Kate Hyacinth G.

Ubiña

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds in the air, at levels
that pose a health risk. In an even broader sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals or
compounds in the air which are usually not present and which lower the quality of the air or cause
detrimental changes to the quality of life (such as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing
global warming). Air pollution is probably one of the most serious environmental problems
confronting our civilization today. Most often, it is caused by human activities such as mining,
construction, transportation, industrial work, agriculture, smelting, etc. However, natural processes
such as volcanic eruptions and wildfires may also pollute the air, but their occurrence is rare and
they usually have a local effect, unlike human activities that are ubiquitous causes of air pollution
and contribute to the global pollution of the air every single day.

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

1. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal,
petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution. Pollution emitting
from vehicles including trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes cause immense amount of pollution.
Carbon Monoxide caused by improper or incomplete combustion and generally emitted from
vehicles is another major pollutant along with Nitrogen Oxides, that is produced from both natural
and man made processes.
2. Agricultural activities: Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related
activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. Use of insecticides, pesticides
and fertilizers in agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. They emit harmful chemicals into the
air and can also cause water pollution.
3. Exhaust from factories and industries: Manufacturing industries release large amount of
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting
the quality of air. Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and various other chemicals that
pollute the air and also cause land pollution.
4. Mining operations: Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using
large equipment. During the process dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air
pollution. This is one of the reason which is responsible for the deteriorating health conditions of
workers and nearby residents.
5. Indoor air pollution: Household cleaning products, painting supplies emit toxic chemicals in
the air and cause air pollution. Have you ever noticed that once you paint walls of your house, it
creates some sort of smell which makes it literally impossible for you to breathe.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

1. Respiratory and heart problems: The effects of Air pollution are alarming. They are known
to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer, among other threats to the
body. Children in areas exposed to air pollutants are said to commonly suffer from pneumonia and
asthma.
2. Global warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing
due to Global warming. With increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and
melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already
signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation.
3. Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the
atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with
these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid
rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.
4. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some
pollutants gets developed on sea’s surface and turns itself into algae and and adversely affect fish,
plants and animal species. The green colored algae that is present on lakes and ponds is due to
presence of this chemical only.
5. Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some devastating affects of air pollution.
Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their
habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.
6. Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting
humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence
of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin,
it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also
have the capability to affect crops.

Air Pollution Control Techniques

Air pollution control, the techniques employed to reduce or eliminate the emission into
the atmosphere of substances that can harm the environment or human health. The control of air
pollution is one of the principal areas of pollution control, along with wastewater treatment, solid-
waste management, and hazardous-waste management.
1. Use public mode of transportation: Encourage people to use more and more public modes of
transportation to reduce pollution.
2. Conserve energy: Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. Large amount of fossil
fuels are burnt to produce electricity. You can save the environment from degradation by reducing
the amount of fossil fuels to be burned.
3. Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Do not throw away items that are of
no use to you. In-fact reuse them for some other purpose.
4. Emphasis on clean energy resources: Clean energy technologies like solar, wind
and geothermal are on high these days. Governments of various countries have been providing
grants to consumers who are interested in installing solar panels for their home. This will go a long
way to curb air pollution.
5. Use energy efficient devices: CFL lights consume less electricity as against their counterparts.
They live longer, consume less electricity, lower electricity bills and also help you to reduce
pollution by consuming less energy.

Control of Particulates

Airborne particles can be removed from a polluted airstream by a variety of physical processes.
Common types of equipment for collecting fine particulates include cyclones, scrubbers,
electrostatic precipitators, and baghouse filters.
1. Cyclones: A cyclone removes particulates by causing the dirty airstream to flow in a spiral
path inside a cylindrical chamber. Dirty air enters the chamber from a tangential direction at
the outer wall of the device, forming a vortex as it swirls within the chamber. The larger
 particulates, because of their greater inertia, move outward and are forced against the chamber
wall. Slowed by friction with the wall surface, they then slide down the wall into a conical dust
hopper at the bottom of the cyclone. The cleaned air swirls upward in a narrower spiral through
an inner cylinder and emerges from an outlet at the top. Accumulated particulate dust is
periodically removed from the hopper for disposal.
2. Scrubbers: Devices called wet scrubbers trap suspended particles by direct contact with a
spray of water or other liquid. In effect, a scrubber washes the particulates out of the dirty
airstream as they collide with and are entrained by the countless tiny droplets in the spray.
3. Electrostatic precipitators: Electrostatic precipitation is a commonly used method for
removing fine particulates from airstreams. In an electrostatic precipitator, particles suspended
in the airstream are given an electric charge as they enter the unit and are then removed by the
influence of an electric field. The precipitation unit comprises baffles for distributing airflow,
discharge and collection electrodes, a dust clean-out system, and collection hoppers. A high
voltage of direct current (DC), as much as 100,000 volts, is applied to the discharge electrodes
to charge the particles, which then are attracted to oppositely charged collection electrodes, on
which they become trapped.
4. Baghouse filters: One of the most efficient devices for removing suspended particulates is an
assembly of fabric-filter bags, commonly called a baghouse. A typical baghouse comprises an
array of long, narrow bags—each about 25 cm (10 inches) in diameter—that are suspended
upside down in a large enclosure. Dust-laden air is blown upward through the bottom of the
enclosure by fans. Particulates are trapped inside the filter bags, while the clean air passes
through the fabric and exits at the top of the baghouse.

Control of Gases
Gaseous criteria pollutants, as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other gaseous air
toxics, are controlled by means of three basic techniques: absorption, adsorption, and incineration
(or combustion). These techniques can be employed singly or in combination. They are effective
against the major greenhouse gases as well.
1. Absorption: absorption involves the transfer of a gaseous pollutant from the air into a
contacting liquid, such as water. The liquid must be able either to serve as a solvent for the
pollutant or to capture it by means of a chemical reaction.
2. Adsorption: Gas adsorption, as contrasted with absorption, is a surface phenomenon. The gas
molecules are sorbed—attracted to and held—on the surface of a solid. Gas adsorption
methods are used for odour control at various types of chemical-manufacturing and food-
processing facilities, in the recovery of a number of volatile solvents (e.g., benzene), and in the
control of VOCs at industrial facilities.
3. Incineration: The process called incineration or combustion—chemically, rapid oxidation—
can be used to convert VOCs and other gaseous hydrocarbonpollutants to carbon
dioxide and water. Incineration of VOCs and hydrocarbon fumes usually is accomplished in a
special incinerator called an afterburner. To achieve complete combustion, the afterburner
must provide the proper amount of turbulence and burning time, and it must maintain a
sufficiently high temperature. Sufficient turbulence, or mixing, is a key factor in combustion
because it reduces the required burning time and temperature. A process called direct flame
incineration can be used when the waste gas is itself a combustible mixture and does not need
the addition of air or fuel.