Mechanical Operated Multi-Purpose Pesticide Pump

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MECHANICALLY OPERATED MULTI-PURPOSE PESTICIDES PUMP
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
All the successful achievements in science and technology in this world are due to the
human endeavor and curiosity for new inventions and development. In this search has
been a considerable invention in agriculture field using technology.
Properly applied pesticides should be accepted to return a profit. Improper or

inaccurate application is usually very expensive and will result in wasted chemical,
marginal pest control, excessive carry over, or crop damage.
Agriculture is under intense economic and environment pressure today. The

high cost of pesticide and the need to protect the environment are incentive for
application to do their very best in handling and applying pesticides.
Applicators of pesticide need to know proper application methods, chemical

effects on equipment, equipment calibration and correct cleaning method. Equipment
should be recalibrated periodically to compensate for wear in pumps, nozzles and
metering systems. Dry foldable may wear nozzle tips and may cause an increase in
application rates after spraying as little as 50acres.
Improperly used agriculture pesticides are dangerous. It is extremely important

to observe safety precaution, wear protectiveclothing when working with pesticides
and follow direction for each specific chemical.
Sprayers purchased are safe to users and to the environment as well as being
efficient and durable in operation. Price will always play an important part in
purchase decision on equipment but even the cheapest sprayer models should meet
minimum standards of safety and durability.
MWP, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1

CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 PESTICIDES
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,

destroying, repelling, or lessening the damage of any pest. The pest can be insects,
plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms)
and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or help
carry or spread diseases or are seen as a nuisance. A pesticide may be a
 Chemical substance,
 Biological agent (such as a virus bacteria),
 Antimicrobial,
 Disinfectant or
 Device
Many chemical pesticides are poisonous to humans also. Pesticides are used
both in farms and within our homes and gardens. In this presentation, we will look at
pesticide use in farming and how it affects many entities including us consumers.
2.1.1 NEED OF PESTICIDES
Once it reaches the target pest, the chemical may act in different ways:
 Blocking the cellular processes of target organisms in a purely mechanical

way by this, the pesticide physically prevents a basic cellular function even
without any chemical reactions. Example of this would be spray oils that clog
the respiratory mechanism of insects, petroleum oils that dissolve protective
waxes on some insects and plants, or the bipyridylium herbicides that destroy
the membranes of plant cells leading to their desiccation.
 Destroy or alter the pest’s metabolism. Metabolism is the transfer of energy
within the cells of organisms, which is essential for the growth and survival of
all living. There are many inhibitory pesticide in this category, such as by

obstructing the respiratory, germination mechanisms. Sometimes, the pesticide

will undergo transformation to another harmful chemical during the pest’s
metabolism and thus affect it. Example of rotenone and cyanide which disrupt
respiratory function in animals and sodium monfluoroacetate which gets
converted to fluorocitrate inside the cell which is than poisonous to many
animals.
 Disrupt enzyme processes or denature proteins – a very important part of
every living cell. Example includes inorganic copper compounds, glyphosate,
and organophosphate insecticides.
2.1.2 POLLUTION DUE TO PESTICIDES
It is almost impossible to limit the area of effect of pesticides. Even when it is applied
in a very small area, it spreads in the air, is absorbed in the soil or dissolves in the
water and eventually reaches a much bigger area. Pesticides also often seep into
ground water which we humans consume, poisoning us over time. In addition to
these, residual pesticides on the plants are sometimes consumed by animals and even
humans leading to very serious illnesses such as cancer and even death. Pesticides
have been found to pollute virtually every lake, river and stream. Similar results are
expected in any place where pesticide use is widely prevalent.
Central to the effect of pesticide on environment is the concept of biodiversity.

Biodiversity is the variation of life farms within a given ecosystem, biome or the
entire earth. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological system.
The more the number of organisms living in balances in an environment, the healthier
that environment is. This is important to humans too as we depend on nature to
provide us food, water and everything else. The application of pesticide has a
significant effect on biodiversity. A divorce environment sustains many types of life
forms all of which are interdependent. These may range from microbes to insects such
as ants, beetles and wasps to birds to large animals such as the elephant and predators
such as foxes, wolves, wild dogs, lions, tigers and bears. Such a system has the ability
to maintain its balance so that no one species become dominant. They may be
sustaining a species that feeds on that and other similar pests. Eliminating even one of

them can cause significant changes and may result in many others also become extinct
in that environment.
2.1.3 EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON FARMERS
Pesticides are, by design, poisonous to at least some organism. They attack

