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Article history: The ornamental stone industries in Turkey produce vast amount of by-product rock waste
Received 22 August 2007 (marble, granite) that could be used in concrete production suitable for construction pur-
Received in revised form poses. In this work we have highlighted some technical aspects concerning the use of
19 December 2007 these waste materials. Durability of concrete made with granite and marble as coarse
Accepted 29 December 2007 aggregates was studied. River sand and ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) were used as
fine aggregates. The results were compared with those of conventional concretes. Slump,
air content, slump loss and setting time of the fresh concrete were determined. Further-
Keywords: more, the compressive strength, flexural- and splitting-tensile strengths, Young’s modulus
Concrete of elasticity, resistance to abrasion, chloride penetration and sulphate resistance were also
Durability determined. Control mortars were prepared with crushed limestone as coarse aggregates.
Recycle aggregates The influence of coarse and fine aggregates on the strength of the concrete was evalu-
Marble ated. Durability of the concrete made with marble and GBFS was found to be superior
Granite to the control concrete. In the specimens containing marble, granite and GBFS there was
Ground blast furnace slag a much better bonding between the additives and the cement. Furthermore, it might be
claimed that marble, granite and GBFS replacement provided a good condensed matrix.
These results illustrate the prospects of using these waste by-products in the concrete
production.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
∗
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 344 2191278; fax: +90 344 2191052.
E-mail addresses: hbinici@ksu.edu.tr (H. Binici), ths1@bolton.ac.uk (T. Shah), aksogan@cu.edu.tr (O. Aksogan),
hkaplan@pamukkale.edu.tr (H. Kaplan).
0924-0136/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.120
300 j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 8 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 299–308
SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2 O L.I T.A (%) Total (%)
CEM-II 20.9 5.7 3.6 64.9 1.8 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.80 99.2
Marble 14.8 21.9 36.8 6.8 7.3 1.2 9.3 0.2 1.02 98.3
Granite 53.2 14.1 12.3 9.1 8.3 – 1.2 0.3 1.10 99.6
GBFS 35.2 17.1 – 37.2 5.3 0.67 0.35 2.9 0.97 99.7
Crushed limestone 6.4 2.1 0.4 61.1 1.3 0.2 0.4 26.9 0.95 99.7
River sand 57.1 4.2 1.0 9.3 2.4 0.3 0.6 23.6 1.12 99.6
j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 8 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 299–308 301
Sieve size Passing Sieve size Passing Sieve size Passing Sieve size Passing Sieve size Passing
(mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (%)
All the cylinders and prisms were cast in two layers. Each
Table 4 – The physical properties of aggregates
layer was consolidated using an internal vibrator for the
Aggregate type Specific gravity Water 152 mm × 305 mm cylinders and a vibrating table for the other
(g/cm3 ) absorption (%)
specimens. After casting, all the specimens were covered
Marble coarse aggregates 2.72 1.40 with plastic sheets and water-saturated burlap. The speci-
Granite coarse aggregates 2.65 1.50 mens were then kept in the casting room for 24 h. They were
River sand fine aggregates 2.60 2.40 then demoulded and transferred to the moist-curing room at
GBFS fine aggregates 2.10 8.78
22 ± 2 ◦ C and 100% relative humidity until their testing dates.
Crushed limestone 2.71 2.30
demoulded after 1 day and cured in water for a period of 26 where (MPa) is the average compressive strength of three
days and then sliced to 50-mm thick pieces with the 50 mm specimens cured in pure water and solution (MPa) is the aver-
ends discarded. The sliced cylinders were left to dry in lab- age compressive strength of three specimens cured in the test
oratory condition for 24 h before the application of epoxy solution.
coatings. All specimens were epoxy-coated around the cylin-
drical surface. Once the process was completed the specimens
were left in the laboratory for testing. 4. Results and discussion
Abrasion tests were performed in accordance with Turkish
Standard Specifications TS EN 3262. 4.1. Properties of fresh concrete
The sulphate resistance of concretes was investigated. The
concrete samples were examined in the laboratory by stor- The properties of the fresh concrete including the slump, air
ing specimens in 10% solutions of sodium sulphate (Na2 SO4) . content, unit weight and setting times are given in Table 6.
