Strategic Multiscale Science Engineering Society White Book January 2019

WHITE BOOK
STRATEGIC MULTISCALE
SCIENCE – ENGINEERING -
SOCIETY FRAMEWORK
Alessandro Formica
EuMaT Consultant
January 2019
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Table of Contents
1. INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING - SOCIETY
FRAMEWORK CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ARCHITECTURE………………………… PAG. 4
1.1 Framework Conceptsm Principles and Goals……………………………………………………… pag. 4
1.2 Framework Architecture and Qualification……………………..……………………………….. pag. 14
1.3 Strategic Multiscale Framework Selected Innovative Features…………………………………... pag. 21
1.4 New R&D and Cyberinfrastructure Trends: The US DoE View……..……………………………. pag. 35
1.5 Relationshps with other Integrated Multiscale Frameworks: The ICME Case………………….. pag. 40
1.6 Relationships with EMMC and TMS Views……………………………………………………. pag. 44
1.7 Large Scale EU, UK and US Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration Programs………… pag. 50
2. INTEGRATED PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FRAMEWORK……………. . PAG. 57

2.1 General Strategy…………………………………………………………………………….. pag.57
2.2 Integrated Information – Driven Strategic Multiscale Architectural R&D and Engineering
Analysis and Design Schemes and Strategies……………………………………………………. pag.59
3. INTEGRATED MULTISCALE SCIENCE-ENGINEERING (IMSE) FRAMEWORK…...................... PAG. 61
3.1 Architecture and Objectives………………………………………………………………… pag. 61
3.2 Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Management
System……………………………………………………………………………………………… pag. 62
3.3 Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Methodologies and Strategies…….. pag. 71
3.3.1 Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space……………………………………………. pag. 71
3.3.2 The Information Driven Concept and Analysis Scheme………………………………………... pag. 78
3.3.3 Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers……………… pag. 81
3.3.4 Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Experimentation, Testing and Sensing……………… pag. 85
3.3.5 A New “Digital Twin”: “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin”………………………………….. pag. 87
3.3.6 Integrated Information – Driven Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Analysis
And Design Schemes, Strategies and Environments………………………………..................... pag. 88
4. INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING - SOCIETY COLLABORATORY
CYBER - PHYSICAL –HUMAN FRAMEWORK………………………………………………………. PAG. 105
4.1 Structure and Objectives………………………………………………………………………… pag. 105
4.2 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering Society Architectural & Functional
Framework………………………………………………………………………………………………. pag. 108
4.3 Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Computing,
Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework…………………………………. . pag. 110
4.4 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Knowledge Integrators and
Multiplier Centers………………………………………………………………………………………... pag.115
4.5 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technologies and Systems Design Modeling and
Simulation Frameworks (or Virtual Multiscale Space-Time Machine)................................................... pag. 121
4.6 “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station”: A New Space Vision and Cultural
Policy for a Globalized World………………………………………………………………………….. pag. 131
4.6.1 Multiscale From Space To Earth Monitoring Programs………………………………………… pag. 141
5. INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE - BASED EDUCATION, INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK……………………………………………………………….. . PAG. 157
5.1 Introduction: Motivations for a New Frontier……………………………………………………..… pag. 157
5.2 Framework Reference Concepts and Environments………………………………………….…….. pag. 161
5.3 Framework Architecture……………………………………………………..……………………... pag. 165
5.4 Strategic Multiscale Science - Based “Language” Principles……………………………………… pag. 167
5.5 “Language” Implementation Structure ……………….……………………..................................... pag. 169
5.6 « Settings »……………………………………………………………………………………..……. p ag. 181
Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

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5.7 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………… pag. 186

5.8 Framework Application Areas…………………………………………………………………-……. pag. 187
5.8.1 Education Programs (Lessons, Lectures, Seminars and Courses)…………………................... pag 188
5.8.2 Training……………………………………………………………………………………………. pag. 191
5.8.3 Information and Communication Programs……………………………………………………… … p ag. 200
5.9 From Space To Earth Education, Information and Communication Framework…………………… pag. 205
6. INTEGRATED (STRATEGIC) MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEMS AND

PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TSPD)FRAMEWORK………….………………… ……………. PAG. 209
6.1 Architecture……………….……………...…………………………………………………….. …. pag. 209
6.2 Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided R&D, Engineering and Manufacturing and Processing
(SMCARDE-MP) Framework… ………………………………………….………………………..... pag. 210
6.2.1 Architecture…………………………………………………………………………………. . pag. 210
6.2.2 (Strategic)Multiscale Computer Aided Systems Design (MCASD)……………………… ... pag. 212
6.2.3 System-Environment Interactions and System Requirements Definition…………………......... … pag. 213
6.2.4 Strategic Multiscale Systems Engineering……………………………………………………....... pag. 214
6.2.5 Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Manufacturing and Processing…………................ pag. 220
6.2.6 Strategic Multiscale Environmental Monitoring and Impact Analysis …………............................ pag. 231
6.2.7 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering (or Science-Based) Testing………………… pag. 234
6.2.8 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Life Cycle Engineering Framework………………………………... pag. 241
7. INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE– ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND SOCIETAL
SYSTEMS DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TSDD) FRAMEWORK……….. …………………… PAG. 243
7.1 Challenges, Application Areas and Objectives……… ………………………………………… pag. 243
7.1.1 Challenges ………………………………………………………………………………………… pag. 243
7.1.2 Application Areas…………………………………………………………………………………… .pag. 253
7.1.3 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………. pag. 256
7.2 IMSE-TSDD Architecture and Functionalities ……………………………….………………… pag. 258
7.2.1 IMSE-TSDD Framework Application Context…………………………………………………... pag. 258
7.2.2 IMSE-TSDD Framework Architecture and Functionalities……………………………………….. pag. 265
7.2.3 Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Systems Modeling and Simulation Framework……………... pag. 275
7.2.4 Strategic Multiscale Environmental Analysis Framework………………………………………..... .pag. 298
7.3 EMPA : An Integrated Science – Engineering Approach to Civil and Infrastructural Issues.... pag. 307
7.4 MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment: MIT and CNRS Center………… pag. 317
8. STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES FRAMEWORK…….……… PAG. 322

Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. pag. 322
8.1 Architecture and Objectives …………………………………………………………………………. pag. 320
8.2 A New Frontier: "Science - Technology - Engineering - Politics - Society - Integration… …… pag. 323
8.2.1 The Present Scenario and Critical Challenges………….…………………………………………… pag. 323
8.2.2 Strategic Multiscale Society: A New Perspective for Democracy, Politics and
Society……………………………………………………………………………………………………... pag. 325
8.3. Strategic Value of the "Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Society" Framework for
Democracy, Politics and Society…………………………………………………………………………. .pag. 332
8.3.1 A New Science and Knowledge Based Governance Culture and System………………………….. pag. 332
8.3.2 The National State, Globalization and The "Supranational State”………………………………… pag. 338
8.3.3 A New Frontier for Globalization: Space……………………………………………………........... .pag. 340
About the author…………………………………………………………………………………………… pag. 341

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1. Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Sociey

Framework Concepts, Principles and Architecture
1.1 Framework Concepts, Principles and Goals
Key Goal
“Multiscale Science Based Design” of Complex Systems and
related R&D and Engineering Design Processes
The Framework, introduces a new “Strategic Multiscale” Concept and Application
Environment which has been conceived to deal with new highly Demanding and
Complex Industrial, Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological and Socio-Economic
Scenarios. The New “Strategic Multiscale” Concept and the related Application
Strategies allow Researchers, Engineers and Managers to “Design” in a more
comprehensive and effective way, with respect today approaches, the Global
Architecture, Structure and Organization of ever more Complex Innovative
Industrial and Societal R&D and Engineering Projects & Programs and the
related Science – Engineering Cyber and Physical Infrastructures.
The Framework is conceived and structured in such a way as to integrate a

wide spectrum of Mathematical and Methodological (AI, Data Analytics,
Machine Learning, Modeling and Simulation Methods and Techniques,..)
Advances as described in the TMS and EMMC documents analyzed in the
Paragraph 1.6.

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The Complexity Challenge

Industrial and Societal Innovation and Development in the New Highly
Complex Technological, Engineering and Societal Scenario
The Strategic Multiscale Framework has been conceived to deal with challenges created by a new
generation of increasingly Complex, Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary R&D and Engineering
Projects (what is defined, in the International scenario: “The Convergence World”) in a wide
range of Industrial, Environmental and Societal fields:
A) Integrating several scientific, technological and engineering entities, areas and disciplines:
 a.1) Scientific Domains: Physics, Chemictry, Biology, Biochemistry,..,..
 a.2) Science - Engineering – Society (R&D and Engineering Development Phases and Scales: From
Atoms to Systems and Systems of Systems): Science (Basic and Applied Research) - Technology -
Engineering - Manufacturing - Societal Systems Dynamics
 a.3) Organizations, Strategies, Policies and Objectives
 a.4) Methodological Sectors: Computation, Experimentation, Imaging (Biomedicine), Testing and
Sensing
B) Designing Complex Unified R&D and Engineering Projects and Strategies to effectively manage
the ever larger amount of data, information and knowledge, resources and entities involved in the New
Generation of Projects.
C) Creating the right integrated environment (Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Computing,
Information and Communication Cyber Framework) to implement complex strategies and a continuous
multidirectional transfer of knowledge, experiences, strategies results, new project ideas and objectives
among Academia, Industry, Public and Societal Entities
D) Designing new Education, Information and Communication “Languages” and Environments as a
fundamental basic condition to shape the needed new “ Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Culture” for
the “Convergence Scenario”
E) Integrating Science – Engineering – Society – Political and Administrative Environments and

Strategies as a fundamental condition to develop and shape a new Science – Based Democracy
Challenges A), B) and C) are directly addressed by the “Integrated strategic) Multiscale Science –
Engineering” (IMSE) Framework, Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Cyber &
Physical Framework, the, “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Technologies and
Systems Development (IMSE-TSPD) Framework, the, “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering Technologies and Systems Design and Development” (IMSE—TSDD) Framework
Challenge D) is directly addressed by the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-based Education,
Training, Information and Communication Framework”. Challenge E) is addressed by the “Strategic
Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Society
Relationships between Challenges and Strategic Multiscale Framework features and issues:
A+B) Integrating and Designing Complex Unified Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering
Tasks and Strategies
 Multiscale Data, Information and Knowledge Analysis and Management System
 Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering Analysis and Design Methods and Environments
 Multiscale Science Engineering Information Space
 The Information Driven Concept and Analysis Scheme

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 Multiscale Modeling & Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers

 Integration Strategy Maps
 Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Testing, Experimentation and Sensing
 Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis Schemes and Strategies
 R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes Architectural Modeling and Design
 Virtual Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Development Modeling Framework
 R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes Hierarchical Architecture Analysis and Design
Framework
C) Creating a New Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Infrastructural,

Operational and Management integrated environment
 Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multipartner Science - Engineering - Society Cyber Framework
 Multiscale Science - Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier (KIM) Computing Information
Communication Infrastructural Framework
 Virtual Multiscale Innovative Research, Technology and Systems Development Framework
D) Designing new Strategic Multiscale Education, Training, Information and Communication
“Languages” and Environments
 Multiscale Science - Based Education, Training, Information and Communication “Language” and
Framework
E) Designing New Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Society Environments and
Governmental Strategies

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An Evolving Scenario
The definition of the new “Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME)” and the
“Integrated Compuitational Materials Science Engineering (ICMSE)” Frameworks and the
launch of the US Presidential Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) and several European
Multiscale Programs put the bases for a wide Industrial Application of Multiscale Science –
Engineering Integration Strategies and Frameworks to Innovation and Society Developments.
This conceptual scenario sets the bases for a “Strategic” approach to Multiscale. The writer,
synthesizing multiyear interactions and cooperations with some of the most important
industrial and research Italian, European and International Entities, and taking advantage of
his participation in the European Technology Platform for Advanced Engineering Materials
and Technologies (EuMaT) Platform has developed a new Integrated Strategic Multiscale
Framework which is characterized by several innovations compared to current programs and
projects incorporating, at the same time, their most significant elements and achievements.
Along these “Development Lines” , the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society
Framework” introduces new ideas, methods and concepts to make a step forward:
A) New Reference Concept: Strategic Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge
Integrators and Multipliers and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering
Methodologies (Computational, Experimental, Imaging and Sensing) and Knowledge
Domains. This New Concept extends the “Model” Concept to the Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing Worlds overcoming traditional Methodological
subdivisions and allowing for new Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing integrated strategies. This New Concept allows us to go beyond the classical
“Virtual Prototyping” Concept and Strategy
B) New Reference Principle: “Strategic Multiscale” (evolution of the classical
“Multiscale” Concept) which “structurally” incorporate the New Reference Concept.
“Strategic Multiscale” is a key element to establish a bridge between Science,
Engineering and Society to improve in a significant way R&D and Engineering
Organization and Strategies.
C) New Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Cyber Science – Engineering – Society
Infrastructure for Innovation: The “Strategic Multiscale Framework” defines a
“Comprehensive Theoretical and Methodological Environment” to design and implement a
New Generation of Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Strategies. This new
Scenario puts Multiscale Computational Frameworks and High Performance Computing at the
center of the R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing World even more than classical “Virtual”
concepts and approaches can do. Strategic Multiscale Modeling and Simulation become
“Pivotal” and “Integration” Elements for R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Strategies
overcoming classical divisions between the Computational and the Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing Areas.

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This new Strategic Multiscale Framework allows scientits, politicians, designers and
managers to
 develop a “Unified Vision” of the several aspects and processes which characterize
the design and the operational management of modern Technological, Industrial,
Infrastructrural and Socio-Economic Systems and Environments.
 transfer in a coordinated and organics way scientific achievements inside new

technology, Industrial and Societal Systems and Production Processes to
ensure a continuous sustainable progress for Industry and Society.
 design a new Integrated Platform to conceive, design, implement and manage

Reserch, Technology Development, Engineering, and Manufacturing Innovation for a
wide range of fields applying “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Strategies” avoiding, in such a way, useless efforts duplication and resources
dispersion and allowing for an easy transfer of achievements and knowledge from a
sector to the other ones. Thse new “Integrated Platforms” can integrate, inside a
coherent conceptual and application context, the most advanced AI, Data Analytics,
Machine Learning, Computational, Robotics and Cyberinfrastructural developments.
 Design complex “Integrated Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multi-Area Programs

and Projects” (Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4)
 implement a new “Analysis, Design and Development” Strategy which can be

referred to as “From Atoms To Systems and Society”: outlining new ways to
design innovative more performant “Hierarchical Multiscale Science – Based”
Materials, Systems, Manufacturing Processes, Industrial, Societal and Ecological
Systems meeting ever more tight operational, safety and environmental requirements
 Design new “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based” Education, Information and

Communication Frameworks and Programs to:
 educate and train a new generation of researchers, designers, industry workforce
and management generation able to take full advantage of the new R&D and
Engineering/Manufacturing trends and achievements and apply them in a timely
and effective fashion.
 raising awareness of citizens and public administrators and managers about the
relevance of scientific and technological advances on every aspect of the industrial
and Societal progress
 Design New Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Societies that

apply Multiscale Science – Based Methods, Strategies and Environments to
improve Governmental and Administrative Policies efficiency and effectiveness

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Strategic Multiscale Framework Goals:

Addressing the “ Society Complexity Challenge”
A) “Implement” New Integrated R&D and Engineering Methods and Strategies to Design and
Control a New Generation of ever more “Complex” and Multisectoral “Integrated” Industrial,
Civil and Societal Systems.
B) “Design” the “Global Architecture” of ever more “Complex” Multidisciplinary R&D and
Engineering Programs and Projects in order to integrate, according to “Unified Strrategies,” a
wide range of Multidiscioplinary Scientific and Engineering Resources.
C) “Design” the “Global Architecture” and the related Operational Modes and Strategies of
Multidisciplinary Multiscale R&D and Engineering Cyber, Physical and Human Infrastructures
which integrate an ever increasingly wide spectrum of methodologies,
technologies and knowledge.
The new Framework synthesizes, in an innovative way, a wide range of European and
International results and experiences (The Paragraph 1.6 gives a synthetic overview of the
present Multiscale Scenario that has represented the Fundamental Scientific basis the New
Framework has been developed upon)
Strategic Multiscale Framework Objectives
 Dealing with the R&D and Engineering Complexity Challenge: Designing the
“R&D and Design” Process to deal in a more effective way with ever more Complex and
Challenging R&D and Engineering Projects and Programs in order to Timely Develop and
Implement Innovative Products, Systems and Processes keeping Development Costs and Risks
under control
 Innovation and Development: A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Cyber –
Physical R&D and Engineering Environments which integrate, inside a Unified Coceptual,
Methodological and Implementation Context, the whole spectrum of Analytical (Data Analysis,
Artificl Intelligence, Machine Learning,..) Methods and Techniques to design and implement
Integrated Multiscale Programs to “Design” and “Implement” Innovative Multiscale Science –
Engineering – Society for Industry and Society Innovation and Development
 Continuos improvement of R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing methods
and application schemes: the Strategic Multiscale Framework is organized in such a way
as to allow for a progressive Integration of New Knowledge, Methods (AI, Machine Learning, Data
Analytics,..) Schemes and Strategies in a wide range of fields without structural modifications.
This is an important feature to keep the Frameworks continuously up to date
 Integrability with other Frameworks: Strategic Multiscale Environments, Methods,
Schemes and Strategies can be Integrated inside other more conventional Frameworks and, at the
same time, they can incorporate existing Environments
 Design and Implementation of A New Integrated Multiscale Science-
Engineering Education, Training, Information and Communication
Frameworks : to form a new generation of Citizens, Researchers, Professionals (Any Field),
Public and Private Managers, Politicians and Administrators able to take full advantage of the
potentialities of innovative R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes, Strategies and
Environments in a wide range of sectors: A Strategic Resource for Industry and Society

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Innovation and Skepticism

«Don’t bother me with new ideas I’ve got a battle to fight»
J.C Charpentier Past European Federation of Chemical Engineering
President

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Strategic Multiscale Origins and Foundations
In mid of nineties several researchers in the Chemical Engineering field (Sapre and Katzer, Lerou, Ka, Ng, and
Villermaux) and the author of this document (Alessandro Formica) inside the HPC field, highlighted the need of
a comprehensive multiscale approach as a key strategy to establish a new “Unifying Paradigm” to enable a
better correlation between scientific and engineering advances and knowledge domains. Later on, Prof.
Charpentier, past European Federation of Chemical Engineering President, illustrated similar concepts.
Considerations highlighted by Prof. Charpentier can be applied to a wide range of Engineering and
Manufacturing fields outside the Chemical Engineering context.
Multiscale as “Unifying Paradigm for Chemical Engineering

Prof. Charpentier, past European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE) President, at the 6th
World Congress of Chemical Engineering - Melbourne 2001, described his Vision of Multiscale as
“Strategic Paradigm” for Chemical Engineering. We report his words :
“One key to survival in globalization of trade and competition, including needs and challenges, is the
ability of chemical engineering to cope with the society and economic problems encountered in the
chemical and related process industries. It appears that the necessary progress will be achieved via a
multidisciplinary and time and length multiscale integrated approach to satisfy both the market
requirements for specific end use properties and the environmental and society constraints of the
industrial processes and the associated services.
This concerns four main objectives for engineers and researchers:
(a) total multiscale control of the process (or procedure) to increase selectivity and productivity,
b) design of novel equipment based on scientific principles and new methods of production: process
intensification,
(c) manufacturing end-use properties for product design: the triplet ‘processus-product-process’
engineering,
(d) implementation of multiscale application of computational modeling and simulation to real-life
situations: from the molecular scale to the overall complex production scale.”
Considerations highlighted by Prof. Charpentier can be applied to a wide range of R&D and Engineering and
Manufacturing fields outside the Chemical Engineering context
In 2013 the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to three scientists for the development of Multiscale
Models for Complex Chemical Systems has confirmed the relevance of Multiscale for Science and helped to
create the optimal intellectual and scientific context to introduce high level Projects and Initiatives in the
“Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration“ field: “The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013 to Martin Karplus of Université de Strasbourg, France and Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Michael Levitt of Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA;
and Arieh Warshel of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA "for the development of
multiscale models for complex chemical systems”
The 2016 Nobel Prize to “Molecular Machines” establishes a new important scientific basis (after the
development of Nanotechnology) for a new Technological, Engineering and Manufacturing trend referred to
as “From Atoms to Products or “From Atoms To Applications”. The term “Multiscale Science – Engineering
- Society Integration” refers to the Frameworks and related Implementation Strategies needed to implement
this Vision and its Developments.

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Multiscale Science – Engineering Strategy is beginning to influence the organization

of R&D Centers
iMUST (institute for Multiscale Science & Technology)

The atom to the object : materials, mechanism, multiscale, multi sciences. The service
of technological innovation.
Partners: Université de Lyon – CNRS - INSA-Lyon - Univ Lyon 1 - ENS Lyon - Centrale Lyon -
CPE Lyon
The Labex iMUST aims at encouraging multi-disciplinary & multi-scale research, to tackle and solve
challenging problems in materials science and environmentally sustainable technologies. iMUST
brings together skills and expertise developed in the fields of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering to
address two fundamental topics: i) materials and processes and ii) clean technologies.
Competence and expertise
Catalysis and catalytic processes. Lyon is a world-wide renowned place for catalysis and catalytic
processes and owes its reputation to an exceptional scientific and industrial environment, with the
largest academic & industrial research centers concentration in France.
Functional materials. The partners have well recognized expertise in design of new optical materials
and nanomaterials mostly using bottom-up approaches, their characterization with high temporal and
spatial resolution, and their applications, including biomedical ones.
Multiscale fluids. iMUST gathers groups with world-wide reputation in turbulence, macro to nano
scale hydrodynamics and functional fluids, with both fundamental and engineering perspectives. It
includes the key area of micro and nano fluidics, nano size engineering and macro-scale behaviors.
Modeling. The participants have a renowned expertise in multi scale simulations: ab-initio methods
and molecular dynamics at atomic to molecular scales, phase field, lattice Boltzmann and level-set
methods for supra-molecular structure of complex materials and continuum dynamics and various
computational methods at the micro to macroscopic scales.
Instrumentation. The IMUST partners have developed new methods for multiscale investigation and
imaging of solids, fluids, nanomaterials, and individual nano object. They include high spatial and
temporal resolution optical spectroscopies, nano force measurement apparatus, X-ray or electron beam
tomographies, solid state NMR and dynamical polarization, new methods of analytical chemistry, and
nano object manipulation tools.
Collaborations :
Competitive clusters : AXELERA, LUTB, Plastipolis
Companies and Centers: IFPEN, CEA, Saint Gobain, Solvay, Rhodia groupe Solvay, SKF, Lafarge,
Bluestar Silicones, Total, BASF, Areva, Arkema …

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“Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society

Framework” Application Areas
A) INDUSTRY: FROM ATOMS TO PRODUCTS

TARGET: CREATING A NEW COOPERATIVE RESEARCH - INDUSTRY - SOCIETY
PLATFORM FOR A NEW GENERATION OF INNOVATIVE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AND
SYSTEMS
REFERENCE FRAMEWORK: "INTEGRATED MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TPPD)
FRAMEWORK"
B) SOCIETY: FROM ATOMS TO SOCIETY

TARGET: A NEW GENERATION OF INTEGRATED SCIENCE - ENGINEERING DESIGN
AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE TERRITORY: THE NEW FRONTIER OF
SMART CITIES AND SMART REGIONS
REFERENCE FRAMEWORK: "INTEGRATED MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TSDD)
FRAMEWORK"
C) EDUCATION: FROM ATOMS TO KNOWLEDGE

TARGET: A NEW GENERATION OF EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION METHODS; STRATEGIES AND ENVIRONMENTS WHICH
STRUCTURALLY INCORPORATE THE LAST SCIENTIFIC AND MODELING &
SIMULATION ADVANCES
FRAMEWORK: “INTEGRATED MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED EDUCATION

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK"
D) GOVERNMENT: FROM ATOMS TO DEMOCRACY

TARGET: A NEW GENERATION OF CONCEPTS, METHODS AND ENVIRONMENTS
FOR NEW MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY GOVERNANCE
STRATEGIES
FRAMEWORK: “STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES FRAMEWORK”

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1.2 FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE AND QUALIFICATION
The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Framework” also referred to as

“Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework” is constituted by the following
interconnected Frameworks:
a) A basic Conceptual and Methodological Analysis, Development and Design Framework

which “Inform” all the o Cyber - Physical Infrastructural and Applicative Framework “ we
refer to as “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering” (IMSE) Framework (Chapter 2)
which allows to:
 design “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis and Design” Schemes,
Strategies and Environments. The “Integrated Multiscale (ISMSE) Framework” defines a
“Comprehensive Theoretical and Methodological Environment” to design and implement a New
Generation of Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Technology, Engineering and
Manufacturing Environments and Strategies where Multiscale Modeling and Simulation become
overcoming classical divisions between the Computational and the Experimental, Testing and
Sensing Areas
 design new Organization Schemes for Data, Information and Knowledge: Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Maps and Knowledge Domains
b) An Integrated Strategic Multiscale Cyber – Physical Infrastructural Framework which,

structurally embodying the IMSE Framework, represents the “Common” Cooperative
Operational and Development Context for all the “Applicative Frameworks” we refer to as
“Strategic Multiscale Earth and Space (or From Space To Earth) Science – Engineering – Society
Cyber and Physical Framework” (Chapter 3)
Four Applicative Frameworks:

c) An Education, Information and Communication Framework for a New Strategic
Multiscale Science – Based Society Scientist, Engineer, Citizen, Worker, Professional,
Manager and Politician we refer to as “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based
Education, Information And Communication Framework” (Chapter 4)
d) A Framework to Develop, Design and Manufacture Innovative Technology Products
and Industrial Systems we refer to as Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale Science – Engineering
Technologies, Products and Processes Development (IMSE-TSPD) Framework (Chapter 5)
e) A Framework to Develop, Design and Implement Innovative Societal (Civil,
Infrastructural, Industrial Agricultural, Environmental, Socio-Economic) Systems we
refer to as “Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale Science – Engineering Technologies and Systems Design
and Development (IMSE-TSDD) Framework” (Chapter 6): the IMSE-TSPD and the IMSE-TSDD
Frameworks are directly interconnected and integrated.
f) A Framework to Apply in a “Systematic Way” Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering Methods To improve Government and Administrative Organization and
Strategies we refer to as “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Society Environments
and Governmental Strategies Framework”
All the Frameworks are interconnected and interoperable

15
Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society

Framework Architecture
Integrated Programs and Projects Architectural Design

Architectural Analysis and Design of Complex Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering -
Society Programs and Projects
Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale Science – Engineering (IMSE) Framework

Basic Conceptual and Methodological Environment for Analysis and Design of R&D and Engineering
Processes
3
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Cyber and Physical Framework”
Cooperative Environment Integrating CIC (Computing, Information and Communication)Systems
with Science – Engineering Theoretical, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
Resources to develop Integrated Strategies for Industrial and Societal Systems Innovation and
Design
Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Education, Information and Communication
Framework
A New Integrated Framework which, for the first time, applies, in a sistematic way, the Strategic
Multiscale concept and methods to a wide range of Education, Information and Communication
Fields to structurally change “Languages” and Application Schemes to “shape” a New
Generation of Scientists, Engineers, Citizens, Workers, Professionals, Managers and Politicians
Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale Science – Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale Science–

Engineering Technologies, Products and Engineering Technologies and Systems
Processes Development (IMSE-TSPD) Design and Development (IMSE-TSDD)
Framework Framework
 Development And Design of a New  Development, Design and Implementation
Generation of Technologies, Materials, of a New Generation of “Science-Based”
Devices, Products, Systems and related Integrated Civil, Infrastructural,
Implementation Processes Ecological, Industrial and Socio-Economic
Systems
“Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Society Environments and

Governmental Strategies Framework”
A New Integrated Conceptual and Methodological Context to apply Strategic Multiscale
Concepts, Methods and Strastegies to design new Democratic Governmental Organizations
and Strategies to deal in an innovative way with the most critical socio-economic, industrial
and ecological issues

16
Innovative Concepts, Methods and Strategies
The theoretical and methodological basis of the Strategic Multiscale Framework is constituted
by a set of new concepts, methods and strategies with respect to the present European and
US Programs and Initiatives:
 The extension of the “Model” concept to the Experimentation, Testing and Sensing Fields, giving a
new meaning to the “Virtual Engineering and Manufacturing” concept and approach. In this
context, a new “Vision” of Multiscale Modeling & Simulation as “Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers” and “Unifying Paradigm” for Scientific and Engineering (Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing) Methodologies , Techniques and Knowledge Domains has
been defined. Strategic Multiscale Modeling and Simulation integrate, inside a coherent
conceptual, methodological and application context the full spectrum of scientific and engineering
methodological and technological (analytical, computational, experimental, characterization,
testing and sensing) approaches and related knowledge environments.
 The “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” concept to integrate data, information

and knowledge from computational models and methods and experimental, characterization,
testing and sensing models and techniques to assess the related “Information Potentialities”.
 The “Information Driven Analysis” concept and scheme which, together with the “Multiscale
Science – Engineering Information Space” concept is a key element to shape Methodologically
Integrated (Rational Integration of Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing, and
Sensing) R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Analysis and Design Strategies, following the
Strategic Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” concept
and application scheme.
 New Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Management
Systems based upon the Multiscale Maps and Multiscale Knowledge Domains concepts and
environments.
 New Strategic Multiscale Environments to Model and Simulate the Technology Development,
Engineering/Manufacturing and Societal Application Processes: Virtual Strategic Multiscale
Innovative Technology and Systems Development Framework
 New tools to “Design” the Architecture of the R&D and Engineering Processes
 New Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication
“Languages” and Frameworks which structurally incorporate Multiscale (or to better say Strategic
Multiscale).

17
Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Framework

Structure
 PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FRAMEWORK
 INTEGRATED (STRATEGIC) MULTISCALE SCIENCE-ENGINEERING (IMSE) FRAMEWORK
 Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Management
System
 Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Methodologies and Strategies

 Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space
 The Information Driven Concept and Analysis Scheme
 Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers
 Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Experimentation, Testing and Sensing
 Integrated Information-Driven Strategic Multiscale Architectural R&D and Engineering Analysis and
Design Schemes, Strategies and Environments
 A New “Digital Twin” Version: “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin”
 INTEGRATED EARTH AND SPACE (OR FROM SPACE TO EARTH) STRATEGIC MULTISCALE
SCIENCE - ENGINEERING CYBER & PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK
 Architecture and Objectives
 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering – Society Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary R&D, Design and Innovative Developments Framework
 Multiscale Science-Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Computing, Information
and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Development Modeling and
Simulation Framework (or Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Machine)
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering - Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier
Centers
 “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station (or Center)”: A New “From Space To
Earth” Resource for a Globalized World
 INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED EDUCATION, TRAINING,

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK
 Strategic Multiscale Science – Based “Language” Concepts and Principles
 Application Areas
 University Education Programs (Lessons, Lectures, Seminars)
 Information and Communication Programs
 Information Programs
 Documentaries
 Meetings
 Conferences
 University – Industry -Public Bodies – Society” Communication Environments and Programs
 Strategic Multiscale Webs
 Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Programs for Training
 From Space To Earth Education, Information and Communication Framework

18
 INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES,

PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TSPD) FRAMEWORK
Framework Architecture:
 IMSE Framework
 “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Cyber and Physical
Framework”
 Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided R&D, Engineering and Manufacturing &
Processing (CARDE-MP) Framework
 Architecture and Objectives
 Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided Systems Design (SMCASD)
 System-Environment Interactions and System Requirements Definition
 Strategic Multiscale Systems Engineering
 Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Computer Aided Manufacturing and Processing (SMCAMP)
 Strategic Multiscale Environmental Monitoring and Impact Analysis Framework
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering (or Science-Based) Testing Framework
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Life Cycle Engineering Framework

 INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE– ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND

SYSTEMS DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TSDD) FRAMEWORK
Framework Architecture:
 IMSE Framework
 “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Cyber and Physical
Framework”
Processing (SMCARDE-MP) Framework to design new technological, engineering and
manufacturing solutions for Civil, Infrastructural, Agricultural and Ecological Systems
 Integrated Strategic Multiscale Societal Systems Design and Development (ISMSDD)
Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Societal Systems Architectural Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Systems Modeling and Simulation Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Science Based Earth Observation/Monitoring and Dynamics Analysis
 Strategic Multiscale Analysis and Design of Complex Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological and Socio-
Economic Systems
 EMPA : An Integrated Science – Engineering Approach to Civil and Infrastructural Issues
 MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment: MIT and CNRS Center

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 STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED DEMOCRATIC ENVIRONMENTS AND

GOVERNMENTAL STRATEGIES
 This Framework integrates and it takes full advantage of the “ISMSE Framework”,
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Cyber and Physical
Framework”, “IMSE-TSPD Framework” , ”IMSE-TSDD Framework” and the
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and
Communication Framework”
 Framework Architecture
 A New Frontier: "Science – Technology - Engineering – Politics - Society - Integration“
 Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Society: A New Perspective for Democracy, Politics and Society
 A New Science and Knowledge Based Governance Culture and System
 The National State, Globalization and The "Supranational State”
 A New Frontier for Globalization: Space
All the Frameworks are interrelated and interoperable and they share a
common “Conceptual and Methodological Context” represented by the
“IMSE Framework”

20
Framework Qualification: The EUMAT Vision

We report hereinafter an excerpt from the EUMAT Strategic Research Agenda Executive Summary
2017. It is interesting to highlight that all the quoted “Challenges” related to “Modelling and Multiscale”
(Working Group 1) can be directly linked to Concepts, Methods and Frameworks which represent “Key
Elements” of the “Multiscale Science – Based Framework”:
 Data, information and knowledge analysis and management systems (White Book Paragraph 2.1)
 Integrating Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis and Design Methods and Environments
(White Book Paragraph 2.2)
 Modelling and Design R&D Architecture, Product Engineering / Manufacturing Process and
Business Design Support Systems (White Book Paragraphs 3.6 and 3.7)
 Modelling information potential, strategy (White Book Paragraph 2.2.1) and integration of the
information in a market platform (White Book Chapter 4)
The European Technology Platform for Advanced
Engineering Materials and Technologies – EuMaT
Strategic Research Agenda
3rd Edition – 2017
Executive Summary
Modelling and Multiscale (Working Group 1)
Challenges
 Data, information and knowledge analysis and management systems
Database should be elaborated to catalogue existing knowledge including simulations (metadata on
codes, data input and output), materials properties (input data and model output) and characterization
data (database on testing conditions, measurement results, protocols, equipment and simulations)
building the interphase between materials modellers and experimentalists and establishing the links
with standardization.
 Integrating Multiscale Science-Engineering Analysis and Design Methods and Environments

Predictive tools are needed to create hypothetic scenarios for a decision making process. Since many
models need experimental results for their initialization, validation should include sensitivities of the
validation against experimental uncertainties that can be transformed into reliability analysis of the
solution generated by modelling workflows. Relieved qualitative trends from modeling are useful for
manufacturers but quantitative data will be the future goal.
 Modelling and Design R&D Architecture, Product Engineering / Manufacturing Process and
Business Design Support Systems
The combined and iterative use of modelling, simulation, experimentation, testing, characterization and
sensing in a methodologically integrated multiscale strategy and related environments can increase the
range of validity of the models outside the testing validation range, improving the effectiveness of
validation techniques. This reflects the need to integrate and couple both experiments and simulation
into a common platform necessary for industry 4.0, assuring the interoperability between the tools.
Workflows, standards for data and models, as well as experiments.
 Modelling information potential, strategy and integration of the information in a market

platform
The role of the translators is to transfer the industrial problems to modellers’ questions, and it is
necessary to create the platform that integrate the different elements and assure the training and
communication “language” framework

21
1.3 Strategic Multiscale Framework Selected Innovative

Features
1) A New Integrated Earth and Space (or From Space To Earth) Cyber –
Physical Infrastructural Environment For an Innovative and Ecological
Compliant Industrial and Socio-Economic Development
Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space

Cyber & Physical Framework for Systems Innovation, Design and Development
This Framework represents a new “Integrated Multiscale Science – Based Cyber &
Physical Environment” for Industrial and Societal Systems Research, Technology Development,
Design, Implementation, Monitoring and Control. The Framework is based upon the new central
concept of “Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers” and “Unifying Paradigm” for the full spectrum of Scientific and Engineering (analytical,
Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing) Methodologies.
From "Virtual Prototyping"

To
"Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Innovation"
The New Framework can synergistically integrate all the available Mathematical, Modelling &
Simulation and Technological (Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing, Computing,
Information and Communication) Resources inside a
“ Unified Multiscale Multifunctional Planning, Design and Application Strategic Platform”
Fig. 1 (from US Department of Energy) Multiscale Science Engineering Cyber Infrastructure linking a wide
spectrum of Facilities and Centers. Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Methods and
Strategies allow to manage all these Resources in a more effectively way than traditional approaches.