mechanism by which organisms live. Thus, it is no surprise that exposure to pesticides
is not good for humans. All pesticides affect humans to some extent. This extent is
that differentiates pesticides from one another. Some may have negligible effects
while others a large impact. Pesticides are thus classified according to its toxicity and
attack mechanism. Effects of pesticides on farmers may range from short-lived to
chronic, minor to serious and sometimes fatal ailments. The most common reason for
this is lack of information about the pesticide or unavailability of it to the farmer. In
many cases, farmers do not practice safe application methods leading to skin contact,
inhalation and even ingestion. Overuse of pesticides compounds this issue as farmers
are exposed to several times the safe limits.
2.2 TYPES OF PESTICIDE SPRAYERS:
2.2.1 HAND OPERATED SPRAYERS
Hand operated application are generally used to apply small quantities both inside
structures such as greenhouses or small jobs outdoors such as on small farms or spot
treatment on larger farms.
Hand-held sprayers usually have an air pump which compresses air into the
tanks and pressurizes the spray mixture. The pressure slowly drops as the liquid is
sprayed. When the pressure gets too low, the nozzle spray pattern is poor. You must
stop spraying and pump to rebuild the pressure. These sprayers operate at low
pressure of 350 kPa or less and have small tanks of up ten liters.
Back-pack sprayers are fitted with harness so the sprayer can be carried on the
operators back. Tank capacity may be as large as 20x103 mm3. A hand level is

continuously operated to maintain the pressure which makes the back –pack sprayer
output more uniform than that of a hand-held sprayer. Basic low cost backpacks
sprayers will generate only low pressures and lack features such as high-pressure
pumps, pressure adjustment controls ( regulator ) and pressure gauges found on
commercial grade units.
Basic low pressure hand operated sprayers are suitable for high-volume or
dilute spraying where uniform coverage is not required. Sprayer equipped with
pressure regulators and gauges and high pressure pumps may be used for applying
insecticides and fungicides.
Obtaining uniform coverage of an area is difficult with a hand operated sprayer. The
operator must move the nozzle from side to side with proper overlaps and move at a
steady pace. Motorized sprayers typically produce more consistent sprayer outputs,
cover the spray swath more uniformly, operate at constant speeds and result in much
more uniform coverage than hand spraying. Motorized sprayers are also capable of
higher pressure sprays where required to provide better coverage.
There are many other types of hand operated sprayers that are not widely used
throughout the agriculture industry. Some may be used extensively for the production
of specific commodities.

FIG. 2.1 HAND OPERATED SPRAYER
2.2.2 MOTORIZED SPRAYERS
Motor powered sprayers offer many advantages over hand operated sprayers.
Powered sprayers can provide high pressure sprayer and the power can be used to
drive agitation systems, fans for air-assisted or air blast spraying and transporting
large volume of spray mix. Properly equipped and operated, power sprayers can
provide uniform coverage on a wide variety of targets. These systems can be mounted
on tractors, trucks, trailers, and aircraft. Some backpacks sprayers are also motorized.
2.2.3 BOOM LESS SPRAYERS
Motorized sprayers may be used to supply spray mix to hand gun or hand held boom
with several nozzles. With this equipment, the spray uniformity will be similar to a
hand operated sprayer. However, the sprayer pressure may be constant and the
operator is able to cover larger areas or targets than with a hand operated sprayer.
Hand guns are useful for spot treatments and treating small areas.
Boom less nozzle are also used to broadcast pesticides in areas not easily
accessed by a boom sprayer. With this equipment good distribution or spray is
obtained but the uniformity is not as good as with properly operated boom sprayer.
Boom less nozzle may be suitable for use in rough areas, and along fence lines and
roadsides.

2.2.4 BOOM SPRAYERS
Most sprayers distribute pesticides using a boom with spray nozzles spaced at regular
intervals. The most common example would be wide horizontal booms used on field
sprayer to spray field crops. Depending on how the motorized sprayer is equipped,
sprayers can be used for a wide variety of tasks. A high degree of spray coverage
uniformity is possible with constant spray pressure through uniformly spaced nozzles
travelling at constant speeds.
Low pressure boom sprayers are often used for spraying herbicides and in
some circumstances insecticides and fungicides. Insecticides and fungicides are often
applied to larger plants with more foliage and may require finer droplets to obtain
good coverage of the foliage, especially if the target is the undersides of leaves in
dense canopies. High pressure boom sprayers are often used in these circumstances.
High pressure sprayers require pumps, hoses, nozzles and other components that can
develop and withstand the higher pressure, resulting in sprayers that are more
expensive.
Sometimes sprayer booms are mounted vertically to spray some crops such as
blueberries, raspberries and occasionally nurseries. Nozzle spacing and the boom
distance from the target are important in both horizontal and vertical booms to
achieve good coverage.
FIG. 2.3 BOOM SPRAYER

