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Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources:

Airforcemag.Com. DRArchieve. 1 Jan. 2007, http://www.airforcemag.com/DRArchive/Publ

ishingImages/2015/June%202015/June%2019%202015/071002-F-1234P-014.jpg.
This image helped me gain a better understanding of how the C-123 aircrafts sprayed
their herbicides. It had a top view of the airplane in action, which showed me where
Agent Orange was targeted and how it may have affected different areas.

Bush announces signing of Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Associated Press, 2001. Associated Press Video Collection. EBSCOhost,
Search.ebscohost.com.This video was essential to the research process of Agent Orange
because it showed the triumph of the overall operation. With the speech that President
George Bush gave about the Stockholm Convention, I was able to confirm the new
benefits that were given to soldiers and that Agent Orange was going to be banned. There
was also background information on the guidelines of the deal.

Engelberg, Stephen. “How We Obtained the Government’s Data on Agent Orange and Birth
Defects.” Pro Publica, Dec. 2016, p. 1. EBSCOhost. This specific website gave me a
quote that I was able to use as supporting evidence. It expanded on how people were
presenting their sicknesses to investigators, who claim that Agent Orange has nothing to
do with their descendants. In the end, it turned out that veterans who were exposed to
Agent Orange had three times as more chances to have a child or grandchild with chronic
diseases.

“Month in Congress.” Congressional Digest, vol. 70, no. 4, Apr. 1991, p. 97. EBSCOhost,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=9106103093. This article
was a document that explained the many measures that were all decided by the House or
Senate in the specific time frame, in which mine is the Vietnam War. It helped my
research because there was research conducted about Agent Orange since it was still a
mystery if it actually caused diseases. There was also a law that was passed on January
29, giving the Secretary of Veterans to freely gather information to conduct the research
project.

Parkins, Keith. “The Legacy of Agent Orange.” Clara.Net, 1 Jan. 2000, http://www.heu
reka.clara.net/gaia/orange.htm. This source offered more input from those who were a
part of the war and has a lot of research background about Agent Orange, specifically
Robert McNamara, a former US Secretary of Defence during Vietnam War, and Vu
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Trong Huong, director War Crimes Investigation. I used what they inferred from their
research and put their quotes on my website.

“Statement on Signing the Agent Orange Act of 1991 February 6, 1991.” American Reference
Library - Primary Source Documents, Jan. 2001, p. 1. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost
com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=32383129. The speech that went along with
the signing of the act held valuable information that went public. It helped with the
project because, knowing that the President agreed to the troubling questions that
followed the veterans’ diseases, we are able to connect that to why the Stockholm
Convention was not already signed several decades ago.

Secondary Sources:

Anand, Ash. New Pty Limited. 25 May 2015 https://cdn.newsapi.com.au/image/v1/c8a42995e34

5ad9cd0e196a87fbe049b. This helped me on my website because I was able to use the
image to show the lasting impact of chronic diseases, passed throughout several
generations all caused by Agent Orange. It also showed how extensive the effect was
because the image showed many children, but there was one specific one that was 12
years old, yet she was about the size of a toddler. It provided insight on the many
different things that happened from Agent Orange.

Class Info: Agent Orange Information. Moore, Ed. 09 March 2018. http://1970.usnaclasses.co
m/Class%20Info/Agent%20Orange%20Barrel.JPG. I stumbled across this picture as I
was researching the distribution techniques used. I was curious of it worked and turned
out to learn about the uses of the 55-gallon drums, and how they caused further spreading
or ingestion of Agent Orange during Operation Ranch Hand. It prompted me to look
more into the solider’s causes for disease.

Hulton archive Collection. Getty Images. (2000, January 1). Retrieved from https://www.ge
ttyimages.com/collections/hulton-archive. As I was researching the history of chemical
warfare, I stumbled across this picture that was a perfect representation of how the
German soldiers first used chemical against their enemies. It helped me give background
to the audience about how chemicals were used in the past and how it has evolved since
then.

Mangrove forests. Living History Farm. 10 February 2018. https://livinghistoryfarm.org/farmingi

nthe50s/media/life0803.jpg. This website was able to give me a picture showing how the
much change and how dramatic it was. The image showed a before and after picture of a
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forest. This was used to support my tragedy of deforestation, caused by Operation Ranch
Hand.

Marchesseault, J. (2018, November 16). Logs: Agent Orange vessel visited Guam | PNC News
First. Retrieved from https://pacificnewscenter.com/logs-agent-orange-vessel-visite
d-guam/. As I was conducting further research about the 55-gallon drums, I came across
this website that unveiled how the containers where stacked, as well as what they looked
like. It was also able to give an image showing a drum with its ingredients, which
contained the essential chemicals to herbicides, yet dangerous to the human body.

Mufti33. “Agent Orange, Vietnam War, 2.” YouTube, 3 July 2008, https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=1Gdg6gONBNg. This video was found as I was looking for live footage of a
first-person point of view. The recording was taken from someone that was on the plane,
capturing a top view of a C-123 craft in action. There was also the dense forests in the
video, in which helped me understand exactly how dense it was. There was not one part
of the ground that could be seen without the interference of the branches.