22
Key Elements:
A. A New Generation of Computational Centers referred to as “Strategic Multiscale
Computational Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Centers”
These Centers would be based upon the new central concept of “Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling and
Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and “Unifying Paradigm” for the full spectrum of
Scientific and Engineering Knowledge Domains and (analytical, Experimental, Characterization, Testing,
Sensing) Methodologies. A “multi – way” partnership among the new envisaged Computational Centers and
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Centers, Systems and Facilities is a distinguishing feature
of this new vision. In this context, Computational Centers, following the “Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers” view will become a key node and catalyst of multiple interaction patterns between the
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Worlds. Significant technological advances allow to design
and implement remote control techniques for Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing systems.
Accordingly, new Computational Centers can easily interact with extended Virtual Distributed Environments
which integrate a wide spectrum of equipments and facilities allowing for a network of multiple cooperations.
The Center will become a “Portal” to Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Knowledge Integrator and
Multiplier University – Research – Industry – Society Cooperative Environment
New previously illustrated concepts, methods and frameworks lead to a new set of Functionalities for the
Centres:
 Integrated Environments for jointly (cooperating with Analytical, Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing, Teams) “Designing” Integrated Computational and Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing Frameworks and Strategies
 Integrated Environments for the construction of Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering –
Society “Knowledge Domains” which turn Data coming from a full spectrum of scientific and engineering
sources (data bases, computations, analytical formulations, experimentation, testing and Sensing) into
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Knowledge Domains
 Integrated Environments for the Development and Validation of advanced Multiscale Computational Models
and Frameworks
This new kind of Center allows for a systematic transfer of scientific knowledge inside engineering models,
practices and strategies and they will foster a timely and effectively application of the most advanced scientific
achievements. The knowledge get by a combined use of an extended spectrum of scientific computational,
experimental, characterization, testing and sensing models and techniques, in the context of a Strategic
Multiscale analysis scheme, allows us to build an interlinked hierarchy of analytical and computational models
at several levels of abstraction and fidelity to be applied to different tasks according to a global strategy. The
Models Hierarchy can be regarded as a synthesis and integration of science and engineering.
The Centers offer scientists, researchers, public and private managers, politicians and citizens a “unified context”
to better understand the complex pattern of relationships and interdependencies between civil, agricultural and
infrastructural (transport, energy, industrial plants, communication,….) systems and health, safety,
environmental and climatological issues and challenges (sustainable development). The new Center synthesizes
widely scattered efforts and allows to forge more effective “unified strategies” to deal with tightly interrelated
problems of increasing complexities

23
B. A New Generation of Cyberinfrastructures referred to as “Strategic Multiscale

Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering – Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier (KIM)
Cyberinfrastructures”
The term “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” spurs from the previously quoted New Vision of Modeling
and Simulation. New Cyberinfrastructures represent the “Infrastructural and Technological Layer” for the
“Strategic Modeling and Multiscale Framework”:
 Scale integration (Multiscale Science and Engineering Integration) involving teams inside University,
Research Centres, Industry, dealing with research and engineering issues at different scales and resolution
levels. The design and implementation of Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Cyberinfrastructures or
GRIDs can give a real boost to the development of Multiscale Multiresolution Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing technologies, procedures and strategies.
 Data, Information and Knowledge Integration: integration of data, information and knowledge from a full
spectrum of sources: theory, experimentation, characterization testing and sensing) to build Strategic
Multiscale Multiphysics Science – Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Data Bases (se Paragraph
2.1 Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Management System)
 Teams lntegration: teams employing the full spectrum of methodologies (theory, computation,
experimentation/testing/Sensing) for a wide range of disciplines (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology,
electronics, environment..) work together to apply unified strategies for specific Societal Tasks.
Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering -Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier means that:
 the “Strategic Modeling and Multiscale Concepts, Methods and Strategies Framework”” can be used to
design the Architecture of Cyberinfrastructures: what kind of resources are interconnected with specific
functionalities and performance) for specific Research, Environmental, Societal, Engineering,
Manufacturing, Monitoring and Control, Projects, Tasks and Purposes.
 The “Strategic Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers and Unifying
Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies and Knowledge Domains” concept and related
Methodologically Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Strategies shape Cyberinfrastructure
Operational Modes and Application Strategies. Specific Resources and Services can be activated, tailored
and integrated in an adaptive way for specific Tasks. This new kind of Cyber Infrastructures links together
the full spectrum of Computational, Experimental, Theoretical, Testing Centers and Networks of Earth and
Space based sensor systems according to Unified Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society
Strategies.

24
US National Science Foundation (NSF) Expansive View of

Cyberinfrastructure
The figure is reproduced from the “ Cyberinfrastructure Investments and
Opportunities An update from the NSF Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure -
Bill Miller – Science Advisor, NSF/OAC – May 1, 2017” document
This Cyberinfrastructure represents the “reference” environment where the “Strategic

Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Framework” can be implemented and
applied.

25
2) A New Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering

Environment for Technological, Engineering and Industrial Innovation and
Development
This Environment (IMSE-TSPD – Chapter 5) integrates, inside a coherent conceptual,
methodological and application context, three interrelated Elements:
1) A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Data, Information and Knowledge Organization
and Management Tools: Strategic Multiscale Maps and Strategic Multiscale Knowledge Systems.
This Systems can be built applying a wide range of data analytics techniques
2) A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale R&D Engineering Methods and Strategies:
New Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis and Design Methods and
Environments which incorporate and integrate in a structural way computaional models, experimental,
testing and Sensing techniques overcoming classical divisions These New Methods and Environments
give a New Dimension and Meaning to the term “Virtual” for the R&D and Engineering and
Manufacturing Fields. Multiscale Science – Engineering Modeling and Simulation become “Pivotal”
and “Integration Elements” for R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Strategies overcoming classical
divisions between the Computational and the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
Areas and allowing for a continuous exchange of data, information and knowledge among the whole
spectrum of methods and techniques.
3) New Methods and Strategies specifically conceived to “Design” ever more “Complex” R&D
and Engineering Processes
1) Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering – Society Collaboratory Framework
which describes
the Multiscale Cyber-Physical-Human-Environmental Systems supporting the R&D and
Engineering/Manufacturing activities
2) Strategic Multiscale Cyber – Physical – Human Modeling and Simulation Framework that allows to
model and simulate the dynamics of the Earth and Space Cyber-Physical-Human-Environmental
Systems
3) R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes Hierarchical Architecture Analysis and Design
Framework: Designing the Overall Architecture of R&D, Engineering/Manufacturing and
Implementation Processes
Frameworks 1) and 2) give a comprehensive vision of all the “Entities” involved in the R&D and
Engineering/Manufacturing Processes, their role, functions carried out and relationships
4) A New Innovative Technologies and Systems Development Analysis, Design, and Planning
Framework: “Virtual Multi Space and Time Scale R&D and Engineering Machine” (Chapter 3)
R&D, Engineering/Manufacturing and System Development Processes in any Industrial, Civil, Infrastructural
and Socio-Economic Area can be seen as a “Multiscale Process” [from materials to systems – from preliminary
design to manufacturing, testing and operational life and interactions with ecological systems; from basic
principles to new technologies and engineering/manufacturing solutions development and testing] and,
accordingly, they can be modeled and simulated by Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Computational
Frameworks (IMSE Framework) also thanks to continuous HPC impressive advances

26
Fig. 2 (from Georgia Institute of Technology) well describes the Multiscale and Integration Scenario for
Complex Systems: From Atoms to Assembly, Product , Industrial System and Ecosystems
Fig. 3 Chemical Plant Development from Molecules, to Devices, Units and the whole Plant
These Virtual Systems are tasked with:

A) Analyzing the effects of new Scientific, Technological and Engineering Advances can have to
design Industrial and Socio-Economic Innovation and Development Strategies (Direct Evaluation
Scheme for a Future Scenario including effects on the environment ,occupation and competitiveness
levels)
B) Analyzing what new Scientific, Technological and Engineering Advances could be needed to
achieve Industrial Innovation and Development Objectives (Inverse Evaluation Scheme for a
Hypothetic Future Scenario including effects on the environment, occupation and competitiveness
levels)

27
C) Designing Integrated Industrial, Socio-Economic and Ecological Innovation and Development

Strategies and Programs in several areas and related Cooperation Strategies among University-
Research Centers- Industry – Financial Entities – Societal Entities.
D) Continuously monitoring (direct connection with Sensing Systems) the status of programs during
their implementation and the dynamics of the built Systems in order to assess their effectiveness and
efficiency over time in a wide range of operational conditions. Data collected and analyzed by applying
Data Analytics, AI and Simulation Tools in an integrate way can be a valuable basis to identify
weaknesses in the applied scientific methodologies , technological, engineering and manufacturing
solutions in order to allow for the development of new more effective and efficient science –based
technologies, engineering, manufacturing and system solutions.

28
3) A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale “Intelligent” Science – Based

Cities, Regions and Nations
The “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Societal Systems Design and Development (IMSE-
TSDD) Framework ” (Chapter 6) can be applied to design a “New Generation of Integrated
Multiscale Science-based Civil Infrastructural, Industrial, Agricultural and Environmental Systems”. All
the processes which characterize dynamics of these Systems (Energy, Land Management, Economic
Activities and Processes, Pollution, Ecology, ….) develop over a wide range of space and time
scales. Accordingly, “Multiscale” becomes a fundamental analysis and design resource and need.
Key Strategic Goal: From ICT (Smart) Cities To Strategic Multiscale Computing,
Information and Communication (Intelligent and Integrated) Civil, Infrastructural,
Industrial and Ecological Systems.
A New Multi-Technology Approach to “Societal Systems”

ICT and Integrated Computing, Information and Communication Technologies (CICT) are,
clearly, Key “Strategic Enablers”. However, new more performant and sustainable (from a social,
economic and ecological points of view) Societal Systems call for the development and
implementation of a wide range of technological, engineering and manufacturing solutions whose
design, development and operational management also depend upon High Performance ICT and
CICT Systems.
We think that the future of Societal Systems and the well-being of citizens is linked to a tight two
way integration between ICT, CICT and a wide range of new materials, innovative nano, micro,
macro and hierarchical multiscale technologies, engineering and manufacturing solutions.
A New Intelligent Dimension to “Societal Systems”

Strategic Multiscale Computing, which integrates Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling and
Simulation with Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and the Knowledge get
from the whole spectrum of Experimental, Testing and Sensing Resources, can give a new
“Intelligent” Dimension to any kind of Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological and Societal System
Multiplying the effectiveness of Information and Communication Technologies. It is important to
remember that ICT advances are linked to a significant extent to Technology, Computing and
Engineering. The “Intelligent” term means the ability to meet with an extended range of “Societal
Systems” performance and functionalities, an extended adaptability to a wide range of operating
conditions including the extreme ones and the capability of evolving over time learning from
operational experiences and progressively inserting new technologies, engineering anf
manufacturing solutions.
Strategic Multiscale as
“Knowledge and Technology Integrator and Multiplier”

29
A Key Innovative Feature of the Framework is its ability to address, inside an integrated
context, five basic issues:
a) Technology, Engineering and Society Innovation and Science-based Knowledge Acquisition and
Organization
b) Cities, Regions and any kind of Civil, Infrastructural and Environmental Systems Strategic
Multiscale Science-based Integrated Analysis, Planning, Design and Management
c) Multiscale Monitoring and Control Systems and Data – Models Integration
d) Application of Space Technologies and Systems to develop Integrated From Space to Earth
Monitoring and Analysis Strategies
e) Design of Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication
Environments for Citizens, Workers and Professional (any level and any typology)
f) Integrated Analysis, Design, Implementation Monitoring and Control of “Interacting and
Interdependent” Intelligent Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Socio-Economic, Agricultural and
Ecological Systems
Key Special Framework Components:
1) A special version of the “Virtual Multiscale Space-Time Machine” which can carry out the
following functions:
 A Key “Enabling System and Resource” for a New Generation of Knowledge Integrator and
Multipliers Design and Decision Support Systems (DSS) for “Integrated” Smart Civil,
Infrastructural, Agricultural and Ecological Systems Design and Development.
 A “Focal Point” and “Key Tool” for “Living Labs” and “Technological and Industrial Incubators”
 A New Generation of “Integrated Cooperative Environments” for all the “Smart City Actors”
 This Environment can be connected to (Multiscale) Sensing Networks in order to
Progressively Monitoring Smart Systems during their construction and (nominal and
off-nominal) operational Life. Strategic Multiscale Environments can integrate data
(applying wide spectrum of Data Analytics and AI techniques) inside Models to test
“Systems Behaviour” and devise and plan new technologies and solutions
 This “Environment” can be Integrated with the “Integrated Multiscale Science-Based

Education, Information and Communication” Framework to be applied to:
– involve citizens, public and socio-economic bodies and industries in the “Smart (Civil,
Infrastructural, Agricultural and Ecological) Systems” Life, Innovation and Development
– Train professionals and technical people and contribute to diffuse inside the Political and
Administrative World a New Science – Based Culture
– devise and set up cooperations among Cities, Public (Local/regional, National and
Transnational) (Regional, National and Transnational) Entities

30
2) A New Generation of « Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Design and

Decision Centers (Virtual Strategic Multiscale Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Centers)
as Intelligent Nodes of «Strategic Multiscale Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Cyber
Frameworks» which apply the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machine”. These
Intelligent Nodes implement the whole theoretical and methodological apparatus of the
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Framework”. The Centers integrate inside a coherent
conceptual and application context the whole spectrum of resources: Computing and Data
Centers, Theoretical, R&D and Engineering, Experimental and Testing Teams and Facilities,
which constitute the “Knowledge” needed to Innovate Technology and Design new Solutions,
Operational Modes in all the Economic, Environmental, Societal, Communication, Information,
Industrial Development Areas.
3) A New Cyber System to address Globalization Issues: Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering – Society Space Station (or Space Cyber Center)
The “Multiscale Dimension” of Integrated Smart l Systems makes it necessary a new
"Vision" and a "Holistic Approach". This scenario requires a special "Observation and
Integration” Point: The “Space”. We can therefore conceive of a "Virtual Centre" (A Virtual
Space Station) located in Space: Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Virtual Space Station.
The Virtual Space Station is a New Virtual Center for Analyzing, Planning and Designing
Smart Cities and Civil Infrastructural, Environmental and Agricultural Systems, by integrating a
broad range of observations (data) from Space and Earth Networks and Multiscale
Computational Models. The Space Station (ISS) can be considered as a "symbol" of a New
and more Global Strategy (From Space to Earth) to address Complex Earth Problems.

31
VIRTUAL STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED SPACE STATION
Virtual Space Station

Earth Systems and Strategic Multiscale Space Systems and
Facilities Knowledge Integrator and Facilities
Multiplier
The “Future of Earth From Space”
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Space Station is a “Strategic Multiscale
Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier” Hardware and Software Environment which carries out these
functions: : integration of data and information from Space, Aerial, Surface and Sub-Surface Sensing
Systems with Multiscale (Scientific and Engineering) Theoretical, Computational and Experimental
Facilities to design “Hierarchies of Multiscale/Multiresolution/Multiphysics Computational and Knowledge
Maps which represent a Synthesis of Scientific and Engineering Knowledge aimed to improve our
understanding to Earth Dynamics and design improved Earth (Urban, Land, Infrastructural) Systems and
related Operational Schemes and Strategies
The Multiscale Models Hierarchy can be regarded as a synthesis and integration of

Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering knowledge and methods.

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4) A New Generation of Education, Information, Communication and

Entertainment Languages and Environments
An increasingly wide “Gap” is opening between the scientific, technological, economic, societal and
industrial world and the world of Education, Training, Information, Communication and Entertainment,
notwithstanding a widening use of ever more advanced Computing, Information, Communication
(CIC) and Visualization Technologies.
In this Scenario, a key Challenge for Education, Training, Information, Communication and
Entertainment (Chapter 4) is to describe, analyze and explain a “New Strategic Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering - Society Cyber-Physical World” characterized by an
increasingly articulated and entangled pattern of interdependencies and interrelated processes which
link together Science, Technology, Economics, Politics, Security, Environment and Society as a
whole. Classical Education, Training, Information and Communication Schemes and Strategies have
been conceived and developed when complexity and integration issues were not so critical as it
happens today.
In order to effectively deal with these issues and challenges, we cannot significantly increase
complexity of classical schemes and “languages”, but we should design a new set of Education,
Information, Communication and Entertainment Concepts, “Languages” and Strategies which
directly incorporate elements characterizing the “New Multiscale Multiphysics, Multidisciplinary Nano
To Macro Cyber-Physical World”.
The new Frameworks are based upon the new concept of “Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as
Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering
Methodologies and Knowledge Domains” . This new concept leads to a new Multiscale Vision and
Theoretical Context referred to as “Strategic Multiscale”. This new Vision of Multiscale becomes a
Key Constitutive Element of the “Language” adopted in the Frameworks. Multiscale Science -
Engineering Integration is a fundamental means to give a unified vision of any Research, Technology
Development and Engineering/Manufacturing, Environmental, Economic and Societal Phenomena
and Process and, accordingly, to shape New Analysis, Presentation, Discussion, Entertainment and
Teaching Schemes, Strategies and Environments (globally referred to as “Language”).
The “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information, Communication and
Entertainment Framework”, to the knowledge of the author of this document represents the first Integrated
Multifunctional Framework which brings the “Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration” Principles and
Context inside the Education, Information and Communication “Languages” and Analysis and Presentation
Schemes in order to change their basic structure.
In this new context, the Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration as “Unifying Paradigm” for
Science and Engineering becomes not only the “Object” of Education, Information and Communication
Programs, as it happens today, but a “Structural Element” of a new generation of Education, Information,
Communication and Entertainment “Languages” and Application Frameworks. In such a way, the
“Language” and the related Implementation Framework directly reproduces and structurally incorporates
the new Multiscale Science – Engineering analysis, research, development, design and management
concepts, methods, schemes and strategies increasingly used by professionals to address any task in all
the Human, Social, Environmental, Technological, Industrial, and Economic fields.

33
Application Areas, Formats and Programs

 Educational Programs (Lessons, Lectures, Seminars)
 Multiscale Science-based Programs for Training
 Information and Communication Formats and Programs
 Information Programs
 Documentaries
 Meetings
 Conferences
 “University – Industry - Public Bodies – Society” Communication
 Industrial and Social Communication Formats and Programs
 Multiscale Science - Based Talk Shows
 Multiscale Webs
 “From Space to Earth” Education, Information and Communication Framework

34
5) A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic

Society Governance Structures and Strategies
The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Society Structures and Government Strategies
Framework” (Chapter 7) analyzes the impact that the new "Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science –
Engineering Integration Methodologies and Strategies" and related Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Mathematical Modelling advances can have on Future Democracy, Politics and Society Scenarios.
Today, the key challenge is to integrate the most significant advances in Science,
Mathematical Techniques and Modeling, Engineering Design Methodologies, Computing,
Information and Communication Technologies inside a "Coherent and Multidisciplinary
Multiscale Knowledge, Analysis and Design Framework" in order to allow Politics to
develop and apply "New Theories and Strategies" to more effectively and comprehensively
deal with democratic government challenges in a highly complex, multifaceted and
continuously evolving Socio-Economic reality.
The Ultimate Objective is to integrate inside a Unitary Vision "Science - Technology -
Engineering - Politics - Society".
Paragraph 7.2 highlights “Key Challenges” which justify “New Strategies” and related “Goals”
Paragraph 7.3 describes the role that Scientific Methodologies, Integration of Multiscale Science -
Engineering Strategies could have to give Politics a new generation of analytical and design tools to
more effectively and comprehensively deal with key Society problems.
Paragraph7.3.1 analyzes the impact that a systematic and organic application of the new Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Methodologies and the Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework can have on
a fundamental theme for the Democratic Government and Progress of the Society:
 New Knowledge and Science - Based Democratic Governance Culture and System
Paragraphs 7.3.2 examines the problems linked to the relationships among the National States, the
Globalization Processes and the Supranational Entities.
Paragraph 7.3.3 describes a new Cyber Environment specifically conceived to deal with Globalization
processes: “Virtual Multiscale Science – Based Space Station”

35
1.4 New R&D and Cyberinfrastructure Trends

The following texts illustrate as the “Multiscale Issue” is regarded as a Key Element of some
of the most innovative US Programs:
Materials Acceleration Platform

Accelerating Advanced Energy Materials Discovery by Integrating High-Throughput Methods
with Artificial Intelligence
Report of the Clean Energy Materials Innovation Challenge Expert Workshop
This workshop, held in Mexico City, was co-led by the Mexican Ministry of Energy (SENER)
and the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) in partnership with the Canadian Institute for Advanced
Research (CIFAR).
Mission Innovation January 2018
Workshop participants identified six key priority research areas that comprise the MAP elements. These
scientific and engineering challenges require the expertise of multidisciplinary, international teams for their
successful implementation. These research areas include the development of the following tools, research
activities and infrastructure:
1.Closing the Loop in Autonomous Discovery and Development: “Self-driving laboratories” that
autonomously design, perform, and interpret experiments are needed to discover new materials. Creating and
deploying autonomous laboratories that can perform this closed-feedback-loop discovery and development
process would be the culmination of all the other goals.
2.Artificial Intelligence for Materials: Autonomous research relies on reasoning, decision making, and
creativity. The particular scale and details of theoretical, computational, synthetic, and characterization evidence
in materials research require the establishment of this new branch of AI. National and international research
organizations can facilitate an integrated computer and materials science research effort to develop algorithms
that mimic, and then supersede, the intellect and intuition of expert materials scientists.
3.Modular Materials Robotics: To accommodate evolving materials demands and the ever-expanding breadth
of clean energy technologies, autonomous laboratories must remain nimble and motivate a modular approach to
the development of materials science automation. The elegant representation of techniques and materials as
modular building blocks fosters human-machine communication and simplifies the path to materials exploration
beyond the bounds of known materials.
4.Inverse Design: Materials innovation by an autonomous laboratory can be seeded and accelerated by
conceiving novel materials compositions or structures that can meet specific requirements. Inverse design
enables automated generation of candidate materials designed to meet the performance, cost, and compatibility
requirements of a given clean energy technology.
5.Bridging Length and Time Scales: Materials consist of atoms, connected by bonds and arranged at the
nano, micro, and macro scales—a variation in length scale akin to going from the width of a human hair to the
diameter of Earth. Light absorption occurs in femtoseconds, chemical bonds are broken and formed in
picoseconds, and syntheses and characterizations require microsecond- to hour-long experiments. Materials
that are stable for decades are needed, an equally daunting breadth of scale. Although there are appropriate
scientific theories for each of these length and time scales, systematic methods of connecting results and ideas
across these scales would enable transformative discoveries.
6. Data Infrastructure and Interchange: Innovation relies on communication and appropriate representation of
both data and the knowledge obtained from data. This poses a substantial challenge to the international
research community to join forces in establishing and populating a materials data infrastructure. The resulting
product, which would embody an understanding of materials beyond that attainable by an individual scientist or
even a team of scientists, would enable and enhance autonomous laboratories.

36
BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS FOR Innovation and Discovery of Transformative Experimental

Tools - US Department of ENERGY – Office of Science
http://science.energy.gov/bes/community-resources/reports/
Four priority research directions (PRDs) in instrumentation development were identified in the
workshop.
The following text is reproduced from the previously quoted document Paragraphs 2.1PRD1 –
2.2PRD 2 – 2.3 PRD 3 – 2.4 PRD 4
2.1PRD 1: Establish new frontiers in time, space, and energy resolution for characterization
and control
How can instrumentation break through current resolution barriers to characterize and control
chemical and material systems at the finest time, length, and energy scales?
Atomic-scale and near-atomic-scale phenomena and structure are often critical in determining the
properties of materials and the outcomes of chemical processes. Likewise, the critical steps in the
evolution of structures and chemistries can take place over extraordinarily short timescales — but
also need to be understood as they subsequently evolve over longer timescales. Many current
experimental tools lack sufficient resolution and sensitivity to reveal structure and chemical events at
short length and timescales, resulting in bulk or ensemble-averaged measurements. High temporal
and energy resolution, as well as spatial resolution down to single-molecule and single-atom scales,
coupled with high sensitivity, are necessary to fully understand chemical and physical processes,
including chemical reactions, structural transformations, materials synthesis, and energy flow. It is
necessary to invent new instruments and methods that go beyond the current limitations of state-of-
the-art instrumentation. These limitations include: energy, spatial, and temporal resolutions; probe
sensitivity and degree of discrimination; probes that are invasive, disruptive, and destructive probes;
and rare-event detection. The development of transformational experimental tools and novel
approaches that overcome natural limits associated with the diffraction barrier, energy-time
uncertainty, and other resolution barriers are important cases.
2.2 PRD 2: Create innovative experimental methods for investigating “real-world” systems
What revolutionary new approaches are needed to provide insights into materials synthesis and
complex chemical transformations of functioning systems in “real-world” environments that go beyond
the use of model systems in idealized environments?
Much of what we know about the fundamental chemical and material phenomena that underlie current
energy technologies derives from the use of model systems and ex situ observations. While this has
been a successful approach for understanding many processes, the complexity of the functional
environments of many energy systems gives rise to structures and processes that are both complex
and dynamic, and therefore cannot be evaluated by current approaches. Examples of such energy
processes include: materials synthesis, materials degradation, chemical transformations,
electrochemical conversion, as well as ion and electron transport across functional interfaces.
Researchers have long recognized the need for characterization and control of these processes in
their intended operating conditions, but the challenges are significant. Recreating real-world
conditions in the confines of a laboratory setting is a formidable challenge, especially characteristics
that include high temperatures and pressures, corrosive or contaminating fluids and gases, and highly
heterogeneous sample environments. A new generation of scientific instrumentation is required to
investigate operating energy systems in a non-destructive manner without either disturbing the
process of interest or compromising the nominal resolution of the technique.
This priority research direction is intended to accelerate progress toward in situ and operando
measurements over a broad range of chemical and material processes of relevance to energy
sciences. The developments of in situ and operando capabilities are needed across the disciplines of
37
materials, chemistry, and biology (specific examples can be found in Section III of this report).
Progress is needed in two broad areas: the development of novel reactors, in situ devices and
chambers, and windowless cells that reliably reproduce functional conditions under which energy
processes can be investigated; and the development of novel methods or instruments that operate at
conditions as close as possible to those of the functioning material or process.
2.3 PRD 3: Simultaneously interrogate form and function, bridging time, length, and energy
scales
How can methods be integrated to simultaneously interrogate a material or chemical system to
understand, control, and correlate collective behavior and properties across the relevant time, length,
and energy scales?
The current state of the art for characterizing heterogeneous materials includes a wealth of techniques
— including physical and spectroscopic measurements — that have significant individual strengths. It
is now possible to obtain atomic-resolution images with chemical information. Scattering techniques
yield detailed structural information from ensembles of molecules and systems with translational
symmetry.33 Spectroscopic approaches, such as those built on advances in phase-stabilized ultrafast
lasers, provide local electronic structure and chemical dynamics information with elemental specificity
and femtosecond resolution. Overall, we have made great strides to characterize the resting state of
materials in terms of their electronic and atomic structure with high spatial resolution. Ultrafast and
time-resolved measurements are often performed on single components extracted from
heterogeneous functional materials.
To understand and control heterogeneity, characterization methods are needed that are responsive to
multiple physical properties at different length and time scales. The ideal case is complete probing of
the spatial distribution of relevant chemical speciation, physical properties, and excitation dynamics
on all relevant length and time scales with multiple modalities. In some cases, measurements of
transient states could provide important insight into materials functionality.
There are several broad categories of the limitations of current techniques for characterizing the full
interrelationships of the properties, structures, and dynamics of complex heterogeneous systems. For
some cases, it is still not possible to resolve the natural spatial and time scales of key processes, but
increased resolution, for the most part, is no longer what prevents techniques from addressing multi-
scale heterogeneity. In order to characterize the impact of heterogeneity on physical processes, it is
not enough to simply measure heterogeneous spatial or temporal distributions of individual properties
— we must be able to correlate different properties that affect each other. For example, state-of the-
art characterization methods for materials growth coupled with local probes of magnetic and electric
properties would represent a major advance in materials design. Overcoming current limitations will
require the development of in situ non-invasive instrumentation that integrates atomic resolution
imaging techniques, electrochemical techniques, beyond-diffraction-limit microscopy, and
multidimensional and surface-sensitive spectroscopies to capture the heterogeneity of rates,
structural makeup, and chemical environments.37 Correlation of such observations becomes
substantially more difficult when the system is dynamic or transient. As a result, one frontier in
instrumentation is simultaneity — implementing multiple types of probes at the same time on the same
sample.
2.4 PRD 4: Drive a new paradigm for instrumentation design through integration of experiment,
theory, and computation
Integration of experimentation with computational modeling and theory at the outset of the design of
an experiment or the development of a new instrument will provide entirely new instrumentation
platforms that optimize measurements to enable the extraction of salient physical insights not
previously attainable. This Priority Research Direction expresses the paradigm shift in scientific
investigation by the design and integration of all experimental components with theory and simulation.
To meet challenges associated with the co-design of instruments with theoretical input and data, new
computational methods, applied mathematics, and hardware are required that will maximize the

38
information extracted from multidimensional real-time datasets, improve interpretation of experimental

results, and provide on-demand analysis as information is being generated at unprecedented rates.
Substantial parallel advances in instrumentation science, theoretical modeling, and applied
mathematics have advanced our understanding of energy materials and chemical processes. Rapid
advances in instrumentation for imaging, spectroscopy, and measurement of materials function have
led to an explosion of new data. In parallel, new theoretical models, new algorithms for data analysis,
and methods for archiving and analysis of large data sets are separately being developed. Together,
experiments, theory, and new mathematical methods can have a major impact of our understanding of
critical functionality. The existing paradigm for combining experiment and simulation for discovery and
development of new materials and processes has already led to advances in energy sciences.
However, it is most often linear/sequential, in the sense that experiment precedes modeling or vice
versa, instead of occurring in a parallel and integrated manner, building on information generated
during an experiment, and therefore is slow and inefficient. In addition, it is frequently limited by
inadequate methods and instrumentation with insufficient resolution. In most cases, neither the
computational methods nor instruments take advantage of existing data or data generated on the fly.
In short, the current paradigm does not achieve the full potential of these powerful tools. There is a
need to drive a new paradigm for instrumentation design through full integration of experiment, theory,
computation, and data.

39
Document Author Analysis:
Six key strategic issues and trends are clearly highlighted inside the previously reproduced
texts:
a) The growing relevance of Multiscale Methodologies and Techniques
b) The extension of Multiscale Methodologies and Strategies from the classical
Computational Area to the Experimental one
c) The two-way Integration between the Multiscale Computational and Experimental
Worlds
d) A New Structure and Organization for Cyberinfrastructure which apply the issues
pointed out in the Items a), b) and c)
e) Data – Models – Experimental Techniques Integration: Multiscale Data – Driven R&D
Strategy
f) The growing role of Automation, Robotics and AI inside the R&D Processes and
Environments
 Issues and trends described in the Items from a) to e) represent already key
components inside the Strategic Multiscale Framework even if they are inserted not
in the “Classical Multiscale” Context, but in a new conceptual, methodological and
application context characterized by the “Strategic” View of Multiscale.
 We can hypothesize that issues and trends described in the Item f) can be inserted
inside the Strategic Multiscale Framework without calling for major modifications.

