Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Operations at
Towered Airports
There are two kinds of airports—those with an
operating control tower and those without. When a
part-time tower is closed, the airport is considered
nontowered. Every year, there are more than 40 million
arrivals and departures at FAA ATC towered airports.
Nearly half of these are general aviation operations.
arrivals and departures maintain two-way radio contact with ATC and obtain
clearances to land, taxi, and take off.
1
2
3
4 6
Airport/Facility Directory
P R O C E E D
Plan
Tune before
Organize
Have charts
Clearance
Get ATIS,
Exercise
Caution
Heed all taxiway
Expedite
When cleared
Depart
touch and go, low approach, or missed approach— tion, along with details on land and hold short
whatever you or an instructor aboard the aircraft operations, can be found in the (Airport/Facility
decides to do. Directory) listing for the airport. Configure the
• “Go around!” Abort the final approach! The tower airplane for a short-field landing if necessary, and
controller may issue the instructions, or the pilot fly a precise final approach airspeed. If you have
can state the fact. Unless otherwise instructed, the doubts about being able to comply with the
pilot should overfly the runway while climbing to hold-short restriction, inform the controller
traffic pattern altitude and reenter the pattern on a immediately. Don’t wait until you’re rolling out
crosswind leg. too fast and too far down the runway to stop
• “Contact....” Switch frequencies and communicate before the hold-short line.
with another specified controller.
• “Expedite....” Comply promptly to avoid a Nonstandard Procedures
conflicting situation. Be flexible. Controllers at busy airports use a variety of
• “Traffic….” Other aircraft are in your vicinity. For techniques to keep traffic flowing smoothly. You may be
example, “Traffic, nine o’clock, one-two miles, asked to:
southeast bound, one thousand feet below you.” • Fly a faster than normal final approach;
• “Report traffic/runway/airport in sight.” Advise • Extend your downwind;
the controller when you visually identify the other • Switch to another runway at the last minute;
aircraft, runway, or airport.
• “Land and hold short.” At busy airports with Safety Tip
intersecting runways, controllers often use more A clearance to “maintain runway heading” after
than one runway for arrivals and/or departures. takeoff means that you should maintain the compass
Be prepared for a controller to issue a “land and alignment of the departure runway, not track the
hold short” (LAHSO) restriction when flying to extended runway centerline. In other words, after
such an airport. You can ask the controller for the takeoff, do not make heading corrections to account
landing distance available to you. That informa- for wind drift.
Runway Incursion
Burbank, CA
A Piper PA-32 was issued a landing clearance on
Runway 8 and instructed to hold short of Runway
15. A Beech Baron was issued a landing clearance
on Runway 15. The Piper landed and continued
past the hold-short line, entering the runway
intersection. The Baron was unable to stop prior to
the Runway 8 hold-short bars, but did stop before
the Runway 8 edge line.
Sterile Cockpit
This is a term coined by the airlines to limit NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION
conversation topics to flight operations when pilot
work load is high—which, in high density airspace, can runway, and any special notes. (Many of the
be as far as 20 miles from an airport. Ask passengers to airlines provide notes and list restricted taxiways.)
avoid unnecessary conversation until safely out of the • The first officer communicates with ground control,
terminal area or parked on the ramp. They should, as while the captain taxis the aircraft. When
always, point out a potential hazard, but this is not the communicating with ATC, both pilots focus on
time to talk about how small the houses look. what is being said and no other cockpit duties are
accomplished during this time.
Arrival Procedures
A R R
ATIS
Before calling
Review
Turn on lights
V A L
Visual
Check
Look for
Arrival
Complete the
Landing
Clear the
approach or diagram, and ground when 5-10 miles traffic when before-landing runway ASAP.
tower controllers, anticipate the frequencies. out. Begin the approaching the checklist. Don’t switch
check ATIS, active runway, before-landing airport. Be Follow tower’s to ground
AWOS, or ASOS. and visualize checklist. accurate in your instructions for control until
your taxi route. position reports. landing. instructed.