2.2.5 AIR BLAST SPRAYERS
Most boom sprayers rely on pressure to move the spray mixture a small opening in
the nozzle and to create the small droplet and speed necessary to achieve good spray
coverage of the target. In field crops good coverage is relatively easy to achieve
where the target foliage is small and close to the nozzle. In tree fruits, especially with
large trees, good coverage with conventional sprayer is more difficult to achieve. Air
blast sprayer directs the spray mixture from the nozzle into an air stream which
transports the spray droplets to the target. Air blast sprayers have a powered fan
which forces air through an opening to generate high air speed. Often the opening or
manifold can be adjusted to ensure that the air stream is directed at the target. These
sprayers are also used in other commodities such as grapes, blueberries and nursery
crops among others. In conventional air blast sprayer most of air movement is upward
into the trees or target. Tower air manifold are also available for air blast sprayers
which direct the air horizontally or even downwards towards the target. The
horizontal or downwards air movement minimizes drift from air blast sprayers.
FIG. 2.4 AIR BLAST SPRAYER

2.2.6 GRANULAR APPLICATORS
Granular applicators are used to apply granular pesticides to soil. Granules must be
incorporated (mixed in with the sail) during or immediately following application.
Incorporation in the soil prevents birds from eating the granules; also, contact with
soil moisture activates the pesticide.
There is several type of equipment for granular application. Some granular

applicators can be hand operated and may use gravity to deliver the granules while
others are powered such as the pneumatic applicators which use a stream of air to
carry granules through the delivery tubes.
2.2.7 AERIAL APPLICATORS
Some pesticide labels say the pesticide can be applied by either fixed-wing aircraft or
by helicopters. The main advantage of aerial spraying is that it can be carried out
quickly and at times when ground equipment cannot operate. The main disadvantage
is the increased possibility of pesticide drift onto neighboring areas and decreased
spray coverage. Even when properly calibrated and operated, aircraft sprayers are
often not as through in applying material as ground rigs, especially to the lower
surfaces of the leaves and to the lower portions of the plants when the foliage is
dense.
Aerial applications should not be used for small acreages or in residential

areas, and should be done only by properly trained individuals who hold a valid BC
patricide applicators corticated.
2.2.8 ROTARY ATOMIZERS
A portable rotary atomizer sprayer consists of a spinning atomizer (usually a disc or

cup) onto which flows spray liquid, to produce spray droplets. The atomizer is driven
by a small electric motor powered by a series of dry cells (torch batteries) or by

rechargeable batteries carried either within the carrying handle, on the operator’s belt,
or on a strap slung over the operator’s shoulder. Spray liquid flows onto the atomizer
by gravity from a small bottle mounted on the spray head, and/or from a backpack or
shoulder-slung tank.
2.2.9 LEVER OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYERS
These are the most commonly used portable sprayers and are fitted with one of two
type of pump. Diaphragm pump are a durable option where application are made
through a single nozzle. They are also suitable for multi-nozzle booms where low
spraying pressures are adequate (0.1-0.2 MPa) for example, when spraying herbicides.
Piston pumps are suitable for single-nozzle use and are preferable to
diaphragm pumps for multi-nozzle use where higher pressures are required (up to 0.4
MPa). Under-arm levers are preferable to over-arm levers except where crop
conditions impede the movement of the lever.
FIG. 2.5LEVER OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYERS

CHAPTER 03
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF PESTICIDE SPRAYERS
Portable (operator-carried) pesticide sprayers for agriculture should be safe, reliable

and capable of working efficiently under practical field conditions. They should be
robustly constructed from strong, durable materials, which will not obviously be
prone to undue deterioration during field use, thereby adversely affecting safely and
lowering efficiency due to corrosion, rust, distortion or premature wear.
A portable sprayer (the sprayer) should comply with the following

requirements. Total mass when filled to the manufacturer’s recommended maximum
capacity should not exceed 25 Kg.20 kg maximum for a backpack (or shoulder-slung)
tank battery power source carried on a waist belt, or on a shoulder strap.7 kg for a
lance / battery case, spray head, spray bottle and a hand-carried tank, where present.
The sprayer should not leak. First check that all hose and others connections are tight.
This is especially important in a new sprayer.Fill the spray tank to the manufacturer’s
recommended maximum capacity with the water, carefully dry the complete outside
of the sprayer and its attachments and with the on/off valve in both the open and
closed position, check for leakage. Pay special attention to the most likely leak points:
pump assemblies, house connections and on/off valves. With the tank filled to the
manufacturer’s maximum recommended capacity, tilt the tank 45 degrees from the
vertical in all directions to ensure that the liquid does not leak from the lid or through
the ventilation valve. The removable filter in the lance assembly should be located
upstream of the trigger valve. Interchangeable but not adjustable nozzles (LK, MK,
CS) or restrictors (MB) should be supplied with the sprayer. The maximum operating
pressure at the nozzle should not exceed 0.4 MPa (LK, MK,CS).When a pressure
indicator is included, it should be downstream of the on/off valve.