40
1.5 Relationshps with other Integrated Multiscale Frameworks:

The ICME Case
Excerpts from the:

“Integrated Computational Materials Engineering: A Systems Design Perspective”
Presentation
Indo-US Workshop on ICME for Integrated Realization of Engineered Materials and Products
December 18th, 2013 - Presented by: Jitesh Panchal - Collaborators: Janet K. Allen and
Farrokh Mistree (University of Oklahoma)
School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
panchal@purdue.edu

41

42

43
Notes and Comments by the Author (Alessandro Formica) of the “Strategic

Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework White Book”’:
The “Integrated Computational Materials Engineering: A Systems Design Perspective”

Presentation, whose excerpts are reproduced in the above, well and
authoritatively describes several of the most important challenges characterizing
the “Complex Systems Design” Challenge.
What are the relationships with the White Book Framework?
 Slide Number 5: The “Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework”

directly addresses the Challenges 2 and 4. As far as the other Challenges are
concerned we refer to what is described in the Presentation
 Slide Number 16: The IMSE Framework has been specifically conceived and
designed to comprehensively address this Challenge and Issue
 Slide Number 17: we refer to what is described in the Presentation – The
Theoretical Aspects of V&V are not comprehensively addressed in the
Framework. However we think that Strategic Multiscale can promote some
developments in this Area
 Slide Number 18:The “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science -

Engineering - Society Cyber & Physical Framework” has been conceived
and design to represent a reference Computing, Information and
Communication (CIC) for the new Generation of Integrated Multiscale
Science – Engineering Frameworks
 Slide Number 20: the “Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework” ’has
been conceived and designed to Integrate Materials & Products Design and
Science, Engineering and Design Domains

44
1.6 Relationships with EMMC and TMS Views
This Paragraph relates the Application and Development Themes, Topics and Trends and
the related Challenges for the “Materials Area”: identified by two authoritative sources TMS
and EMMC with the Strategic Multiscale Framework Vision:
A) Excerpts from the “TMS REPORT ANALYSIS - Advanced Computation

and Data in Materials and Manufacturing: Core Knowledge Gaps and
Opportunities” - www.tms.org/coreknowledge
2. Cultural Gaps (pag. 10)

. At present, there is not much communication or collaboration across disciplines such as
manufacturing, materials science and engineering, and computer science. Along these lines,
Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) and the Materials Genome Initiative (MGI)
provide helpful models/frameworks for collaboration, yet the required collaborations across
government, academia, and industry are still lacking. In part, there is a lack of e-collaboration
standards and tools for proper documentation of data, models and algorithms, which prevents such
groups from working together. Cultural gaps also exist in the area of curriculum development. This
includes the slow rate at which advanced computation, statistical methods, and data science are
being integrated into university curricula for relevant disciplines (e.g., mechanical engineering,
materials science and engineering, and civil engineering).
3. Prioritized Gaps (pag. 10)

1. Coupling Simulations and Experiments
2. Data-Driven Approaches
3. Digital Data Infrastructure
4. Digital Representation and Visualization
5. Predictive Multiscale Modeling
6. Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation
Overarching Themes & Recommendations (pag. 23)

………..A critical element that came up throughout much of the discussion was the need to enhance
cross disciplinary collaboration. Basic linkages between materials and manufacturing are often weak,
with materials development discussions commonly taking place separate from considerations in
manufacturing processes. In addition to more linkages between materials and manufacturing, there
are several other adjacent disciplines (e.g., mathematics, computer science) that should be engaged
to further the effective use of advanced computation and data tools. For example, applied
mathematics has long studied the topic of uncertainty quantification and could help better articulate
the needs and opportunities for advancement in materials and manufacturing. There is also a major
disconnect between many of the stakeholders in the advancement of computation and data tools and
45
resources. This includes a lack of communication among researchers in academia and government
laboratories with industry. Information exchange should be facilitated between these sectors to help
industry articulate the issues needing most help, and to be able to take advantage of the work
produced in academia and government laboratories. Along these lines, government laboratories
could re-emphasize existing relevant programs to ensure the resources are being fully leveraged by
the community. Champions in this effort must educate their peers about the immense potential of
data analytics and advanced computational methods in materials and manufacturing developments

Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework White Book”’:
2. Cultural Gaps (pag. 10). Multiscale is “inherently” “Multiphysics” and

“Multidisciplinary” connecting a wide range of physical, chemical and biochemical
phenomena. The “Strategic Multiscale”, as detailed in this document, is also “Multi
Methodology ” connecting the full range of methodologies: Computational, Experimental,
Testing, Characterization and Sensing,
Furthermore:
a) the Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication is a
“Strategic” resource to build a “Intellectual, Educational and Cultural” Cooperation Context
and Environment among Disciplines and Methodological Areas
b) the. “INTEGRATED EARTH AND SPACE STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING

- SOCIETY COLLABORATORY CYBER & PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK (PARAGRAPH 3)” creates a
Methodological and Operational Environment specifically conceived to design and apply
Multidisciplinary, Multiphysics and Multi Methodology Strategies.
3. Prioritized Gaps (pag. 10)

1. Coupling Simulations and Experiments: The Strategic Multiscale Framework has been
designed just to implement fully integrated Computational and Experimental Environments
and Strategies
2. Data-Driven Approaches: The IMSE Framework can integrate the whole spectrum of Data-
Driven (Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning) techniques
3. Digital Data Infrastructure and 4. Digital Representation and Visualization

The Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge
Management System (paragraph 2.2) introduces new Data Infrastructures and
Representation Techniques designed to better describe and manage multiscala data and
information structures

46
3. Prioritized Gaps cont.

5. Predictive Multiscale Modeling
The Paragraph 2.3.3 Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers deal with this topic. We can suppose that the tight “structural” integration of
Computational Modeling with Experimental, Testing, Characterization and Sensing
Techniques and Strategies can represent a new resource to improve Models Validation to be
integrated with classical Techniques.

47
B) Excerpts from the “The EMMC Road Map 2018 for Materials Modelling
and Informatics”
Summary pag.2
The key stakeholders are considered to significantly create added value and tangible benefits from materials
modelling. For this to happen several critical challenges need addressing that are interlinked but can be treated
as self-standing topical subjects.
1) Open Innovation Platform for Integration of models and modelling for industrial impact
2) Facilitation of Translational Work Flow efforts to match identified needs with materials
modelling capabilities
3) Creation of Marketplaces and Data repositories as part of the Open Innovation Platform to
maximize materials modelling use for commercialising technologies fast
4) Develop a Materials Modelling Ontology to provide a common materials modelling language
that enable the relational integration of Translational Workflows
5) Ensuring appropriate Infrastructural Facilities and Interoperability of materials models
6) Attract, educate and train people for the use of materials modelling
The topical subjects form a logical sequence of complementing efforts. The Open Innovation Platform
enables integration of models, which implies connecting in- and outputs to eventually address the
industrial challenges. This requires facilitation i.e. making it easy for stakeholders to identify required
models for use by following a Translation Workflow. The easily accessible one-stop marketplaces are
then the virtual spaces that offer the models and accessories for use. A material’s modelling ontology
is required to make the identification and exchange possible through a common language expressing
the relational context. All this happens in a digital space that necessitates infrastructural hardware
but equally important inter-operational software accessories to make it possible. For this to happen
competent people are needed at all levels for today and in the future. Each of the topical subjects
comprehensively considers: the state of the art, the EMMC ambition, and the EMMC approach, for
how the implementation should take place for maximum success.
4. Stakeholders pag.12
4.2 Translators (TRANS)

The successful integration and application of materials modelling in industry depends heavily on
translating industrial problems back into scientific questions that can be addressed with (existing)
modelling software, i.e. typically performing a process of understanding well the business case and
the industrial technical challenge and correlating it to the most suitable modelling tools used by the
most suitable modelling executors. In fact, no industrial project using materials modelling could ever
be launched without some translation effort. Typically, the ‘Translator function’ is performed by
different actors, including R&D staff in large enterprises, application scientists in software companies,
scientists and engineers in research or knowledge institutions as well as individual consultants as
experts in the field. While the role as such already exists to some extent, there is however no wide-
spread recognition of the Translator as a key actor having a well-defined role. ………

48
7. Translation and Training for Companies (pag.23)

Industrial innovation requires access to professional players who have the ability to translate
industrial problems into cases to be solved using modelling and simulation tools, namely, the
Translators. These stakeholders should be able to promote and boost the innovation, playing a
pivotal role in bridging the gap between the industrial end users, the software owners and the
academic model developers. This role includes the need for bridging the “language gap” among the
different stakeholders, in order to facilitate contact, collaboration and exchange of ideas. Thus,
Translators should have a number of different skills, encompassing technical and economic aspects,
besides soft skills. The credibility of the Translators is based on “neutral” support for the benefit of
the client, independently of any personal or economic interest.
8.3 Enhanced collaborative science and enabling transfer platform: the

future of Materials Modelling Marketplaces (pag. 31)
The overarching goal is that Materials Modelling Marketplaces provide a central innovation hub for
materials modelling activities in Europe, including Training and Translation services for
Manufacturers. Materials Modelling Marketplace platforms provide information technology
infrastructure for deeper integration of materials models, development of workflows and access to
concerted data repositories and collaboration platforms for the benefit of all stakeholders.
The EMMC envisages strongly connected communities of various stakeholders, which have easy
access to a Hub that provides for a vibrant digital collaboration tool with databases (of data and
knowledge). The platform would also contain a model selector that helps select the right set of
workflow components and a set of experimental data to validate the models in the new specific
application (and therefore can be used by Translators and integrated in a BDSS20). This would be
completed with an explicitly named contact individual from the software owner who is responsible for
producing and maintaining the model. Materials modelling Marketplaces act as a digital online
Transfer Platform that will address key technological, organisational and human capital gaps. The
underlying main concept stems from the recognition that bringing materials modelling benefits to
manufacturers requires a new collaborative and integrative approach that reaches out through the
limits of each modelling or manufacturing community.
The Modelling Market Place (Materials Modelling Marketplace) is a platform of integrated
components that leverages modern information technology paradigms to:
1) Connect the relevant actors and stakeholders
2) Connect modelling communities and components
3) Enable Big-data material informatics and analytics
4) Facilitate collaboration and open information exchange including best practice, validated
methods and information about approaches that have been found to be unsuccessful, or
insufficient, for certain cases
5) Establish collaborative science paradigms in support of materials modelling in industry The latter
would be immensely useful to expose model deficiencies, and hence drive new needs and actions
for specific model enhancements and new model development that will be critical for a successful
implementation of materials modelling in industrial problems.

49
The Materials Modelling Marketplace contains not only databases but also other intangible resources
such as education, expertise exchange, communication platform, etc., that are linked with the
databases, allowing therefore easy mapping of raw and interpreted data with corresponding
stakeholders and experts. It will facilitate Big-Data schemes to be employed and integrated into a
Business Decision Support Systems (BDSS) by manufacturers and translators.

Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Framework White Book”’:
All the previously quoted Topics, Issues and Challenges described in the following “The
EMMC Road Map 2018 for Materials Modelling and Informatics” Document Items,
Paragraphs and Chapters:
1] “Summary”
2] “Translators” (TRANS) Paragraph 4.2
3] “Translation and Training for Companies” Chapter 7
4]“The Enhanced collaborative science and enabling transfer platform: the future of
Materials Modelling Marketplaces” Paragraph 8.3
are directly and comprehensively dealt with inside a “ Strategic Multiscale Integrated
Theoretical and Application Context” constituted by the following Cooperative Platform and
Framework:
INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING - SOCIETY COLLABORATORY

CYBER & PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK (CHAPTER 3)
This Framework represents an “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Multifunctional Science – Engineering – Society Cooperative Environment and Platform” to
deal in a “Unified Way” with a wide spectrum of Problems and Issues which characterize the
analysis, design, development, implementation and management of Complex Technological,
Industrial, Socio-Economic Agricultural and Ecological Systems. This Framework represents
the “Operational Platform” where all the Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society
Frameworks are Integrated and Managed .
This Cooperative Environment and Platform embodies and connects all the “Strategic
Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Framework” Environments:
a) INTEGRATED MULTISCALE SCIENCE-ENGINEERING (IMSE) FRAMEWORK (CHAPTER 2)
b) INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE - BASED EDUCATION, INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK (CHAPTER 4)
c) INTEGRATED (STRATEGIC) MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEMS AND
PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TSPD)FRAMEWORK (CHAPTER 5)
d) INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE– ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND SOCIETAL SYSTEMS

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (IMSE-TSDD) FRAMEWORK (CHAPTER 6)
e) STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES FRAMEWORK (CHAPTER 7)

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1.7 Large Scale and Innovative EU, UK and US Multiscale

Science-Engineering Integration Programs
The highlighted Programs clearly demonstrate the growing relevance of Multiscale Science –
Engineering Integration Strategies for the whole R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing World. They
represent a noteworthy “ Scientific Knowledge” basis upon which the “Strategic Multiscale Framework”
was developed upon
EU Multiscale Cluster
A First Step Towards Integrated Multiscale Frameworks
EU Cluster of FP7 funded projects on multiscale modelling for nano-materials and systems by
design.
DEEPEN: From atom-to-Device Explicit simulation Environment for Photonics and Electronics
Nanostructures
MMP: Multiscale Modelling Platform: Smart design of nano-enabled products in green
technologies
MODENA: Modelling of morphology Development of micro- and Nano Structures
NANOSIM: A Multiscale Simulation-Based Design Platform for Cost-Effective CO2 Capture

Processes using Nano-Structured Materials (NanoSim)
SIMPHONY: Simulation framework for multi-scale phenomena in micro- and nanosystems
ICMEg: Integrated Computational Materials Engineering expert group and Consortium (Aachen
University coordinator)
Materials Characterization Cluster – A new European initiative:

Introduction to characterization cluster's activities
Coordinators: Ehrenfried Zschech - Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems
IKTS, Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden Center for Nan Analysis
(DCN), Dresden, Germany
The Materials Characterization Cluster is a new European initiative that has the following specific
aims:
- Performing research, development and innovation in the field of multi-scale materials
characterization to increase the competitiveness of the European industry
- Bridging R&D in the fields of nanotechnology and materials to close-to-market activities in
Europe (“research to market”)
- Utilizing European resources (infrastructure hubs and their organization, competencies, etc.)
in a better way.
- A close link between modeling and characterization activities in Europe is needed and will be
considered as one of the fundaments of the new initiative

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EPSRC Grand Challenges Program

The Challenge From Atoms to Applications” (namely Multiscale Science – Engineering
Integration) and the related Challenge “Big Data for Engineering Futures” are regarded
as “fundamental” to all the other Areas and instrumental to develop a wide spectrum of
new Technologies and innovative Engineering/Manufacturing Solutions

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US Presidential Materials Genome Initiative (MGI)
Innovation – (Science – Engineering and Methodological) Integration – Education

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Multiscale, Smart Manufacturing and Smart Factory

Industry 4.0 Program in Germany
Important partners are the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation
IPA and the Institute of Industrial Manufacturing and Management (IFF) at the University of
Stuttgart. Smart Manufacturing is implemented thanks to the Smart Factory concept. Smart
Factory is a Cyber Physical Systems which manages a wide range of resources distributed
over a wide range of space scales and operating over a wide spectrum of time scales
(Networked and Multiscale Manufacturing Systems).
Multiscale refers both to the spatial and temporal scales which characterize the whole
spectrum of manufacturing processes and the hierarchy of multiscale physical and
bio-chemical phenomena and processes which at the root of manufacturing processes
and that describe the dynamics of materials, components, sub-systems and systems
to be manufactured.
Networked and multi-scale manufacturing systems are designed to get more flexibility to
respond to dramatic changes in the world market and take full advantage of new
manufacturing technologies like Bio manufacturing, Adaptive Manufacturing. Micro and
Nanoscale Manufacturing. Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (and ever more Strategic
Multiscale) becomes a key Enabling Methodology for a successful implementation of this new
approach. New Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Cyber (Computing, Information
and Communication) Infrastructures are a fundamental Elements to implement Smart factory
and Smart Manufacturing Concepts and Strategies

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Multiscale modeling—a paradigm shift in the way we design everything

Sean McGee product marketing manager for BIOVIA Dassault Systèmes.
Among all the new advances in science and technology in the past decade, few have reached the levels of
prominence or skepticism quite like additive manufacturing. Some see it as revolutionary. To others, it is
overhyped. Yet, as new techniques and approaches become accessible and desired Economies of scale
are realized, additive manufacturing does not appear to be going away any time soon. Its role is becoming
more defined, and manufacturers, industry leaders, and even individual “makers” are exploring new and
innovative uses for it.
While the future does appear bright for additive manufacturing, there are still significant hurdles that must
be overcome. Foremost among these is accessing a wider range of materials. Some are too brittle for high
fidelity parts at scale, some are too toxic for widespread consumption, and some are too expensive.
At the core of this limited range of materials being used in additive manufacturing is a lack of understanding
of the material science that gives these materials their properties. Making multiple physical prototypes
extends the design cycle, can increase costs, and requires extra testing. As a result, many engineers and
designers tend to limit themselves to a core group of materials that they understand well, confining their
creativity and stifling the potential of their finished product.
However, there is a solution on the horizon that can push additive past its current “tipping point.” Imagine a
design process where bespoke materials are tailored for their specific use. How does this become
possible? It comes from the advent of a new capability in materials and product design: multiscale
modeling. The accuracy of today’s modeling and simulation software has evolved to the point that
an integrated solution can enable designers to model a product from the atomic scale up to full size
in silico. Scientists and engineers can visualize the molecular systems that give their materials
their properties, gaining deeper understanding of how and why their materials work. They can
manipulate the immediate environment, test different formulations or functional groups, and
optimize desired properties without needing a single physical experiment. With these material
properties they can then design and optimize parts to meet more complex and specific design
requirements. They can test different shapes, orientations and manufacturing methods to meet and
go beyond current design limitations to create a new world of manufacturing. These possibilities
flip the traditional design and manufacturing paradigm on its head; where a designer limited the
capabilities of his final part based on the constraints of the materials available, now a designer
crafts a material to fit the desired parameters of his final part.
Couple this with other burgeoning technologies like additive manufacturing, and the possibilities
grow exponentially. Single parts can be seamlessly made from multiple materials, or even
gradients of materials.
Runs can be optimized for any number of parameters: cost, mechanical strength, heat resistance or
sustainability. Batches can be made to order, with little to no retooling or recalibrating of
machinery.
In short, the world of manufacturing is on the verge of changing forever. And this vision is not
as far off as it would appear. It is growing. It is coming.

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This Program has a special relevance for all the Industrial Area: It can represents a first step
to define New Integrated Strategies for the Multiscale Design and Manufacturing of a New
Generation of “Inherently” Multiscale Hierarchical Products with extended performance and
functionalities
DARPA Atoms to Product (A2P) Program

A New Frontier: Integrated Design and Manufacturing of Hierarchical Products
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is soliciting innovative research proposals in
the area of processes and technology for assembly of systems, components, and materials at millimeter
scale or larger from nanometer scale constituents. Proposed research should investigate innovative
approaches that enable revolutionary advances in science, devices, or systems. Specifically excluded is
research that primarily results in evolutionary improvements to the existing state of practice. The Atoms to
Product (A2P) program seeks to make the use and application of nanometer scale material properties and
devices a viable option to the system designer. To that end, the primary goal of the A2P program is to
develop the technologies and processes required to assemble nanometer scale constituents into systems,
components, or materials that are at least millimeter scale in size. A secondary, yet key program interest is
exploitation of unique nanometer scale characteristics. The systems, components, or materials that result
from the A2P assembly process will leverage unique material properties and/or the miniaturization,
material and geometric heterogeneity, and ability to build in three dimensions made possible by assembly
from the nanometer scale. Assembling nanometer scale constituents into millimeter scale products requires
assembly across six length-scales, i.e., a finished product that is 1,000,000 times larger than the basic
building blocks. It is illustrative to consider how assembly is accomplished over multiple length-scales in
both naturally occurring and man-made systems. In biological assemblies, many length-scales are crossed
using a structural hierarchy. Lipid molecules self-assemble into cell walls, cells are assembled into organs,
and organs combine to form organisms. In similar fashion, man-made assembly typically begins with
millimeter-size and larger components (e.g., nuts, bolts, integrated circuits, wires) that are assembled into
larger subsystems (e.g., displays, gearboxes, fans), which frequently fall in the 10-centimeter to meter scale.
Subsystems are then assembled into final products. A recurring theme in both biological and non-biological
assembly across multiple length-scales is that the size “jump” between each hierarchical level is rarely more
than two or three length scales (100-1000x) The A2P program structure is defined by two hierarchical steps
required to assemble across the six length-scales from the nanometer scale to the millimeter scale (Figure
1). The first step, Technical Area 1 (TA1), is called “Atoms to Micron” and focuses on assembly of (~10-9
m) constituents into micron scale (~10-6 m) components or materials. The second step, Technical Area 2
(TA2), is called “Micron to Milli3meter” and addresses assembly of the micron-scale (~10-6 m) Atoms to
Micron output into systems, components, or materials that are at least at the millimeter scale (~10-3 m).

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Process Systems Enterprise (PSE Ltd)

Multiscale Model-Based Engineering
MBE places high-fidelity predictive models at the heart of process design or operational analysis.
Initial project effort is put into constructing a high-fidelity model of the plant or process that is
predictive over the entire range of interest.
This model is then used to optimize design or operation, exploring a wide design space rapidly and at
low cost, and applying optimisation techniques to determine answers directly rather than by trial and
error simulation.
MBE is based on three core approaches:
 First-principles modelling, where all relevant phenomena are described to an appropriate level
of chemical engineering first principles representation. This typically involves detailed mass
transfer, heat transfer and reaction equations.
 Multiscale modelling, where phenomena at all relevant scales are taken into account. The
diagram on the right shows, for example, the scales that need to be taken into account for a multi
tubular reactor. The phenomena occurring at a microscale in a catalyst pore can have a significant
influence on the overall (macroscale) reactor design.
 Integration with experimental data, by applying a model-targeted experimentation approach to

refine the model and at the same time maximise the effectiveness of the experimental
programme.

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2. Programs and Projects Architectural Design

Framework
2.1 General Strategy
 Programs are large scale and scope efforts. Programs characterized by
large Outcomes. Each Program is constituted by a Hierarchy of Projects. Multilevel
Maps describe these Hierarchies.
 Projects are more focused efforts and they are characterized by specific
Outputs. Each Project manages a set of R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing
Processes (described in the Paragraph 3.3). Data, Information and Knowledge are
organized and managed using tools methods and environments described in the
Paragraph 3.2. Maps (Paragraph 3.2) describe the Projects Hierarchy and their
relationships and interdependencies
Each Program and Project is linked to a Cyber-Physical-Human Framework (Chapter 4.)

described by Information Structures which detail:
1) All the R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes managed by the Project and
their relationships and interdependencies. R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing
Processes are carried out by a new set of Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and
Engineering Methodologies and Strategies (Paragraph 3.3)
2) all the Resources and Facilities (Theoretical, Computational, Experimental,
Characterization, Laboratory and Operational Testing) applied inside the Project and
their links with related R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes and Tasks
(see Paragraph 4.2)
3) all the concerned Entities/Organizations/Teams which play specific roles inside the
Project for specific R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes and Tasks(see
Paragraph 4.2)
Multilevel Hierarchical Maps describe the Global Architecture of a Large Scale

and Scope Program. The Hierarchical Network describe relationships and
interdependencies among the “Projects” which constitute the basic
Architectural Element of the “Program”
A general version of Hierarchical Networks incorporates Hierarchical Links (blue line) and
non- Hierarchical Links (red line)

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Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Strategies to Design the

“Program Architecture” and the R&D and Engineering Processes Structure carried out by the
“Projects”
PHASE 0:
1) Definition of the Functions and Functionalities to be carried out by the “Overall Complex Cyber –
Physical – Human System” which represents the “Objective of the “Program” and what are the
“Program Objectives”
2) Definition of the Structural and Technological Architecture of Cyber-Physical-Human Systems

which will be designed in the context of the “Program” Definition of their Operational Modalities and
the Architecture of the Cyber-Physical-Human Systems which will be applied during the Design,
Implementation, Testing and Validation Phases
3) Definition of the Implementation/Manufacturing, Testing and Validation Methods and Strategies of

the Cyber-Physical-Human Systems
This Phase describes the Fundamental Objective of the Program. Specific new
“Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin Environments” (Paragraph 3.3.5) and Maps
describe this “Context and Scenario”
PHASE 1:
a) Design of the “Functional Architecture” of the Program: Definition of the “Specific Projects” which
constitute the “Program”, ”, their Objectives, Functions, Structural and Technological Architecture of
the “ Cyber-Physical- Human Systems” that will be built and related relationships and
Interdependencies at all the relevant Scales & Levels.
b) Analysis of what operational capabilities, functionalities and performance can be achieved using
existing technologies, engineering and manufacturing solutions and what advances could be
considered necessary: Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Machines (Paragraph 4.5) are an
important resource to perform simulations
c) first evaluation of R&D activities thought to be needed. Results of hypothesized Research,
Technological and Engineering Advances on operational capabilities, functionalities and performance
of the Design and Implemented Systems can also be modeled and simulated using Virtual Strategic
Multiscale Space – Time Machines (Paragraph 4.5)
Inside all these Steps can also apply the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technologies and
Systems Design Modeling and Simulation Framework” (Paragraph 4.5) and Methods described in the
Chapter 2.. Several hypotheses are taken into account. Economic and Risk Analyses can also be
performed.
d) Definition of the overall Architecture of the R&D and Engineering Process: Multilevel Network of
R&D and Engineering Phases and Tasks and related relationships and interdependencies More
hypotheses can be worked out at the starting time. Hypotheses are tuned and/or modified following
Analysis results. The Integrated Information – Driven Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering
Analysis and Design Schemes, Strategies and Environments (Paragraph 3.3.6) and the Virtual
Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Machines (Paragraph 4.5) represent fundamental resources to
“Design” R&D and Engineering Processes.

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2.2 Integrated Information – Driven Strategic Multiscale Architectural R&D

and Engineering Analysis and Design Schemes and Strategies
This Paragraph describes Methods, Schemes and Strategies to Analyse Structure/Architecture the R&D and
Engineering Process which are designed, implemented and managed inside specific “Projects”.
Accordingly, we introduce a reference “Framework” to:

1) Analyse the Overall System Dynamics and the Interactions with the Operational Environment as defined by
Mission and Scenario Simulations
2) Analyse several Hypotheses concerning the Multiscale Multilevel Structural and Technological Architecture
of the “System” to be designed
3) Analyse, applying the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technologies and Systems Design
Modeling and Simulation Framework” (Paragraph 3.4), the impact on the System performance of several
new Technological and Architectural Developments
4) Analyse the Dynamics of all its components over the full space-time hierarchy and the related interactions
and interdependencies among them
5) Analyse relationships and interdependencies among the whole set of “Components” which constitute the
“System”. Analyses the “Requirements Propagation Scheme”
6) Design the Multilevel Hierarchical R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Networks of Phases and Tasks:
several Hypotheses can be taken into account
7) Identify the Information needed to accomplish Tasks and Phases along the whole R&D and Engineering
Process and the related characteristics and performance of the whole spectrum of Information Sources
8) Shape and Structure Analysis and Design Schemes and Strategies: several Hypotheses are taken into
account
The conceptual and methodological scheme to deal with the “Organization” of the “R&D and Engineering
Analysis and Design Process” is based upon the development of the Multiscale R&D and Engineering
Process Strategy Maps which describe the Hierarchical Multilevel Network of R&D and Engineering Phases
and Tasks and their relationships. Specific “Analysis/Design Strategy Maps”, describe all the Methods, Tools
and Environment applied inside Phases/Tasks.
Hierarchical Networks
A general version of Hierarchical Networks incorporates Hierarchical Links (blue line) and
non- Hierarchical Links (red line)
At the highest Level we have what can be called Phase 0 or (Root Phase) which refers to a specific R&D and
Engineering/Manufacturing Project/Program.
“Analysis/Design Strategy Maps”, describe Architecture and characteristics of Phases and Tasks in the
General Multilevel Hierarchical Network. Each Phase incorporates, in the more general case, a Hierarchy of
Multilevel more elementary Phases and Tasks. In turn, each Task can incorporate a Hierarchy of more
Elementary Tasks.

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Each “Analysis/Design Strategy Map”, related to Phases and Tasks, keeps track of several “Hypotheses”
linked to:
a) a range of possible Architectural, Technological, Manufacturing Solutions for the Concerned “Architectural
Element” which describe the “System” and the “Operational Environments” where the “System” will have
to operate to be analysed and designed
b) a range of possible R&D and Engineering Analysis Strategies (what analytical, computational methods and
models, experimental, characterization, testing and sensing techniques and related integration schemes are
selected)
During the execution of the Program, “Hypotheses” are progressively modified/discarded and New
“Hypotheses” can be formulated until Final Decisions.
Each “Analysis/Design Strategy Map” also describes: what Research, Technological, Experimental, Testing,
Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Environmental and Socio-Economic “Entities” and “Structures” are concerned
in the Phases and Tasks (Paragraphs 3.2) and related functions, relationships and interdependencies.
The Framework Integrates all the following Concepts, Methods. Strategies and Environments
 Chapter 3 Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering (IMSE) Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Management
System (Paragraph 3.2)
 Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Methodologies and Strategies (Paragraph
3.3)
 Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space (Paragraph 3.3.1)
 The Information Driven Concept and Analysis Scheme Paragraph (3.3.2) [Key Driving Principle]
 Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers (Paragraph 3.3.3)
 Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Experimentation, Testing and Sensing (Paragraph 3.3.4)
 Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin (Paragraph 3.3.5)
 Integrated Information-Driven Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Analysis and Design
Schemes and Strategies (Paragraph 3.3.6)
Chapter 4 Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society
Collaboratory Cyber & Physical Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering Society (Earth and Space Based)
Society Framework (Paragraph 4.2)
 Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Computing,
Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework (Paragraph 4.3)
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Knowledge Integrators and Multiplier
Centers (Paragraph 4.4)
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Development and
Implementation Modeling And Simulation Framework (Paragraph 4.5).

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3. Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering

(IMSE) Framework
3.1 Architecture and Objectives
The IMSE Framework is an Integrated Conceptual and Methodological Environment which allows to:
 Design Methodologically Integrated Environments and Application Strategies to carry out

the full spectrum of Analysis and Design Tasks linked to Research, Technology
Development, Engineering and Manufacturing Activities. The Distinguishing
Characteristics is A New Generation of “Methodologically Integrated Strategic Multiscale
Science – Engineering - Society Innovative Technology Development, Engineering and
Manufacturing Strategies” where (Strategic) Multiscale Modeling and Simulation become
overcoming classical divisions between the Computational, the Experimental, Testing and
Sensing Areas
 Design new Schemes and Structures for Data, Information and Knowledge Organization,
Analysis and Interpretation: Multiscale Multidisciplinary Maps and Knowledge Domains
This Framework is constituted by three Environments:
1) Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge

Management System (Paragraph 3.2)
2) Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Methodologies and Strategies

(Paragraph 3.3)
3) A New Strategic Multiscale Multi-Word “Integration Environment”: The “Strategic

Multiscale Digital Twin” (Paragraph 3.5), which connects not only the Physical and the
Virtual Worlds, as in the classical version of the “Digital Twin”, but all the three “Worlds”:
Physical, Virtual and Methodological which characterize any R&D and Engineering
Process.
The IMSE Framework can embody and take full advantage of a wide spectrum of Data
Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning Methods, Techniques and
Environments

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3.2 Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data,

Information and Knowledge Management System
The new Data, Information and Knowledge Management System proposed in this Document is conceived to be
a key element for Multiscale Science – Engineering Industrial and Societal SW Environments. The System
rests on the following reference concepts:
 “Multiscale Multiphysics Multiresolution Multicomponent Maps”
 “Multiscale Multi Abstraction Level Knowledge Domains”
The Multiscale Multiresolution Maps here described is an extension of the “Map” concept discussed by
Alessandro Formica in the ”Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration: A new Frontier for Aeronautics,
Space and Defense White Book” published on March 2003 by Italian Association of Aeronautics and
Astronautics (AIDAA).
Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Multicomponent Maps are “Multiscale Multiresolution
Information and Knowledge Structures” describing complex networks of relationships and interdependencies
between a large spectrum of “Information Variables” characterizing “Systems Structure and Dynamics”.
Relationships and interdependencies between “Information Variables” are worked out applying a wide spectrum
of Mathematical techniques like Data Analytics, AI techniques, Neural Networks,… to raw data coming from a
wide range of “Data Sources” (analytical and computational models, data bases, experimentation,
characterization, testing and sensing techniques and systems). covering the full spectrum of scales (from
atomistic to macro and mega as needed) and the full spectrum of disciplines. Multiscale Maps structure Data and
turn Data into Information. Maps are organized in a hierarchical way: A “Map” can incorporate a set of lower
level Maps. For instance: a “Multiscale Physical Map” linked to a specific Process (Hypervelocity Impact,
Combustion or Explosion, for instance) can be constructed by assembling a range of Multiscale Physical Maps
describing more elementary physical (chemical and biochemical) phenomena (fracture, fragmentation, phase
change,..) related to a specific materials and/or component/material of a System. Accordingly any “Element”
represented inside a Map can be decomposed into more elementary “Elements”. Representations can be static
and dynamic. Multiscale Maps can incorporate error analyses and uncertainty quantification methods. Multiscale
Maps make an extensive use of “ 2D/3D – 4D (time dependent) Multiscale Multiresolution Static and
Dynamic Graphic Representations”.
Hierarchical Networks
A general version of Hierarchical Networks incorporate Hierarchical Links (blue line) and non-
Hierarchical Links (red line)

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Multiscale Multi Abstraction Knowledge Domains are a further organization level. “ Knowledge Domains”
are Structures that can aggregate several Maps of the same typology or of different typologies related to the
same or different operational conditions, analysis and design hypotheses, solutions and tasks. Maps can be set
up and integrated inside a “Knowledge Domain” applying several aggregation and clustering schemes.
“Knowledge Domains” can be organized in a “Hierarchical Way”. “Knowledge Domains” can be related to
specific R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Tasks and Phases. They can track “Knowledge” structure and
organization as we transition from a R&D and Engineering Phase and Task to another one. “Multiscale Maps”
and “Multiscale Knowledge Domains” allow for an effective insertion and management of the more fundamental
knowledge (basic and applied research) inside the sequence of Technology Development and Engineering
phases. At each step/phase of the R&D and Engineering Process, Multiscale Maps and “Knowledge Domains”
are built taking full advantage of the knowledge get in the previous step/phase. Two fundamental typologies of
Maps are foreseen which describe relationships among variables, structures and processes:
A) R&D And Engineering (for systems of any kind of complexity) Maps
Multiscale Multilevel Architectural, Structural and Technological Maps

Describe Program and Project Objectives
Any Industrial, Ecological and Societal “System” of arbitrary degree of complexity (an air transportation
system, an energy production system, an industrial and socio-economic system, an ecological system, an
aerospace vehicle, a chemical plant, a nanotechnology device, a nanostructured material can be recursively
broken down in a set of simpler (macro, meso, micro, nano and atomistic) “Architectural, Structural and
Technological Elements” and “Interface/Interconnection Elements”. Interconnections and Integration develop
along two lines: Horizontal (same scale) and Vertical (different scales). We can distinguish three kinds of
Systems: Technological/Industrial/Infrastructural Systems, Natural Systems where the
Technological/Industrial/Infrastructural System (or System of Systems) operates and Socio-Economic Systems
(we can also include Government and Administrative Systems).
Fig. 5 describes the Two dimensional multilevel multiscale view of an aircraft. (from the “Validation Pyramid
and the failure of the A-380 wing” Presentation given by I. Babuska (ICES, The University of Texas at Austin),
F. Nobile (MOX, Politecnico di Milano, Italy), R. Tempone (SCS and Dep. of Mathematics’, Florida State
University, Tallahassee) in the context of the Workshop “Mathematical Methods for V&V SANDIA,
Albuquerque, August 14-16, 2007
Three new features distinguish this kind of Maps and related Multiscale Multilevel Science – Engineering CAD
Systems:
 Multiscale Multilevel Architectural/Structural Element Networks Analysis and Description. New extended
CAD Systems should describe the full set of multiscale multilevel (from the atomic to the macro and mega
level) multilevel (inside a single scale) Architectural and Structural Elements of a System (or System of
Systems) - including the “Operational Environment” - and related interconnections. Interconnection
Elements describe two – way interactions among Elements. This feature is of particular importance for
“System Engineering” analyses and if we like to assess the impact of the System upon the environment

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where it operates and the effects of the Environment on the System for the whole Life Cycle and the whole
spectrum of operational conditions including extreme ones and accidents.
 Zooming and Selected Multilevel Multiscale view capabilities. Users should have the possibility to select a
full spectrum of views at different levels of resolution and scales. Multiple views should be visualized in
order not to lose connections among different levels of abstraction, resolution and scales. The zooming
function should allow users to transition from a levels of abstraction, levels and scales in an interactive way.
 Multi Abstraction Levels: we can select groups (clusters) of architectural/structural elements of different
typologies over a spectrum of scales and resolution levels as needed to carry out specific analyses and
design tasks.
This kind of “Maps” gives a comprehensive picture of the:

– “Architectural, Structural, Technological and Interface/Interconnection Elements” (from macro to atomic
levels as needed) which constitute a “system” and its related Horizontal and Vertical organization: from the
System (or System of Systems) down to elementary structures (atoms/molecules, groups of atoms and
molecules)
– Relationships among Architectural, Structural, Technological Solutions, Socio-Economic Structure and
Dynamics and Operational Modalities
– Materials, Energy, Chemical and Biochemical Substances Flow (pollutants emitted toward the Natural
System for instance,) among the “Elements” constituting the System or System of Systems
– Analysis and Design Variables their relationships and interdependencies and links between “ Analysis and
Design Variables” and Architectural and Structural Elements
– Properties of the full set of Architectural and Structural Elements
– Performance and Requirements for the full set of Architectural and Structural Elements. Performance are
calculated and/or measured during the R&D, Engineering and Systems Development Process while
Requirements are defined and refined by designers.
Architectural, Structural, Technological Maps evolve along the Technology and Systems Development and
Engineering Analysis and Design Process thanks to Analysis and Design Modules and “Strategy Modules”.
“Maps” are built using the available knowledge; as analysis and design activities proceed, they are interactively
modified. Different Maps can be linked to different Architectural Hypotheses and Decisions for different
purposes and tasks during the R&D, Engineering and Systems Development Process. Maps are recorded,
organized and managed in specific “Architectural, Structural, Technological and Socio-Economic Map
Data Bases”. Architectural and Structural Elements Maps are related to:
 Functional Maps
 Monitoring and Control Maps
 Physics Maps
 Socio- Economic Maps
 Multiscale Analysis and Design Variable Maps tracking relationships between Analysis and Design
Variables. Multiscale Analysis and Design Variable Maps are built applying statistical analysis schemes
(multivariate, PCA…..) or other techniques like neural networks, AI,…. to data coming from several sources:
data bases, computation, analytical theories, experimentation, testing, sensing. Data integration and fusion
techniques are applied to reconcile and integrate data coming from different sources characterized by a range of
accuracy and reliability degrees. Multiscale Analysis and Design Variable Maps describe relationships between
variables used to characterize “Systems Behaviour” over a full range of space and time scales and disciplines
and over a range of operational conditions.