The effect of exposure was determined by measuring the com- The results show that the initial-setting times of the con-
pressive strength of the specimens. The Na2 SO4 solutions crete ranged from 4 to 8 h and the final-setting time ranged
were refreshed once a month. Sulphate exposures of mortars from 5 h and 25 min to 10 h and 45 min. The setting times
were initiated in curing tanks of lime-saturated water for 28 of the control concretes were longer than those of MC and
days. The solutions were replaced once a month with fresh GC concretes. The use of the marble, granite and GBFS
ones and pH value was kept in the range 6–6.8 during the reduced both the initial- and final-setting times of the con-
complete immersion period. Compressive strength was deter- crete.
mined after 180 and 365 days.The reduction in compressive The amount of the super plasticizer in all the concrete
strength was calculated as follows: mixtures was adjusted to give a slump of approximately
80–150 mm, and ranged from 2.1 to 2.7 l/m3 of concrete
(Table 5). The parameters that affected the super plasticizer
solution amount depended on the composition of concretes. In order to
reduction ratio in compressive strength =
obtain similar slump values, the specimens made with granite
Initial Final
and GBFS (GC1) required more super plasticizer than specimen that a decrease in both the air content and slump value of
GC2 that was made with granite and river sand. The amount the concrete was observed for all the specimens that included
of super plasticizer required to achieve a similar slump value GBFS. Thus, the decrease in slump and air content can be
in GC series of samples ranged from 2.4 l/m3 (GC2) to 2.7 l/m3 attributed to the activity of GBFS.
(GC1). This behavior was mainly due to the interaction of GBFS
with marble and granite that resulted in the increase in the 4.3. Compressive strength
puzzolanic activity in the concretes. Due to very fine GBFS
particles the aggregate–paste interfaces get more condensed The compressive strength test results for the concrete are
and additional CSH gels develop. This decreases the porosity, given in Table 8. The results showed that the use of marble
permeability and lime content. and GBFS resulted in a significant increase in the compres-
sive strength of the concrete. Upon aging the compressive
4.2. Slump loss strength values of all concrete types increased. However, the
compressive strength value of MC and GC group concretes
The results on the slump loss and the stability of the retained was significantly higher than that of control concrete speci-
air in the fresh concrete are given in Table 7. There was a signif- mens throughout the entire period. Furthermore, the initial
icant loss in both slump and air content with time for all the (day 1) compressive strength of the control concrete was
concrete mixtures. For example, the air content of the con- lower than that of the MC and GC group concretes. At 7
crete specimen MC made with marble and GBFS decreased days, the compressive strength of the concrete made with
from 4.1 to 3.1% after 60 min. Fresh marble and granite waste marble approached that of the one made with granite con-
coarse aggregate concrete was more cohesive and workable crete. At 28 days, all concrete mixtures had somewhat similar
than conventional concrete. This is mainly due to the lower strengths except for the control concrete samples, which
water absorption and smooth surface texture of the marble exhibited much lower strength values. The concrete speci-
and granite waste coarse aggregate. The results in Table 7 show mens made with marble and GBFS (MC2) developed higher
Table 7 – Slump loss and stability of the air content of the fresh concretes
Mixture no. Fine aggregate type Immediately after mixing 30 min after the mixing 60 min after the mixing
was completed was completed
compressive strength than the other specimens at all stages of ral strengths of the control concretes C1 and C2 were 3.9 and
aging. 4.3 MPa, respectively. The corresponding strengths of the con-
The compressive strength varied from 36.8 to 62.1 MPa at crete made with marble (MC1 and MC2) were 6.4 and 6.9 MPa,
365 days. As far as strength is concerned, the basic trend in the respectively, and those for the granite (GC1 and GC2) were 6.3
behavior of marble and granite waste coarse aggregate con- and 6.5 MPa, respectively. There were very significant differ-
crete is significantly different from that of the conventional ences in the flexural strength values obtained for the control
concrete. However, the results presented in Table 8 clearly concrete specimens and the marble and granite aggregate
show that the strength development characteristics of the modified concretes. The values ranged from 3.9 to 6.9 MPa.
concretes were affected not only by the coarse aggregates, but However, the differences between the flexural strength val-
in some cases, also by the fine aggregate types. Specimen MC2 ues of the marble and granite concrete specimens were very
had the highest compressive strength value (62.1 MPa) at 365 small (Table 9).
days. The 28-day splitting-tensile strength values for all the
The development of relative compressive strength in vari- marble and granite concretes were approximately 3 MPa
ous types of concretes investigated in this study is illustrated and the values for the control concretes (C1 and C2)
in Fig. 1. The results show that the relative compressive were somewhat lower (2.1 and 2.4 MPa). The above results
strength values of the concrete specimens made with marble show that the use of marble and granite in concrete
and granite in the presence of GBFS were observed to be higher improves the flexural- and splitting-tensile strength of
than those of the control concretes, especially in the early cur- concrete. The splitting-tensile strengths of marble and gran-
ing periods. However, after 365 days the relative compressive ite concretes were higher than that of the conventional
strength for all the concrete specimens reached 100% value. concrete.