3. 1 TANK
For RA in this module, the tank refers to any container that is hand – held, carried on
straps on the operator’s back or slung on strap over shoulder, which is used to contend
the spry liquid to be applied through a rotary atomizer.
The manufacturer’s recommended maximum filling level, which should be

equivalent to no more than 95% of the total volume of the tank. Appropriate
intermediate filling levels. During filling, with the sterner fitted the level of liquid in
tank should be clearly visible as it approaches the nominal maximum filling level. The
tank should include a sterner, located in the fill opening to filter the water or spry
solution as it enters the tank. The strainer should be easy to remove and fit with
gloved hands. For this and for other checks, where gloves are recommended they
should have a minimum thickness of 0.5mm.The strainer should have a mesh aperture
size no greater than 1.0mm.The strainer mesh should be securely fitted to, or from
part of, the strainer body. The strainer should be close fitting and permit safe, easy
filling from a non-profiled container (i.e. one without lip or spout) at a rate of
25X10’3 mm’3 per minute without overflowing, splashing or lifting from its seat. As
a guide: it is suggested that the strainer should be recessed into the fill opening, which
should be no less than 100mm across the smallest dimension. The tank fill opening
should be sealed with a lid that can be opened and securely closed with gloved hand
and without tools. When closed, the lid should not collect spray liquid. Either the lid
or the tank should have a ventilation valve.
3.2 LANCE ASSEMBLY AND SPRAY HOSE
Air tube and spray hose Spray hoses, when bent through 180 degrees at temperatures
up to 30’C, should not kink (flatten).Hose connections should be easily adjustable and
removable with gloved and should not leak when reconnected. Spray hose should be
of sufficient length to allow free movement and appropriate positioning of the lance
for spraying. The minimum length of the lance from the front of the hand trigger grip
to the nozzle should be 500 mm. for MB the length of the air tube from the on/off
lever to the air outlet should be no less than 400 mm.The sprayer should incorporate a
robust “parking system” to secure the lance or air tube when it is not in use. The lance
should be fitted with a trigger-type on/off valve, which can be locked in the “off”

position. For MB the liquid line to the nozzle should incorporate an on/off valve. The
length of a trigger valve lever measured from the pivot point should be no less than
100mm.The lance assembly (LK, MK, CS) should include a removable with a mesh
aperture size not exceeding 0.3 mm that is easy to install and remove with gloved
hands. When a sprayer includes an agitator device; it should move freely, should not
catch other parts of the sprayer and should be easily removed and refitted with gloved
hands. For compression sprayers (CS),The tank should have a minimum capacity of
5x10’3mm’3
The tank should be clearly and durably marked to show the nominal
(manufacture’s recommended) maximum filling level, which should be equivalent to
no more than 75% of the total volume of the tank. When during filling the spray
liquid level in the tank is not clearly visible, the manufacturer‘s recommended
maximum volume in liters should be clearly marked on the tank and included the
sprayer manual. A funnel with an integral strainer should be supplied with the
sprayer, to filter the water or spray solution as it enters the tank. The funnel strainer
should have a mesh aperture size no greater than 1.0 mm.The funnel strainer mesh
should be securely fitted to, or from part of the funnel body.The funnel should permit
safe, easy filling from a non-profiled container (i.e. one 1.1 without a lip or spout) at a
rate of 10 m’3 per minute, without overflowing or splashing.The tank fill opening
should be sealed with a tank lid, which can be opened and securely closed with gloved
hand without tools.The tank should be fitted with a pressure-indicating device.The
tank should be fitted with a pressure relief /safety valve to prevent the pressure in the
tank from exceeding 0.6 MPaThe tank should be fitted with a pressure release valve
that operates easily with gloved hands.
The sprayer should be easy to clean thoroughly both inside and out rough
surfaces and awkward recesses should be avoided.The outer surfaces of the sprayer
should not retain spray liquid.There should be no sharp edges, abrasive areas or
unnecessary projection, which could injure the operator.The sprayer should
incorporate a conveniently located handle to enable it to be safely carried when not in
use.The sprayer should be stable and stand upright on slopes up to 15% (1 in 7),
irrespective of the amount of liquid in the tank. Servicing, maintenance, adjustment
and cleaning of all sprayer components should be easily accomplished without
needing special tools (i.e. tools specifically designed for the sprayer).To facilitate the
accurate identification of replacement parts, the sprayer should be clearly and durably
marked to indicate the manufacture’s name and address and the sprayer name and
model.All pressure and flow control devices should be adjustable from outside the
spray tank.A safety device should be incorporated into the sprayer the maximum
pressure exceeding 0.5 MPa and 0.6 MPa in any part of the sprayer and liquid should
be discharged inside the tank.The manufacturer should be provide with the sprayer a
clear, simple, illustrated manual in English, French or Spanish and an accepted
commercial language in a specific market for which the sprayer is being evaluated.
3.3 SPRAYER ASSEMBLY
All recommended working positions, the spray head should be a minimum of 500 mm
from all parts of the operator’s body to ensure that there is no direct contamination of
the operator from the spray droplets.
To control the rate of flow of the spray liquid, the sprayer should be supplied
with colour-coded, interchangeable restrictors that can be changed without special
tools (i.e. without tools developed specifically for the sprayer).
A shield should be supplied with the sprayer to protect the atomizer from
physical damage when it is not in use.
When the spray liquid to the atomizer is supplied solely from the bottle on the
spray head (i.e. not re-filled from a spray tank) a funnel should be provided with the
sprayer.
The funnel should enable the bottle to be filled easily from a non-profiled
container (i.e. one without a lip or spout, which will normally be a pesticide
container) without spilling or splashing, at a rate of 5X10’3 per minute.