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 Multiscale Physics Maps describing the Physical, Chemical, Biochemical Phenomena and Processes which
determine the behaviour and dynamics of any kind of “System” under consideration for all the Levels and
Scales. The following table illustrates a textual version of a simplified Physics Map:
Multiscale Materials (Tantalum) Characterization ( Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory) Physics Map
Atomistic length-scale modeling
input: interatomic potentials (calculated with quantum mechanics)
output: dislocation generation, motion and interaction with other defects
scale physics: properties of individual defects (dislocations, vacancies, interstitials, dopants),
defects mobility, diffusion, clusters, surface reactions
Microscale length scale modeling
input: dislocation generation, motion and interaction with other defects
output: yield and hardening rules for single crystals
scale physics : defect interactions, precipitates, dislocation reactions, the early stages of void
growth, grain boundaries and the interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries
Mesoscale Modeling
input: yield and hardening rules for single crystals
output: mesoscale models of polycrystal aggregates (100s of grains)
scale physics : shear band, dislocation walls, collective dynamics of microstructure, interface
diffusion, grain coarsening, recrystallization, crack growth, fracture
Mesoscale Homogenization / Continuum Model
input: mesoscale models of polycrystal aggregates (100s of grains)
output: pressure and strain path dependent yield surface for continuum code hardening….
scale physics : polycrystal plasticity, temperature fields, hydrodynamic motion, textures,
microstructures homogenization, anisotropic hardening….
 Multiscale Socio-Economic Maps which describe relationships and interdependencies among social and
economic phenomena and processes
 Multiscale Socio-Economic-Architectural/Technological and Operational Modalities Maps describing
relationships among socio-economic phenomena and processes with specific Architectural/Technological
Solutions and Operational Modalities.
 Multiscale Monitoring and Control Maps describing (Hierarchical) Networks of Sensors and Control
Devices and Systems and their relationships with Elements to be monitored and controlled (described in the
Multiresolution Multiscale Architectural/Structural Maps). Transformation (Dynamical) Processes induced
by control actions are described thanks to Multiresolution Multiscale Physics Maps and Multiresolution
Multiscale Architectural/Structural Maps. This kind of Maps describes the “variables” monitored and
controlled, time and space monitoring and control resolution, sensing and control devices characteristics and
operational schemes.
 Multiscale Monitoring and Control Maps are related to:
 Architectural and Structural Maps
 Physics Maps (Physical and Bio-Chemical ) Phenomena and Processes Monitored and related effects
of Control actions
 Multiscale Functional Maps describing relationships between Functions performed by
Architectural/Structural/Technological Elements (from basic Elements to the whole Engineering/Civil/
Infrastructural/ Socio-Economic System) and the Operational Modalities.

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 Multiscale Requirements - Performance – Property – Structure Maps describing relationships between

Requirements, Performance, Structural Elements and related Properties over the whole scales and
representation levels as needed.
 Multiscale Performance – Property – Structure – Manufacturing/Processing Maps describing the impact
of specific Manufacturing/Processing equipments, procedures and techniques over the network of
Performance - Structure - Property relationships taking into account the spectrum of scales and
Fig. 4 Physics Map Example (from “Overview of the Fusion Materials Sciences Program Presented by S.J.
Zinkle, Oak Ridge National Lab Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee Meeting February 27, 2001
Gaithersburg”)
The previous figure depicts a “Information Structure” like the proposed Multiscale Physics Maps. In this case
the Multiscale Physics Map describes relationships between physical phenomena and chemical/physical
structural transformations linked to Radiation Damage Process for Metals. A cluster of Multiscale Physics
Maps, linked to specific physics phenomena or processes, architectural element and operational conditions, can
define what can be called a “Physical (Chemical and Biochemical) Phenomena and Processes Knowledge
Domain”. Knowledge Domains are managed by the Multiscale Science - Engineering -Society Data,
Information and Knowledge Management System.
Multiscale Functional Maps

We define two types of Functional Maps.
 The first one, which can be called “Direct Functional Map”, describes “Functions” carried out by the
System and the full hierarchy of its Elements. Direct Functional Maps link Architectural/Structural
Elements to Functions and they describe what functions are performed by Architectural/Structural Elements.
 The second one, which can be called “Inverse Functional Map” relates Functions to
Architectural/Structural Elements over the full spectrum of hierarchy levels
Functional Maps are linked to:
 Architectural, Technological and Structural Maps
 Physics Maps

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“Functional Maps” defined during the Technology Development and Engineering Process are recorded,
organized and managed by specific “Functional Maps Data Bases”. Maps are indexed in such a way as to
relate them to specific R&D and Engineering Phases and Tasks.
Physics Maps
We use the term “Physics” to indicate a set of physical, chemical and biochemical phenomena/processes
occurring inside a scale or developing over a spectrum of scales. We can extend the “Physics” concept by
including also socio.- economic phenomena and processes. In the Scientific and Engineering Areas,
Phenomena/Processes are, for instance, failure, stress corrosion cracking erosion, phase transformation,…… A
Process can be broken down in a full hierarchy of more elementary Processes and Phenomena. The distinction
between “processes” and “phenomena” is, to some extent, arbitrary. It is a matter of opportunity. Phenomena and
Processes can concern one or more Architectural/Structural Elements.
Physics Maps are linked to:
 Architectural/ Structural/ Technological and Functional Maps.

 Monitoring and Control Maps
 Requirements - Performance – Property – Structure Maps
 Performance – Property – Architecture - Structure - Processing Maps
 Multiscale Performance – Property – Structure – Manufacturing/Processing Maps

 Multiscale Manufacturing “Systems – any level of the hierarchy” - Operational Modes - Environmental
Emission Maps
“Physics Maps” are “Information Environments” which describe :
 the full set of physical, chemical, biological and bio-chemical phenomena and processes which rule the
dynamics of the “System” under Analysis/Design and the full set of Architectural/Structural Elements
(Interconnection Elements included) for a specific Task and their interactions inside a scale and over
different scales.
 The full hierarchy of (geometrical, physical and biochemical) Architectural/Structural transformations
related to a specific set of Phenomena/Processes linked to a specific R&D and Engineering Task .
 Relationships between the full hierarchy of processes, phenomena and Architectural/Structural
transformations for a specific Task
Maps are indexed in such a way as to relate them to specific R&D and Engineering Phases and Tasks.
Physics Maps are linked to Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps described in the Paragraph
2.3.5 Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps describe what Computational Models,
Experimentation, Testing and Sensing Techniques/Procedures are applied to analyze specific physical
phenomena/processes and their interconnection networks, sequence of execution and data. Physics Maps are
built using the available knowledge, as R&D and Engineering proceed, they are interactively modified.

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“Physics Maps” defined during the R&D, Engineering and Systems Development Process are recorded,
organized and managed by specific “Physics Maps Data Base”.
Integration of the previously defined Multiscale Maps allow to correlate:
 functions to physical phenomena and processes (linking Multiscale Functional Maps with Multiscale
Physics Maps
 Properties (Multiscale Architectural/Structural Maps) to Physics (Multiscale Physics Maps)
Multiscale Performance – Properties – Structure – Processing Maps

The definition of the Performance – Properties – Structure – Processing relationships has become a cornerstone
of the modern Materials Science and Engineering and R&D and Engineering at all. Prof. Gregory Olson,
Northwestern University has been one of the pioneers of this strategy. Prof. Olson described this approach in a
Science Magazine article: Vol. 277 (29 August 1997) pp. 1237-1242.
Fig. 6 (from Questek) illustrates the application of a Performance – Properties - Structure – Processing Map to
the design of new alloys.
Performance – Properties –Structure - Processing Maps are indexed in such a way as to relate them to specific
R&D, Engineering and System Development Phases and Tasks. Performance – Properties - Processing –
Structure Maps defined during the R&D and Engineering Process for different purposes and tasks are organized
and recorded in the “Performance – Properties - Structure - Processing Map Data Bases” The Multi
Abstraction Level feature of the Maps can be seen in the figure: each box is a specific abstraction level. Each
Box refer to a cluster of processes occurring over u spectrum of scales and resolution levels.
This kind of software environments contribute to characterize and manage relationships between processing and
manufacturing activities and the resulting architecture/structures

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These Maps identify :

 defects (typology, physical and chemical characteristics, density and distribution : statistical and
deterministic analysis) linked to specific processes and manufacturing activities and steps
 bio – chemical and structural features and transformations linked to specific processes and manufacturing
conditions, procedures and technologies
This kind of Maps are related to Multiscale Physics Maps
B) Manufacturing and Processing Maps

 Multiscale Manufacturing and Processing Maps describe:
 the (multiscale/multilevel) architecture (hierarchical networks of “units” [from Plants Network, to
single Plants, Cell, Robots and Machines/Tools] at the full spectrum scales and complexity levels (as
needed) of any kind of Manufacturing/Processing Systems (and System of Systems) and related
interconnections and interdependencies (materials, data and information flow). At the highest abstraction
level, a “Unit” can represent a whole Manufacturing/Processing System incorporating several simpler
Manufacturing/Processing Systems, Plants and other Elements. The representation scheme is recursive:
A “Unit” can be decomposed into a network of simpler “Units”, a simpler “Units” can be, in turn, be
decomposed into other networks of even more elementary “Units” over the whole hierarchy of scales
and representation levels, as needed.
 the full spectrum of functions carried out by the “units” constituting Manufacturing/Processing Systems
and their relationships and interdependencies. Multiscale Physics Maps and Multiscale Structur3al Maps
are applied to describe physical, chemical and bio-chemical transformations and processes occurring at
and over the full spectrum of “Units”.
 the (Hierarchical) networks of multiscale monitoring and control (M&C) devices and systems over the
full spectrum of scales and levels This kind of Maps describes the “quantities” monitored and controlled,
time and space resolution, Sensing and control devices characteristics and operational schemes
 the (Hierarchical Network) of Sensing/Inspection Systems, their Functions and Operational Modes
 Multiscale Multilevel Manufacturing and Processing Execution Flow: this kind of Maps describes, for
each specific Manufacturing (Continuous and/or Discrete) Process of any level of complexity the execution
flow (manufacturing/processing sequence of steps) throughout the full set of Plants. Process Units, Cells,
Machines/Robots,…., the work performed at each step, the characteristics of the “Unit”, the
structural/chemical/physical transformations worked out (also using Architectural/Structural Maps and
Physics Maps), the inspections performed, the materials flow…..
 Multiscale Manufacturing “Systems – any level of the hierarchy” - Operational Modes - Environmental
Emission Maps Theses Maps represent a new “Generation” of Maps specifically conceived to evaluate the
impact on the Environment of Manufacturing/Processing “Systems” for a wide range of operational
conditions and design solutions. Maps describe relationships among Manufacturing System (any level), its
Operational Modes and related Emissions (any kind).
Multiscale Maps represents a key element of new IMSE-TSPD (Chapter 5) and IMSE-TSDD (Chapter 6)
Frameworks Main objectives:
 Developing new schemes allowing for a more in-depth analysis and structuring of data, information and
knowledge and related correlations and interdependencies
 Integrating the full spectrum of “Data Sources” (Data Bases, Analytical Theories, Computational
Models, Experimentation , Testing and Sensing). The “Information Space” and the “Modeling and
Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” concepts and methods can ease this kind of
Integration

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 Developing new CAD/CAE/CAM/CAP Environments specifically conceived to Design and Produce

new Hierarchical Multiscale Nano To Macro Multifunctional Systems in the context of an Integrated
Science – Engineering Approach
Multiscale Maps are indexed and related to specific R&D and Engineering Tasks and Phases, Design
Hypotheses and Design Decisions and Operational Conditions. The Multiscale Science - Engineering -
Society Data, Information and Knowledge Management System records, organizes and manages all the
previously defined Maps and “Knowledge Domains” (Map Typologies A and B). Each Map and “Knowledge
Domain” is characterized by a set of Tags which link them to a specific task, phase and operational conditions
and analysis and design hypothesis inside the R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Analysis and Design
Process (Paragraph 3.3).

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3.3 Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering

Methodologies and Strategies
3.3.1 Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space
This concept was presented by Alessandro Formica in the Report “Fundamental R&D Trends in Academia and
Research Centres and Their Integration into Industrial Engineering” (September 2000), drafted for European
Space Agency (ESA). The “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” is associated to any analytical,
computational model/method, and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing procedure and
technique applied to a specific task. The “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” defines:
 what spectrum of information about physical/biological/chemical phenomena and processes
 at what level of accuracy and reliability (Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) and Quantification of Margin of
Uncertainty (QMU))
can be get by a computational model or experimental/characterization/testing/sensing technique/procedure
applied in a specific context for a specific task.
A set of “model variables” characterize analytical and computational models. A set of “method variables”
characterize the specific method applied to perform simulations. A set of “system variables” characterizes the
system to be modeled and simulated or subjected to Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
analyses. A set of “Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing variables” characterizes Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques and procedures. The ”Multiscale Science – Engineering
Information Space” also applies to cluster of computational models and experimental/testing/Sensing
techniques/procedures linked through multiscale multiphysics coupling schemes. In this case we can define
“coupling scheme parameters” which describe the method used to couple models and/or
experimental/testing/Sensing techniques/procedures.
 With the term “system” we refer to the system (materials, device, component,….) under analysis.. A set of
“variables” describe the geometrical, biological, chemical and physical structure of the system.
 With the term “Operational Environment”, we refer to “External Fields, Interactions with other Natural,
Human and Technological Systems and Loading Conditions”
 With the term “model” we refer to the mathematical/computational representation of the “system” under
investigation. A set of “variables” characterize and describe the models (boundary conditions, external
fields/loading conditions, space and time dimensions, discretization techniques, particles number and
typology,…….). In the proposed framework we extend the concept of “Model” to the
Experimental/Testing/Sensing world.
 With the term “method” we refer to the specific deterministic and statistical analytical and computational
method (Monte Carlo. Classical Molecular Dynamics, Quantum Molecular Dynamics, Density Functional
Theory, Dislocations Dynamics, Cellular Automata, Agent Based,…).
 With the term “experimental/testing/sensing technique and procedure variables” we refer to the “variables”
which describe technical characteristics of the experimental and testing apparatus and the specific
operational modes and conditions (globally referred to as “procedure”)
Information Space Construction
To build the “Information Space” of a specific (single scale or multiscale) computational model with reference
to a specific system and analysis task (fracture, delamination, oxidation,…), we perform a set of simulations,
varying in a systematic way parameters/variables which characterize the physical (chemical and biochemical)
phenomena/processes of interest in the context of a specific task including external forces. Then, we validate
computational models using a set of experiments, tests and sensing measures to track the “boundaries” of the
Information Space and evaluate accuracy and reliability (Uncertainty Quantification – UQ and Quantification of
Margin of Uncertainties – QMU techniques can be used to this purpose). Information Spaces can be built also
for Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques and procedures.

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In this case a “Cross Validation” strategy is applied which foresee the comparison of a spectrum of
experimentation, testing and sensing techniques. We should take into account that if models do not deliver the
“Gospel Truth” not even Experimentation, Testing and Sensing techniques do it
It is possible to apply different schemes to build the “Information Space” for a specific task. For instance:
 fixing model and methodology variables and varying external conditions and/or system variables (typology
and architecture of a material or device)
 fixing external conditions and system variables and varying model and/or methodology variables (for a
molecular dynamics model: simulation time, force fields typology, number of particles,…).
 any other possible combinations
The Information Space, for each specific computational model/method (or cluster of models: multiscale
multiphysics) applied to a specific task includes information about the computing resources needed to perform
simulations and the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques used to validate it
Information Space Relevance

Three considerations underlie the definition of the “Multiscale Science – Engineering Information Space”
concept and method for models as well as for Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques:
 rationally correlating advances for models/methods and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
techniques and multiscale multiphysics coupling schemes with the capability of getting information thought
to be important to carry out specific R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing tasks.
 rationally defining the role of models/methods and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
techniques and related multiscale multiphysics coupling schemes inside a more general R&D and
Engineering analysis and design process and the interdependencies among different models, methods,
techniques and coupling schemes.
 formally tracking and planning the development path (roadmap) for models, methods and Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques and related coupling schemes as linked to specific R&D
and Engineering analysis and design tasks, and assessing the relative importance of the different
models/methods and related coupling schemes to get some Information at a specific level of accuracy and
reliability.
We can consider an aerodynamic design task, for instance. The ability to run a 30/50-million grid points Navier
Stokes simulation in the same lapse of time, or less, as a 1 million grid points simulation, is surely an important
result from an engineering analysis and design point of view. But, what is the relative “weight” between model
dimension and physics (turbulence) modeling as function of a certain level of accuracy and reliability for a
particular task (calculation of aerodynamic coefficients, for instance)?
In this way, can we get more reliable and accurate information instrumental to reducing cost and development
time and introduce innovative technological solutions? The answer is not so straightforward. Turbulence plays a
key role in flow dynamics phenomena of critical importance for the design of a wide range of systems. Suppose
the biggest simulation model used the same turbulence model (or a slight modification) as the one employed in
the smallest one, what is the relationship among the number of grid points, turbulence modeling (model
variables) and the capacity of getting the needed engineering information at the right level of accuracy (for
instance : CP - CL or vortex dynamics – look at the V-22 vortex ring state story) ? Is the number of grid points or
the turbulence modeling the dominant knowledge factor from a designer point of view?
The situation becomes even more critical when the physics and chemistry to be taken into account are highly
complex (aerothermodynamics and combustion, for example). It is sufficient to think at a combustion chamber
or an hypersonic vehicle. Several variables such as complex thermo chemical phenomena, the interactions
between turbulence and chemistry, multiphase and phase change phenomena, condition the information space
linked to a model.

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We introduce, now, the “Range of Validity” concept for the “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information
Spaces” associated to models/methods and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques and
procedures.
“Range of Validity” is the range of the “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” inside which we
can get a set of information from specific models/methods and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing procedures/techniques and possible coupling schemes at a certain level of accuracy and reliability
(uncertainty quantification).
It is of fundamental relevance to determine how the “Range of Validity” changes as model, method,
experimental & testing and coupling scheme variables change. The “range of validity” is a key element to
determine (for a specific task) :
 how “good” computational models and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques and
coupling schemes should be to get Information we think to be needed to carry out a task at a predefined error
and uncertainty level.
 how to define the right mix of computational models/methods and experimental & testing
procedures/techniques and coupling schemes to get what we think to be the right information at the right
level of accuracy and uncertainty to perform a specific R&D and Engineering analysis and design task..
Fig. 7 (Center for Computational Materials Design – NSF) describes a framework to define in a formal way the
“Range of Validity (or Applicability Domain)” of a model
The “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” formalizes what, today, is being performed in an
empirical and semi-empirical way. Such a formal procedure allows us to rigorously evaluate the relative weight
of the several “model/method/technique variables” as function of the “Information Space” and the best
research/development paths for computational models/methods and experimental & testing techniques to
address specific challenges.
The “(Strategic) Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” concept and method

enables researchers and designers to jointly define development roadmaps for computational
models and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques.

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The need of defining the “Information Space” associated to computational method and experimental
techniques, in the context of the Verification & Validation process, has been analyzed, for instance, by Tim
Trucano in “Uncertainty in Verification and Validation: Recent Perspective Optimization and Uncertainty
Estimation, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185-0370 SIAM Conference on
Computational Science and Engineering, February 12-15, 2005, Orlando, Florida - SAND2005-0945C”.
Fig. 8 The figure (from the previously quoted document) illustrates the “Information Space concept
Thanks to the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Information Space” concept and method, it is
possible to define “Costs/Benefits Function” for models/methods and related coupling schemes as referred to
different Technology Development and Engineering tasks. “Benefits” are referred to the Information get and
“Costs” to the resources needed to develop, validate and apply models/methods/techniques/coupling schemes.
This kind of Function could be useful to Technology Development and Engineering Project Managers to better
manage and allocate human, organizational and financial resources.
The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Information Space” and the “Range of Validity” concepts can
be related with new Verification and Validation (V&V) strategies and methods. Uncertainty Quantification
(UQ) is a key challenge for Computational Science and Engineering. UQ and “Quantification of Margin of
Uncertainty (QMU)” [performance (measured) vs. requirements (set)] , are becoming (have already become)
one of the new driver and objective for the Computational World. The Predictive Science Academic Alliance
Program (PSAAP) managed by US National Nuclear Security Agency (NNSA) is a clear example of application
of these statements.
The “Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Space” is of fundamental importance to define and implement
“Methodologically Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Strategies” which foresee the
coherent use of several different single and multiscale computational models and methods, and several different
single and multiscale Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques working over a full range
of scales nd disciplinary fields.
The “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space is becoming of increasingly importance for
Science and Engineering because for a specific tasks is common using a spectrum of computational models and
a spectrum of experimental techniques and methods. Integration calls for rigorous methodologies to determine
what kind of Information can be get from computations and what from experimentation, testing and Sensing.

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According to the previous analysis, the “Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space”
concept and method is instrumental to identify:
 shortcomings and limitations of computational models/methods and related multiscale
multiphysics coupling schemes for specific R&D and Engineering tasks
 development lines (roadmaps) for computational models and methods and multiscale coupling
schemes to achieve specific R&D and Engineering objectives
 shortcomings and limitations and development lines (roadmaps) for Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques and procedures and related multiscale
multiphysics coupling schemes
 integrated roadmaps for jointly developing multiscale multiphysics analytical, computational and
(multiscale) experimental, testing and Sensing techniques to deal with specific R&D and
Engineering Tasks
 integrated strategies for jointly applying multiphysics multiscale analytical, computational and
(multiscale) Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques/procedures to deal
with specific R&D and Engineering Tasks

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Model and Technique Predictive Capabilities (Critical Issue)

The development of highly predictive computational models is widely considered (particularly in the industrial
environment) as a key target to streamline the R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing process by reducing the
resort to highly costly and lengthily experimental, characterization and testing activities. That is clearly
recognized. However, we seldom see in-depth analyses of what the term “predictive” really means and the
related “conditions to reach the needed predictive levels for specific tasks”. We can identify two basic
conditions for the development and the implementation of highly predictive models and techniques:
a) Researchers and engineers are able to understand what physical length scales and multidisciplinary bio-
physical and chemical phenomena and related multiscale (Space, and Time) relationships are important for
specific R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing tasks and purposes and, accordingly, how “good” the codes are to
be to meet specific task requirements in specific phases of the R&D and Engineering design process (in the
proposed Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Framework, a specific
methodology: “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” is outlined to accomplish this task).
This understanding is also of fundamental relevance to set up and design reliable and effective experimental,
characterization, testing and sensing methods and strategies o develop and validate models for specific tasks. It is
also of crucial relevance evaluating “how good” experimental, characterization, testing and sensing techniques
are to be.
b) Researchers and engineers are able to define the range of validity of the models and, inside this range, the
degree of reliability and accuracy of models. In other terms, we should be able to determine what spectrum of
bio- physical and chemical phenomena can be accounted for and the related uncertainty and accuracy level
(range of validity definition and uncertainties management). Key prerequisite for a predictive use of
modeling & simulation in the innovative fields is the ability to define the “Information Space” associated with
the computational models. Validation means the capability of defining both characteristics of the “Information
Space” and its boundaries. It is worthwhile noting that as computational models become more complex so their
sensitivity to even very small errors goes up. A comprehensive and reliable assessment of the predictive
capabilities of computational models and codes is a key, but still largely unsolved, issue. We still do not have
rigorous and reliable methods to assess the range of validity of the models. How to extrapolate validation
outside the range of availability of experiments, characterization, testing and sensing activities and methods
is, to a large extent, an unanswered question.
However, it is important to highlight that computational models can be also applied in what can
be defined an “Exploratory Mode”(outside the validation context) to give “hints” functional to
guide experimental, characterization, testing and sensing activities as foreseen in the
Strategic Multiscale theoretical and methodological context.
Single and/or Multiscale Models should not be considered as “Magic Boxes”. We should take into
account that validation methods and strategies are also strongly dependent on the “operational
conditions” where they are carried out. It is sufficient a small modifications of the operational
conditions to change reliability and completeness of validation results. Furthermore it is
necessary to consider that validation procedures concern, in many cases of real industrial value,
not a simple piece of material, but devices and components mutually interacting with varying (in
some cases stochastically) boundary and loading conditions. “Designing” Validation techniques
and procedures needs special care and attention. It is important to understand the real “reliability”
of Validation Procedures when they try to reproduce real operational conditions. Last but not least
consideration: if single and multiscale models do not deliver the “Gospel Truth”, not even
(Multiscale) Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Techniques deliver the “Gospel
Truth”, the real “Strategic Value” resides in their “Integration”

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The tactical and strategic value of Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Models is linked to their role of
“Multi-Disciplinary and Knowledge Integration Elements”. Multiscale Multidisciplinary Models are
a fundamental resource to integrate, inside a coherent Strategy, a wide range of tools and methods,
maximizing in this way the potentialities of the single methods and techniques. scenario single and
multiscale, modeling and simulation can and should play the central role of Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Models can be considered “Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier (KIM)”
Resources by synthetizing data, information, and knowledge from a number of different disciplines, a
wide range of scientific and engineering time and space scales, multiple scientific and engineering
models, experimental, characterization, testing and sensing techniques.
This new “Multi-Methodology Multiscale Integration Strategy”, which can take full
advantage of Artificial Intelligence(AI), Machine Learning and Data Analytics
Techniques, can be considered a new “Strategy” to achieve higher degrees of
Modeling Predictive Levels

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3.3.2 The Information – Driven and Analysis Scheme

The relevance of “Information”, as a key element to shape R&D and Engineering Strategies, is winning an
increasing attention. Several studies have been performed, for instance, by Jitesh H. Panchal, Janet K. Allen,
David L. McDowell and colleagues at Georgia Institute of Technology. Alessandro Formica highlighted the role
of Information to drive modeling and simulation strategies in the White Paper “HPC and the Progress of
Technology : Hopes, Hype and Reality” published in US by RCI Ltd on February, 1995. In this document he
discussed the concept of “Engineering Information Analysis”. The issue was also dealt with in the context of the
Accelerated Insertion of Materials (AIM) Program (1999) managed by US DARPA. The following text is drawn
from DARPA Proposer Information Pamphlet BAA 00-22 clearly describes the theme and related challenges:
“The need for an “Information Driven” strategy . “….There are many interrelated technical challenges and
issues that will need to be addressed in order to successfully develop new approaches for accelerated insertion.
These include, but are not limited to, the following:
The construction of the designer’s knowledge base: What information does the designer need and to what
fidelity? How does one coordinate models, simulations, and experiments to maximize information content? What
strategies does one use for design and use of models, computations, and experiments to yield useful information?
How can redundancies in the data be used to assess fidelity ? The development/use of models and simulation:
What models are required to be used and/or developed in the context of the designer knowledge base? How can
models of different time and length scales be linked to each other and to experiments? How can the errors
associated with model assumptions and calculations be quantified? How can models be used synergistically with
experimental data ?
The use of experiments: Are there new, more efficient experimental approaches that can be used to accelerate
the taking of data? How can experiments be used synergistically with models? How can legacy data and other
existing data base sources be used ?
The mathematical representation of materials: How can one develop a standardized mathematical language to:
describe fundamental materials phenomena and properties; formulate reliable, robust models and
computational strategies; bridge interfaces; and identify gaps between models, theory and experimental
materials science and engineering? How can this representation be used to develop hierarchical principles for
averaging the results of models or experiments while still capturing extremes ?……”
In the context of the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Framework”, “Information” is a
key element which, to a large extent, drives and shapes R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Strategies.
The term “Information – Driven” means that R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing strategies for specific Tasks
have to address what can be called “The Information Challenge for R&D and Engineering” :
– What Information at what level of accuracy and reliability (uncertainty quantification) is needed to
accomplish a task. At the starting time of the R&D and Engineering Process we can select some initial
hypotheses.
– What Relationships and Interdependencies between analysis and design variables should be tracked over a
full range (as needed) of space and time scales to accomplish a task
– What kind of information sources (Analytical, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing Models/Techniques) are needed and how they can be integrated to get the previously identified
information

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Accordingly, the following key issues define the “The Information Driven Analysis and Design Scheme for
R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes”:
a) Select an initial range of Architectural/Technological and Operational Hypotheses for the System to be
designed and developed
b) Select a set of reference scales and resolution levels (the choice is not unique and it is related to a specific
Phase and Task)
c) identify physical phenomena, geometry and variables at the different space and time scales which influence
the dynamics of a system at the reference scale at a certain level of accuracy and fidelity (different scenarios
for accuracy and fidelity can be taken into account).
d) identify at a qualitative and quantitative level relationships and interdependencies among phenomena,
geometry, equations and variables at the different scales
e) assess how and to what extent (qualitative and quantitative evaluation) the capability of getting information
thought to be needed to describe the dynamics of the system at the reference scale at a certain level of
accuracy and fidelity is affected by the spectrum of phenomena at the other scales.
f) assess how requirements defined at a scale determine and affect requirements to the other scales The
definition of how information and requirements propagate in a qualitative and quantitative way (in a
deterministic and/or probabilistic fashion and taking into account uncertainties) from a scale to another scale,
from a resolution level to another resolution level, is a key step to :effectively deal with physics as well as
with system and process complexity
g) Assess what Information at what level of accuracy and reliability is thought to be needed to accomplish a
R&D and Engineering task . “Thought to be needed” means that the process is iterative, we start with some
hypotheses and just Multiscale Science-Engineering Strategies and related Data, information and
Knowledge Analysis schemes and tools give us the possibility to improve evaluation about the Information
needed to execute the task. Example : What Information (what physical and chemical phenomena and
processes related to materials, structures and chemically reacting flows and their interactions) at what level
of accuracy and uncertainty should we know to analyze the dynamics of a Thermal Protection Systems of an
Hypersonic Vehicle for a specific operational environment?
h) Evaluate what physical length scales and related physical and biochemical phenomena rule the dynamics of
the “system” under analysis for a specific Tasks, what is the relative weight, what are relationships and
interdependencies between phenomena and processes inside a scale and between different scales (to be
described thanks to Multiscale Maps).
i) Evaluate what Information at what level of accuracy and reliability can existing analytical, computational
models, experimental, testing and Sensing techniques and related coupling scheme give us (to be described
using the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Information Space”).
j) Assess what characteristics (Information Spaces) should new models/techniques and related coupling
schemes have
k) Assess what combination of old and new computational, analytical, and experimental/testing methodologies
at different levels of scale and resolution do we need to get the right information at the right level of
accuracy and completeness for the different tasks in the different R&D and design stages. A critical step for
the “rational design” of the R&D and engineering processes is a proper selection, integration, and
sequencing of computational and analytical models and experimental/testing methodologies with varying
degrees of complexity and resolution. To do that we have to define the “ Science-Engineering Information
Space” associated to each methodology.
l) Assess how good Analytical and Computational models, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing techniques and related coupling schemes should be to get the previously identified information
thought to be needed to accomplish a task. How “good” means evaluating how much “physical realism”
should be incorporated into the models and what scales hierarchy has to be taken into account. Not in all the

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cases, of course, we really need complex multiscale methodologies going down to the Schrödinger
equations: simple single scale models can be accurate and reliable enough.
Note: This kind of Information is critical to evaluate what new analytical and computational
models and what new Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing procedures/techniques
should be developed and integrated to deal with a specific analysis task.
It is important to identify not only what we know, but, in particular, what we do not know,
what we should know, how we should know it (what combination of scientific and
engineering methodologies and technologies should be needed). In this context, the “lack
of Knowledge” becomes and important element to guide Strategies.
Furthermore, another very critical issue is that we need a rational approach to link advances in the
different methods at the different scales with the new information we need to meet challenges in the
different tasks in the different stages of the R&D and engineering process. How do we effectively
and timely evaluate the impact of scientific methodological and information advances at an atomic,
molecular, and grain (for materials) level on new technological and engineering solutions if we do
not have conceptual and methodological (multiscale) frameworks to link methods and information at
the different scales: from atomic to continuum? The “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information
Space” can represent a first step to deal with these critical issues. If we like to shape new
cooperative schemes between industry, from one side, and academia and research, from the other
side, we have to define specific methodologies to evaluate the “industrial and technological value”
of new scientific methodological advances.
It is to be highlighted that this “Analysis Scheme” is adaptive and iterative. It should be carried out at the
starting time of any R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Phase and Task using available data, information and
knowledge and formulating hypotheses: Results get during the execution of a Phase and related Tasks will
provide data, information and knowledge that allow to update and improve the Analysis Scheme and initial
Hypotheses Phase after Phase, Task after Task.
The “Information-driven” approach is a fundamental element to assess if, where, when and to what extent we
have to go down along the hierarchy of scales. Not in all the cases, of course, we should go down until
Schrodinger equations from the continuum. Don’t Model Bulldozers with quarks (Goldenfeld and Kadanoff,
1999)

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3.3.3 Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers

and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies and Knowledge
Domains
The “Vision” of “Multiscale Modeling & Simulation” as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” (KIM) and
“Unifying Paradigm” for Scientific and Engineering Knowledge Domains and (Experimentation, Testing and
Sensing) Methodologies characterizes the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering
Framework” and it represents the conceptual context inside which the Framework is developed and
applied to R&D and Engineering Processes. The KIM notion was presented by Alessandro Formica in the:
“HPC and the Progress of Technology : Hopes, Hype, and Reality” – RCI. Ltd Management White Paper –
February 1995
“Multiscale Multiphysics Modeling and Simulation” can be regarded as “Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers” (KIM) and “Unifying Paradigm” for Scientific and Engineering Knowledge Domains and
Methodologies because (Strategic) Multiscale Models are able to integrate and synthesize, in a coherent
framework, Data, information and Knowledge from:
 a number of disciplines,
 a wide range of scientific and engineering time and space domains,
 multiple scientific and engineering models (Science-Engineering integration) linked by a spectrum of
coupling schemes.
 a wide spectrum of Computational, Experimentation, Testing and Sensing Multiscale Science – Engineering
Data and Information Spaces built during the development, validation, application and improvement phases
of the same Multiscale Models
 several Maps generated by a wide range of methodologies (analytical theories, computation,
experimentation, testing and Sensing) during the development, validation, application and improvement
phases of the same Multiscale Models
In this context, we propose to extend the concept of “Model” to include not only its mathematical
formulation, but, also, Information Spaces and Maps linked to it for specific tasks. We also extend
the concept of “Model” from the Computational to the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing World. This Vision gives a New Dimension to the Virtual Engineering and Manufacturing
Concept and Strategy and, at the same time, opens the way to define a New Field: “Virtual
Technology Innovation”. The “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin” can be a reference context
and representation of this New Field
Multiscale Information Spaces and Multiscale Maps embody and organize Data, Information and Knowledge
get by the full spectrum of analytical theories, a set models at different scales and the related experiments, tests
and Sensing measures used to develop, validate and improve them. It is to be highlighted that all the existing
Modeling and Simulation concepts, application strategies and methodologies, such as “Virtual Prototyping” ,
“Simulation Based Design”, “Simulation - Based Acquisition”, Simulation Based Engineering Science (SBES)
and “Virtual Engineering”, can be considered as particular cases of this more general concept and strategy.
We would like to emphasize that the “KIM” concept puts Multiscale Modeling and
Simulation and, accordingly, HPC, at the center of the R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing
Processes much more than the classical “Virtual Engineering and Manufacturing” and
“Simulation Based Engineering Science” concepts. Multiscale Modeling and Simulation
become a key element to shape Complex (multi and single scale) “Integrated”
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Strategies.

