Building Services-Water Supply PDF

Water Supply
Water Supply
Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)
Prepared by
Ar. Shubhajit Sadhukhan
Assistant Professor
Department of Architecture
National Institute of Technology Patna
Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Water Supply
Water Scenario
Water is a precious natural resource
Vital for sustaining all life on the earth
It is not uniformly distributed in time and space.
On a global scale, total quantity of water available is about 1600 million cubic km.
The hydrological cycle moves enormous quantities of water about the globe. However,
much of the world's water has little potential for human use.
Source: www.Wikipedia.com

Water Supply
Water Scenario
Uses of fresh water
Agriculture Industries Recreation
Uses of water , World scenario
4%
6% Agriculture
Industries
15%
Household
15% 60% Recreation

Others
Household Power

Water Supply
Water Demand
2% 1% 6%
Domestic Water Demand 7%
Domestic
Institutional Water Demand Irrigation
Industrial Demand Industry
Energy
Fire Demand 84%
Other
Water Unaccounted For
Water Uses in Different Sector
Estimating per Capita Water Demand
*lcpd- Litre per Capita per Day According to National Water Policy 2002 in the
planning and operation of Water Distribution
Domestic need 100 lcpd systems, water allocation priorities should be
Institutional need 20 lcpd broadly as:
Drinking water
Industrial need 30 lcpd
Irrigation
Fire demand 15 lcpd Hydropower
Water unaccounted for 35 lcpd Ecology agro-industries
---------------------------------------------------------- Non-agricultural industries
Total 200 lcpd Navigation.

Water Supply
Water Demand
Factors affecting Water Consumption
Population
City Size
Climatic Condition
Standard of Living
Industries & Commercial Development
Quality of Water
Pressure in Distribution System
System of Sanitation
Use of Water Meters
Policies

Water Supply
Sources of Water
Sources of
Fresh water
Surface Under River

Ground Water Desalination Frozen Water
Water Flow
Sources of Fresh Water

Water Supply
Sources of Water

Water Supply
Sources of Water
Rain and Snow
Stream/Rivers
Surface Water Natural Ponds & Lakes
Impounded Reservoirs
Springs
Shallow wells
Ground Water Deep Wells
Artesian Wells
Infiltration Galleries

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Aquifer
A layer of soil or rock in which water
can move relatively freely
Confined or artesian aquifer block

the flow of water
Wells
The most common method for

withdrawing ground water is to
penetrate aquifer with a vertical well
and pump the water up to the surface

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Dug Wells
These are also known as open well
Shallow wells constructed by open excavation
It should be sunk 7.5 m below ground water

table
The discharge depends upon
• Well area in contact with ground surface

• Infiltration
• Transmissibility
Limiting velocity is kept as 1.25 cm / min
Dug Well

Water Supply
Intake of Water
When ground water exists in large volume just
below the ground level, long galleries are made
Darcy’s law
Q = [(H2 –h2)x K] / 2L
H
Q = Total Discharge of water
H = Static Water Level
h = Depth of water while pumping
L = Distance of influence zone
K = Coefficient of Permiability
River Intakes
The inlets are operated as per
• Requirement of water quantity
• The condition of water level in the source.

Water Supply
Intake of Water

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Infiltration Wells

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Reservoir Intakes

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Reservoir Intakes
Intake for Masonry Dam

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Gravity Spring
Surface Spring

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Artesian Spring

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Submerged Intake

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Submerged Intake

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Wet Tank Intake Dry Tank Intake

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Single Well type River Intake

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Twin Well type River Intake

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Canal Intake Well

Water Supply
Intake of Water
Canal Intake Well

Water Supply
Water Treatment Process

Water Treatment System

Water Supply
Water Treatment Process High Lift Pump

Pure Water Tank
Chlorine
(Chlorination)
Wash Water
Filter
Main Settling Basin Pure Water to Supply
Sludge
(Sedimentation)
Flocculation
Coagulation
Mixing Chamber
Alkalis
Coagulants
Pretreatment Sludge
Raw Water Pumps
Course Screen Lagoons
Raw Water Intake