The manual should contain procedures for:
1) Initial assembly.
2) Identification of all replacement parts including an “exploded
diagram’’mm;
3) Setting and calibration;
4) Minimizing the need to dispose of dilute pesticide;
5) Cleaning and safe disposal of washings;
6) Routine maintenance and storage;
7) Safe, accurate field use;
8) Safe release of residual pressure in the lance when a spray management
valve is used.
9) Safe release of pressure in the spray tank.(CS)
10) Durability of the materials used to make the sprayer;
11) Safe handling of undiluted agrochemicals, mixing chemicals and filling
the tank;
12) Disposal of leftover spray liquid and empty pesticide containers;
13) Atomizer flow rates and spray quality;
14) Nozzle sizes and operating pressures to be used in the sprayer;
15) Precautions to minimize the risk of operator and environmental
contamination.
16) The manufacture should also provide written assurance in the sprayer
manual that:
a. Parts of the sprayer that come into constant direct contact with the
spray liquid are made fromnon-absorbent materials, which are suitable
for use with approved pesticide formulation; Parts of the spryer that are
exposed routinely to direct sunlight are made from materials which do
not unduly deteriorate;
b. After spraying, it should not be possible to remove the lid (for pump)
before the residual pressure in the tank has been released.
17) Threaded fittings to the pressurized parts of the tank with a diameter
greater than 13 mm should include a channel to ensure that the pressure
in the tank is released before the lid (or pump) can be removed.

3.4 STRAPS AND PADDING
Straps and fixings should be strong durable. The manufacturer should provide written
assurance in the sprayer manual that: str/ap and padding are of non-absorbent material
straps and padding resists undue deterioration from contact with approved pesticide
formulations. An LK sprayer should be equipped with a load-bearing waist strap. The
load bearing part of shoulder straps should be a minimum of 50mm wide. When
adjustable shoulder pads are included, they should remain firmly in place in their
adjust positions when the sprayer is in use. Strap when fitted to a back-carried tank
(LK, MK, MB, RA) should be easily adjustable when the sprayer is full and in the
working position on the operator’s back. Strap should be equipped with quick release
catches that functions efficiently when that tank ( LK,MK,MB,RA) is full and in the
working position on the operator’s backBack-carried tanks when in the working
position should be comfortable for the operator, either thought the profile of the tank
or through the provision of a back-frame.
3.5 POWER SOURCE
The level to operate the pump should be a minimum of 400mm long and should have
an arc of movement not exceeding 400mm.The level should functions for both left
and right-handed use.The end of the level should be firmly and durably equipped with
a handgrip with a minimum sectional dimension of 25 mm and a minimum length of
100mm.Where mist blowers are fitted shear nozzles, the sprayer manufacturer should
include in the sprayer manual, information on the recommended range of flow rates
for different crop targets.
To achieve the maximum recommended flow rates and operating pressers, the
pump should operate within the range of 20-30 lever strokes per minute.
At the maximum recommended flow rate, the pressure, measured immediately
upstream of the nozzle, should not deviate by more than +- 10%.
 When the pump manual, it should produce a presser of 0.4MPa in the spray
tank on completion of not more than 60 complete plunger strokes with the tank
field to the nominal capacity.

 Where the pump is located inside the spray tank, it should meet the following
requirements.
 The pump handle should be comfortable and convenient to use
 The internal length of the grip should be no less than 100mm
with a minimum section dimension of 25mm.
 The sprayer should be fitted with a device that locks the
plunger assembly in the lowest operating position so that the sprayer
can be safely carried using the pump handle.
 The sprayer manufacture should provide retune assurance in the
sprayer manual that :
 When the pump solely hand operated and there no possibility of
the pressurizing from an outside source, the tank will with stand twice
maximum working pressure (0.8MPa) without deforming or leaking :
 When the sprayer is fitted with a connation to allow it to be
pressurized from an outside source, the tank will be withstand five
times the maximum working pressure (2MPa) without deforming or
leaking.
 The throttle lever must remain firmly fixed in any pry-set position
during operation.
 The engine should have an instant “cut out “mechanism that readily
that is accessible to the operator when the sprayer is in the working position on
his/her back.
 The engine should have a safe, robust starting mechanism.
 The exhaust should be :
 Directed away from operator’s body.
 Positioned on the opposite side of the sprayer to the
controls.
 Robustly shielded to prevent burning to operator of third party
 The engine should be isolated from the caring frame by anti-vibration
mountings
 The engine should be robustly protected against accidental physical damage.
 The fuel tank and fuel on/ off value should be positioned to 20 carbureted the
risk off fuel spelling on to the engine.