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The concept of “Model” as “Knowledge Integrator” is certainly not new. This view, in the mid of nineties, was
clearly described in the chemical engineering field by James H. Krieger, in the article “Process Simulation Seen
As Pivotal In Corporate Information Flow” - Chemical & Engineering News, March 27, 1995. The text reported
the following statement of Irving G. Snyder Jr., director of process technology development, Dow Chemical :
"The model integrates the organization. It is the vehicle that conveys knowledge from research all the way up to
the business team, and it becomes a tool for the business to explore different opportunities and to convey the
resulting needs to manufacturing, engineering, and research." . In the same article other companies such as
BNFL and Du Pont expressed similar points of view.
Note: Continuous advances in computational modeling and computing power makes it possible to build
computational models which simulate the experimental or testing apparatus, the system to be probed and related
interactions. This kind of modeling is an interesting asset to plan experimentation, testing and Sensing and
analyze results.
Key element of the KIM Vision is the extension of the concept of “Model” to the Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing World as detailed in the following box:
The Concept of Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing “Model”

In the proposed theoretical and methodological framework it is necessary to extend the
concept of “Model” from the Computational to the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing World. In the context of the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
World, for “Model”, as referred to a specific Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing
activity carried out with specific techniques, working in a specific operational mode and
probing a specific system for a specific task, we mean an “Information and Knowledge
Structure” that defines:
 Characteristics (structure, composition, initial dynamics state, boundary conditions, external
loadings) of the System to be probed
 Characteristics of the equipment in terms of resolution, scale, physical and biochemical
phenomena which can be probed
 Characteristics of the specific Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
operational conditions and modes applied for specific R&D and Engineering Tasks
 The “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space” related to it
 Multiscale Maps
When we consider clusters of equipments, the “Information/Knowledge” Structure referred to
as “Model” embodies information about:
 Interaction schemes among the different equipments
 Data and Information Flow among the different equipments

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Multiscale Computational Modeling and Multiscale Experimentation Integration

Materials Research Society Bulletin
An important recognition of the key strategic relevance of the development of multiscale experimental
techniques and their integration with multiscale computational modeling comes from the article “Three-
Dimensional Materials Science: An Intersection of Three-Dimensional Reconstructions and Simulations
(Katsuyo Thornton and Henning Friis Poulsen, Guest Editors), published in the Materials Research Society
(MRS) Bulletin June 2008.
“..For example, by combining a nondestructive experimental technique such as 3D x-ray imaging on a
coarse scale, FIB-based 3D reconstruction on a finer scale, and 3D atom probe microscopy at an even finer
scale, one has an opportunity to capture materials phenomena over six orders of magnitude in length scale.
This will bring materials researchers closer to the ultimate dream of a direct validation of multiscale
models, both component by component and ultimately as an integrated simulation tool. In conjunction with
the advances on the modeling side, such comprehensive experimental information is seen as very
promising for establishing a new generation of models in materials science based on first principles…..”
Even if attention to the integration issue is positively increasing, particularly for models development and
verification and validation phases, there are still conceptual and methodological relationships not thoroughly
examined between challenges and advances in modeling and simulation, and progress and challenges in
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques. Experience is showing us that ever more
complex and large scale computations call for increasingly sophisticated and expensive
experimental/testing/sensing techniques both in the model development, validation and improvement phases.
Advances in modeling and simulation are intimately linked to progress in Experimental, Characterization,
Testing and Sensing methods and techniques and vice versa. A direct correlation and strong mutual
dependencies, in the model development, validation and improvement phases, exist between the two fields
sometimes regarded as antithetic. It is important to take into account that, if computational methods and
computing technologies are continuously progressing, also Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
techniques are making continuous significant progress.
It is sufficient to think at the impact on materials research that the Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and
Atomic Force Microcopy (AFM) techniques have had.
It is advisable to consider a joined development (and validation) of new Computational

Methods and Strategies with new Experimentation, Testing and Sensing Techniques and
Strategies.
Furthermore, more and more complex and powerful 3D and 4D Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing techniques, increasingly call for complex computational models to interpret, analyse and organize data
and define integrated measurement and characterization strategies. A priority target is to develop a unified
conceptual context to synergistically take advantage of advances in both the fields and not only for the
computational models development and validation phases, as it occurs today, but, also, in the application phase.
All of that in the context of Integrated Frameworks and Strategies
An effective R&D and Engineering Strategy should find the way to synergistically take advantage
of advances in both the fields. In several cases, today, advanced HPC/Modeling/Simulation and
experimental/testing/Sensing programs are conceived and managed as separated realities. This
situation can lead to costs increase and hamper and limit the effectiveness of both the programs.
The new Vision reconcile development streams and roadmaps in the two fields.

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In the R&D and Engineering Process, today and, more and more, in the future, we have to integrate a full
spectrum of (interdependent and interlinked) scientific and engineering models and codes with a wide spectrum
of Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing (scientific and engineering) data with a full spectrum of
scientific and engineering analytical formulations. Data get from experimentation, testing and Sensing covers
several physical and biochemical disciplines and domains and several different space and time scales. It is clear
that, increasingly, we have to deal with very complex interaction patterns “intra” the experimentation, testing
and Sensing world, “intra” the computational modeling world and “inter” the experimentation, testing, Sensing
and computational modeling worlds. “Multiscale Science – Engineering Information Spaces, Multiscale Maps
and the KIM vision can be a first step to realize this integration. The KIM concept is a fundamental theoretical
and methodological basis. Methodologically Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering Strategies are built
upon it. Classical Modeling & Simulation Application Strategies in the innovative technology development field
are significantly hampered and limited the following fundamental contradiction: “when we develop
innovative technologies and innovative engineering solutions, we often enter a territory where
theories are not well developed and reliable, and the availability of experimental and testing data is
fragmented or lacking at all. Accordingly, we face a fundamental and intrinsic problem: Modeling &
Simulation is the reference strategy to limit risks, costs, and development times by heavily reducing
the resort to complex and expensive experimental and testing activities. However, contrary to what
happens in the mature or evolutionary technology environment, we cannot adopt this strategy
because we still need very significant experimental and testing activities to develop and validate the
needed computational models.”
That is what is called a classical “Catch 22” situation: (i.e.) a situation which involves intrinsic
contradictions. This contradiction is certainly not ignored. In the presentation “Modeling and
Simulation in the F-22 Program” held on 3 June 98, Bgen Michael Mushala, F-22 System Program
Director, highlighted this issue. We quote his exact words :
A Catch 22 :
>> Increased Reliance on Simulation Requires High Confidence in the Modeling
>> High Confidence in the Modeling Requires High Quality Flight Test Data
How to get out of this contradiction? We think that single scale and independent computational and
experimentation, testing and Sensing science and engineering strategies are not up to the challenge, A partial
way forward can be the application of the new Vision of Modeling and Simulation and, in particular, of some
of its key constitutive elements:
 Multiscale Maps
 the “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space” concept. which enables the definition in
a formal way of what kind of information at what level of accuracy and reliability can be get by single and
multiscale computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing models and techniques.
 A new concept of computational model which include not only mathematical and physical (chemical and
biochemical, as needed) formulations, but, also, Data, Information and Knowledge (Multiscale Maps) linked
to it when applied to a specific task
 The extension of the “model” concept to the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing world
 Definition of the “Applicability Conditions” and “Predictability Criteria” for (single and multiscale)
Computational models which guide the application of Modeling and Simulation and their integration with
experimentation, testing and Sensing (Methodologically Integrated Multiscale Application Strategies)
It should be taken into account that, notwithstanding important advances in the Verification & Validation
(V&V), Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) and Quantification of the Margin of Uncertainty (QMU) fields,
methodologies to rigorously validate computational models outside the range of availability of Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing data, are still, to a large extent, an unsolved issue.

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3.3.4 Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Experimentation, Characterization,

Testing and Sensing
 The term “Multiscale” means the ability to probe phenomena and processes occurring over a spectrum of
space and time scales
 The term “Multiresolution” refers to the analysis of phenomena and processes inside a single scale, but with
a range of different resolution degrees
 The term “Multiphysics” means the analysis of a spectrum of phenomena and processes referred to several
physical and biochemical domains, inside a specific scale or over a range of scales.
For “Multiscale Experimental/Testing/Sensing Techniques” we mean:

 Single Experimental/Testing/Sensing Equipments able to probe “Systems” over a range of space and time
scales.
 Integration of multiple experimental/testing/Sensing equipments. In this case data get from a set of
experimental/testing equipments is integrated to give a comprehensive picture of phenomena/processes.
Multiscale Maps can represent an interesting tool to accomplish this task. Integration can be implemented
over Cyberinfrastructures. .
The following issues motivated the birth and they are driving the development of the Multiscale Multiresolution,
Multiphysics Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing fields:
 Just the continuous development of Computational Multiscale has put the basis and established the need to
extend, in a systematic way, the Multiscale Concept and Method to the Experimental, Characterization,
Testing and Sensing fields.
 The development and validation of ever more complex multiscale computational models and methods
increasingly call for the integration of data, information and knowledge from a wide range of Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing equipments working over an extended spectrum of space and time
scales and physical domains. We can state that a direct relationship between the Multiscale Computational
and the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing World exists. Advances in Multiscale
Computational Models and Methods is directly linked to advances in Experimental, Characterization,
Testing and Sensing multiscale. The development of Multiscale Multiresolution Experimentation,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques opens a whole new Application World to Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation.
 Hierarchical Multiscale Materials and Systems made up of a wide spectrum of sub-systems, components,
devices and basic structural elements and related Multiscale Manufacturing techniques (additive
manufacturing, for instance) call for Multiscale Integrated Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing techniques and strategies to get an in-depth and Comprehensive understanding of their dynamics.
 The behaviour of Materials, Devices and Systems inside widening operational envelopes and related
requirements for “Extreme Performance” levels (Extreme Engineering) is critically dependent upon a full
spectrum of multiscale physical and biochemical phenomena. Furthermore, the classical approach to Life
Cycle issues (damage, fracture, properties degradation, corrosion, failure..) is increasingly showing specific
limits. This situation makes a science – based (multiscale) Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing approach a specific target for Technology Development and Engineering.

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 New and more powerful Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing equipments are continuously
developed. Technology advances allow, today, to design Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing equipments with inherent capabilities to probe systems over an extended range of scales: Free
Electron Laser and X Ray Synchrotron, are two significant examples of this trend. Advances in wireless and
wired sensor network and the Integration of Distributed Processing and Sensing put the bases to the design
of a new Generation of Multiscale Sensor Networks. Technological Advances in both the fields put the
bases to design and implement Multiscale Multidisciplinary Cyberinfrastructures which connect a wide
spectrum of Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing systems working over a full spectrum of
space and time scales.
As in the Computational context the challenge, now, is to devise “integrated strategies” to fully exploit a wide
spectrum of new potentialities so, in the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing World, we have
the same challenge: devising integrated strategies. The next logical step is a full integration of the two Worlds as
envisaged in this Document to shape Methodologically Integrated R&D and Engineering Strategies. The
“Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin” represent a comprehensive realization of this step (Paragraph 2.3.5).
We would like to highlight that the whole theoretical and methodological apparatus (Strategic
Multiscale Science – Engineering Information Space and Information Driven Analysis Schemes)
described in the previous Paragraphs can be an important asset to design “Integrated Multiscale
Multiresolution Multiphysics Experimental and Testing Strategies”.

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3.3.5 A New “Digital Twin”: “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin”
A Classical Definition of Digital Twin is the following: Digital Twin is a Cyber –

Physical System which integrates the Physical World: any kind of Physical System
[Engineering and Manufacturing Systems] with the Virtual World [ (Multiscale as needed)
Modeling and Simulation, Data Analytics, AI, Machine Learning, Virtual
Representations,..].
The New “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin” incorporates all the Concepts, Methods,
Strategies, Environments and Functionalities of the IMSE Framework. Accordingly the
Definition of the “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin” is the following: Strategic
Multiscale Digital Twin is a Cyber – Physical System which integrates:
1) the Physical World: any kind of Physical System [Engineering and Manufacturing
Systems]
2) the Virtual World [ (Multiscale)) Modeling and Simulation, Data Analytics, AI, Machine
Learning, Virtual Representations,..].
3) the Methodological World [ Analytical, Modeling, Experimental, Characterization and

Laboratory & Operational Testing Methodologies] to “design” and “implement” Integrated
Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Strategies. The “Strategic Multiscale” Vision
and Framework allows to realize this new “Integration Dimension”
The “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin” allows to Model, Simulate and Visualize not only
Dynamics of Engineering and Manufacturing Systems, as the classical “Digital Twin”
does, but, also Complex Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering
Environments, Strategies and the Relationships among the elements which constitute the
“Cyber - Physical Systems (CPS)” where Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D Strategies
are designed, developed and implemented. In such a context it is possible to better
evaluate capabilities, limitations, defects and possible improvements of the several CPS
components and their relationships, interdependencies and integration schemes.
New Functionalities of Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin Systems which incorporate the
IMSE Framework:
A) New Methodological Environments to Integrate Visualization Techniques, Real and

Digital Representations, Analytical (AI, Machine Learning, Data Analytics,..) Methods,
Modeling & Simulation, Experimentation, Characterization, Testing and Sensing) applying
the IMSE Framework
B) New Environments to Design Integrated Multi-Methodology R&D and Engineering

Environments, Application Strategies and related Integrated Cyber-Physical-Human
Systems (CPS)

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3.3.6 Integrated Information – Driven Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering

Analysis and Design Schemes, Strategies and Environments
A) Any R&D and Engineering Process can be subdivided in Multilevel Hierarchies of Phases and
Tasks- R&D and Engineering Process Architectural Maps describe these Hierarchies and related
relationships
B) Any R&D and Engineering Process is carried out by a Multilevel Hierarchy of Cyber-Physical
Entities and Human Organizations and Teams - R&D and Engineering Process Execution Maps
describe these Hierarchies and relationships with the Phases and Tasks performed by the
Entities/Organizations/Teams
Main Phases which constitute a general R&D and Engineering Process (a general scheme)
a) Mission and Scenario Analysis - Concept of Operations Definition and Exploration – Performance
Requirements Definition
b) System Overall Architecture Definition
c) Definition of System Requirements and System-Environment Interactions Analysis
d) (Multiscale) System Architecture Definition
e) Requirements Traceability Definition (Multiscale Requirements Propagation throughout the Hierarchy of
Systems Architectural/Structural constituents)
f) Preliminary Design
g) Definition of Characteristics and Requirements (Structure, Properties, Performance, Manufacturability) of
Materials, Devices, Components, Sub-Systems [Preliminary Hypotheses, Trade- off Analyses are
performed]
h) Detailed Design
i) Definition of Characteristics and Requirements (Structure, Properties, Performance, Manufacturability) of
Materials, Devices, Components, Sub-Systems and related relationships
j) Verification of the need to new Technological/Architectural/Structural Developments (New Materials and
related Processing Techniques, New Devices, New Components New Manufacturing Techniques and
Strategies, New Testing Experimental/Techniques and Strategies). If new Developments are deemed to be
needed, then an Innovative Technology Development Program should be defined. It is important to fully
Integrate Engineering and Manufacturing Development Plans)
k) SW and HW development
l) Materials, Devices, Components Development, Manufacturing and Testing in realistic conditions
[Verification of Functions, Structure (defects Included) Properties and Performance) – Development of
Multiscale Models of Materials, Devices, Components, Development of Models of
Manufacturing/Processing Techniques and Development of Models of the Manufacturing/Processing
Outcome – Validation of the Models]- Development of Strategic Multiscale Methodologically Strategy Maps
illustrating linkage among the Models for the full spectrum of tasks
m) Sub System Development, Manufacturing/Assembly and Testing in realistic conditions [Verification of
Functions, Structure, Properties and Performance) – Development of Multiscale Models of Sub-Systems,
Development of Models of Manufacturing/Assembly Techniques and Development of Models of the
Manufacturing/Assembly Outcome – Validation of the Models] Development of Strategic Multiscale
Methodologically Strategy Maps illustrating linkage among the Models for the full spectrum of task
n) Full Scale System Development and Manufacturing – Modeling of Manufacturing/Assembly Process and
related Outcome – Models Verification & Validation
o) Full Scale Testing and Modeling of Full Scale Systems Functionalities and Performance – Models
Verification &Validation
p) System prototype Demonstration and Verification (Performance and Functionalities) in an operational
environment - Modeling of Performance and Functionalities, Verification & Validation of the Models
q) Full System completed and “qualified” through integration of testing with modeling and operational
demonstration

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Strategic Multiscale Maps and Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Knowledge Domains

Multiscale Multidisciplinary Information is structured and organized using Strategic Multiscale Maps and
Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Knowledge Domains (see Paragraph 3.2)
 Strategic Multiscale Analysis and Design Variable Maps tracking relationships between Analysis and
Design Variables. Strategic Multiscale Analysis and Design Variable Maps describe relationships between
variables used to characterize “Systems Behaviour” over a full range of space and time scales and disciplines
and over a range of operational conditions..
 Strategic Multiscale Physics Maps identifying the Physical, Chemical, Biochemical (and also socio-
economic, as needed) Phenomena and Processes considered fundamental to carry out a specific task and
describe relationships and interdependencies among them.
 Strategic Multiscale Architectural/Structural/Technological Maps describing relationships between the
hierarchy of Materials, Devices, Components, Sub-Systems, Systems and Operational and Environmental
Environments This kind of Maps incorporates a special set of “Elements” referred to as “Interfaces” which
describe interconnections, relationships and interdependencies among Architectural/Structural/Technological
constituents inside a scale and among different scales.
 Strategic Multiscale Monitoring and Control Maps describing (Hierarchical) Networks of Sensors and
Control Devices and Systems and their relationships with Elements to be monitored and controlled
(described in the Strategic Multiscale Architectural/Structural/Technological Maps). Transformation
(Dynamical) Processes induced by control actions are described thanks to Strategic Multiscale Physics
Maps and Strategic Multiscale Architectural/Structural Maps. This kind of Maps describes the “variables”
monitored and controlled, time and space monitoring and control resolution, Sensing and control devices
characteristics and operational schemes
 Strategic Multiscale Functional Maps describing relationships between
Architectural/Structural/Technological Elements (from basic Elements to the whole Engineering System)
and the Engineering System and the Operational and Environmental Systems. We define two types of
Functional Maps.
 The first one, which can be called “Direct Functional Map”, describes “Functions” carried out by the
System and the full hierarchy of its Elements. Direct Functional Maps link Architectural/Structural
Elements to Functions and they describe what functions are performed by Architectural/Structural Elements.
 The second one, which can be called “Inverse Functional Map” relates Functions to
Architectural/Structural Elements over the full spectrum of hierarchy levels
 Multiscale Requirements - Performance – Architecture - Structure Maps describing relationships
between Requirements, Performance, Architectural/Structural/Technological Elements over the whole
scales and representation levels.
 Multiscale Performance – Property – Structure – Manufacturing/Processing Maps describing the impact
of specific Manufacturing/Processing equipments, procedures and techniques over the network of
Performance - Structure - Property relationships taking into account the spectrum of scales and
 Strategic Multiscale Manufacturing and Processing Maps describing: the (multiscale/multilevel)
architecture (hierarchical networks of “units” [from Plants Network, to single Plants, Cell, Robots and
Machines/Tools] at the full spectrum scales and complexity levels (as needed) of any kind of
Manufacturing/Processing Systems (and System of Systems) and related interconnections and
interdependencies (materials, data and information flow).
 Strategic Multiscale Manufacturing “Systems – any level of the hierarchy” - Operational Modes -
Environmental Emission Maps Theses Maps represent a new “Generation” of Maps specifically conceived
to evaluate the impact on the Environment of Manufacturing/Processing Techniques and the concerned
“Systems” for a wide range of operational conditions and design solutions.

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Libraries
Computational Code Libraries
Libraries are software environments which allow to catalogue and manage the whole set of:
 Computational codes which implement a spectrum of methods [Molecular Dynamics, Coarse Grained MD,
Monte Carlo, Density Functional Theory, Phase Fields, Dislocation Dynamics, Continuum Finite Elements,
Agent Based,….] and related specific functionalities, characteristics and application schemes
 Single and Multiscale Multiphysics coupling methods and schemes
 Input and Output Data Formats
Applied inside Tasks and Phases and for the whole set of “Hypotheses”
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Technique/Equipment and Model Libraries

Libraries are software environments which allow to catalogue and manage:
 Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Techniques (STM, AFM, TEM, SEM,…) and related
specific functionalities, characteristics and application schemes
 Characteristics, applicability conditions and what kind of information can be get from them for specific
application domains and conditions
 Single and Multiscale coupling methods and schemes.
 Single and Multiscale Multiphysics coupling methods and schemes
 Input and Output Data Formats
Manufacturing/Processing Libraries
Libraries are software environments which allow to catalogue and describe:
 All the Manufacturing/Processing Systems and Units at all the levels and scales and their relationships and
interdependencies
For each Manufacturing/Processing Systems and Units Libraries detail:
 Characteristics
 Operational Modes
 Functions carried out
 Links with other Systems/Units

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The New Concept of Experimental, Characterization, Testing and

Sensing “Model”
In the proposed theoretical and methodological framework it is necessary to extend the concept of “Model” from
the Computational to the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing World. In the context of the
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing World, for “Model”, as referred to a specific Experimental,
Characterization, Testing, Sensing activity carried out with specific techniques, working in a specific
operational mode and probing a specific system for a specific task, we mean an “Information and Knowledge
Structure” that defines:
 Characteristics (structure, composition, initial dynamics state, boundary conditions, external loadings) of the
System to be probed
 Characteristics of the equipment in terms of resolution, scale, physical and biochemical phenomena which
can be probed
 Characteristics of the specific Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing operational conditions
and modes applied for specific R&D and Engineering Tasks
 The “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space” related to it
 Strategic Multiscale Maps
When we consider clusters of equipments, the “Information/Knowledge” Structure referred to as “Model”
embodies information about:
 Interaction schemes among the different equipments
 Data and Information Flow among the different equipments

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A) Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis Methods,

Schemes and Strategies
Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis Schemes and Strategies are general
Methods that can be applied to any task, in any context, for any purpose, in any phase of the R&D
and Engineering/Manufacturing Analysis and Design Process. Strategic Multiscale Analysis Schemes
and Strategies can be applied to analyze dynamics of:
 Any Engineering, Manufacturing/Processing and Societal “System” and the interactions among all of its
components (any level and scale)
 interactions between the “System” and other “Systems” (System of Systems)
 interactions between a “System” and the “Environment” where it operates for nominal and off-nominal
(accident included) situations.
We would like to state that, in this document, multiscale stands for “multiscale multiphysics” and that multiscale
is a general term and it embodies, as a special case, classical single scale models and analyses which can, in
turn, take advantage of “Reduced Order Models” built upon multiscale analysis schemes. The term
“Integrated” is used because R&D and Engineering Strategies are based upon a full integration of
computational and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing models, techniques and strategies
It should be highlighted that for “Multiscale Computational Models” we mean not only “Classical
Computational Models”, but, also, “Multi and Single Scale Agent Based Models.
A key goal is to develop a hierarchy of Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics (Computational,
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing) Models. Each model should be characterized by
the level of complexity thought to be needed to get the Information to accomplish specific tasks: no
more no less. Citing Einstein: A model must be as simple as possible, but not simpler
Adaptive Strategies (selection of Resolution Levels and Scales and Complexity Level of models) can be a
valuable starting Strategy. It could be advisable to start with simplified Models and, afterwards, selectively and
progressively insert more complex Science - based Models.
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering/Manufacturing Analysis Schemes and Strategies”
synthesize and take advantage of all the concepts and methods described in the previous paragraphs:
 Data, Information and Knowledge Structures and Analysis Schemes (Multiscale Knowledge Domains and
Multiscale Maps)
 The “Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space” and “Information – Driven” concepts
 The “Modeling and Simulation” as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers”“ and “Unifying Paradigm for
Scientific and Engineering Methodologies and Knowledge Domains” concept and the related
“Methodologically Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Strategies” .
A fundamental issue for all the Multiscale Strategies is to adopt an “Adaptive and Multi Step
Selection of Details and Resolution”
Fundamental Elements of Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Analysis Schemes
and Strategies are:
1. “Applicability Conditions” and “Predictability Criteria”

2. Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis Schemes
3. Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Science - Engineering Maps”

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1) Applicability Conditions” and “Predictability Criteria

The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Information Space” and the “Information – Driven” concepts
(described in the 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 paragraphs) allow us to define new “Applicability Conditions” and
“Predictability Criteria” for Computational Models to shape “Application Strategies” for Modeling and
Simulation and their integration with related “Experimentation, Testing and Sensing Application Strategies”
The final goal is the development of “Methodologically Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering
Strategies” which represent a very important element of the New Framework here described.
The definition of “Applicability Conditions” and related “Predictability Criteria” for computational models
implies the ability of establishing specific rules and schemes that allow researchers, designers, and planners to
evaluate, with a high degree of reliability, where, when, and to what extent, it is possible to safely (quantifying in
probabilistic terms risks and uncertainties) substitute modeling & simulation for experimentation and testing and
where, when, how and to what extent we need to integrate modeling & simulation with experimentation, testing
and Sensing for specific tasks.
Applicability Conditions. Two basic conditions which rule the development and the implementation of
predictive models and their integration with experimental and testing techniques can be defined:
 researchers and engineers are able to formulate hypotheses about what Information is needed to accomplish a
R&D and Engineering task:
 what physical length scales and multiphysics and multiscale phenomena/processes and
relationships/interdependencies are important for specific R&D and Engineering tasks and purposes.
 at what level of accuracy and reliability phenomena/processes should be modeled and simulated
 researchers and engineers are able to define the range of validity of the models and, inside this range, the
degree of accuracy and reliability of the same models.
Applicability Conditions can also be applied to the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Fields.
A detailed comparison of the “Information” which can be get by the whole spectrum of analysis methodologies
and tools with the “Information” we think it is needed to accomplish a specific Task, is an important element to
shape “Methodologically Integrated” Strategies
Predictability Criteria
When we discuss about predictive capabilities of models in the R&D and Engineering context, we should
carefully take into account two critical issues: predictive consequence and confidence.
 Predictive Consequence: what is the impact of errors/uncertainties for specific tasks? Errors/uncertainties can
be relatively large but their impact can be low. On the contrary, errors and uncertainties can be limited but
their impact can be very large.
 Predictive Confidence: how to assess models errors and uncertainties in order to evaluate the level of
confidence? [Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space and Verification & Validation methods].
Recent “Uncertainty Quantification” and “Quantification of Margin of Uncertainty” methods address this
issue
Same considerations hold true, of course, also for the experimental & testing field. Validation means, both for
computational and experimentation & testing models/methods, being able to define predictive consequence and
confidence. It is worthwhile noting that as computational models become more complex so their sensitivity to
even very small errors goes up. A comprehensive and reliable assessment of the predictive capabilities of
computational models and codes is a key, but still largely unsolved, issue. We still do not have rigorous and
reliable methods to assess the range of validity of the models. How to extrapolate validation outside the range of
availability of experiments and tests is, to a large extent, an unanswered question. Key prerequisite for a
predictive use of modeling & simulation in the innovative fields is the ability to define the “Science-Engineering
Information Space” associated with the computational models.

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Validation means the capability of defining both features of the “Information Space” and its boundaries. In the
engineering fields, models and the related constitutive equations, which represent the physics of solid and fluid
systems, deal mainly or only with the continuum scale. Phenomena at the lower scales (meso and micro) are
taken into account (when it happens) only through averaging and homogenization procedures. Present
engineering models are a mixing of rigorous theoretical assumptions, empirical considerations, and
experimental observations. This classical approach gives only a partial and approximate representation of the
reality, accurate enough in many cases but not completely up to the challenge when extreme operational and
off-nominal conditions are to be taken into account. Or when performance and optimization are pushed to the
limits. Today engineering codes have several empirical factors that users have to define. These settings are not
based on a rigorous physical understanding but on the experience of the designers and the knowledge gained
from experimental activities. All that limits the effectiveness of computational models to significantly reduce
expensive experimental and testing activities in the development of innovative technological systems.
Application Conditions and Predictability Criteria are important “Guiding Principles” to define Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation Application Strategies and to shape “Methodologically Integrated Multiscale Science -
Engineering Strategies”.
2) Strategic Multiscale Multiphysics Science - Engineering Analysis Schemes

To devise Multiscale Application Schemes and more general and complex strategies to address R&D and
Engineering/Manufacturing/Processing issues and tasks, we should take into account that general Multiscale
Methodologies are still not be fully developed. We think that a realistic reference approach is to use different
coupling techniques and to integrate them inside more general multiscale multiphysics analysis and design
schemes and strategies (Multi Scale Multi Paradigm: Caltech - MIT)
Multiscale Analysis Schemes take advantage of the full spectrum of Multiscale Methods: Hierarchical
(Message/Information Passing which can also be referred to as Off-Line Coupling Scheme), Concurrent (which
can also be referred to as On-Line Coupling Scheme), Adaptive.
The full spectrum of Multiscale Coupling Methods can be applied in an integrated way to achieve specific
objectives. The “Computational Materials Design Facility (CMDF), developed at Caltech and MIT, introduced
the term “Multi Paradigm” for this scheme.
The previous boxes represent multiscale multiparadigm schemes (A, B, C, D, E, F are codes based upon
different modeling and coupling methodologies and schemes working in the more general case over a spectrum
of scales. The definition of “Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps” together with Multiscale
Architectural Maps and related Multiscale Physics Maps is a key step for the definition of Multiscale Analysis
Schemes and Strategies. The Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space and the
Information Driven Analysis concept (see 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 Paragraphs) are key guiding principles to shape
Analysis Schemes and Strategies. Similar Multiscale Multiparadigm Schemes should be built for Multiscale
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Techniques applied to develop and validate Codes and
related Coupling Schemes.

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The following schemes (they are only some examples) can be integrated applying the previously described
“Integration Strategy Map:
 Scientific Analyses finalized to “Understand” Physical and Bio-Chemical Phenomena and Processes
and their Relationships
The full set of quantum and atomistic computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
methods and techniques is applied to gain a unified in-depth understanding of scientific and engineering
phenomena/processes and elucidate relationships and interdependencies between phenomena, processes and
system architectural/structural elements inside a scale and across different scales. Multiscale Maps give a
coherent view of the network of relationships and interdependencies among “System Dynamics” variables
turning data from different sources into Knowledge. We can apply both (On Line) and (Off Line) coupling
schemes to integrate quantum and atomistic methods and high resolution Experimental, Characterization,
Testing and Sensing techniques.
 Multiscale Adaptive Schemes (On Line Coupling Schemes)

Inside a single calculation the level of resolution and the models typology are changed and applied to different
space-time regions following criteria selected by the analysts. A General Scheme: “Start with a simple model,
based on a single scale and then adaptively introduce additional scales to allow for coupled multiscale
modeling, whenever and wherever this solution is needed Domains are not assigned in a predefined way to
specific computational methods. Methods are activated during the computation according to specific criteria. A
Finite Element code, for instance, can activate a MD code, inside a region, when certain conditions occur
(fracture, for instance). MD code can, in turn, can activate a quantum mechanical code.
Adaptive Multiscale Scheme (AdResS)

Max Planck Polymer Research Center
It allows a free exchange of particles between regions of different resolution and to adjust locally the level
of detail following criteria defined by analysts. Application Example: The triple-scale model of the
tetrahedral liquid. The molecular particle-based region is embedded in the hydrodynamics continuum
described by Navier-Stokes equations (solved by the finite volume method).The molecular region is
divided into the central explicit atomistic region with all-atom molecules (red tetrahedral molecules)
sandwiched in between two coarse grained domains with the molecules represented on a more coarse
grained level of detail (one particle blue molecules)

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The following Box describes the adaptive scheme adopted by US Department of Energy (DoE) in the Extreme
Materials at Extreme Scale Program
ExMatEx (Extreme Materials at Extreme Scale)

DoE Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR).
Science Strategy
Our adaptive physics refinement technique is illustrated in the Figure for a high strain-rate loading
problem in which the coarser-scale model, for example a finite element method, spawns finer-scale crystal
plasticity or atomistic models as needed when the standard empirical constitutive model is less accurate,
for instance in the vicinity of shock fronts. Such a procedure may be carried through multiple levels of
refinement, or applied to the time domain, using ab initio techniques to compute activation energies for a
rate theory or kinetic Monte Carlo model.
 Hierarchical Multi Step Schemes (Off Line Coupling Schemes)

We can consider six reference space scales: quantum, atomistic, micro, meso, macro. and mega (system and
system of systems). Computational Models at each scale, starting from the atomistic one, are developed using
knowledge get from the previous lower scale.
Hierarchical Strategy – Off Line Coupling

Multi-paradigm Multi-scale simulations for PEM Fuel Cell Design
Hierarchical Strategy – Off Line Coupling
Theory and Simulation are used to predict from first principles the structural, transport, and electronic
properties of full PEM-FC Systems, To accomplish this we use an overlapping hierarchy of computational
methods involving different scales but each building upon the elements of a more Fundamental description.
QM is used to determine the mechanisms of catalytic reactions and to analyze the characteristics
observable experimentally. In addition, the QM results are used to develop FFs for large-scale MD
calculations and ReaxFF MD simulations. The results of MD calculations are used to extract a coarse grain
or Meso Scale description for larger length and time scales . The use of the ReaxFF allows the reactions
at the catalysts and the migration of the protons to be described with MD studies to predict the overall fuel
cell performance.

