OF CULTIVATION URE PER PER ACRE CULTIVATION
CROP ACRE
BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER
1 Paddy
2 Banana
3 Tomato
4 Ragi
5 Corn
23. IMPACTS-
A) Savings pattern
Sl.no Sources Amount of savings
Before After
1 Chits funds
2 Co-operatives
3 Post office
4 LIC
5 Others
Total

B) Income analysis
Sl.no Sources of income Amount of income
Before After
1 Agriculture
2 Trade
3 Interest on investment
4 Rent
5 Others
Total
C) Assets beneficiary
Sl.no Assets Current values
Before After
1 House
2 Land
3 Tractor
4 pump set
5 Van-auto
Others
D) Details of Liabilities
Sl.no Liabilities Current values
Prior loan After loan
1 Land from banks
2 Agriculture jewel loan
3 Outstanding wages
4 Land tax
5 Loans from others
6 Rent outstanding
7 Depreciation
Total

Accredited by NAAC With A' Grade, An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Accredited by NAAC With A' Grade, An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution

Uploaded by

Copyright:

“ A STUDY ON IMPACT OF CROP LOAN TO THE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRIMARY AGRICULTURE CO-OPERATVE AND RURAL

SUBMITTED IN PARTISAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DUTING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-18

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL GUIDE

Prof. Narendra. K Mr. Murulidhar

Assistant Professor, Manager

Dept. Of Commerce PCA and RD Bank, Gowribidanur Branch

SOUTH END ROAD BANGALORE-560004

Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade, An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution.

Place: Bangalore MARUTHEESH K

Date: (Reg. No. 16KXCOM014)

SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

2 RESEARCH DESIGN 41-49

3 INDUSTRY AND BANK PROFILE 50-59

4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 60-145

5 FINDINGS, CONCULUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 146-149

Table no. CONTENT PG. NO

4.1 Table showing amount of loan borrowed by the respondents 60

4.2 Table showing age composition of respondents and amount of loan 62

4.4 Table showing religion of respondents and amount of 66

4.5 Table showing amount of loan and community of the respondents 68

4.6 Table showing educational background of respondents and amount of 70

4.7 Table is showing occupation of respondents and amount of loan 72

4.8 Table is showing numberof dependents of respondents and amount of 74

4.9 Table is showing nature of house of respondents and amount of loan 76

4.10 Table is showing ownership of house and amount of loan of 78

4.11 Table is showing annual income of respondents and amount of loan. 80

4.12 Table showing ownership of land of respondents and amount of loan 82

4.13 Table is showing size of land holdings and amount of loan of 84

4.15 Table is showing the purpose of borrowing of loan by the respondents 88

4.16 The table is showing problems regarding the crop cultivation of 90

4.18 This table is showing sources of finanace aviability and interst of 94

4.20 The table is showing the reasons of respondents to the irregular of 98

GRAPH CONTENT PG.NO

4.3 Graph showing gender and amount of loan by the respondents 65

4.4 Graph showing religion of the respondents nd amount of loan 67

4.5 Graph showing community of the respondents and amount of loan 69

4.6 Graph showing qualification of respondents and amount of loan 71

4.7 Graph is showing occupation of respondents and amount of loan 73

4.8 Graph is showing numbers of dependents by respondents and amount 75

4.10 The graph is showing ownership of house of respondents and amount 79

4.12 Graph is showing ownership of land and amount of loan 83

4.13 Graph is showing size of land holding by respondents and amount of 85

4.16 The graph is showing problems of respondents regarding the crop 91

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

1.2 MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF AGRICULTURE

SURANA COLLEGE, Department of M.com Page. 1

 'horticulture, fruit growing, seed growing, dairy farming;

1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

1.3a Excessive Pressure of Population on Land

1.3b Uneconomic Methods of Farming

SURANA COLLEGE, Department of M.com Page. 2

1.3c A Deficit Economy

1.3d Lack of Co-ordinate Policy

1.3e Predominantly a Rain-fed-Cultivation

SURANA COLLEGE, Department of M.com Page. 3

1.3f Multiplicity of Crops

1.3g Majority of Small and Marginal Farmers in Indian Agriculture

1.3h Low Average Level of Productivity

1.3i Seasonal Unemployment

1.4 ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIAN ECONOMY

SURANA COLLEGE, Department of M.com Page. 4

1.4a Contributes National Income

1.4b Provides Huge Employment and Economic Living