 The fuel on/ off value should be closed to the fuel tank outlet and easily
accessible to the operator when the sprayer is in the working position.
 An easily serviceable fuel filter should be located in the line between the tank
and the carburetor.
 An easily replicable air filter should be located directly on the 20 carburetor
intake.
3.6 ATOMIZERS
It is the responsibility of the sprayer manufacturer to comply with the following

requirement for atomizer supplied with or recommended for the sprayer even through
the information may originate from another manufacturing, who specialized in
nozzles or rotary atomizer. Nozzle supplied with or recommended for a sprayer
should be manufactured to international standards (ISO).The sprayer manufacturer
should include in the sprayer manual information on: Nozzle flow rates,
characteristics spray volume distribution at target level, when a horizontal boom with
standard flat fan nozzle is recommended.A procedure for determining when nozzle
are worm to 125% of their original flow rate their recommended operating pressure
(s), and should be replaced. For flat fan nozzles, the nozzle support system should
include a method of ensuring correct orientation of the nozzle within the holder. The
sprayer manufacturer should include in the sprayer manual information on: Flow rates
(measured with water);Characteristic drop sizes produced at the manufacturer’s
recommended restrictor flow rates and atomize speeds; A method to check the
atomizer to determine when it should be replaced.
Output from any restrictor or between restrictor with the same identity code i.e. which
claim to have same, characteristics, should not differ by more than =10% from the
nominal output.

CHAPTER 04
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
4.1 CONSTUCTION DETAILS
The mechanical operated pesticide consists of following components.
1. Pump
2. Hoses
3. Carriage
4. Tank.
5. Spray nozzles.
6. Screens.
7. Frame.
8. Wheels.
1) PUMP
The main function of pump is to develop a pressure, which is used to spray the
pesticides in the agriculture as well as horticulture. In this case piston cylinder
arrangement is used to develop the pressure.
Choose a pump that: has enough capacity for your spraying needs, can
produce the desired operating pressure at the capacity you need, can handle the
pesticide formulations you need without wearing or corroding too much, can be
repaired economically and quickly, and can be used with your power source.
2) HOSES
Suction hoses (from the tank) should be reinforced so they will not collapse, be
resistant to chemicals and oils, and be of the same diameter as the pump inlet hole.
The same type of house can be for the bypass line.

3) CARRIAGE
The function of carriage is to carry the required materials during the spraying the
pesticides like fertilizers, unwanted plants, to carry out fruits.
4) TANK
The size of the tank depends on the intended application rate and the mounting space
available. The tank should be equipped with a large screened opening for easy filling
and clearing. Tanks may be constructed of steel, epoxy-coated steel, fiberglass,
polyethylene or aluminum. Fiberglass, stainless steel and polyethyleneTanks are
preferred because oftheir rust and corrosion resistance.
FIG. 4.1 TANK
5) SPRAY NOZZLES
The size of droplet produced by various nozzles depends upon operating pressures
and nozzle design. The droplet size decreases with a higher pressure and with a
smaller nozzle tip opening. Droplets that are too big give poor coverage and droplets
that are too small drift easily.

Nozzles help control the amount of spray applied, the size of spray droplets, the
specific pattern, and the uniformity of the application. Often, several types and sizes
of nozzles are needed; select the best pattern and size of nozzle for your spraying
needs.
6) SCREENS
Screens prevent foreign material from entering, clogging the nozzles and wearing out
the sprayer.
Clean screens and strainers are essential to the efficient operation of the spray
system. They should be cleaned often and checked for breaks in the screen. If the
nozzle screen are plugging too often, check to make certain the chemicals are properly
mixed, the spray tank and plumbing system are properly rinsed and cleaned between
sprayer, and that the suction and tank screens are in place when filling and using the
sprayer. If the plugging problem persists, consider changing to an alternative pesticide
formulation. Also check to see if a large nozzle that has a larger recommended screen
size can be used. Do not operate the sprayer without the recommended nozzle screens.

4.2 DIAGRAM
FIG. 4.4 FINAL VIEW OF PROJECT

4.3 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
The mechanically operated pump consists of piston cylinder arrangement, carriage,

spray nozzles, hoses, and tank.
When the operator push or pull the equipment, the wheels are rotates, this
rotary motion of wheels are converted in to reciprocating motion of piston in the
cylinder with the help of connecting rod and crank. This reciprocating action
generates the pressure by which spraying of pesticides occurs.
This equipment also consists of carriage which is help to carry the required
materials like fertilizers, unwanted plants.