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 Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Analyses

An extended set of Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing methods and
techniques is applied inside a unified strategy. The set can also(not in all the cases) include Computational
Scientific (Quantum and/or Atomistic) Models and Techniques. Models are integrated applying both (On Line)
and (Off Line) coupling schemes. with Micro, Meso and Macro (Engineering) Computational Models in order
to have an Integrated Multiscale Nano To Macro Analysis Framework. Knowledge get by Scientific Analyses is
used to improve Micro, Meso and Macro Models.. An example of this scheme is the direct (On Line) coupling
of Atomistic (Molecular Dynamics) Models with classical Engineering (Continuum – Finite Element) Models.
An important Objectives of this Strategy is the development of a Hierarchy of Multiscale Variable Fidelity
and Resolution Models. Hierarchies are built and applied for specific objectives/tasks inside the whole
spectrum of phases and tasks of the innovative technology development, engineering/manufacturing design and
optimization , and manufacturing processes. The ultimate goal, in the engineering field, is to have mathematical
models that have enough complexity for specific tasks and able to reliably capture the “key” physical processes,
while not including excess complexity that precludes reaching a solution on the computer within a reasonable
amount of time, which obscures the dominant phenomena, and makes models validation a real nightmare.
 Science - Based Reduced Order Modeling, Sub–Grid Models and Constitutive Equations, Analytical
and Computational Reduced Order Models
The knowledge get by a combined use of different single and multiscale models and Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques and related coupling methods allows to build analytical and
computational models (reduced-order) which incorporate a full and rigorous multiscale theoretical (and also
multi and single scale experimental & testing) understanding, but with a manageable degree of complexity.
A key prerequisite to predictive modeling, is an integrated Science-Engineering approach which will allow, in
the near future, for constitutive equations to be determined from more rigorous and reliable theoretical
formulations which take into account the interactions between phenomena over a full range of scales
This kind of models can be routinely used for engineering and manufacturing design and optimization tasks
because they do not require huge computing power. The fundamental objective is to improve reliability, range of
validity, and effectiveness (understanding and predictive capabilities) of current engineering and manufacturing
models . Reduced order models synthesize the multiscale knowledge and, accordingly, “reduced-order models”
can be regarded as a synthesis and integration of science and engineering.
It should be taken into account that more complex high-tech systems and more tight and wide sets of operational
and performance requirements call for more detailed physics-based models. But ……..
 simple models are essential for engineering design and optimization
 incorporating more details in a model may merely spread uncertainty across multiple factors.
 details do not necessarily create information : we need a rigorous methodology to assess the level of detail
needed for a specific task the proposed “Information – Driven Multiscale Science-Engineering Information
Analysis”)
 it is not cognitively feasible to do serious engineering design if we have to understand and take into account
a growing number of variables and causal relationships in the context of a huge “Uncertainties Space”
 more details mean more parameters to vary and significant increase in the dimensionality of the case space :
that means a “Validation and Uncertainty Management Nightmare”
We would like to highlight that non only numerical methods should be applied. In several cases, multiscale
agent based modeling can be a more that rational choice. Integration of multiscale numerical models with agent
based should be closely evaluated. Multiscale Numerical Models can also be applied to develop “Multiscale
Agent Based” Models

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3) Multiscale Multiphysics Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps
The key objective of this “Strategy” is to define “Multiscale Multiphysics Methodologically Integrated
Strategy Maps” which describe:
 What analytical theories, single and multi-scale computational models and what single and multi-scale
Experimental; Characterization, Testing and Sensing Tools, Systems and /Techniques have to be selected to
deal with a specific task
 What is the order of execution and the overall Integration Scheme as shaped by the “Applicability
Conditions” and “Predictability Criteria” (Multilevel Network of Computational, Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing Models/Methods and Techniques)
 What is the flow of input and output data (and related Formats) and information/knowledge (Maps) among
the full spectrum of models and experiments/tests/Sensing techniques.
 What “resources” [ Computing Centers and Computing Systems, Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing Systems and Devices (and related operational modes), Teams] are involved. Resources can be
organized into “Classes”
Petri nets, for instance, are well-suited for the modeling of workflow processes
“Multiscale Multiphysics Methodologically Integrated Strategies” can be described graphically by a

classical representation scheme well known in the for project planning area : the task-precedence or precedence
chart. These types of chart indicate, in our case, the order in which the different “models/techniques” are
executed. Arrows indicate relationships, interdependencies and data and information transfer schemes. Models
work at different scales and resolution levels. Usually, this kind of chart are two-dimensional. We think that, in
the multiscale multiresolution context, it could be better to evaluate more sophisticated representations.
Petri Nets classical schemes:
Maps are key resources in shaping more effective strategies aimed at the analysis, fusion and interpretation of
data because they elucidate the network of relationships among the geometrical elements and physical
phenomena which, globally, describe a “System” and its dynamics.

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“Multiscale Multiphysics Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps” include and describe:

 The full set of Analytical Theories/Formulations, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing Models/Methods/Techniques applied to deal with task objectives
 The order of execution and Integration Scheme: Multilevel Network of Multiscale Multiphysics Analytical,
Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Models and Techniques. Techniques
like the Petri Nets can be applied to define the order of execution . Classical Routing schemes: sequential,
parallel, conditional, iterative.
 Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Spaces
 Input and Output Data Formats and the related Flow between “Models” (The Term “Models” include
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Techniques”
 Multiscale Multiphysics Maps and Knowledge Domains
We consider three Integration Areas (the first two Areas are related to specific methodological classes; the third
one is absolutely general and it incorporate all the methodologies and technologies)
1) Inside the Experimentation, Characterization, Testing and Sensing World: Integration of a full set of
single and multiscale experiments, tests and sensing measurements (performed with a number of
equipments) applied to accomplish a specific R&D and Engineering tasks
2) Inside the Computational World: Integration of a full set of single and multiscale multiphysics
computational models applied to accomplish a specific R&D and Engineering task
3) Among the Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing and the Computational Words:
Integration of a full set of single and multiscale experimental , testing and Sensing techniques with a full
spectrum of computational models experiments and tests to accomplish R&D and Engineering tasks.
“Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps” defined during the R&D and Engineering Process are
recorded, organized and managed by a specific Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps and
Knowledge Domains Base Management System. Several hypotheses can be taken into account and
interactively changed during application.
For a specific Analysis Task, the strategy is described as in the following:
 after Formulating Hypotheses (using available knowledge) about what information we think to be needed to
accomplish a Task, Researchers and Engineers
 Set up a list of single a multiscale computational models which can, potentially, give a part (more or less
significant) of the previously identified information
 Set up a possible list of single and multiscale experimentation and testing techniques/models which can,
potentially, give a part (more or less significant) of the previously identified information
 Build the “Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space” for computational models, experimental,
testing and sensing techniques/models. We also define the “Range of Validity” of models.
 Verify “Applicability Conditions” and “Predictability Criteria” for models
Then, it is possible to formulate first hypotheses about:

 what part of the Information thought to be needed to accomplish a Task can be get by single and multiscale
computational models
 what can be get by experiments and tests
 what part of the information calls for new computational models and experimental/testing activities
 what can be the right mix of both the worlds (computational and experimentation and testing) and the order
of execution

100
Multiscale Multiphysics Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps can be linked to and integrated with
Physics Maps, “Requirements, Property, Structure, Performance” and “Processing, Property, Structure,
Performance” Maps
Fig. 9 Simplified Example of Integration Strategy Map (from US Department of Energy (DoE) Fusion
Materials program: Aspects of Multiscale Modeling Primary Damage and Rate Theory Models Presentation
– R. E. Stoller – Metals and Ceramics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory)_This Figure describes a
possible combination of the proposed Multiscale Map of Physics and Multiscale“ Integration Strategy Map”
of Computational Models and Experiments & Tests
It is useful to define two Multiscale Multiphysics Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps Application
Typologies:
 “R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps” which
describe the combination of Analytical, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
Models, Techniques and Methods and Data Bases used to add and Purposes.
 “Verification and Validation Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps” which describe the
combination of Analytical, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Models,
Techniques and Methods and Data Bases used in the Verification and Validation process of a single scale
and multiscale multiphysics “Computational Model” and also single scale and multiscale “Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing Techniques”.

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John Hopkins Center of Excellence on Integrated Materials Modeling (CEIMM)

Application of the Integrated Computational Materials Science-Engineering (ICMSE) Concept and
Strategy .CEIMM is a multi-institutional research and educational consortium, including the
following members:
Academia: The John Hopkins University (lead) –University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign –
University of California, Santa Barbara
Air Force Laboratories: Metals and Composites & Hybrid Materials branches at AFRL/RX at
Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton
Industry: Pratt & Whitney – GE Aviation – Lockheed Martin – Boeing – Simpleware – Scientific
Forming Technologies Corporation
It is important to emphasize that the application of Strategic Multiscale Analysis Strategies demands some not
secondary modifications in the projects organization, structuring and management. In particular, a fundamental
element is the definition of “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Teams”.
Integration develops over three lines:
 Disciplines: physics, chemistry, electronics, biology,
 Scales: specialists who operate in various in Scientific and Engineering areas
 Methodology: specialists who operate in the three methodological contexts: Theory, Computational,
Experimentation & Testing

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B) Integrated Strategic Multiscale “Design” of the R&D and Engineering

Analysis Process Architecture
Integrated Strategic Multiscale Design of the R&D and Engineering Process Architecture develop over the
following steps:
a) Missions Analyses, Definition of Performance and Operational Functions and Capabilities

Mission Analyses are carried out using all the Methods and Environments described in the Paragraphs 3.1,
3.2 and 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.5 and in the Item a) of this Paragraph.
b) Definition of the Structural and Technological Architecture of the “System” to be designed and
manufactured
– Definition of the “System” Structural and Technological Architecture, the related
Manufacturing/Processing Strategies & Technologies and the Operational Environment.
– Identification of the reference scales related to the Analysis/Design/Development and Manufacturing
Phases to be accounted for
– Definition of Functions to be performed by the “System” and by the full hierarchy of its “Elements”
– Definition of the [ System Requirements - Performance – Properties – Structure - Manufacturing
Relationships]
c) Definition of the overall Architecture of the Analysis Process: Multilevel Network of R&D
and Engineering Phases, Tasks and related Strategy Maps. More hypotheses can be worked
out. Hypotheses are tuned and/or modified following Analysis results and recorded/managed
inside “Specific Data Bases”.
c..1) Analysis Strategies Definition (Analyses are carried out by applying the full set of
methods, environments and strategies described in the Item A)
 The first Hypothesis of Multiscale Analysis Strategy Map which define the overall Analysis Strategy
(Hierarchy of Phases and Tasks) is built , at the starting time, are built using existing information and
knowledge and processing available data (historical data bases). Then, Analyses deliver new data that
allow to iteratively and interactively modify first Map hypotheses. For each Task of the previously
identified Tasks Network:
 Multiscale Maps, at the starting time, are built using existing information and knowledge and
processing available data (historical data bases). Then, Analyses deliver new data that allow to
iteratively and interactively modify first Map hypotheses. For each Task of the previously identified
Tasks Network:
– Identification of physical and bio - chemical structures over the selected scales which are thought to be
relevant for the “Objectives” of the Analysis [Architectural/Structural Maps] – first working hypothesis
– Identification of bio - chemical and physical phenomena/processes and their interdependencies
underlying and characterizing the dynamics of a system and thought to be relevant to meet with the
“Objectives” of the Analysis for the full range of the selected scales [Physics Maps] - first working
hypothesis
– Definition of the “Requirements - Performance – Properties – Architecture/Structure” relationships
inside a scale and over the range of the selected scales [Requirements - Performance – Properties –
Architecture/Structure Maps] - first working hypothesis

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– Identification of “Manufacturing/Processing – Architecture/Structures” relationships inside a scale and

over the range of the selected scales [Manufacturing/Processing – Architecture/Structure Maps] - first
working hypothesis
– Definition of what kind of Information is thought to be needed to achieve Analysis Objectives for the
Analysis Tasks. [“Thought to be needed” means that the process is iterative and interactive, we start
with some hypotheses and just Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Analyses give us the
possibility of improving our evaluation]
– Assessment of what Information at what level of accuracy and reliability can, existing analytical
theories, computational models, experimental testing and sensing techniques and related coupling
schemes, deliver (evaluation performed using the “Multiscale Science - Engineering Information
Space” and historical available Information).
– Definition of how good” (Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Analysis) analytical and
computational models, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing models and techniques
and related coupling schemes should be to get the previously identified information . That means
evaluating if, where, when and to what extent we have to take into account a hierarchy of scales and
develop and apply new Multiscale models and new reduced order models instead of existing single and
multiscale models. Not in all the cases, of course, we should go down until Schrödinger equations from
the continuum. Don’t Model Bulldozers with quarks (Goldenfeld and Kadanoff, 1999)
– Identification of what new analytical and computational models and what new Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques should be developed
[Note : A New Approach to Analysis. The “ Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Information
Space” and the “Information Driven Analysis” concepts and methods help us to identify not only what
we know, but in particular, what we do not know, what we should know, how we should know it (what
combination of new scientific and engineering methodologies and technologies should be needed)]
– Development (if it is needed) of new analytical theories, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing techniques and computational (reduced order models included) models, definition of the related
coupling schemes inside a scale and between different scales.
– Identification of Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques needed to develop and
validate computational models.
– Definition of Verification and Validation strategies for all the models and the coupling schemes
 Definition of “Methodologically Integrated Strategies”: what is the right combination and the right
sequence of application of single (including reduced order models and analytical formulations) and
multiscale computational models and single and multi-scale Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing models/techniques to get Information thought to be needed to accomplish specific analysis
tasks [Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategy Maps]
Note: from a general point of view, it can be advisable to adopt a “Multiscale Multiphysics Multilevel Multistep
Adaptive” Modeling and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Strategy. Multistep Adaptive
means that we start with some simple models, experiments and tests to get a first acquaintance of the dynamics
of the system. The analysis of data, information and knowledge (Multiscale Maps) get from a first run makes it
possible to adaptively increase complexity levels of models, experiments, characterization activities and tests
only as needed for specific tasks.

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c.2) Analysis Execution (Methods are described in the Item A)

For each Task:
 A first run of Computations, Experimentations, Tests and Sensor measures is performed
 in and out data and information flow linked to the selected computational models and experimental, testing
and Sensing models/techniques is tracked
 Data from Computations, Experimentations, Testing and Sensing Techniques/Methods is analyzed,
correlated and organized using Multiscale Maps
 All Maps, Knowledge Domains and Strategy Maps are updated, as needed, following analysis results
 New Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Strategies (if it is deemed to be necessary) are formulated
 Evaluations of the impact of the results over Analysis and Design Hypotheses and the Architecture of
Technology Development and Engineering Analysis and Design Modules are carried out.
The Process is iterative. We can have more iteration levels:
 Inside each Analysis Task of a specific Analysis Module
 Among Tasks inside a specific Analysis Module: results of a Task analysis can change analysis conditions
for the other Tasks
 Inside the Multilevel Hierarchy of Modules (Architecture of the Multilevel Network of Modules can be
changed)
Specific Modules and Tasks can be devoted to develop Reduced – Order Models, Sub – Grid Models and
Constitutive Equations.

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4. Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering

- Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical Framework
4.1 Structure and Objectives
The Overall Framework includes six specific Frameworks and Centers:
a) The “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Earth and Space Science – Engineering – Society
Architectural Framework” (Paragraph 4.2) which describes:
 Characteristics, structure, functionalities and related relationships and interdependencies of all the “Entities”
performing any kind of (Earth and Space based) Research, Experimental, Technological Development,
Engineering , Manufacturing, Laboratory and Operational Testing activity
 Characteristics of all the (Civil, Infrastructural, Natural,..) “Structures” which play a role in the previously
quoted activities
It is important to highlight that this Framework describes all the Earth and Space Resources. Special “Maps”
relate “Entities” and “Structures” to specific activities, tasks, phases, projects and programs.
b) The “Strategic Multiscale Earth and Space Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and
Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework” (Paragraph
4.3) which describes the specific functions and activities carried out by of all the Cyber –Physical – Human
Centers, Organizations, Structures and Teams in relation to specific Tasks inside specific Phase of specific
R&D, Engineering, Manufacturing and Testing, Implementation Projects/Programs.
c) Virtual Strategic Multiscale Earth and Space Science – Engineering – Society Knowledge Integrators
and Multiplier Centers (Paragraph 4.4)
These Centers represent the central nodes of the “ Strategic Multiscale Earth and Space Science-
Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication
(CIC) Infrastructural Framework” described in the Item b). which links together inside a coherent
conceptual, methodological, design and implementation “Context” all the “Entities” described in the Item a).
These Centers aim at becoming a reference partner for Industry and Society to develop and test new
technologies and integrated solutions and also a reference Partner for Public Bodies to:
 design rigorous (science – based) solutions and strategies for any kind of complex industrial and societal
systems
 define rigorous and neutral (science – based) project results evaluation criteria and improvement paths
 manage Monitoring and Control Systems
d) The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Design, Development and
Implementation Modeling And Simulation Framework” (Paragraph 4.5) specifically conceived to Model
and Simulate the Innovative Technology and Systems Design, Development and Implementation Processes
and related relationships with the Environment and the Society.
e) The Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station (or Center) (Paragraph 4.6) A Special
Cyber Center specifically designed to deal with the Globalization Issues
All the previously quoted Frameworks are conceived to be interconnected and interoperable.
Objectives: The Interconnected Frameworks represent an “Integrated Strategic Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Multifunctional ) Science – Engineering – Society Cooperative Environment and
Platform” to deal in a “Unified Way” with a wide spectrum of Problems and Issues which characterize
the analysis, design, implementation and management of Complex Technological, Industrial, Socio-
Economic Agricultural and Ecological Systems.

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Strategic Objectives:
 Redefine Structure and Organization of the Research, Technology Development,

Design and Implementation Processes
 Design a new Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Knowledge Integrator and

Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural
Framework to shape a new R&D, Engineering University – Research – Industry –
Society Cooperative Environment
 Define New Integrated Planning and Design Strategies and Environments for
Innovative Industrial and Socio – Economic Systems Development (Key Resources:
Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technologies and Systems Design Modeling
and Simulation Framework and “Strategic” Digital Twin).
The Strategic Multiscale Framework allows to “Design” Integrated Multidisciplinary

and Multi-Methodology Strategies integrating the whole spectrum of Computational,
Information (Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning),
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Earth & Space based Sensing
Methodologies, Techniques and Technologies to achieve specific Technological,
Engineering (including Systems Engineering) and Manufacturing Tactical and
Strategic Objectives
 Develop A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education,

Information and Communication “Languages” and Environments (described in the
Chapter 5)
 Develop A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Government and

Administrative Structures, Tools, Environment and Strategies (described in the
Chapter 8)

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US National Science Foundation (NSF) Expansive Cyberinfrastructure Vision
Expansive Cyberinfrastructures Integrate Instrumentation – Computational Resources

Data – Multidisciplinary Organizations and Teams inside a Multiscale and
Multidisciplinary Context
These Cyberinfrastructures can represent the optimal “Environment” where the “Strategic
Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society” Framework can be implemented and applied

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4.2 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering -

Society Architectural & Functional Framework
The Framework describe characteristics, functionalities, relationships and interdependencies of : all the
“Entities” involved for various purposes with the R&D, design, development, implementation. monitoring,
control and management of Programs and Projects (see Chapter 2) and, from a more general point of view. all
the Entities which characterize modern Society activities. We consider the following “Entities” typology:
A) R&D, Design, Innovation, Development and Implementation
 Earth and Space based and related Research, Technology Development, Engineering, Experimental,
Characterization, Testing, Monitoring & Control Systems, Centers and Organizations
 Cyber (Computing, Information and Communication) Infrastructures and Centers
 Modeling and Simulation Companies and Centers
 ICT R&D Centers and Companies
B) Industrial Systems (considering the Extended Enterprises Concept)
C) Civil, Socio – Economic, Infrastructural, Agricultural and Ecological Systems
D) Public Management and Economic & Financial Institutions, Organizations and Centers
Special Maps describe all the Centers, Organizations, Entities and Institutions structural and institutional
characteristics, functionalities, relationships and interdependencies and relationships with specific Programs,
Projects, Phases and Tasks.
We Introduce now the Concept of “Extended Enterprise”. For “Extended Enterprise” we mean a Composite
“Technological/Industrial/Infrastructural, Socio-Economic and Ecological System” constituted by a set of
“Entities” mutually interacting over an extended range of Space and Time Scales:
a) All the “Industrial Systems” interconnected for a specific Project/Program/Operational Activity over the
Life Cycle
b) All the “R&D, Engineering, Manufacturing, Testing, Sensing, Computing, Information and Communication,
Civil and Infrastructural Systems” connected to the Network of interlinked Industrial and Socio-economic
Systems supporting and interacting with them over the Life-Cycle
c) The Supply Chain System and related Infrastructures
d) The Ecological Systems interacting with them over the whole Life Cycle
e) The Socio-Economic Systems linked with the previously quoted Entities
The Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Computing, Information and
Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework (Paragraph 3.3) represents the “Intelligence” of the “System.
In fact, the complexity of “Industrial Systems” and the ever wider network of interactions and interdependencies
among the “Industrial Systems (Factories/Plants)” and the Entities described in the Items from b) to e) make the
classical old “Factory/Plant Centred” approach ever more limited and not effective to design modern complex
Industrial Systems whose competitiveness, efficiency, productivity, environmental compliance, safety/security
and socio-economic relevance levels is strongly dependent by a wide range of factors.
A New Generation of “Extended Enterprise Maps” describe: Architecture/Structure, relationships,

interdependencies and Functionalities of the previously quoted Entities and related Data and Information Flows.
Extended Enterprise means that the Application Framework shape a new “University – Research – Civil and
Infrastructural - Industry – Society - Environment Cooperative Context” based upon the “Integrated Strategic
Multiscale Science-Engineering Framework”.

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This new kind of “Cooperation Contexts” enables researchers, designers, public and private managers and
politicians to synthesize a wide spectrum of different resources, methods and operational schemes and define
comprehensive strategies to meet common objectives and goals. Multiscale Frameworks can be instrumental to
improve correlation between operational requirements, engineering requirements and technological and
scientific advances promoting and accelerating in such a way technological and engineering innovation.
The Extended Enterprise” concept can offer scientists, researchers, public and private managers and politicians
a “unified context” to better understand the complex pattern of relationships and interdependencies among the
wide range of different aspects and issues which characterize the research and technological innovation world
and, accordingly, synthesize widely scattered efforts and forge more effective “unified strategies” to deal with
problems of increasing complexities.

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4.3 Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Knowledge Integrator and

Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication (CIC)
Infrastructural Framework
The New CIC Infrastructural Framework is based upon the new central concept of “Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and “Unifying Paradigm” for the full
spectrum of Scientific and Engineering (Analytical, Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing)
Methodologies. A “two–way” partnership among the new envisaged Computational Centers and Research,
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Centers, Systems and Facilities is a distinguishing feature
of this new vision.
This New kind of CIC Framework represents the “Intelligent Core” of the Strategic
Multiscale Multidisciplinary (Earth and Space) Science – Engineering - Society Framework
(Paragraph 4.2) to Design and Implement Innovative Industrial and Societal Systems
Key Elements:
A. A New Generation of Computational Centres referred to as “Strategic Multiscale Computational
Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Centers”
These Centers are not classical “Computational Centers”, but they are based upon the new central concept of
“Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and
“Unifying Paradigm” for the full spectrum of Scientific and Engineering Domains and (analytical, Experimental,
Characterization, Testing, Sensing) Methodologies. A “two – way” partnership among the new envisaged
Computational Centers and Earth and Space – Based Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
Centers, Systems and Facilities is a distinguishing feature of this new vision. Furthermore, Computational
Centers, following the “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” view will become a key node and catalyst of
multiple interaction patterns between the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Worlds.
Significant technological advances allow to design and implement remote control techniques for Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing systems. Accordingly, new Computational Centers can easily interact with
extended Virtual Distributed Environments which integrate a wide spectrum of equipments and facilities
allowing a network of multiple cooperations. New previously illustrated concepts, methods and frameworks lead
to a new set of Functionalities for the Centres:
This New Generation of Centers will become a “Portal” to Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering
Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier University – Research – Industry – Public Domain Cooperative
Environment
The new previously illustrated concepts, methods and frameworks allow to define an extended spectrum of
Functionalities for these applying the “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin” Vision (Paragraph 3.3.5) :
 Integrated Environments for jointly (cooperating with Analytical, Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing, Teams) “Designing” Integrated Computational and Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing Frameworks and Strategies functional to design and develop new Technological, Engineering
and Societal Solutions.
 Integrated Environments for the construction of Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering
“Knowledge Domains” which turn Data coming from a full spectrum of scientific and engineering sources
(data bases, computations, analytical formulations, experimentation, testing and Sensing) into Strategic
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Knowledge Domains
 Integrated Environments for the Development and Validation of advanced Strategic Multiscale
Computational Frameworks
This new kind of Centers allows for a systematic transfer of scientific knowledge inside engineering models,
practices and strategies and they will foster a timely and effectively application of the most advanced scientific
achievements.

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The knowledge get by a combined use of an extended spectrum of scientific computational and experimental
models and techniques, in the context of a Strategic Multiscale analysis scheme, allows us to build an
interlinked hierarchy of analytical and computational models at several levels of abstraction and fidelity to be
applied to different tasks according to a global strategy. The Models Hierarchy can be regarded as a synthesis
and integration of science and engineering.
The Centers offer scientists, researchers, public and private managers, politicians and citizens a “unified context”
to better understand the complex pattern of relationships and interdependencies between civil, agricultural and
infrastructural (transport, energy, industrial plants, communication,….) systems and health, safety,
environmental and climatological issues and challenges (sustainable development). The new Center synthesizes
widely scattered efforts and allows to forge more effective “unified strategies” to deal with tightly interrelated
problems of increasing complexities
B. A New Generation of Cyberinfrastructures referred to as “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Science - Engineering - Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier (KIM)
Cyberinfrastructures”
The term “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” spurs from the previously quoted New Vision of Modeling
and Simulation. New Cyberinfrastructures represent the “Infrastructural and Technological Layer” for the
“Strategic Modeling and Multiscale Framework”:
 Scale integration (Multiscale Science and Engineering Integration) involving teams inside University,
Research Centres, Industry, dealing with research and engineering issues at different scales and resolution
levels. The design and implementation of Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Cyberinfrastructures or
GRIDs can give a real boost to the development of Strategic Multiscale Multiresolution Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing technologies, procedures and strategies.
 Data, Information and Knowledge Integration: integration of data, information and knowledge from a full
spectrum of sources: theory, experimentation, testing and Sensing) to build Strategic Multiscale Multiphysics

Science – Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Data Bases
 Disciplinary integration : teams working in different Disciplinary Areas: University, Research Centers,
Experimental Testing, Sensing, Monitoring and Control, Industrial and Societal Environments, dealing with
research, engineering and societal issues at different scales and resolution levels.
Methodological integration: teams and groups employing different methodologies (theory, computation,
experimentation/testing/sensing in the context of a deterministic and stochastic approach)
The term “Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier” means that:
 the “Strategic Multiscale Concepts, Methods and Strategies Framework”” can be used to design the
Architecture of Cyberinfrastructures and the Operational Modes for Specific Tasks and Objectives he : what
kind of resources are to be interconnected with specific functionalities and performance for specific
Research, Environmental, Engineering, Manufacturing, Societal, Monitoring and Control purposes. This
new kind of Cyber Infrastructures link together the full spectrum of Computational, Experimental,
Theoretical, Testing Centers and Networks of Earth and Space based sensor systems according to Unified
Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering – Society Strategies.
 the “Strategic Modeling and Multiscale Concepts, Methods and Strategies Framework”” can be used to
– Design of Cyberinfrastructures – Based Data and Information Analysis and Fusion Schemes and Strategies
– Integrate for specific Tasks, according to well-defined Multiscale Multidisciplinary Methodologically

Integrated Strategy, the whole spectrum of R&D, Engineering/manufacturing, Experimental, Testing
Monitoring and Control, Socio-Economic Systems and Networks.

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Oak Ridge National Laboratory - Leadership Computing Facility.

The following figures clearly describe potentialities and strategies of Integrated
Computational – Experimental Systems

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Multiscale Methodologically Integrated Science – Engineering Environment to

characterize and design lithium-ion batteries - Oak Ridge National Laboratories

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4.4 “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering - Society

Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Centers”
These “Centers” can be regarded as examples of “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering –
Society Computational Centers Next Generation” to plan design, implement large scale Industrial
and Societal Projects Programs and Initiatives.
 “Multiscale” refers to:

 “Space-and Time Scales Integration” refers to the multidimensional multiscale distributed spatial and
temporal structure and organization of any kind of “Societal System” . scattered over wide geographic
areas and connected by ICT Systems and Networks. This scenario results in a pattern of “Entities”
aggregated according to specific needs, tasks, functions and operational areas. Urban Systems interact
with several (Agricultural, Environmental, Industrial, Infrastructural) Entities located outside the
Administrative boundaries of Cities according to a multitude of operational modes. One of the most
critical problems today is to track and effectively manage the multitude of relations and
interdependencies among local activities/processes and activities/processes occurring over larger spaces
(city hinterland, regions, nations, continents) and time scales which characterize Industrial, Civil,
Infrastructural, Socio-Economic and Governmental & Administrative Systems Life and Dynamics.
 “Science – Engineering - Society” means that
 these Centers integrate all the concepts, methodologies, strategies and Frameworks described in the
Chapters 2 to offer scientists, technologists, designers, operational controllers, managers and politicians
an “Integrated Conceptual, Methodological, Programmatic and Verification Environment” to design and
implement a wide range of Societal System Innovation and Development Projects and Initiatives and
verify results.
 “Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier” refers to

 the application of the “Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers
and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies (Computational, Experimental,
Imaging and Sensing) and Knowledge Domains” Concept. This New Concept extends the “Model”
Concept to the Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing Worlds overcoming traditional
Methodological subdivisions and allowing for new integrated computational, Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing strategies. This new scenario changes relationships among
methodologies and related data, information and knowledge organization and interpretation.
These Centers represent a central node of a new kind of “Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society
Integrated Earth and Space Cooperative Environment (or Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin)” connecting
University, Research, Industry, Public Organizations and Societal Entities. These Centers aim at becoming a
reference partner for Industry to develop and test new technologies and integrated solutions and a reference
Partner for Public Bodies to:
 design rigorous (science – based) solutions and strategies for complex multidisciplinary issues and problems
 define rigorous and neutral (science – based) project results evaluation criteria and improvement paths
 manage monitoring and control systems
All the Methods, Strategies and Frameworks described in the Chapter 3 are applied inside an
integrated conceptual and application context. Virtual Frameworks described in the Paragraphs
3.3.5 and 4.5 are key Fundamental Tools and Resources for these Centers to Design Integrated
Industrial, Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological, Socio – Economic and Governmental & Administrative
Systems and the related Innovation and Development Strategies.

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These Centers, applying the Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technologies and Systems
Design Modeling and Simulation Frameworks (Paragraph 4.5) and the “Strategic Multiscale Digital
Twin” Environments, are tasked with:
A) Analyzing the effects of new Scientific, Technological and Engineering Advances can have to
design Industrial and Socio-Economic Innovation and Development Strategies (Direct Evaluation
Scheme for a Future Scenario including effects on the environment ,occupation and competitiveness
levels)
B) Analyzing what new Scientific, Technological and Engineering Advances could be needed to
achieve Industrial Innovation and Development Objectives (Inverse Evaluation Scheme for a
Hypothetic Future Scenario including effects on the environment, occupation and competitiveness
levels)
C) Designing Integrated Industrial, Socio-Economic and Ecological Innovation and Development

Strategies and Programs in several areas and related Cooperation Strategies among University-
Research Centers- Industry – Financial Entities – Societal Entities.
D) Continuously monitor the status of the programs during their implementation and the Societal
dynamics for the whole Life-Cycle in order to assess their effectiveness and efficiency over time in a
wide range of operational conditions. Data collected and analyzed by applying Data Analytics, AI and
Simulation Tools in an integrated way can be a valuable basis to develop new technologies,
engineering, manufacturing and system solutions
E) Managing Monitoring and Control Networks of the Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial and Ecological
Systems
This kind of Virtual Systems and Centers allows us to design a new Generation of
“Adaptive and Integrated Innovative Technology, Industrial, Civil and Infrastructural
(Intelligent Cities, Megacities, Regions, Mega Regions,… ) Socio-Economic and
Ecological Systems.
Adaptivity and Resilience which mean the ability to change operational strategies
following evolving operational conditions represent a “Key Strategic Target”
These Centers can be the basis to develop upon a “New Generation of Strategic
Multiscale Operational Centers” for Cities and Regions

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Some Examples of Today Virtual Centers:
A) Centers to support new R&D and Engineering Developments, and Planning & Design Activities in
the Industrial and Societal fields like the Arizona Decision Center and the CSTEP
B) Centers for Monitoring and Control like the IBM Intelligent Operation Center (IOC)

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A) Planning, Design and Decision Centers:
Decision Theater – Arizona State University

The Decision Theater is located in Tempe Arizona. Its main functions are:
– A World-Class Center for Science-Based, Informed Analysis – Connecting Science with Practice
– A Home for Policy Makers and the Community to Participate in Immersive, Collaborative Decision
Making – Visualizing the Future through Alternative Scenarios
– A Laboratory for Researchers to Advance the State of-the-Art in Visualization, Computer Sciences,
Cognitive Sciences, and Policy Sciences – Developing a New Science of Policy Informatics

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Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP) Bangalore, India
CSTEP is an interesting example of a Science – Engineering Organization whose Objective is a

structural transfer of Scientific and Technological Knowledge inside the Policy Making Environment
CSTEP is recognised as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation by the Ministry of Science
and Technology, Government of India.
CSTEP's vision: To become the foremost institution for policy innovation and analysis.
CSTEP Mission: To Enrich Policy-Making W ith Innovative Approaches Using Science
and Technology for a Sustainable, Secure and Inclusive Society
CSTEP has recently started research in the area of governance. The objective is to improve
transparency, efficiency, accountability and participation through knowledge based research and
technology. It is also a cross-cutting theme across its other verticals: to guide implementation of
technology enabled policy options. CSTEP believes that technology can play an anchoring role in
strengthening the pillars of governance, and effective governance itself enriches the process of policy
making and implementation.

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B) Monitoring & Control Centers:

Important ICT and Computing technological advances (Sensors – Data –Modeling Integrated
Systems and the “Internet of Things”, for instance) offered the opportunity to design “Integrated
Systems” which can monitor, coordinate and control a large number of ubiquitous connected devices.
Networking Systems connect, interrogate (sense), analyze and control (actuate) devices and collect a
large amount of data which inserted inside “data analytics” and simulation frameworks enables
adaptive control schemes and continuous improvements in the efficiency and reliability of city and
citizens services. An ideal typical vision of such a central urban monitoring and simulation system in
real-time is for example the Rio de Janeiro's "Operation Center" developed by IBM, in which each
element of the city can be monitored via computer screens in a NASA-like control center. An example
for a platform based approach is the project "LIVE Singapore!" in which the MIT SENSEable City
Lab in cooperation with local partners develops a platform for urban real-time data in the city-state of
Singapore. This aims to be open in the future for all interested citizens and companies, but can also
act as a direct real-time control tool for the mayor, to support him in terms of planning and governing.
Comparable projects can be seen on the agendas of any large ICT-companies such as IBM, Cisco,
Hitachi, Living PlanIT, Siemens and Microsoft.