Source
Water Supply

Process Impurities removal
Tastes & odour removal,O2
Aeration
deficiency
Screening Floating matter
Coagulation Fine particles
Flocculation Fine particles
Sedimentation Fine particles
Colloidal particles,
Filtration
microorganism
Activated Element causing tastes &
Carbon odour
Softening Hardness
Living organism including

Disinfection
pathogens

Water Supply

Screening
Exclusion of large size particles such as debris, animals, trees branches, etc.
Coarse screening helps to disintegrate the floating materials

Water Supply

Coagulation
Add chemical reagent to a water to enmesh or combine with non-settleable colloidal
solids and slow-settling suspended solids to produce a rapid-settling floc
The floc is subsequently removed in most cases by Sedimentation
The most common coagulants are aluminum sulfate (Alam) [Al2(SO4)3.18H2O] and iron
salts (Ferric Sulfate ) [ FeSO4 .7 H20]
The principal factors affecting the

coagulation and of water or
wastewater are:
• Turbidity
• Suspended solids
• Temperature,
• pH
• Cationic & anionic composition &
Concentration

Water Supply

Flocculation
After the initial flash-mix of the

coagulant with the water , a
gentle agitation caused by slow
stirring further enhances the
growth of the flocs by increasing
the number of particle collision
Clariflocculator

Water Supply

Sedimentation
In this process comparatively bigger size particles are allowed to settle down
A particle in a still fluid of less density will move vertically downward due to gravity
It will take time to settle down having very less particle’s settling velocity
Vf
Vs
Vs Settling Velocity
of Particle
Vf Velocity of Fluid
Sedimentation Tank

Water Supply

Filtration
Filtrations involves the removal of suspended particles from the water by passing it
through a layer or bed of a porous granular material, such as sand
Type of Filters
• Slow Sand Filters
• Rapid Gravity Filters
• Pressure Filters
Water Supply

Slow Sand Filter

Water Supply

Rapid Gravity Filter

Water Supply

Pressure Filter
Horizontal Pressure Filter
Vertical Pressure Filter

Water Supply

Disinfection
Boiling of Water
Treatment with excess Lime
Treatment with Ozone
Treatment with Iodine and Bromine
Treatment with Ultra-Violet (UV) Rays
Treatment with Potassium Permanganate
Treatment with silver (Electra-Katadyn Process)

Water Supply

Chlorination When chlorine (Cl2) is added to water ,it first get
hydrolysed to form hypo–Chlorous Acid(HOCl)
and hypochloric acid ( HCl)
Hydrolysis : Cl2 + H2O HOCl +HCl
Ionization : HOCl H+ + OCl-
HOCl is ionized to hypochlorine ions ( OCl- )
Residual Chlorine Free Chlorine

Combined
Residual Break Point
Applied Chlorine
Break Point Chlorination

Water Supply
Storage of Treated Water

Purpose
To equalize supply and demand over a long period of time
To furnish water for such emergencies as fire fighting or accidental breakdown
To reduce the size of purification facilities and the number of wells required
To reduce the size of transmission main
It reduces friction head loss
It provides uniform water pressure
Components
 Storage Tank
 Staging
 Inflow Pipe
 Float gauge
 Outlet pipe
 Overflow Pipe
 Drain off Pipe
 Ladders
 Manholes
 Ventilator
Overhead Reservoir

Water Supply

Surface Reservoir

Water Supply

Overhead Reservoir

Water Supply

Position of Water Reservoir
Static water Level
Option 1
Static
Head
Pump
Station
Option 2
Static
Pump Head
Station

Water Supply
Distribution of Water in Urban Areas

The system of conduits that coveys water to the points of use from the terminus of the
supply conduit is known as the distribution system
Street plan , topography and location of supply work and distribution storage establish
the type of distribution system and character of the flow through it.
Design of water distribution system
Hazen Williams Formula
V = 0.84 C x r0.63 x S0.54

V = velocity of water through Pipe
C = constant depending upon roughness of pipe
R = Hydraulic radius of the pipe
S = Hydraulic gradient

