Managerial Mathematics: SQQM1023

input output
Function

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Example 1:

Ali invested a RM100 at a bank and earns simple interest rate at an annual

rate of 6%. The interest I (output) depends on the length of time t (input)

that the money is invested. Then it can be shown that interest and time are
related by the formula:

I = 100 (0.06) t

Where I is in RM and t is in years. For example; in the first year Ali will earns:

I = 100 (0.06)(1)
First year:
= RM 6 from his investment. t=1

How much will Ali earns if he invested his money for 10 years??

As we can see, the interest I (output) depends on the length of time t

(input) that Ali’s money is invested. To express this dependence, we say that

I “is a function of” t. Functional relations like this are usually specified by a
formula that shows what must be done to the input to find the output. We
can think of formula as defining “rule”:

multiply t by 100(0.06)

The rule assigns to each input number t exactly one output number I, which

we symbolize by the following arrow notation:

t I or t 100(0.06)t

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1.1INTRODUCTION TO FUCNTION

A function is a rule that assigns to each input

number exactly one output number

Independent variable - a variable that represents input numbers for a

function . Eg : t in example 1

Dependent variable - a variable that represents output numbers for a

function. Eg: I in example 1

Example 2:

Given y = x + 2 . Determine whether y is/isn’t a function of x?

Solution

• if x =1

• if x = −4

Therefore

∴ The rules define/not define y as a function of x .

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Example 3

Consider: y2 = x

Try to input x = 9 into the given function

Then,

Therefore

∴ The rule define/ do not define y as a function of x .?

1.1.1 FUNCTIONAL NOTATION

Usually the letters f , g , h, F , G and so on are used to represent function

rules. For example, the equation y = x + 2 defines y as a function of x,

suppose we let ƒ represent this rule ( add 2 to the input). Then we say ƒ is

the function. To indicate ƒ assigns the output 3 to the input 1, we write ƒ

(1) = 3, which is read “ƒ of 1 equals 3”.

Generally, if x is any input, we have the following notation:

ƒ (x)
(read as : “ƒ of x”)
means the output number that corresponds to the input number x.

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thus the output of ƒ (x) is the same as y. Therefore we may write the

equation y = x + 2 as:
y= ƒ (x) = x + 2
or simply

ƒ (x) = x + 2

Example 4:

a) Given a function f (x ) = x + 7 . What is the output

corresponds to the input x =1 or f (1) ?

Solution:

b) Find the value f (3) for the function f (x ) = 2 x − 1

Solution:

u+4
c) Given h(u ) = , find h(5), h(− 4 ) and
u
h(u − 4 )
Solution:

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 Managerial Mathematics: SQQM1023

 1 
d) Given f ( x ) = 4 , find f (4 ), f   and
 100 
f (x + 4)
Solution:

1.2 & 1.3 DOMAIN AND RANGE

For a function f defined by an expression with variable x, the implied

domain of f is the set of all real numbers variable x can take such that the
expression defining the function is real.

Domain : is a set consist of all valid input for a

given function

The range of f is the set of all values that the function takes when x takes
values in the domain.

Range : is a set of all valid output for a

given function (produce by the values in
the domain)

• There are two ways to determine the domain and the range of a
function :
a) from the graph sketches
b) Using Algebra

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a) Domain and range from the graph sketches.

Example 5: Example 6 :
y
y

x
x
2

Domain : { x Є R } Domain : {x >2}

Range : { y Є R} Range : {y >4}

Example 7: Example 8 :
y
y
5
Range

3
3
1
domain
2 4 x -1 x

Domain = { 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 } Domain = { x ≤ -1 }
Range = { 3 ≤ y ≤ 5 } Range = { y = 1, y > 3}

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Example 9 : Example 10 :
y y

4
4

2 2

x
0 1 2 3 0 4 8

Domain = { } Domain = { }
Range = { } Range = { }

1.2.1 & 1.3.1 TYPES OF FUNCTION AND ITS DOMAIN & RANGE

Types of Function

Constant Quadratic Absolute Rational

Function Function Function Function

Topic 3

Linear Polynomial Composite Square

Function /Cubic Function Root
Function Function
Topic 2
Exponential/
Logarithmic
Function

Topic 4

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A. Constant Function : y=k @ x=h

Example 10: y =5 Example 11: x = 50

y y
x = 50

5 y=5

0 x 0 50 x

Domain = { } Domain = { }
Range = { } Range = { }

B. Linear Function : y = mx + c
Example 12 : y = 2x + 4 Example 13 : y = -5x + 10

y y

4 10

-2 0 x 0 2 x

Domain = { } Domain = { }
Range = { } Range = { }

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C. Quadratic Function : y = ax2 + bx + c