CHAPTER 05
DESIGN PROCCESS
5.1 DESIGN OF CYLINDER:
Assume force F1=400 N which is normally applied by a human.
Torque on the wheel is,
T1 = F1 x r1
= 400 x 325
= 130000N-mm.
Torque on large pulley = Torque on crank.
T1 = T2
T2 = F2 x r2
We have crank radius (r2) = 46 mm.
130000 = F2 x 46.
Therefore, F2 = 2826.08 N.
(This is the force on connecting rod and piston)
So stress in piston (б) = F2 ÷ Ap
Where Ap = πr2

5.2 DESIGN OF FLAT END COVER

Force on cylinder cover,
F2 = 2826.08 N
Yield strength for brass = 126 MPa.
Assume FOS=2.
Allowable stress = 126/2
=63 MPa.
Area of cover exposed to fluid pressure,
𝜋
Ac = (do2-di 2)
4
𝜋
= (502-162)
4
Ac= 1762.43 mm2.
𝐹2
So stress, бc =
𝐴𝑐
2826.08
=
1762.43
= 1.60 MPa.1.60 MPa<63 MPa, hence the design is safe.
5.3DESIGN OF SHAFT
Since shaft has supported at wheels assuming it has a cantilever beam.
Assuming weight and tank of frame=300N.
Assuming weight of right side=50N.
Initially whole weight of frame is at central bearing at rear shaft.

The reaction force is given by,
RA=300 + 50
=350N.
Bending moment at A due to the load at B,
MA=300 x 110
=33000 N-mm.
Bending moment at A due to the load at B and C,
MA=(300 x 110)+(50 x 195)
5.4DESIGN OF BEARING:
Based on SKF charts
Inner diameter = 25mm
Outer diameter =52mm
Width (B) =15mm
Radius of the bearing balls, r =1.5mm
D =3mm
SKF design number=05.
ISI number = 25BC02, Load carrying capacity = 6965N.

CHAPTER 06
PART DRAWING
6.1 CYLINDER
6.2 PISTON ROD

6.3 FLATE END COVER
6.4 BEARING

6.5 CRANK PLATE
6.6 WHEELS

6.7 FRAME
6.8 TANK

6.9 ISOMETRIC ASSEMBLED VIEW

CHAPTER 07
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Manufacturing engineering is a discipline of engineering dealing with different

manufacturing practices and the research and development of processes, machines,
tools and equipment, dealing with machines that turn raw materials to a new product.
7.2TURNING
Turning is the process whereby a single point cutting tool is parallel to the surface. It
can be done manually, in a traditional form of lathe, which frequently requires
continuous supervision by the operator, or by using a computer controlled and
automated lathe which does not. This type of machine tool is referred to as having
computer numerical control, better known as CNC and is commonly used with many
other types of machine tool besides the lathe.
7.3DRILLING
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole in solid
materials. The drill bit is a multipoint, end cutting tool. It cuts by applying pressure
and rotation to the work piece, which forms chips at the cutting edge.
7.4GRINDING
The grinding of solid matters occurs under exposure of mechanical forces that trench
the structure by overcoming of the interior bonding forces. After the grinding the state
of the solid is changed; the grain size, the grain size deposition and the grain shape.
Grinding may serve the following purposes in engineering
 Increase of the surface area of a solid

 Manufacturing of a solid with a desired grain size
 Pulping of resources

7.5BORING
In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled
(or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing
several such cutting tools), for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring is used to
achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered
hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal diameter counterpart to turning, which cuts
external diameters.
7.6WELDING
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or

thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the work pieces
and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that
cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with
heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldring and brazing,
which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the work pieces to
form a bond between them, without melting the work pieces.

CHAPTER 08
FABRICATION DETAILS
Following are the various fabrication activities carried out under fabrication for the
completion of “MECHANICALLY OPERATED MULTI PURPOSE PESTICIDE
PUMP”.
8.1 SHAFT TURNING
The mild steel shaft as decided in the design in order to mount the crank and wheels.
The diameter of the shaft was 27mm and length 370mm. it was then turned to the
required dimensions i.e. 25mm diameter by plain turning, step turning to 16mm
diameter and length reduced to 350mm.
8.2 FRAME
To mount the different parts of our project as highlighted in the final assembly, we
need 38mm X 38mm of angle bar of length 7mm. To construct the main frame
welding operations are required.
8.3 ASSEMBLY
8.3.1 MECHANISM ASSEMBLY
We have used mechanical assembly i.e. making the frame, riveting the bearing,
mounting the shaft, cranks, wheels, piston cylinder arrangement and supporting the
pesticide tank on the frame by using mechanical linkage.
8.3.2COMPLETE ASSEMBLY
The complete pesticide assembly was assembled on the frame. This assembly is done
by using fasteners, nuts and bolts. The complete assembly looks as shown.