Once you understand towered airport operating rules Our aircraft more than meets the minimum
and procedures and have thoroughly prepared, you equipment requirements for operating at a Class D
Arrival
We’re arriving from the east, and because of the traffic
congestion, we ask for and receive traffic advisories from
SoCal Approach Control. About 15 minutes east of our
destination, we tune LGB’s ATIS frequency on the
number-two radio and listen to the current report,
“Hotel,” while also monitoring the approach control
frequency on radio number one.
window on the number-one com, so we’re prepared
ATIS says that runways 25L, 25R, and 30 are active. for the handoff.
Separate tower frequencies are in effect for the north
and south runways. Because intersecting runways are “Long Beach Tower, Cessna Seven-Zero-Five-Eight
in use, we mentally prepare for a “land and hold Quebec, five east, inbound to Two-five Left.”
short” instruction. “Cessna Five-Eight Quebec, Long Beach Tower.
Make straight in Runway Two-five Left.”
About five miles east of the airport, we inform SoCal “Cleared for the straight-in to Two-five Left. Five-
Approach that we have Long Beach in sight, we have Eight Quebec.” Great! This is going to be easier than
ATIS information Hotel, and we’re requesting 25L, the we thought. We’ll be able to exit the runway right onto
runway most convenient to our destination on the the ramp where we’ll be parking to refuel. Then the
airport. The controller says to expect 25L and instructs tower controller throws us a curve.
us to switch to the Long Beach Tower—south “Cessna Five-Eight Quebec, change to Runway
frequency. We’ve already obtained the frequency from Two-five Right. I have an aircraft stopped on Two-five
the airport diagram page and loaded it in the standby Left. Contact tower one-two-zero point five.”
“Roger, contact tower on one-two-zero point
five. Five-Eight Quebec.” We don’t know what the
Safety Tip trouble is on 25L, but there’s no point in worrying
If you have difficulty with reading runway markings about it. As we bank into a right turn and then back
or airport signs at a particular airport, contact the to the left to line up with 25R, we tune the tower
airport manager and report the problem. Also file a frequency and check in. The tower controller is
report with NASA’s ASRS. Reporting forms can be ready for us.
obtained online (http://asrs.arc.nasa.gov/forms.htm) “Cessna Seven-Zero-Five-Eight Quebec, Runway
or by calling NASA at 650-969-3969. Two-five Right, cleared to land. Hold short Runway
Three-zero.”
A few seconds later, the ground controller instructs The first task is to get the current ATIS information.
us to “Cross Three-zero, then left on Bravo. Taxi south According to “India,” land and hold-short operations
on Bravo, hold short of Runway Two-five Left.” are still in effect for 25 Right and 30. Because LGB is
15-33 B
1
150’-wide taxiway shown
1
at holding positions
B
B 15-33
Runway Safety
7
15-APCH
mation on the signs may also be painted on the airport 15
ILS A
pavement. The following examples are described as if
5
4
7
1
6
1
4
5
Taxiway location sign: Indicates the taxiway you
A
3
are on.
15-APCH
Approach Area
5
7
9-2 departing on Runway 33.
3
5-2 A
Taxiway entrance at intersection of two runways (see
A left). You are on Taxiway A. The arrows pointing to
100’ spacing
Reproduced with permission of Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.
500’
C C
200’
Example of location
sign shown on far
side of intersection
1000’
1000’
C AA C Alternate array of
signs shown to
1400’
CA C illustrate sign
Taxiway intersection (see above). You are on Taxiway A. Steady Burning Red Lights
High Steady Burning White Lights
The orientation of these signs is from left to right in a Med. Steady Burning White Lights
clockwise manner. Left turn signs are on the left side of Sequenced Flashing White Lights
Threshold Lights
the location sign and right turn signs are on the right side
of the location sign. Approach light systems
VASI
are a configuration of
Red VASI Lights
No entry sign: Do not enter this area. Aircraft signal lights starting at the White VASI Lights
– are prohibited. This sign would be found at the
entrance to a one-way taxiway or at the
landing threshold and
extending into the
STANDARD (3-bar)