Example 14 : y = x2 + 2x - 8 Example 15 : y = -x2 + 10x -21

y y
44

3 5 7

-4 -1 22

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Domain = { } Domain = { }
Range = { } Range = { }

D. Polynomial/Cubic Function y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d

Example 16 : y = x3 + 7 Example 17 : y = -x3 - 5
y
y

7
x
x

-5

Domain = { } Domain = { }
Range = { } Range = { }

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E. Absolute Function

Example 18: f(x) = | x-1|

The function could be separated into:

f(x) = |x-1|
(x-1) ; x ≥1
=
-(x-1) ; x<1

Graph: only consider the positive value for the output (y)
y

f(x) = 1-x f(x) = x-1

x
0 1

Domain = { }
Range = { }

EXERCISE 1:

Name each function and determine their domain:

a) f ( x ) = 7 (constant function)
Answer: Domain for f ( x ) = 7 is

b) y = 3x + 1(linear function)
Answer: Domain for y = 3x + 1 is

c) y = x 2 − 9 (quadratic function)

Answer: Domain for y = x 2 − 9 is

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d) f ( x ) = x3 + x − 1(polynomial/cubic function)

Answer: Domain for f ( x ) = x3 + x − 1 is

e) f ( x) = 5 x − 1

Answer: Domain for f ( x) = 5 x − 1 is

F . Composite Function
Example 19 : Example 20 :
2; x≥0 x+3 ; x>1
f(x) = f(x) = 1 ; -1<x <1
1; x<0 x ; x≤-1

y y

4
2

1
1
x
-1 1
x -1
0

Domain = { } Domain = { }
Range = { } Range = { }

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Example 21 :
x+3 ; x≠1
f(x) = 1 ; x=1

Domain = { }

4 Range = { }

1
x
1

EXERCISE 2:

1. Determine the domain for each composite function:

4 for x = 3
 2
 x for 1 ≤ x < 3
a) f(x) =

Domain = { }

3 for x≥2

− 3 for x<2
b) h(x) =

Domain = { }

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2. Given the function f(q),

 q, untuk − 1 ≤ q < 0

f (q ) = 3 − q, untuk 0 ≤ q < 3
 2
 2q , untuk 3 ≤ q < 5

determine;
1
a) f( − )
2

b) f(0)

c) f(2)

d) f(3)

e) f(4)

f) Domain for the function f(q)

Domain = { q : }

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G. Rational Function : f(x) = p(x)

q(x)

Example 23: f(x) = 2 p(x) - nominator

x+1 q(x) - denominator
2.1.2 JENIS-JENIS FUNGSI DAN GRAF
There are two ways to determine the domain for a rational function

1 : From the graph sketches y

1. Fungsi Malar
2. Fungsi Linear
3. Fungsi Kuadratik
4. Fungsi Polinomial Kubik
-1 0 x
5. Fungsi Rasional
6. Fungsi Punca Kuasa Dua
7. Fungsi Rencam
8. Fungsi Mutlak
Based on the graph, we can determine the domain and the range for
the given function,
Domain = { }
Range = { }

2 : Using Algebra
In order to produce an output for a rational function, the denominator
cannot be a zero (we cannot divide by 0). Therefore, the domain of a
rational functions can take any real numbers as an inputEXCEPT the
that make the denominator equal to 0.
2
1. FUNGSI MALAR f ( x) =
x +1 ≠0
Persamaan amnya ialah y=k
In order for us to determine the domain for a rational function, we need
Misalnya,
to find the values of x that make the denominator equal to zero
y=
these cannot be3an input ynumbers.

Thus we
Bentuk set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x ,
graf,
x+1 =0
y=3
x = -1

Therefore we have, the domain for the function f is all real numbers
EXCEPT -1 OR can be written as { }

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EXERCISE 3:
Determine the domain for each given function:

x+2
a) f(x) = 2
x − 81

3x − 1
b) h(x) =
2x + 5

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c) g(y) = y ( y + 1)( y − 2)

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H. Square Root Function : y= p (x) or y = ( p ( x)) 2

Example 23 : y = + x

1) From Graph Sketches :

y

Domain = { }
Range = { }

0 x

Example 24 : f ( x) = 6 x + 3 ≥0

2) Using algebra
6x + 3 is a real number if 6 x + 3 is greater or equal to 0.
If 6 x + 3 is negative, then 6 x + 3 is not a real number. (It is an
imaginary number).

Since function values must be real numbers, we must assume that,

6 x + 3 ≥ 0,
6 x ≥ −3
−1
x≥
2

Thus the domain for f is greater or equal to – ½ or can be written as

{ }

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EXERCISE 4:

Determine the domain for each given function:

a) h(x) = x−3

b) g(x) = 4x + 3

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c) f(x) =
2x − 8

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