Water Supply

Analysis of a flow of a pipe network
Equivalent Pipe Method

Method of Section
Electrical Analogy Method
Hardy- Cross Method
Layout of Distribution Main

Dead End System
Grid Iron System
Ring System
Radial System
Two Main System

Water Supply

Main
Sub Main
Minor Distributor
Advantages
 Relatively cheap
 Easy to design
Disadvantages
x At dead end water
becomes stagnant that
cause sedimentation and
water quality
deterioration
x Supply line has to be cut
off to a large area during
repair of an important
area
Dead End System

Water Supply

Main
Sub Main
Advantages
 Stagnation of water is
avoided
 During repair works a
district may be supplied
with water by other mains
or sub-mains
Disadvantages
x Costly construction
x Pipe length required is
being higher
x More number of valves
required
x Design of distribution
Grid Iron System network is complicated

Water Supply

Main
Sub Main
Advantages
 Effectively increase the
efficiency of main supply
 Each sub main is
connected with two
mains.
Disadvantages
x Length of the main pipe
line is higher compare to
others.
Ring System

Water Supply

Main
Distribution Reservoir
Distribution Pipe Line
Advantages
 Water supply by both
direct pumping and
indirect method.
Radial System

Water Supply
Advantages
 Repairs can be made and new
services laid without
interfering with traffic or
damaging the pavement
 Repairs can be made at smaller

cost
Disadvantages
x Costly Construction
Two main System

Water Supply
Supply of Water to Houses
Water Supply from Supply Main to House

Water Supply
Galvanized Service Pipe Connection

Water Supply
Water Supply from Supply Main to House

Water Supply
Case Study: Durgapur, West Bengal WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
COLLECT RAW WATER FROM

RIVER DAMODAR TO THE PLANT
MAKE IT GERM FREE
Piyali WTP
PURE & SAFE DRINKING WATER
COLLECT THE DRINKING WATER

IN OVER HEAD TANK
Angadpur WTP
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTE IT TO
DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL AREAS
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTE IT TO
Source: Durgapur Municipal Corporation (DMC),Water Supply Department
DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL AREAS

Water Supply
Case Study: Durgapur, West Bengal

Legend
Water Treatment Plant
Overhead Reservoir Ph-I
Overhead Reservoir Ph-II
Proposed OHR
Steel Plant

Water Supply
Case Study: Durgapur, West Bengal

WATER TREATEMENT PROCESS

Water Supply
Referred Books
• Nathanson, J. A., Basic Environmental Technology, Fifth ED., Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd.
• Garg, S. K., Water Supply Enginnering in Environmental Engineering (Vol-I), Khanna
Publishers
• McGhee, T. J., Water Supply and Sewerage, Sixth Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc.
• Sincero, A. P. & Sincero, G. A., Environmental Engineering-A Design Approach, Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
• Chaterjee.A.K. , Water Supply , Waste Disposal and Environmental Engineering

Water Supply
‘One drop of water is so precious ‘-Save Water, Save Environment


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Water Supply

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Vital for sustaining all life on the earth

It is not uniformly distributed in time and space.

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Agriculture Industries Recreation

Uses of water , World scenario

15% 60% Recreation

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Industries & Commercial Development

Pressure in Distribution System

Use of Water Meters

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Surface Under River

Sources of Fresh Water

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Surface Water Natural Ponds & Lakes

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Confined or artesian aquifer block

The most common method for

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

These are also known as open well

Shallow wells constructed by open excavation

It should be sunk 7.5 m below ground water

The discharge depends upon

• Well area in contact with ground surface

Limiting velocity is kept as 1.25 cm / min

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Intake for Masonry Dam

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Wet Tank Intake Dry Tank Intake

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Water Treatment Process

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Water Treatment Process High Lift Pump

Raw Water Pumps

Course Screen Lagoons

Raw Water Intake

Water Treatment Process

Screening Floating matter

Coagulation Fine particles

Flocculation Fine particles

Sedimentation Fine particles

Living organism including

Water Treatment System

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Water Treatment Process

Department of Architecture Building Services-Water Supply & Sanitation (AR142)

Water Treatment Process