Table 9 presents the data on Young’s modulus of elasticity
4.4. Flexural- and splitting-tensile strengths and (E) for all the concretes investigated in this study. The E values
Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) at 28 days for the concrete made with marble (MC1 and MC2)
were 35 and 36.1 GPa, respectively. The corresponding values
The flexural- and splitting-tensile strengths of the various for the concrete made with granite (GC1 and GC2) were 33.6
concrete specimens are given in Table 9. The 28-day flexu- and 35.2 GPa, respectively. The values at 90 days were 38.1 and
j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 8 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 299–308 305
39.6 GPa and those for MC1 and MC2 were 36.8 and 38.3 GPa, 4.5. Abrasion resistance
respectively. The values at 28 days for the control concretes C1
and C2 were 21.3 and 23.2 GPa, respectively; the correspond- Fig. 2 presents the results of the abrasion tests carried out on
ing values at 90 days were 29.4 and 31.2 GPa, respectively. The the concrete specimens. The depth of abrasion of the concrete
average values of the modulus of elasticity of marble and gran- ranged from 1.8 to 4.5 mm after 30 min of testing. The lowest
ite concretes were 79% higher than those of the conventional abrasion value observed was that for the concrete made with
concrete. marble (MC2), and the highest value was for the control con-
Table 9 – Flexural- and splitting-tensile strengths and Young’s modulus of elasticity of concretes
Mixture no. Flexural strength (MPa) Splitting-tensile strength (MPa) Young’s moduli of elasticity (GPa)
crete (C1). The abrasion values appear to be a function of the 4.7. Sulphate resistance
compressive strength of the concrete. Concretes with GBFS
exhibited a much higher resistance to abrasion than the con- The effect of sulphate ions on the compressive strength of con-
trol concrete specimens. This observation is also supported by crete specimens was determined. The compressive strength
a prior study (Binici, 2007). MC concretes on average show 10% values of various concrete specimens after immersion in the
lower abrasion value than GC concretes. On the other hand, sodium sulphate solution are given in Table 10. The results
the abrasion values for the conventional concretes were 2.2 show that the compressive strength of the control concretes
times higher than those of MC and GC specimens, at 365 days. decreases by nearly 50% after 12 months exposure, showing
The lower abrasion loss of the concretes with marble and gran- the significance of Na2 SO4 attack on the concrete. In general
ite is believed to be the result of a denser pore structure of the the influence of the sulphate ions on the modified concretes
mortar. was significantly lower that that on the control concretes. Fur-
thermore, the concrete sample containing marble waste and
GBFS (MC2) showed the least effect by the action of Na2 SO4 .
4.6. Chloride penetration
Fig. 4 shows the reduction of the relative compressive strength
(the ratio of the compressive strength in Na2 SO4 to the com-
Fig. 3 illustrates the resistance of the concrete specimens to
pressive strength in pure water). The results show that the
chloride penetration. The results show that the resistance to
relative compressive strengths of all concretes decrease with
chloride penetration was significantly higher for the concretes
increasing exposure to Na2 SO4 solutions. For control spec-
incorporating marble, granite and GBFS than for the control
imens, the compressive strength reduction was higher in
concretes. The concretes made with marble and GBFS (spec-
Na2 SO4 solution than those of MC and GC concretes. Marble
imen MC2) showed higher resistance to chloride penetration
concrete (MC2) exhibited greater Na2 SO4 resistance than all
at 28 days than the others. This indicates that the use of fine
the others.
GBFS increases the chloride penetration resistance of the con-
It is well known that for a given replacement level
crete. In general, addition of marble and granite with GBFS had
with mineral admixtures (i.e., marble, granite and GBFS),
a profound effect on the depth of chloride penetration of the
the durability of concrete is influenced by the reactivity of
concretes.
the mineral admixtures. More reactive mineral admixtures
result in concrete with higher durability. From Figs. 1–4 and
Tables 7–10, it can be seen that the combination of mar-
ble and GBFS imparts higher durability to the concrete. The
use of marble and GBFS was found to be most effective
in increasing the durability of concrete. This result can be
explained by the improved bonding among the additives,
cement and aggregate, which resulted in a more condensed
matrix.
The hydration rate of cementitious materials in marble
and GBFS is faster than that in control specimen and this
will enhance the durability of concrete (i.e., compressive
and flexure strength, sulphate resistance, etc.). Indeed, it
can be assumed that the reactivity of GBFS is influenced by
its properties such as glass content and chemical compo-
sition. In the specimens containing marble and GBFS there
is a much better bonding between the additives and the
Fig. 3 – Chloride penetration of various concrete specimens. cement.
j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 8 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 299–308 307
After 28 days in pure water After 6 months in sulphate solutions After 12 months in sulphate solutions
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air content can be attributed to the activity of GBFS. limestone dusts as additives on some mechanical properties
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Cetin, A., 1997. Assessment of industrial wastes in asphalt
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