Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Pollutant Energy
modeling
production, transport, and fate
Conservation of Matter
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Conservation of Energy
input
Accumulation output
Environmental System
(Natural or Device)
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Control Volume
Consumer Food to
goods Accumulation people
Solid
Waster
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Selam is filling her bathtub but she forgot to put the plug in.
if the volume of water for a bath is 0.350 m3 and the tap is
flowing at 1.32 L/min and the drain is running at 0.32 L/min,
how long will it take to fill the tub to bath level? Assuming
Selam shuts off the water when the tub is full and does not
flood the house, how much water will be wasted? Assume
the density of water is 1,000 kg/m3
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Vaccumulation
Qin = 1.32 L/min Qout = 0.32 L/min
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Mass
Mass flow rate = (concentra tion)(flow rate)
time
dM
Mass balance cinQin coutQout
dt
dM dt Cin Qin Cout Qout
Efficiency of a system
Cin Qout Cin Qin
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Cout = 24 mg/m3
Qout = 47 m3/s
Baghouse
g/m3
Cin = 15
Accumulation =
Qin = 47 m3/s
particle
removal
Hopper
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ri = kf1(T,P);f2([A],[B], …)
Rate constant
Concentration of reactant
Assuming that the pressure and temperature are constant
aA + bB cC
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order of reaction = α + β,
the order with respect to reactant A is α, to B is β, and to product C is γ.
rA = -k zero-order reaction
rA = -k[A] first-order reaction
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rA = -k[A ] second-order reaction
rA = -k[A][B] second-order reaction
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fill-and-draw
material flows into, through, and
out of the reactor
Unsteady state
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Decay rate = 0
Accumulation rate = 0
Qs
Stream
Qm
Cs Mixture
Cm
Qw
Wastes Q = flow rate
Cw C = concentration
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Decay
Sewage
Lagoon
Control volume
d (in ) d (out )
dM/dt = ? 0
dt dt
dM
kCV
dt
dM dC dC
V kC C Co e kt
dt dt dt
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dM d (in ) d (out ) d (C )
V
dt dt dt dt
No mass exchange occurs across the plug boundaries, d(in) and
d(out) = 0
dM dC dC
V kC Cout Cin e kt
dt dt dt
L=length
The residence time for each plug:
( L) ( A) V
(u ) ( A) Q
Cout ( L) V
ln k k k
Cin (u ) Q
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Using the 1st and 16th day, the time interval t= 16-1 = 15 d
132mg / L
Ct
e kt e k (15d )
Co 280mg / L
Solving for k, we have k = 0.0501 d-1
To achieve 99 % reduction the concentration at
Time t must be 1 – 0.99 of the original concentration
Ct
0.01 e 0.05( t ) t = 92 days
Co
Concentration, Cin
0 0 0
Time Time Time
Step increase Step decrease pulse/spike increase
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Concentration, Cin
0 1/k 1/k
Time Time Time
Decay Formation
Ct
e kt
Co
C1 C1
Concentration, Cin
Concentration, Cin
-0.37C0 + 0.63C1
C0
C0
0 0 t=
Time Time
Influent concentration Effluent concentration
Concentration, Cin
Concentration, Cin
C0
C0
0.37C0
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dM
coutQout
dt
Where M = CV. The initial concentration is C0=M/V
t
For time t 0 we obtain Ct C0 exp
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0 0
Time Time
dC 1 Co
k Cout Cout Co exp t
dt 1 k
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Concentration, Cin
Concentration, Cin
C0
C0
0
0 Time
Time
Effluent concentration
Influent concentration
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visit
aaucivil.wordpress.com/enveng
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Report format
20 to 30 pages
Cover page: Title and Group member names
Table of content
References
Last Date of Submission: June 17, 2011
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