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4.5 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technologies and Systems

Design Modeling and Simulation Frameworks
R&D, Engineering/Manufacturing and System Development Processes in any Industrial, Civil, Infrastructural
and Socio-Economic Area can be seen as “Multiscale Processes” [from materials to systems – from preliminary
design to manufacturing, testing and operational life and interactions with ecological systems; from basic
principles to new technologies and engineering/manufacturing solutions development and testing] and,
accordingly, they can be modeled and simulated by Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Computational
Frameworks (IMSE Framework) also thanks to continuous HPC impressive advances. Accordingly, an
important asset to Design and Manufacture complex Industrial, Civil and Infrastructural and Socio-Economic
Systems is the development of “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time R&D and Engineering
Machines” which implements the IMSE Framework. These Frameworks represent a very important
component of the Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier
Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework
Fig. 10 (from Georgia Institute of Technology) well describes the Multiscale and Integration Scenario for
Complex Systems: From Atoms to Assembly, Product , Industrial System and Ecosystems
Fig. 11 Chemical Plant Development from Molecules, to Devices, Units and the whole Plant

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The previous graphical representations have a general value and they can be applied to any Technological,
Engineering Industrial, Civil, Infrastructural and Socio-Economic sector and system. The Operational and
Ecological Environments where the “System” is inserted and two-way relationships and interdependencies
between the “Systems” and the “Operational and Ecological Environment” itself are also modeled and
simulated.
Innovative Technology and Systems Development Processes can be described by the Technology Readiness
Level (TRL) Scale
Fig. 12 NASA Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Scale. This scale describes the several phases of an
“Innovative Technology and Systems Development Process”.
The “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering (IMSE) Framework” allows us to develop

Computational Frameworks specifically conceived to Model and Simulate Innovative Technologies, Products
and Systems Development Processes. The fundamental goals are to:
 evaluate the impact of a spectrum of different technological and architectural solutions at different levels
and scales over “system” performance, environmental interactions and related manufacturability issues
 improve effectiveness and reliability of alternative “System Architectures” selection process by identifying
in a more comprehensive and reliable way problems linked to interactions between the “System” and the
Operational Environment and among a wide spectrum of subsystems, components and devices which
constitute the overall “System Architecture” which is, increasingly an inherent Multiscale Multilevel
Architecture.
 identify in a more comprehensive and reliable way interactions between the “System” and the Operational
Environment for a spectrum of conditions and among subsystems, components and devices which constitute
the overall “System Architecture” which is, increasingly an inherent Multiscale Multilevel Architecture.
 improve assessment of how “System Requirements” propagate down the TRL chain following a “Top
Down” approach In this prospect, the definition of performance levels and operational requirements for the
system, enables, following Multiscale Multilevel analysis schemes, the identification of what are the needed
features and performance of sub-systems, components, and devices and their relationships.

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 improve evaluation of the impact of advances in fundamental scientific knowledge over the development of
innovative technology solutions and systems architectures (Bottom–Up approach)
 improve assessment of the Science-Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge needed to accomplish
each step (from TRL 1 to TRL 9) and to transition in a successful way from a step to the next one and of the
effectiveness of applied analysis methodologies and techniques.
 improve assessments of what information can be get by using existing analytical theories, computational
models and experimental & testing techniques, and what not.
 improve identification of the needed development paths in analytical theories, computational models, and
experimental & testing techniques and what mix of resources (theories, modeling & simulation, experimental
& testing techniques) are needed to develop the envisaged system, sub-systems and components.
 Improve Organization of Information/Knowledge inside each TRL Phase in such a way as to make it
directly and comprehensively usable and applicable in the next one along the scale.
From a general standpoint, as far as the Innovative Technology and Systems Development Process is concerned,
two development lines or Strategies are, normally, followed :
a) Bottom–Up: the starting point is progress in innovative technologies and devices and components
(advances can be real or hypothesized). Models of New Technologies, Engineering, Manufacturing and
Operational Solutions are developed using the IMSE Framework
b) Top- Down: more ambitious operational and performance requirements to be met represent the starting
point. In several cases “Inverse Simulations” can be too complex. A possible solution is to apply a simpler
Analysis of Alternatives (AoA): a set of Simulations can assess how and to what extent new technologies
and innovative engineering and manufacturing solutions can affect macro dynamics and performance.
To accomplish the previously quoted tasks, we can use the full methodological and theoretical apparatus of the
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Framework” to build a “Virtual Strategic Multiscale
Space-Time Machine” or “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Development
Framework” The term “Virtual” means that:
 A model of the planned system and the operational environment (and of the hierarchy of sub-systems,
components, devices and materials) is developed using available data, information and knowledge that are
being organized using the “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge
Management System”. Information are being progressively updated and improved as we transition (in the
real world) from one phase to another one in an incremental way. Several alternatives can be taken into
account.
 A model of the R&D, Engineering/Manufacturing and Systems Development Process (Designing the R&D,
Engineering/Manufacturing and Systems Development Process) is built. The Model is progressively updated
(see Paragraph 2.3.6). At the starting date, it is advisable to use simplified models
As we proceed in the real world through the whole spectrum of Innovative Technology and Systems
Development Phases (along the TRL chain), data become available from experimentation, characterization and
testing techniques. Accordingly, a progressive refinement and improvement of models and System Architecture
become possible. “Virtual Analyses” can proceed following two strategies:
 “top-down” (from a complex system and its operational environment to its constituents): requirements are
set for a system at a certain scale (access scale) and the analysis is performed for a set of hypothetic systems
(several hypothesis are taken into account and modeled) considering the scales which are under the one for
which requirements (and accordingly levels of performance) are being set
 “bottom-up” (from fundamentals to a complex structure and its operational environment): several
hypotheses are formulated about the architecture of the system for scales over the initial scale taken into
account. Models are developed. The analysis proceeds by evaluating how and to what extent performance
and properties calculated and or measured at a certain scale (nano scale, for instance) influence dynamics
and architecture/structure at the scale immediately higher (micro scale, for instance) and so on.

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This kind of approach is instrumental to build technology roadmaps and innovative technology development
plans
The approaches can be interactively and iteratively combined. Several different technological, engineering and
operational scenarios can be taken into account and evaluated (What if Strategy). Sensitivity Analyses can also
be carried out.
In this “Virtual Context”, “Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Information-driven Strategy” is critical to

identify what kind of Information at what level of accuracy and fidelity should be needed to characterize the
complex technological dynamics of the set of subsystems, components and devices and their interactions.
It is important to highlight that even if we are not able to develop highly detailed multiscale models, the new
proposed Framework can represent a valuable tool. Simplified models can allow researchers and engineers to
jointly perform simple, but still meaningful analyses to identify critical items of Innovative Technologies,
Engineering Architectures and R&D and Engineering Development process and methodologies.
A critical issue is that present innovative technology development strategies are, in several cases, not fully able
to assess the (multiscale Science-Engineering) information needed to develop, validate, and integrate key
technologies in more complex systems. Present innovative technology development strategies are not fully
“information-driven” or, to better say, Multiscale Science-Engineering Information-driven.
The “Multiscale Science-Engineering Information Space” and the Modeling & Simulation as “Knowledge
Integrators and Multipliers” concepts and methods allow us to define, besides the classical Technology
Roadmaps, new Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering Information-Driven Theoretical and
Methodological (computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing) Roadmaps which
enable researchers, designers and managers to jointly identify critical scientific and engineering resources
needed to develop innovative technological systems and shape more effective university-research-industry
cooperative scenarios inside a unified and coherent conceptual context.
Roadmaps of computational methodologies are being already drafted, but they are not fully “Information-
Driven” and, normally, not comprehensively integrated with Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing roadmaps. Computational and experimental & testing roadmaps are drafted separately without well-
defined links and interdependencies.
Said in other words, roadmaps do not comprehensively identify and specify what information at what level of
accuracy and fidelity is needed to reach new engineering and technological achievements and what information
at what level of accuracy and fidelity we can get from the new outlined models and methods. Or, at least that is
accomplished only or mainly at a qualitative level.
The “Strategic Value of this kind of approach is that it enables a more in-depth and timely
identification of the “Scientific and Engineering Critical Issues and Areas and their relationships and
interdependencies” in such a way as to allow for the definition of optimized and integrated science-
based (or Science-Engineering) strategies.
The Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Development Framework
runs over the Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier
Computing, Information and Communication Framework (paragraph 3.3).
These “Virtual Systems” can run on the previously quoted “Strategic Multiscale Computational Science-
Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Centers” and inside Centers which can be referred to as
“”Decision and Design Centers” [there is a clear reference to the Arizona State University Decision Theater].
These Centers are tasked with the Planning, Design and Implementation of Industrial Facilities, Large Scale
Industrial Systems (see the “Extended Enterprise Concept”) and Large Scale Integrated Industrial, Civil,
Infrastructural, Socio-Economic, Agricultural and Ecological Systems.

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We consider now two important extensions of the capabilities of the previously described Virtual Environments:
A) Integration with Data (any kind) that may be collected from the field with the Mathematical Models,
Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence Tools.
This kind of integration allows for the development of new monitoring, control and management strategies of
industrial, civil, infrastructural and environmental systems during all the phases of the construction period and
the Operational Life. This Strategy enables the evaluation of technological systems effectiveness in a wide
range of nominal and off-nominal operational conditions. Two-way relationships and interdependencies between
civil, infrastructural and industrial systems, from one side, and ecological systems, from the other side, is an
important task to be dealt with. Furthermore, getting a constantly updated scenario vision by analyzing a wide
range of data (Fata Analytics and AI techniques) is of paramount importance to progressively and continuously
assess the results of plans and programs and to decide on future improvements and developments. This kind of
Integration con promote the design and development of a New Generation of Urban, Regional and Ecological
Systems.
B) Virtual Systems for Technological Innovation and Socio-Economic Development: Integration of

Scientific and Engineering Modeling with Ecological, Societal and Economic Modelling
A Strategic Resource for Integrated Industrial and Socio-Economic Developments complying with
the Environmental Issues
We can define a special Development of Virtual Systems which we can be called "Virtual Systems for
Technology and Engineering Innovation and Economic - Industrial - Social – Ecological Development." These
"systems" would enable us to analyze the Impact of different Technological and Industrial Development
Strategies, Plans and Programs on the Socio-Economic Context and on the Society as a whole Even in this case,
integration of data and information coming from a wide range of different typologies of Sensing systems with
the "Virtual Systems for Technology and Engineering Innovation and Economic - Industrial - Societal –
Ecological Development" Environment would allow us to continuously monitor developments, problems and
results in the various stages of Policies, Plans and Programs implementation process and operational phases.
This context allow us to progressively update industrial, socio-economic and environmental policies and related
implementation strategies
This kind of Virtual Systems and Centers allows us to design a new Generation of “Adaptive
and Integrated Innovative Technology, Industrial, Socio-economic and Ecological Systems
Development and Implementation Strategies. The term “Adaptive” means that the information
continuously gathered from the field (during the whole Life Cycle) and inserted inside
Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Models represent a very important basis to
conceive, design, develop and implement new science-based technological, engineering,
manufacturing and system solutions. Data Analytics, Machine Learning and Artificial
Intelligence Technique, Methods and Tools are applied and integrated with Strategic
Multiscale Models.

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Virtual Systems Implementation Schemes

The “Virtual Systems” can be implemented following several All the previously described Virtual System
typologies can be implemented applying the following schemes:
 Real: application of existing methods, tools, techniques and integrated solutions AND available
technological and architectural solutions.
 Direct Virtual: definition and application of innovative (future) methods, tools and techniques and
integrated solutions AND innovative technological and architectural solutions. Different scenarios can be
imagined and simulated
 Inverse Virtual: definition of what new scientific advances, technologies and engineering solutions,
experimental equipments, engineering methodologies would be needed to design and build new complex
technological systems with a wider range of functionalities and higher performance levels. Different
scenarios can be imagined and simulated
 Red Virtual : highlighting not capabilities and potentialities, but limits and shortcomings of technologies,
engineering solutions AND analysis and design methodologies. We point out not only what we are able to
do and what we successfully did, as it is usually done, but what we are still not able to do, what we
should be able to do to achieve some specific objectives, and how we should do it. Once we have defined
some goals: solving a problem, dealing with an emergency (flooding, fires, plant accidents,..), tackling a
challenge (climate change, pollution, spreading of infectious diseases, famine,..), designing an advanced
system (a supersonic civil transport aircraft, a new drug with some specific characteristic,,….; we point out
what are the critical shortcoming in our methods, tools, techniques, integrated solutions, technologies and
engineering architectures….. Several different scenarios can be examined and simulated. This mode is
fundamental to raise the awareness of funding entities and public opinion about the need of specific
investments and initiatives.
 Science-based Science-Fiction : a full spectrum of totally hypothetic scenarios can be built.
This kind of Virtual Environments has a “Strategic Value” in the “Societal Systems” Field because it
creates a “Cooperative and Integrated Environment” where the several “Actors” can assess:
a) the performance of the “Societal Systems” their components in a wide range of operational
conditions before the “System” is built
b) Identify “Societal Systems weaknesses and outline possible solutions. Data coming from citizens,
users, sensors which can be integrated inside the Virtual Environment. Simulations, can represent
a useful basis to devise new solutions to problems and the point out problem root causes
c) Plan Technological, Engineering, Manufacturing, and System Development Paths with respect to
specific Operational Target and, at the same time, evaluating a range of alternatives

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The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machines” can represent:
 A Key “Enabling System and Resource” for a New Generation of Decision Support Systems
(DSS).
 A “Focal Point” and “Key Tool” for “Living Labs” and “Technological and Industrial Incubators”
 A New Generation of “Integrated Cooperative Environments” for all the “ Societal System
Actors” working together with the new Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Education,
Information and Communication Frameworks (se the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science
Based Education, Training, Information And Communication Framework and the related White
Book)
 A New “Education, Information and Communication” Environment to:
 involve citizens and social bodies in the “Societal Systems” Life
 Educate and Train teachers, professional and students (any degree)
 A Basic Element to devise and set up cooperations among Cities, Public (Local/regional,
National and Transnational) (Regional, National and Transnational) Entities
 A Reference Environment (Citizens, Industry, Politicians, Public Officers) to test achieved results
and devise and plan new products and solutions
The Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Development Framework runs
over the Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Computing,
Information and Communication Framework (Paragraph 3.3). They represent a key Strategic
Resource of the Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Knowledge Integrator
and Multiplier Centers (Paragraph 3.4)

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Example of Multiscale Decision Support System (DSS)

In the following the “Multiscale whole-systems design and analysis of CO2 capture and transport
networks” Article is reported. This Article illustrates in a clear way the Multiscale Modeling and Simulation
Environments capability to analyze future industrial system characteristics and dynamics allowing, in such a
way, for a rigorous evaluation of several alternative solutions and architectures:
NOTE: the following article has been downloaded from Research Gate
21st European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering – ESCAPE 21

E.N. Pistikopoulos, M.C. Georgiadis and A. Kokossis (Editors)
© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Multiscale whole-systems design and analysis of CO2 capture and transport networks
Niall Mac Dowell, Ahmed Alhajaj, Murthy Konda and Nilay Shah
Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Article in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering · December 2011 –

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-54298-4.50020-9
Abstract
In this contribution, we present an integrated whole-systems approach to the design and analysis of CO2 capture, transport
and storage networks. This approach is multiscale in nature, and comprises a number of scale-specific models spanning
from the molecular to the process and finally to the network scale. At the smallest scale, detailed molecular models of the
solvents used to capture CO2 are developed with a state-of-the-art equation of state, SAFT-VR1. These thermodynamic
models are used to describe the thermophysical properties and phase behaviour of the complex fluids which are typically
used for CO2 capture 2,3. he molecular models are integrated with a rate-based model of an amine-based CO2 capture
process 4,5, which is implemented in the gPROMS modelling environment. These models are used to determine the cost-
optimal degree of capture (DOC) for a given CO2 emission source. Then, the outputs of the process models are in turn
used as inputs to a spatially and temporally explicit MILP model of the network model which is implemented in the GAMS
modelling environment. This model is then used to determine how much CO2 should be removed from a given source in
order to achieve a pre-specified reduction in CO2 emissions for a given geographical area. This approach then allows us to
comment on the economic feasibility of achieving these aims and provides us with a mechanism for providing high-level
direction on CO2 emission reduction targets.
Keywords: Multiscale modelling, CO2 capture, Network design
1. Introduction
The UK has, in accordance with IPCC guidelines 6, recently implemented ambitious CO2 mitigation targets 7 – it is
intended to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the UK by 80% by 2050 8. The deployment of CO2 capture and
transport (CCT) technology on this scale is an extremely expensive proposition, and it is necessary that CCT networks be
future-proofed in their design and lifetime cost-optimal. A typical CCT network comprises a number of CO2 sources and a
number of potential CO2 storage sites, or sinks. The source-sink relationships may be extremely complex in terms of the
proximity of a given source to an appropriate sink of sufficient capacity. Further, it is important to account for the evolution
of CCT networks by accounting for the gradual incorporation of additional sources and sinks into the network in such a
way as to minimise the total lifetime cost whilst complying with CO2 emission mitigation goals. Thus a comprehensive
framework that is both spatially and temporally explicit is required for the design of these systems. The dynamic aspect of
the proposed models is of paramount importance, especially within the context of future energy-related networks design.
For example, a recent study9 has revealed the long-term prospects of hydrogen in the transport sector using a detailed
spatio-temporal framework, which could not have been identified with static models. To this end, we present an approach
wherein we integrate rate-based models of amine-based CO2 chemisorption processes 4,5 with a spatio-temporally explicit
approach for network modelling10. Using the process models, we determine a cost-optimal degree-of-capture (DOC) for a
given source. The results of the process-scale models are then used as inputs to the network-scale models, and in this way,
the CO2 transport network is designed with the overall objective of minimising total lifetime costs. In performing this
work, we use a model of a CO2 capture process based on a 30wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent as a benchmark for
the capture process. Subsequently, using state of the art approaches for modelling the complex fluids used in CO2 capture

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processes2,3. Since the future emission reduction targets, improvements in capture processes, sink availability and
capacity, and injection rates are uncertain, a detailed stochastic analysis is an integral part of our framework. The proposed
methodology is generic, and is equally applicable to any geographic region.
2. Multiscale Modelling and CCS

A multiscale modelling approach is becoming the methodology of choice to describe a complex system that exhibits
behaviour across length and time scales with many orders of magnitude 11,12 . This exploits a series of interacting scale-
specific models, as illustrated in Figure 1. Early applications of this approach to systems such as polymerisation and
bioprocessing have proven that multiscale modelling is rightly regarded as a promising and powerful tool in various
disciplines. There is enormous scope for the application of this approach to the emerging area of CCS system design and
operation. The potential roles for multiscale process systems modelling in CCS include the design and optimisation of
carbon capture processes and also both the steady state and dynamic operation of carbon capture processes 13.
A system-wide analysis of this CCS infrastructure is very useful in helping to answer a number of strategic questions,
including:
-to-point systems early on or provide an (oversized) backbone at the start

which pays off in the long term?
What are the important system integration issues associated with the interfaces between different components of the
infrastructure, e.g. how do impurities in captured CO2 affect the phase behaviour and, therefore, pipeline operation?
ed overall system cost and how does it vary with increasing carbon reduction targets?
-wide metrics (e.g. environmental impact, safety, operability) and how should they
be evaluated? Are there any tradeoffs between system-wide metrics?
Early work in this area includes a deterministic optimisation model to design value chains for Norway 1 and the United
Arab Emirates 15. In both cases, a mathematical model is used to connect sources and sinks, design pipelines and establish
CO2 flow rates in the network, and evaluate system costs. More sophisticated techniques will need to use optimisation
under uncertainty. Two useful approaches in this field are multistage stochastic optimisation and real options. In both cases
the key concept is that early stage decisions must be firm, while future decisions are contingent on new information
available in the future and do not need to be committed immediately. The link between the firm early stage decisions and
the uncertainty dependent future decisions ensures that the early stage decisions are robust with respect to future outcomes.

130
An example of this approach 16 considers the use of real options rather than standard discounted cash flow models to
determine if and when to invest in different technological options.
In the next section we describe how we integrate validated thermodynamic and rate based models of CO2 capture processes
with a spatio-temporally explicit model of a CO2 transport and storage network, and present some preliminary results from
a case study performed on a region of the United Arab Emirates.
3. Methodology and Preliminary results
3.1. Problem description
In order to demonstrate the applicability our approach, we consider a case study of the United Arab Emirates 17. The UAE
is a particularly energy intensive country, with the majority of their energy coming from fossil fuel combustion. The UAE
is also home to several energy intensive industries, including cement and fertilizer manufacture. The total cumulative CO2
emissions of this region are 90 MT/yr of which 23.5MT/yr are accounted in this study. The cost-optimal design of CO2
capture, transport and storage networks is therefore of significant importance in the UAE. The example problem we set out
to solve was: if we want to reduce the CO2 emissions from the UAE by 5MT/yr by 2015 and by 20Mt/yr by 2020,
is appropriate for each source?
-sink relationships which result in a cost-optimal network

design?
Figure 2: CCS-relevant region of UAE, comprising eleven different CO2 sources and six potential CO2 sinks
3.2. Preliminary results

The CO2 capture process was assumed to be a 30wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) based post-combustion system. Key
operating parameters were specified following the work of Rao and Rubin 18. The results of this study were then used as
inputs to the MILP network design model proposed by Konda et al 14. This model was then used to design that capture and
transport network which was capable of achieving the desired CO2 mitigation target for the least cost. The results of this
work are illustrated in Figure 3. In the interest of clarity the sources are now labelled as S1 – S10 and the sinks are labelled
as O1 – O6.

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Figure 3: Results of the network design exercise. Two distinct periods of infrastructure deployments are required in order to
achieve the specified mitigation targets, T1 and T2, before and after 2015 respectively. Black lines represent pipeline links
established in T1 and red lines represent pipeline links established in T2. Thin lines represent pipelines of capacity 1-10
Mt/Yr while thick lines represent larger pipelines of capacity in the range 10-25 Mt/yr.
The cost-optimality of the network topology was ensured by minimizing the following objective function: where CAPEX
is capital expenditure, CRF is the capital recovery factor and OPEX is the operational expenditure. The CRF was assumed
to be 15%. There are several noteworthy features of the optimal network topology. Most conspicuously, it is apparent from
Figure 3 that it is not necessary to capture CO2 from all the point-sources in order to achieve the specified mitigation target,
nor is it necessary to exploit all of the existing storage capacity. Further, it can be observed from Figure 3 that two separate
tranches of infrastructure deployment are required to achieve the required CO2 abatement target.
4. Conclusions and future challenges
A novel methodology for the integrated design of CO2 capture, transport and storage networks has been developed and
applied to a region of the United Arab Emirates. The success of this approach relies on the tight integration of a series of
scale-specific, high fidelity models. We have found that it is not necessarily appropriate to capture CO2 from all available
sources in order to achieve a pre-specified emission reduction. Policy formulation should reflect this, and a strategy to share
costs across all regional emitters should be devised. Future work in this area will incorporate whole-systems optimisation of
the capture process model, the results of detailed pipeline modelling in order to avoid potential phase transitions, examining
the effect of changes on the molecular scale on the performance on the network scale. At the capture process scale, we plan
to examine the effect of using a range of different amine solvents on the behaviour and performance of the capture process.
In this way, we aim to obtain an insight into the long-term effects of technological advances at the level of the CO2 capture
process on the operation of the CO2 transport network
5. Acknowledgements
N.M.D. thanks the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) of the UK for funding a post-doctoral research grant
(Grant number: NE/H01392X/1).

132
References
1. A. Gil-Villegas et al, J. Chem. Phys., 106, (1997), 4168-4186
2. N. Mac Dowell et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2010, 49, 1883–1899.
3. N. Mac Dowell et al., J. Phys. Chem. B., 2010 (Accepted)
4. N. Mac Dowell et al., in Proc. European Symp. Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE-20) ed S. Pierucci and
G. Buzzi Ferraris, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010, ch Integrated solvent and process design for the reactive
separation of CO2 from flue gas, pp 1231-1236
5. N. Mac Dowell et al., Comp. Aided Chem. Eng., Volume 28, 2010, Pages 1231-1236
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2001:Synthesis report. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001
7. http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/legislation/cc_act_08/cc_act_08.aspx
8. http://www.theccc.org.uk/
9. N. V. S. N. M., Konda et al., PSE Asia 2010, Singapore, 201010. N. V. S. N. M., Konda et al., HYPOTHESIS VIII,
Lisbon, Portugal, 2009
11. C. C. Pantelides, in Proc. European Symp. Computer Aided Process Engineering (ESCAPE-11), ed. Rafiqul Gani and
Sten Bay Jørgensen, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2001, ch. New challenges and opportunities for process
modelling, pp. 15–26
12. J. C. Charpentier and T. F. McKenna, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2004, 59, 1617–1640.
13. N. Mac Dowell et al., Energy & Environ. Sci, 2010, 3, 1645-1669
14. A. Tomasgard et al., Proc. 5th Trondheim Conference on CO2 capture, transport and storage, Trondheim, June, 2009,
2009.
15. A. Alhajaj, MSc thesis, Imperial College London, 2008.
16. W. Zhou, et al., Appl. Energy, 2010, 87, 2392–2400
17. A. Alhajaj et al., AIChE Annual meeting, 2010
18. Rao, A. B. and Rubin, E. S., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006, 45, 2421-2429
19. N. V. S. N. M., Konda et al., Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2010 (Submitted)

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4.6 “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society [or

Science – Based] Space Station (or Center)”: A New Space Vision,
Cultural Policy and Strategy For a Globalized World Development
Life on the Earth is ever more a “global” experience. All the major factors which condition and rule life on the
Earth: environment, climate change, population and economic growth, the famine problem, energy, natural
resources management,…. are strictly interrelated and they concern all the world, no longer single areas and
countries. That is an absolutely trivial statement but people in the different countries do not intimately “feel” to
belong to a single “Entity”, at least not yet. Even major initiatives and programs designed to face these issues
are, to some extent, fragmented. We need to tackle Earth problems from a point of view where they appear in all
their “unity”: from Space. The “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Approach and Strategy” enables us
to analyze and take into account both the “Complex System” components and processes which develop over a
multitude of space and time scales and their relationships and interdependencies to get a set o unified visions at
different levels of resolutions of the “System Dynamics”. We observe that Space Programs have already been
the symbol and the expression of two major Integration Streams:
 Science - Engineering - Society Integration and Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral (University – Research
– Industry – Society) Integration
In the context of the Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society Earth and Space
(or From Space to Earth) Framework, Space can be regarded as the “Catalyst” of a New Cultural
Policy based upon a “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science–Engineering-Society
Integration” Framework to address key issues for the Future of Earth From Space and the Future
of Earth in Space. Space is also the most striking Symbol of a major Integration Stream:
Globalization. Space is the only place where all the complex Earth economic, social,
environmental and health problems and issues can be appreciated and evaluated as a “Single
Process”. By adopting the new “ Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Integration” Vision,
stemming from its history, Space will become a fundamental “driver” to develop and apply new and
more effective Strategies to deal with “Mankind Challenges”. At the same time, the new
integrated Vision, by enabling the development of highly innovative and affordable Space
Technologies and Systems, will contribute to shape “The Future of Mankind in Space”
This Framework is based upon three Cyber - Physical Environments and it is implemented inside a “Strategic
Multiscale Digital Twin”
 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering Society (Earth and Space Based or
“From Space To Earth) Framework (Paragraph 3.2)
 Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier
Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework (Paragraph 3.3)
which synergistically integrates, thanks to the new Strategic Multiscale Vision and
Conceptual/Methodological context, a wide spectrum of Theoretical, Experimental, Testing, Space,
Aero and Earth – based Sensing Systems, inside a unified Theoretical and Application Context as to
enable a continuous and well-coordinated exchange of new knowledge and advances.
 “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering – Society (or Science – Based) Space Station”.
which plays the role of Central Node of the previously quoted “Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science –
Engineering – Society From Space to Earth Cyber Enterprise” Cooperative Environment. International
Space Station (ISS), as the first and only continuously inhabited place outside Earth can be regarded as
the historical “Symbol” and precursor of the New Integrated From Space to Earth Vision and Facility.
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering- Society Space Station is the Next Step and
Frontier. The real ISS can be related to the Virtual facility and play an important role in this Vision.

134
We have already pointed out that any kind of Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological, Socio-Economic and Industrial
System, are complex systems linked to complex processes developing over a wide range of space and time
scales (Environment and Transportation are two classical examples.. Systems and Processes are characterized by
a large number of heterogeneous spatial components, nonlinear interactions, emergence, self-organization,
adaptation and dynamics through a spectrum of time and spatial scale. Natural and Technological Complex
Systems exhibit distinctive patterns and features associated to different processes at different scales. It is
important to reveal and analyze phenomena inside a scale and among different scales. For this reason we can
pursue the creation of Hierarchical Sensing Systems able to perform Monitoring (Space, Air, Field) which
should take into account the inherent hierarchical organization of the Natural and Technological System and its
multiscale evolution for the whole range of operational conditions: nominal and off-nominal (extreme events,
accidents). A key goal of any monitoring and analysis process is to understand how processes occurring over a
full spectrum of space and time scales influence each other to get a “holistic” view of Systems Dynamics.
Scale has been recognized as a key component for understanding the structure and the space-time dynamics of
Systems distributed over large and very large areas. Two key issues are to be addressed: the scale and scaling
problem. The former refers to identifying the ‘natural’ or preferred scale(s) at which operational patterns and
processes occur, while the later refers to deriving appropriate rules for transferring data or information across
scales .
An integration of various sources of information and synthesis of diverse approaches is required to study
multiscale features that are the product of coexistence, hierarchy, complexity, chaos, and in some cases, self-
organization. Understanding the interrelationships between physical, chemical, and biological factors at different
scales is essential for research in agriculture, engineering, hydrology, and the environment.
Results from Sensing Systems should be integrated with Laboratory Experimentation and with Multiscale
Modeling acting as “Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier”
We can perform this Tasks from a privileged “Monitoring, Integration and Analysis” Location: From the
“Space”. In our case from a “Virtual Space”.
The real Space Station is the only inhabited System from which it is possible to see dynamics of Human, Civil
and Infrastructural Systems in an integrated way.
New Information, Communication and Computing Technologies and Strategic Multiscale Methodologies
allow us to build a “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station” (or Virtual Strategic
Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Space Station) .
“ Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Space Station” is a Cyber Environment which plays the
role of “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier”
Center made it possible by the “Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers” concept.
“Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Space Station as “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering –
Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier” Center fosters a more timely, integrated and effective
application of the most advanced scientific achievements coming from Space and Earth. The knowledge get by
a combined use of a full spectrum of scientific, engineering and operational theoretical, computational,
experimental, Sensing and testing models and techniques, in the context of a multiscale analysis scheme,
allows us to build an interlinked hierarchy of analytical and computational (classical, agent – based,….) models
at different levels of abstraction and fidelity to be applied to a wide range of tasks according to a global strategy.
The “ Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Space Station”

Or “ Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Space Station”
is a New Resource For a Globalized World

135
It is of fundamental relevance to connect Space Systems with Scientific Centers and Experimental
Facilities in order to get an in depth understanding of phenomena monitored and analyzed by
Satellites (and other Aero Systems): understanding Medium and Large Scale
Phenomena/Processes is also linked to understand basic phenomena not directly resolved From
Space. The “Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering (IMSE) Framework” is a suitable basis to
realize this integration.
In the context of the Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society From Space to
Earth Framework, Space can be regarded as the “Catalyst” of a New Cultural Policy based
upon a “Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science–Engineering Integration” Framework to address
key issues for the Future of Earth and the Future of Earth in Space.
Space is also the most striking Symbol of a major Integration Stream: Globalization. Space is
the only place where all the complex Earth economic, social, environmental and health
problems and issues can be appreciated and evaluated as a “Single Process”
By adopting the new “ Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Integration” Vision,

stemming from its history, Space will become a fundamental “driver” to develop and apply new
and more effective Strategies to deal with “Mankind Challenges”. At the same time, the new
integrated Vision, by enabling the development of highly innovative and affordable Space
Technologies and Systems, will contribute to shape “The Future of Mankind in Space”

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The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Station” can be considered as an innovative
important concept, tool and resource and a new step forward in the “Geospatial Intelligence” Field and
in the utilization of “Space” to deal with Global Problems. The cloud-based Geospatial Intelligence
Broker Platform to be developed by BlackSky is a very interested step along this path. The following
box reports the announcement of the US AFRL related contract
BlackSky awarded contract by Air Force for next-generation Geospatial Intelligence

Brokering Platform (from the website www.spacedaily.com)
by Staff Writers
Seattle WA (SPX ) Aug 30, 2017
Spaceflight Industries has announced that BlackSky has been awarded a two-year $16.4 million cost-plus-
prime contract with the Air Force Research Lab to develop and deliver a cloud-based geospatial intelligence
broker platform. The brokering platform will provide on-demand analytics, collection, and information
services from global data sources. "BlackSky is proud to have the opportunity to partner with the Air Force
and U.S.
Government stakeholders on the development of leading-edge anticipatory analytics and commercial
GEOINT brokering capabilities," said Brian O'Toole, executive vice president and chief technology officer of
BlackSky. "Easy access and streamlined delivery of timely and relevant insights about our changing world
is essential to faster and more informed decision making. The BlackSky platform combined with our world-
class solutions team is proving to be a key enabler for accelerating our customers' success."
The BlackSky Geospatial Solutions team brings extensive expertise in geospatial intelligence, commercial
remote sensing, cloud-based architectures, geospatial analysis, and machine learning to help customers
harness the power of global data sources to gain improved situational awareness and actionable intelligence.
BlackSky is a division of Seattle WA-based Spaceflight Industries and serves government and private sector
organizations with solutions enabled by the BlackSky platform. Within the platform, users can access
BlackSky Spectra's on-demand imagery service to search, purchase, task, and download visual imagery and
multi-spectral data from a global collection network. They can also subscribe to BlackSky Events, the
platform's global event monitoring service that fuses news, social media, industry data services and physical
sensor networks to provide early warning and insights on risks, threats, and opportunities that can impact
their business.

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VIRTUAL STRATEGIC MULTISCALE

SCIENCE – ENGINEERING - SOCIETY SPACE STATION
(VIRTUAL STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATOR AND MULTIPLIER SPACE
STATION)
The Future of Earth In Space

Multiplier

The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Space Station” is a “Multiscale Knowledge Integrator
and Multiplier” Hardware and Software Environment which carries out these functions:
- The “Future of Earth From Space”: integration of data and information from Space, Aerial, Surface and
Sub-Surface Sensing Systems with Multiscale (Scientific and Engineering) Theoretical, Computational and
Experimental Facilities to design “Hierarchies of Multiscale/Multiresolution/Multiphysics Computational and
Knowledge Models (Strategic Multiscale Maps)” which represent a Synthesis of Scientific and Engineering
Knowledge and Methodologies aimed to: improve our understanding to Earth Dynamics and design improved
Earth (Urban, Land, Infrastructural) Systems and related Operational Schemes and Strategies
- The “Future of Earth in Space” : integration of data and information from Multiscale (Scientific and
Engineering) Theoretical, Computational, Experimental and Testing Facilities with data coming from Space
System Operations to develop “Hierarchies of Multiscale/Multiresolution/Multiphysics Computational and
Knowledge Models (Strategic Multiscale Maps)” which represent a Synthesis of Scientific and Engineering
Knowledge and Methodologies aimed to: design a new generation of Space Systems and Facilities and related
Operational Schemes and Strategies.