CHAPTER 09
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
9.1 ADVANTAGES
 Easy in operation
 Operating cost zero
 Simple construction
 Adaptable
 High capacity
 High performance
 Environmental friendly
 Easy to setup
 Light weight
 Nomore effort to carry the device on back
 Easy maintenance
 Pollution free
9.2. DISADVANTAGES
 Initial cost is high

 Difficult to operate when crop height is high in agriculture field.
9.3. APPLICATIONS
 Used to carry goods.

 Energy derived from movement of wheels are converted into pressure,
this in turns enables the spraying of the liquid.
 Used to spray pesticides in green hose and horticulture.
 The project can be made to enhance some properties, by using devices
euch as poker assembly with probe which digs inside the soil and display the
soil moisture contents in the analog display.
 By using reduction gear box at the front shaft , the speed of the crank
assembly can be increased which in turn increase the pressure inside the
cylinder piston arrangement which multiplies the spraying effect.

CHAPTER 10
COST ESTIMATION
SR. NO. ITEM NAME QUANTITY PRICE(INR)
1 CYLINDER PISTON & 1 1850

CONNECTING ROD ASSEMBLY
2 CRANK PLATE 2 320
3 PESTICIDE TANK 1 600
4 BICYCLE WHEELS 4 1760
5 BEARINGS 6 960
6 SHAFT 3 800
7 FRAME - 398
8 HOSE PIPE 1 150
9 MISCELLANEOUS - 800
TOTAL - 7638

CHAPTER 11
FUTUER SCOPE
 The project can be made to enhance some properties, by using devices euch as
poker assembly with probe which digs inside the soil and display the soil
moisture contents in the analog display.
 By using reduction gear box at the front shaft , the speed of the crank
assembly can be increased which in turn increase the pressure inside the cylinder
piston arrangement which multiplies the spraying effect.

CONCLUSION
 The mechanically operated multipurpose pesticide pump can easily spray the
pesticides to around two lanes with an optimum discharge.
 It can be successfully used in agriculture as well as horticulture field.
 With zero operating cost, the project conforms high performance and
efficiency as well as it is user friendly.

REFERENCES
 Design data handbook – K. Mahadevan and Balaveera Reddy, CBS

Publications.
 Machine Design Data Hand Book – H.G. Patil, ShrishashiPrakashan, Belgaum
 Design Of machine elements – V.B. Bhandari, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd.,2007.
 Manuifacturing Engineering and Technology – ScropeKalpankajan and Stevan
R.
 Manufacturing Process 1 & 2 – A.C. Niranjan, Pooja Publications.
 www.sciencedirect.com

Mechanical Operated Multi-Purpose Pesticide Pump

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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MECHANICALLY OPERATED MULTI-PURPOSE PESTICIDES PUMP

Properly applied pesticides should be accepted to return a profit. Improper or

Agriculture is under intense economic and environment pressure today. The

Applicators of pesticide need to know proper application methods, chemical

Improperly used agriculture pesticides are dangerous. It is extremely important

MWP, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1

A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,

2.1.1 NEED OF PESTICIDES

 Blocking the cellular processes of target organisms in a purely mechanical

MWP, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 2

obstructing the respiratory, germination mechanisms. Sometimes, the pesticide

2.1.2 POLLUTION DUE TO PESTICIDES

Central to the effect of pesticide on environment is the concept of biodiversity.

MWP, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 3

2.1.3 EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON FARMERS

Pesticides are, by design, poisonous to at least some organism. They attack

2.2 TYPES OF PESTICIDE SPRAYERS:

2.2.1 HAND OPERATED SPRAYERS

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FIG. 2.1 HAND OPERATED SPRAYER

2.2.2 MOTORIZED SPRAYERS

2.2.3 BOOM LESS SPRAYERS

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2.2.4 BOOM SPRAYERS

FIG. 2.3 BOOM SPRAYER

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2.2.5 AIR BLAST SPRAYERS

FIG. 2.4 AIR BLAST SPRAYER

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2.2.6 GRANULAR APPLICATORS

There is several type of equipment for granular application. Some granular

2.2.7 AERIAL APPLICATORS

Aerial applications should not be used for small acreages or in residential

2.2.8 ROTARY ATOMIZERS

A portable rotary atomizer sprayer consists of a spinning atomizer (usually a disc or

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2.2.9 LEVER OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYERS

FIG. 2.5LEVER OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYERS

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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF PESTICIDE SPRAYERS

Portable (operator-carried) pesticide sprayers for agriculture should be safe, reliable

A portable sprayer (the sprayer) should comply with the following

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The manufacturer’s recommended maximum filling level, which should be

3.2 LANCE ASSEMBLY AND SPRAY HOSE

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3.3 SPRAYER ASSEMBLY

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The manual should contain procedures for:

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3.4 STRAPS AND PADDING

3.5 POWER SOURCE

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It is the responsibility of the sprayer manufacturer to comply with the following

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CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

4.1 CONSTUCTION DETAILS

The mechanical operated pesticide consists of following components.

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FIG. 4.1 TANK

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