Martin, Michael. U.S. Agent Orange/Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/r

ow/R44268.pdf. Accessed 7 Feb. 2019. This map was a digital map of Vietnam that
helped me understand where herbicides where target at. This helped me because it
allowed me to make connections between the affected area and the places that were
sprayed upon.

Nachtwey, James. Vanity Fair. The Vietnam Syndrome. 2001. Agent Orange Relief and
Responsibility Campaign. This helped me explore the side of the soldier’s effects after
the war. Although there were a lot of proof for chronic diseases passed through genetics,
the information provided by this campaigned, directed my attention towards the soldiers,
causing me to add to my tragedy.

Ranch Hand in V. 2015. DRArchive. Accessed on December 11, 2018. http://www.airforcema

g.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2013/October%202013/1013vietnam.
pdf. I was able to gather more information about how Agent Orange was distributed
throughout Vietnam. There was also a useful overview of it progress overtime. Looking
at the information provided and comparing it to the techniques used during World War I
helped me understand how they have evolved.

Shukla, Paraag. “Bills Would Expand Eligibility for Agent Orange Benefits.” Vietnam, vol. 31,
no. 1, June 2018, p. 8. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=kh
h&AN=128950895. This magazine created about the benefits for soldiers helped me
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because it gave me information about how soldiers were getting benefits if they were able
to prove their correlation between their disease and Agent Orange. This prompted me to
do more research about medical benefits, in which I have found that there are more
diseases that are being added to the list every year.

Simkin, John. “Chemical Warfare .” Spartacus Educational, Sept. 1997.

This website helped me understand my topic because I got a better visual of how
newborns were affected by diseases. After close analyzation, I saw how children were
abandoned by their parents because of their deformities and how much the medical bills
would turn out to be. This made me concerned with the amount of money that
orphanages, would have to raise to be able to keep the children healthy, in which I
researched later on.

Social Studies Singapore. (2013, January 1). The League of Nations: A League of its Own.
Retrieved from http://historycontroversy.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-league-of-nation
S-league-of-its-own.html. This website helped me understand why Agent Orange wasn’t
banned way long before. I learned that there was a law after World War I, the only is, is
that it did not apply to herbicidal chemicals involved.

Sukha, Samaya Lea. "Agent Orange." American Government, ABC-CLIO, 2018, american
government.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1456965. Accessed 14 Nov. 2018.
This resource was an article that helped me connect the causes of human illnesses and
Agent Orange itself. There were many contradicting opinions about if the herbicide
caused diseases, such as birth defects, but this article showed the presence of the
(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5 T (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid).

Tritten, Travis J. 18 June 2015. https://www.stripes.com/polopoly_fs/1.144633.131374308

6!/image/3713314869.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_900/3713314869.jpg. This
improved my understanding of the topic because it helped me analyze and gather more
information about the 55-gallon drums and how the herbicides were stored. There were
many drums stacked upon one another in an open area. Each drum also had a bright
orange paint strip wrapped around it, which acted as a distinction from other containers.

Tuohy, Theasa. Washingtonpost.com, 27 July 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/resizer/X

lvfRJ99oltBdy3Oc2x_ZVkE8a0=/620x0/arc-anglerfish-washpost-prod-washpost.s3.amaz
onaws.com/public/ZWHXGPDSXIYH5HZ4JCEOEV23LY.jpg. This image was needed
because it showed how the American and Vietnamese soldiers worked together
throughout the war. It helped me understand the Vietnam war and the environment that
they had to go through, as well.
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U.S. Army Operations in Vietnam R.W. Trewyn, Ph.D. , (11) Huey Defoliation National
Archives: 111-CC-59948. This aided with understanding my topic more because I saw
how the environment of Vietnam was before Operation Ranch Hand took effect. It gave
me the background knowledge of Vietnam’s vegetation, that I was looking for. It was
extremely useful for trying to create a before and after image in my head.

“U.S. Begins Cleanup of Agent Orange in Da Nang.” Vietnam, vol. 25, no. 4, Dec. 2012, p. 8.
EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=86220155.
This was an interesting point that popped up when I was researching because it helped
me go deeper into the operation’s effects. There were cleanups that started after the end
of the operation, and it helps me understand my topic because I gained the knowledge of
knowing how hard it was to get rid of the herbicides from the grounds.

Vietnam War map, Addison Wesley Publishers, 2000.https://www.armstrong.edu/images/uploa

ds/history_journal/Vietnam0(1).jpg. This map was created digitally for the purpose of
showing where the separation between the North and South sides of Vietnam are. I was
able to use this to better understand the areas affected with Agent Orange. When I began
researching about Agent Orange, I learned that it was mostly South Vietnam that was
affect, being able to see the clear line that divided the two sides, improve my
understanding on the affected areas and cities.