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The Strategic Multiscale Models Hierarchy can be regarded as a synthesis and

integration of science and engineering knowledge and methods.
This new kind of Center offers scientists, researchers, public and private managers, politicians and citizens a
“unified context” to better understand the complex pattern of relationships and interdependencies (over a World
Scale) among civil, agricultural and infrastructural (transport, energy, industrial plants, communication,….)
systems and health, safety, environmental and climatological issues and challenges (sustainable development).
The new Center synthesizes widely scattered efforts and allows to forge more effective “unified strategies” to
deal with tightly interrelated problems of increasing complexities
Multiscale is a general term. Multiscale means, usually “Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics”. Multiscale
embodies as special case classical “Single Scale” methods. The selection of the scales (and inside a scale of the
resolution levels) depends on the specific task to be addressed and the characteristics of the “System” taken into
account (not in all the cases we have to go down to the Schrodinger equation). When we remain inside a “Single
Scale”, as already highlighted, we use the term “Multiresolution”. This situation occurs, for instance, when we
deal with “Systems of Systems” or when we design/analyze the dynamics of “Complex Systems” made up by a
set of sub-systems and components. Just the capabilities of the Multiscale methodology to embody a wide
spectrum of different methods and approaches allow us to regard it as a “Unifying Paradigm”.
“Integration Streams” already characterize Space activities and strategies particularly in the Earth Monitoring,
Meteorology, and Disasters Mitigation, Response and Relief. Multiscale Modeling is applied inside several
Space Projects. The “Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and the
Multiscale Map concepts can give an important boost to this process and it allows to foster integration between:
 Scientific, Engineering and Operational analyses dealing with an extremely wide range of space and time
scales
 Experimentation, Testing and Sensing Data, Information and Knowledge (multi–way transfer)
 The whole spectrum of scientific and engineering methodologies (theory, computation, experimentation,
testing and sensing)
The term “Integrated” means three Integration Streams:
 Multiscale Multiresolution Space and Time Integration
 “Sensing Systems - Experimental Facilities” Integration and “Sensing Systems – Experimental Facilities –
Computational and Theoretical Centers” Integration. The growing complexity of the Networks of Physical,
Biochemical, Ecological, Industrial, Urbanization, Socio-Economic,….. Phenomena and Processes to be
Monitored calls for Integrated Data Analysis and Interpretation Strategies which can be carried out by
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Computational Models acting as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers”.
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Models integrate and Fuse Data from a wide range of sources (Sensing
Systems and Laboratory Facilities) to turn a “Tsunami” of Data into useful Knowledge. It should be taken
into account that more Data does not necessarily means more Information and Knowledge.
 The Strategic Multiscale Framework enables a new kind of “Integrated Space-Time” approach to
environmental and pollution issues related to the design and operation of “Industrial and Societal Systems”.
“Integrated Space-Time” approach means that in this new methodological and conceptual context, we can
link together inside a unified context data, information, knowledge and models which characterize the three
fundamental phases which characterize the pollution process :
 Generation Phase (generation of pollutants inside a technological system)
 Transportation/Diffusion Phase through different media (air, water, land)
 Interaction or Biomedical Phase (interaction with biological systems (human body included)

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The “Virtual Multiscale Science-Based Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Space Station ” is a “Symbol” of
a new way to address some of the most striking and critical (often interrelated) issues which condition the
future of Urban Systems: Sustainable Civil and Industrial Development and Implementation (Environmental and
Climatological Issues), Global Health, a new generation of Civil, Agricultural and Infrastructural Systems
characterized by higher levels of safety, security, operational and energetic efficiency and adaptability to a wider
spectrum of conditions including the extreme ones.
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-based Space Station can become the “Symbol” of a
new way to design innovative technologies, engineering, socio-economic and operational
solutions for Earth in a context of an ever more “Globalized” World
Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering - Society Integration and the new
previously described Environments, can give Space the “Mark” of A New Frontier For A New
Alliance Science - Engineering – Society to effectively address Mankind Challenges on Earth
and in Space
In the Strategic Multiscale perspective, Space plays a special role as “Integration Element”
because it is at the Top of the Hierarchy of Space and Time Scales which rule any Earth, Human,
Natural and Technological phenomena and processes and their relationships and interdependencies.
“Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Space Station” integrates in a “Big
Picture” observations, analyses and models.
Integrated Multiscale Monitoring Systems and Projects are already underway (GEOSS is an example). The
Multiscale Hierarchy we propose foresees a tight integration not only among Satellite, Aerial and Local Sensing
Systems, but also among these Systems and Micro and Nano Field Sensors and Experimental Facilities probing
phenomena and processes at the Micro/Nano and Quantum scales. Analysis of complex physical and
biochemical phenomena and processes at local, medium and large scales increasingly calls for Micro/Nano and
Quantum knowledge. To accomplish the previously described analysis and monitoring activities we can devise a
special set of Strategic Multiscale Maps:
 A) Multiscale Industrial/Civil/Infrastructural - Environmental – Socio-Economic Systems Structural
Maps (see Paragraph 3.2) which describe the Architecture/Structure, Interconnections and the Dynamics of
Industrial/Civil/Infrastructural, Socio-Economic, Environmental Systems to be analyzed and monitored at
several levels of resolution, scale and detail according to specific tasks and objectives.
 B) Multiscale Monitoring From Space To Earth System Maps which describe the network (Space, Air,
Ground and Underground, Water) of monitoring systems, their interconnections and data flows from a wide
range of phenomena and processes. The Maps highlight also the “Information Potential” of the Monitoring
Systems; that means what kind of phenomena and processes at what space and time resolutions and scales
and at what level of accuracy and reliability can be monitored over a spectrum of operational conditions.
 C) Multiscale Ecological Urban, industrial, Agricultural, Infrastructural Systems (any level of the
hierarchy) – Environmental Systems Impact Maps Theses Maps represent a new “Generation” of Maps
specifically conceived to evaluate the impact (all the typologies: pollutants, heat, waste,…) on the
Environment of Civil and Infrastructural “Systems” for a wide range of operational conditions (including the
extreme and accidental ones) and design solutions. Maps describe relationships among Civil and
Infrastructural “Systems”, Operational Modes and related Environmental Impact (any kind). Specific
“Multiscale Bio-Chemical and Physical Maps” describe the spectrum of physical, chemical and
biochemical phenomena and processes characterizing the interactions among Civil, Infrastructural,
Industrial, Socio-Economic Systems and Environmental Systems for a wide range of geographic scales and
over multiple time scales.
The previously described Maps are interrelated. Maps are hierarchically structured.

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A general Strategy based upon the “Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science-Engineering
(IMSE) Framework“ rests on the following issues and steps:
1) identifying the spectrum of phenomena and processes underlying the dynamics of the systems to be
monitored over a range of space and time scales and resolution levels [Strategic Multiscale Knowledge
Maps]
2) identifying relationships and interdependencies between phenomena and processes at the different space and
time scales and resolution levels [Strategic Multiscale Knowledge Maps]
3) identifying key variables to be monitored and/or controlled over the previously defined range of scales and
resolution levels, and at what level of accuracy and reliability [Strategic Multiscale Knowledge Maps]
4) devising a strategy to select the right type of Sensing and data collection systems [Strategic Multiscale
Science – Engineering Information Space and Information – Driven Strategies] to monitor the previously
identified key variables over the right range of space and time scales at a well-defined degree of accuracy
and reliability.
Note : Strategic Multiscale and Information driven Analysis Schemes are well suited to carry out these tasks
5) designing a field monitoring system architecture at all the selected space and time scales and resolution
levels. This task call for a set of specific sub-tasks :
 identification of what specific Sensing and Data Collection Systems are suited to monitor and analyze
specific phenomena and processes (information driven analysis)
 identification of the places where sensors are to be installed
 definition of an overall monitoring architecture and related operational modes
 definition of the characteristics of the models to be used to analyze and fuse field data and implement
control schemes
 identification of data/information to be used for R&D and Engineering activities external to the field
environment, but related to it
 the previous sub-tasks allow to define requirements to be met by the Computing, Information and
Communication (CIC) Technology Infrastructure (HW and SW)
Note : Information get from the items 1) – 2) and 3) is fundamental to perform the previous task (-4) and all the
related sub-tasks. Specific tools and environments should be developed. to this purpose
Note : Information get from the items 1) – 2) and 3) is also fundamental to
6) devising a strategy to integrate fields data and information with laboratory experimental & testing
systems and theory and computational models
7) defining a suitable mix of field sensors and experimental (laboratory) techniques and methods at all the
scales and integrate them in order to improve the knowledge about the dynamics of the (natural,
technological, socio-economic) system under observation and analysis
8) defining a general “integration strategy” which allows to link together all the previously quoted items
inside a coherent and comprehensive context
Tools, concepts and methods (Hierarchies, Map, Science-Engineering Information Space, Strategic Multiscale
Science-Engineering Data Analysis Schemes, Information Driven strategies,…..) are better suited than existing
methodologies to both take advantage of progress in CIC technologies and effectively address complexity of the
systems to be monitored and analyzed.

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 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Space Station is an
important component of the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and
Communication” Framework (see Chapter 4) in order to:
 Describe people in a comprehensive and understandable way the meaning, the relevance of the
“Globalization Issues”, the impact on their “Life” and what solutions can be designed and
implemented : the strategic objective is to shape inside the population a “Globalization Culture” which is
a fundamental basis to support rational and not emotional reaction to this “Process”
 Create a New Generation of Professionals (any sector) and Politicians who are fully aware of the
scientific, technological and engineering resources needed to deal in an effective way with the
“Globalization Issues” and of the absolute need to conceive specific related “Science – Based” Projects
and Programs and to win a “Informed Citizens Consensus” using all the means available in the
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication”
Framework

142
Three Application Fields can be identified:
A) A New Generation of “Intelligent” Science - Engineering - Cyber and Physical Societal

(Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Ecological, Economic, Social and Governmental) Systems
(The Future of Earth From Space)
Objectives:
The “Strategic Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” concept can give
an important boost to this field because it allows to overcome still existing divisions between:
 Scientific, engineering and operational analyses dealing with a extremely wide range of space and time
scales
 Sensing and experimentation: systematic two way transfer of data, information and knowledge between the
sensing and experimental world
 The whole spectrum of scientific and engineering methodologies(theory, computation, experimentation,
testing and sensing)
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Space Station, is a New Cyber (Computing,
Information and Communication) Infrastructure and the “Symbol” of a new way to address some of the most
striking and critical (often interrelated) issues which condition the future of Earth: Sustainable Civil and
Industrial Development (Environmental and Climatological Issues), Global Health, a new generation of Civil,
Agricultural and Infrastructural Systems characterized by higher levels of safety, security, operational and
energetic efficiency and adaptability to a wider spectrum of conditions including the extreme ones. Classical
approaches do not comprehensively take into account the Multiscale (Space and Time) dynamics which
characterize several aspects of any kind of Urban, Civil, Military, Infrastructural and Industrial Systems:
Operations, Land Scale Management, Economic and Social Dynamics, Ecology, Pollution and Contaminant
Diffusion, Agriculture, Impact of Extreme Events,…... All these processes and activities develop over a wide
range of space and time scales that goes far beyond the classic urban areas defined in the administrative context.
The emergence of the concept of "Metropolitan City " (or Megacity) requires and, at the same time, offers the
opportunity to define a new extended vision of Urban and Civil/Infrastructural Systems which will fully benefit
from a wide range of developments in science, technology and engineering.A New generation of Cyber Centers
referred to as “Decision Theaters” can represent ideal environments for the implementation of the “Virtual
Multiscale Science-Engineering Space Station” concept.
B) A New Generation of Space Systems (The Future of Earth in Space)
Objectives:
Application of the Industrial Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework: Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale
Science - Engineering Technology, Product and Process Development (IMSE-TPPD) Framework to design
at affordable costs new Space Systems characterized by innovative technologies, engineering architectures and
manufacturing processes with an extended range of performance and improved reliability.
C) A New Generation of “Space-Based” Education, Training, Information and Communication
Strategies (The Future of Earth From Space) [see Paragraph 5.9]
Objectives:
The Multiscale Science - Based Educational, Information and Communication Language and Framework is an
essential element to make “Virtual Multiscale Science-Engineering Space Station a Reference Environment for
Scientists, Public Bodies, Industrial, Ecological, Economic, Societal and Governmental Communities to
Participate in a new kind of Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Analysis and Decision
Making Processes. This initiative opens New Frontiers to connect the Scientific and Engineering
communities with Government bodies and Society.

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3.6.1 Multiscale “From Space To Earth” Monitoring Programs

The relevance of “Multiscale From Space To Earth” monitoring programs to get a comprehensive picture of the
Earth Global (Atmosphere, Ocean, Land) dynamics is clearly illustrated by the examples illustrated in the
following pages. A possible next step is to insert these systems inside an Integrated Multiscale Science –
Engineering – Society Cyber – Physical Environment like the one described in the Chapter 3 and use them
inside the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication”
Framework From Space to Earth version to create a clear awareness of the “Global Dimension” of
Environmental and Socio – Industrial - Economic processes and their integration and mutual relationships and
interdependences.
Industrial, Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological, Socio-Economic Systems Dynamics Modeling and

Monitoring
It is now widely recognized that landscapes are complex systems that are characterized by a large number of
heterogeneous spatial components, nonlinear interactions, emergence, self-organization, adaptation and
dynamics through a spectrum of time and spatial scale. A key goal of any monitoring and analysis process is to
understand how processes occurring over a full spectrum of space and time scales influence each other to get a
“holistic” view of Systems Dynamics. It is important to reveal and analyze phenomena inside a scale and among
different scales. For this reason we can pursue the creation of Sensing Systems able to perform Monitoring
(Space, Air, Field) should take into account the inherent hierarchical organization of the Natural and
Technological System and its multiscale evolution for the whole range of operational conditions: nominal and
off-nominal (extreme events, accidents).
Results from Sensing Systems should be integrated with Laboratory Experimentation and with Multiscale
Modeling acting as “Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier”. An integration of various sources of information and
synthesis of diverse approaches is required to study multiscale features that are the product of coexistence,
hierarchy, complexity, chaos, and in some cases, self-organization. Understanding the interrelationships between
physical, chemical, and biological factors at different scales is essential for research in agriculture, engineering,
hydrology, and the environment. The emergence of a more holistic approach may facilitate a better
understanding of both temporal and spatial variability.
A distinguishing feature of the Multiscale Science - Engineering From Space To Earth Framework will be the
design of Integrated Multiscale Monitoring Systems which take full advantage of new Nano and Micro Sensor
and Integrated Sensor & Processing (ISP) technologies.. Multiscale Multiresolution Monitoring is becoming an
increasingly important issue for the modern Society in order to reliably assess the impact (footprint) of all the
Human and Industrial activities over Ecosystems.
 Multiscale Multiresolution Space Integration
 Multiscale Multiresolution Time Integration
 “Sensor Systems - Experimental Facilities” Integration and “Sensor Systems – Experimental Facilities –
Computational Centers” Integration. The growing complexity of the Networks of Physical and Biochemical
Phenomena and Processes to be Monitored calls for Integrated Data Analysis and Interpretation Strategies
which can be carried out by Multiscale Multidisciplinary Computational Models acting as “Knowledge
Integrators and Multipliers”. Multiscale Multidisciplinary Models integrate and Fuse Data from a wide
range of sources (Sensors and Laboratory Facilities) to turn a “Tsunami” of Data into useful Knowledge. It
should be taken into account that more Data does not necessarily means more Information and Knowledge.

144
Reference Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering Monitoring and Data Analysis Strategy:
a) identify key variables to be monitored over a spectrum of scales and resolution levels, and at what level of
accuracy and reliability [Multiscale Knowledge Maps]
b) identify relationships and interdependencies between physical and bio-chemical phenomena and processes at
the different space and time scales and resolution levels [Multiscale Knowledge Maps]
c) devise a strategy to select the right type of sensors [Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space
and Information – Driven strategies] to monitor the previously identified key variables over the right range
of space and time scales at a well-defined degree of accuracy and reliability.
d) define the monitoring systems architecture at all the scales and for all the media. [Multiscale Science –
Engineering Information Space, Multiscale Knowledge Maps]
e) define a strategy to integrate fields data and information with laboratory experimental systems, theory and
computational models
f) define a suitable mix of field sensors and experimental (laboratory) techniques and methods at all the scales
and integrate them in order to improve the knowledge about the dynamics of the (natural, technological,
natural-technological) system under observation and analysis
g) devise a general “integration strategy” which allows to link together all the previously quoted items inside a
coherent and comprehensive context
Note: “Multiscale Knowledge Maps” are described in detail inside the IMSE-TPPD document.
Key objectives for Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Frameworks are to:
 Analyze the hierarchy (multilevel Network) of interlinked multiscale multiresolution multiphysics (physics,
chemistry and biochemistry) phenomena and processes which characterize the dynamics of the Ecosystem
over a full range of time scales (short, medium long term) also taking into account the uncertainty issue
 Integrate Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Data from a full spectrum of Space, Aerial, Sea (and
Under Sea), Surface and Sub Surface sensors
 Integrate (Multiscale) Field Sensor Networks with Laboratory Experimental and Testing Facilities
 Understand the complex pattern of two-way relationships and interdependencies between human activities,
infrastructures and the Ecosystem in particular, even if not exclusively, for extreme events and operational
conditions, accidents included (look at the BP case in the Gulf of Mexico).

145
The following Box is related to a National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) Report which
highlights the need of new Multiscale Monitoring Strategies for a very critical issue: Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases: The measurement challenge

The continuing increase in the level of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse gases" in the
Earth's atmosphere has been identified as a cause for serious concern because it may
radically accelerate changes in the Earth's climate. Developing an effective strategy for
managing the planet's greenhouse gases is complicated by the many and varied sources of
such gases, some natural, some man-made, as well as the mechanisms that capture and
"sequester" the gases. A new report sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) focuses on one of the key challenges: defining and developing the
technology needed to better quantify greenhouse gas emissions.
The new report, "Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Quantification," is the result of a special workshop in the NIST Foundations for Innovation
series, convened in June 2010, to bring together greenhouse gas experts from government,
industry , academia and the scientific community to address the technology and
measurement science challenges in monitoring greenhouse gases. A wide variety of
techniques are used for measuring greenhouse gas emissions and, to a lesser extent, the
effectiveness of "sinks"—things like the ocean and forests that absorb greenhouse gases and
sequester the carbon.
The problem is that developing an effective global strategy for managing greenhouse gases
requires a breadth of measurement technologies and standards covering not only complex chemical
and physical phenomena, but also huge differences in scale. These range from point sources at
electric power plants to distributed sources, such as large agricultural and ranching concerns, to
large -scale sinks such as forests and seas. Satellite -based systems, useful for atmospheric
monitoring, must be reconciled with ground-based measurements. Reliable, accepted
international standards are necessary so governments can compare data with confidence,
requiring a lot of individual links to forge an open and verifiable chain of measurement results
accepted by all.

146
Application Example: Integrated Multiscale Space–Time Environmental/Pollution/Contaminant

Monitoring and Analysis: Multiscale Science – Engineering Frameworks enable a new “Integrated Multiscale
Space-Time” approach to environmental and pollution issues. “Integrated Space-Time” approach means that in
this new methodological and conceptual context, we can link together inside a unified context data, information,
knowledge and models which characterize the three fundamental phases which characterize the pollution process
:
 Interaction or Biomedical Phase( interaction with biological systems (human body included)
This kind of Monitoring and Analysis is of key relevance to evaluate the Impact of Pollutants on Humans Health
and the effects of disasters on the Environment
Natural Disasters and Multiscale

Pressure from continued population growth leads to the ever-increasing settlement of vulnerable areas. The
human and economic impact of natural disasters on the planet has thus increased dramatically; in the last three
decades, the costs associated with major natural disasters have risen by a factor of 5. This is partly due to current
agricultural practices and growing urban pressure, but is also made worse by climatic phenomena such as El
Niño. Space data are already playing an essential role in disaster prevention, through their integration into
Geographical Information Systems, which can thereby be frequently and inexpensively updated. They are also
being used in combination with ground and airborne data to provide risk vulnerability maps. Space Based
communications are crucial during a natural disaster when the local ground infrastructure has been destroyed, 14
and observation and navigation services are required for the optimal management of rescue activities. Space
systems are not yet being used to their full potential for disaster management, as they are for rescue at sea for
example. Research into the provision of early warnings by detecting the precursors of natural disasters has
progressed during the last decade. Some methods which rely on space data, such as radar interferometry, can
detect the first minute displacements that precede a volcanic eruption, and tectonic shifts that may lead to
earthquakes. Further development is needed to improve the reliability and sensitivity of these systems, as well as
the analysis and prediction methods. Combined with other detection methods, this could lead to the development
of early-warning systems for a fraction of the costs incurred due to major disasters. This is yet another example
of an increase in basic scientific knowledge leading to applications with enormous potential.
Integrated Multiscale Monitoring and Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Analyses are of crucial
relevance to assess consequences of Disasters over Human and Natural Environments for a a wide range of
spatial and time scales. The following text describes this issue:
Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Southern Mississippi Coastal Forest and projected post –
Hurricane responses: A multiscale Evaluations
Research by Dr. John Kupfer - Department of Geography, University of South Carolina -
To better understand how Hurricane Katrina affected forested ecosystems in southern Mississippi and how these
ecosystems are likely to respond in the future, University of South Carolina researchers analyzed data on the
structure and composition of different forest community strata, conducted seed-bank germination trials,
estimated plant stress via productivity, chlorophyll and soil redox measures, and analyzed soils for a range of
edaphic characteristics. Researchers had three goals at the outset of this study: 1) Determine the effects of the
storm surge on coastal-zone soil chemistry 2) Estimate plant stress related to soil changes and storm damage via
measures of plant productivity, chlorophyll, and soil redox potential 3) Clarify the effects of forest structure,
composition, history, setting, and landscape context on wind-caused damage patterns

147
Researchers started out with an understanding that forest recovery after a natural disturbance is a function of the
effects of the disturbance on the existing community (e.g., survivorship and mortality), responses of surviving
individuals to changing and often stressful environmental conditions based on species-specific physiological
adaptations and life history traits, and germination and establishment of new individuals from the soil seed bank
or from seeds arriving from off-site sources. USC researchers initiated a multi-scale study that combines field-
based research, greenhouse studies, remote sensing and spatial analysis. Although their emphasis in the initial
phase of this study was on the direct impacts of the hurricane on forest ecosystems, the researchers actually
conducted two parallel studies. In coastal forests and salt marshes located around
St. Louis Bay, they performed repeat sampling of soils to examine the effects of the hurricane storm surge on
soil characteristics. Researchers will combine these analyses with measures of forest structure, damage, stress,
and productivity to be taken in 2006 to clarify the mechanical and chemical effects of storm surge on the
affected ecosystems. The second component of the study, conducted in nearby DeSoto National Forest, used pre-
and post-hurricane forest surveys and aerial photography to explore patterns and controls of wind-related forest
damage at scales ranging from individual trees to forest stands to entire forested landscapes. According to
researchers, this study was only a first step in understanding the resilience of coastal forests affected by
Hurricane Katrina, but several patterns have already emerged. Soil samples taken one month after the hurricane
showed substantially higher concentrations of sodium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium and potassium, as well
as differences in pH, cation-exchange capacity, and nitrogen in storm-surged areas. Researchers reported that
soils in areas with hydric soils (i.e., floodplains) have been responding differently since the hurricane from non-
hydric soils, presumably because of different rates of leaching and other ecological processes. The study of wind
damage is ongoing, but USC researchers have linked patterns of damage severity to both broad-scale controls,
especially proximity to the hurricane’s eye (a surrogate for wind speed), and stand-level characteristics,
including stand structure and history (e.g., logging history), topography (e.g., floodplain vs. slope or ridge top
locations) and composition (e.g., pine vs. hardwood components). Researchers also reconstructed patterns and
directions of severe winds using ground surveys and aerial photographs taken shortly after the hurricane. These
reconstructions will be used to develop and validate models of surface wind flow patterns and predict
susceptibility of forests to future hurricanes. Forest damage from Hurricane Katrina was caused by high winds,
with wind gusts exceeding 100 mph as far as 100 miles inland, and hurricane storm surge, which exceeded 30
feet along much of the Mississippi coastline and penetrated more than three miles inland in some places. The
effects of the storm surge on coastal ecosystems included mechanical damage from wave force, effects of salt
spray deposited on forest canopies above the high-water mark, and chemical alterations of the soil that can
adversely affect coastal forests in a number of ways. High winds damaged or destroyed billions of dollars of
timber on 5 million acres in Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana. Inventories indicate that one-third of the
timber damaged was concentrated in eight counties in southern Mississippi. As part of a graduate seminar, 10
USC graduate students accompanied Dr. Kupfer and researchers from the University of Memphis on a data
collection trip to southern Mississippi in February 2006. The USC students helped analyze data gathered on this
trip and prepare manuscripts for publication in refereed journals. This project created collaborations among three
universities with strong research interests in coastal ecology, including the University of Southern Mississippi,
which was damaged by Hurricane Katrina and lost its Gulf Coast campus. It has also fostered collaborations
between the USC Geography Department and forest managers at De Soto National Forest.
Results from this project are being disseminated to both peer-reviewed professional journals as well as more
general readership outlets. Researchers are also collaborating with the research group headed by Drs. Fletcher
and Porter on joint projects related to coastal zone ecosystem recovery and monitoring. Researchers hope that
the study will provide insights on forest susceptibility to hurricanes that might help to guide forest management,
both before and after future events, in hurricane-prone areas.
On a personal note, Dr. Kupfer said that he has worked in other areas affected by natural catastrophes such as
wildfire, but nothing could have prepared him for what he saw along the Mississippi coastline. Nonetheless,
during his time working there, he said he was witness to the resilience of both the people and ecosystems of
southern Mississippi.

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Integrated Vision of Earth Observation Activities:
Global Earth Observation System of Systems

GEOSS is an intergovernmental initiative overseen by 80 nations and 56 international organizations: the Group
on Earth Observations (GEO)
GEOSS is a distributed system of systems built on current international cooperation among existing Earth
observing and data management systems (in situ and remote sensors and systems).
–Improves coordination of strategies and observation systems
–Links all platforms: in situ, aircraft, and satellite networks
–Identifies gaps in our global capacity
–Facilitates exchange of data and information
–Improves decision-makers’ abilities to address pressing policy issues
–Focus on nine societal benefit areas
–http://www.earthobservation.org/
The purpose of GEOSS is to achieve comprehensive, coordinated and sustained observations of the Earth
system, in order to improve monitoring of the state of the Earth, increase understanding of Earth processes, and
enhance prediction of the behavior of the Earth system.
Advanced (AOC), research to provide:
a) Workflow for geo-processing/analysis
b) Integrated modeling for multiscale and multisource processes
c) Ability to express objectives or questions in natural language
d) Web 2.0 concepts and services for knowledge representation
Fig. 13 Global Earth: A Multiscale System of Systems

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Integrating Multiscale Observations of U.S. Waters Report

The National Academies of Science
Note: The following text is drawn from the above quoted Report. This Report and the here in the following
excerpt clearly show the relevance of “Integration Streams” for Earth Observation/Monitoring:
This report examines the potential for integrating new and existing satellite, airborne, and ground-based
observations to gain holistic understanding of hydrologic and related chemical and ecological processes in
support of water and related land-resource management. How can the cooperation needed to achieve this
integration be facilitated? And how can integrated hydrologic measurements provide greater benefit to local or
regional decision-making? The report identifies the following as the most important challenges to be overcome:
1) Development and Field Deployment of Land-Based Chemical and Biological Sensors.
2) Airborne Sensors. Airborne measurements operate at a spatial scale that fills the gap between the local
plot-scale observations and the larger satellite scale observations.
3) Space-borne Sensors.
4) Bridging the Gap between Sensor Demonstration and Integrated Field Demonstration.
5) Integrating Data and Models for Operational Use.
6) Developing Water Resource Applications. In the United States, large water resource problems involve
multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, business interests, and the public. Management is
typically diffuse, and standard measurement and modeling techniques and rules for water management
are entrenched and often legally mandated.
7) Funding Highly Interdisciplinary Science. Interdisciplinary science is increasingly common, but the
design and use of integrated hydrologic measurement systems in specific research applications adds
complexity to the challenge. These new kinds of projects will require unprecedented interdisciplinary
cooperation among electrical engineers, computer scientists, modelers and the physical, chemical, and
biological scientists who apply technology to hydrologic research. While many universities and research
laboratories have the required expertise, marshalling this expertise on specific projects will likely
require new programs or sources of funding.
8) Addressing the Fractured Federal Responsibility for Hydrologic Measurement, Monitoring and
Modeling. The overarching barrier to the development and implementation of integrated hydrologic
measurement systems is the lack of a single federal agency with primary responsibility for measuring,
monitoring and modeling the environmental factors and processes that control the hydrologic cycle. It is
easy to understand why the responsibility for measuring and monitoring the environmental factors and
processes that control the hydrologic cycle might have evolved as it has. But the dual threats of global
climate change and population growth demand a focused strategy for providing information on the
nation’s water resources and the environment.
Comment:
 Items 1), 2) and 3) refer to the Sensing Techniques Hierarchical (Multiscale/Multiresolution)
and Horizontal (Multi Source) Integration
 Item 4) refers to what can be called “ Science – Engineering – Operation” Integration Issue
 Item 5) refers to the “Data – Modeling – Sensing” Integration Issue
 Items 6) and 8) refer to the “Management Coordination/Integration and Standardization” Issue
 Item 7) refers to the “Disciplinary” Integration Issue
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station and the “Integrated Strategic
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering From Space to Earth Cyber Framework” Concept
can be new context where Earth Observation/Monitoring Strategies can be planned and implemented.

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US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) "Advancing Technologies and

Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Quantification” Report
The above quoted Report analyze the need of new Integrated Multiscale Measurement Technologies and
Strategies: From Space To Earth
Greenhouse gases: The measurement challenge
The continuing increase in the level of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse gases" in the Earth's atmosphere
has been identified as a cause for serious concern because it may radically accelerate changes in the Earth's
climate. Developing an effective strategy for managing the planet's greenhouse gases is complicated by the many
and varied sources of such gases, some natural, some man-made, as well as the mechanisms that capture and
"sequester" the gases. A new report sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
focuses on one of the key challenges: defining and developing the technology needed to better quantify
greenhouse gas emissions.
The new report, "Advancing Technologies and Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Quantification," is the
result of a special workshop in the NIST Foundations for Innovation series, convened in June 2010, to bring
together greenhouse gas experts from government, industry , academia and the scientific community to address
the technology and measurement science challenges in monitoring greenhouse gases. A wide variety of
techniques are used for measuring greenhouse gas emissions and, to a lesser extent, the effectiveness of
"sinks"—things like the ocean and forests that absorb greenhouse gases and sequester the carbon.
The problem is that developing an effective global strategy for managing greenhouse gases requires a breadth of
measurement technologies and standards covering not only complex chemical and physical phenomena, but also
huge differences in scale. These range from point sources at electric power plants to distributed sources, such as
large agricultural and ranching concerns, to large -scale sinks such as forests and seas. Satellite -based
systems, useful for atmospheric monitoring, must be reconciled with ground-based measurements. Reliable,
accepted international standards are necessary so governments can compare data with confidence, requiring a
lot of individual links to forge an open and verifiable chain of measurement results accepted by all.

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Multiscale Sensors (From Space To Local Scales) Integration

Note: Text and Images are drawn from the Paper: “Application of Near Real-Time and Multiscale Three
Dimensional Earth Observation Platforms in Disaster Prevention” - 2011 International Journal of
Automation and Smart Technology
Whey-Fone Tsai*, Bo Chen, Jo-Yu Chang, Fang-Pang Lin, Charlie H. Chang,Chia-Yang Sun, Wen-Ray Su,
Ming-Fu Chen, Dong-Sin Shih, Chih-Hsin Chen, Shyi-Ching Lin, and Shiann-Jeng Yu- National Applied
Research Laboratories (NARL), Taiwan
The functions of information systems related to environmental and disaster prevention change rapidly. Because
of the massive amount of data and images generated from digital earth observations over time, despite
substantial data processing and distributed information integration efficacy, the urgent demands of disaster
response are often not meet. Therefore, the focus of this study is to establish an efficient information integration
platform and analysis method to enable near real-time high-resolution disaster management and decision-making
supported by earth observation data at different scales and using forward-looking data warehousing and grid
technologies…..This study integrates the earth observation technology of the National Applied Research
Laboratories, including the development of multiscale earth observation technologies, with large-scale satellite
telemetry, medium-scale aerial photography, and small-scale high resolution on-site 3D photography. The
combination of spatial integrated telemetry images and a 3D ground map provides a multi-angle view of disaster
conditions and improves the layer of decision-making support. ..…..In summary, this study establishes a near
real-time high-resolution 3D earth observation application platform for disaster prevention in Taiwan. We
elaborate the aims and features of the platform, which include multiscale earth observation technologies, disaster
prevention applications with multiscale 3D display technologies, 3D geographical information networks, near
real-time and automating simulation orthophoto image processing of images of disaster-affected areas. This
study uses the 88 Flood of Typhoon Morakot, Typhoon Fanapi, and Japan’s 311 Earthquake to test the functions
of the platform for supporting disaster response and disaster recovery decision-making…. Data generated by
various earth observation technologies are often required to undergo integration and releasing procedures before
they can be used by the government for making decisions regarding disaster prevention. These procedures
include the following four layers: data providing, data integration/releasing, experts, and decision makers. The
functions and characteristics of each layer are as follows:
Data provider layer: the data provider layer includes data providers of various earth observation technologies.
Image data providers include the Space Organization of Formosat-2 satellite, various distribution centers that
provide aerial images, the Instrument Technology Research Center, and the Aerial Survey Office of Forestry
Bureau. Anaglyphs generated by 3D photography and a disaster knowledge base also relevant to disaster
prevention. In addition to image data, this layer also comprises vector data, such as electronic maps and road
networks, key data points, and other numerical value and real-time video streaming data.
Information integration/releasing layer: The main task of this layer is to integrate various earth observation
images and relevant information to establish streaming and releasing mechanisms. The Web Map Service
(WMS) developed by the OGC is typically used to facilitate the streaming and acquisition of data.
Expert layer: This layer involves the analysis of disaster information and various estimations after the disaster
related image data is obtained from the data integration/releasing layer; additional information acquired from
other sources is also combined. This layer also includes displaying the analysis and evaluation outcomes on the
3D geographical information platform and the formulation of disaster rescue plans. According to the current
plans, the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction and government departments related
to disaster prevention will adopt the primary role at the expert layer.
Decision maker layer: This layer comprises the administrative authorities who have executive and decision-
making power. Additionally, this layer involves making decisions based on the analysis results provided by the
expert layer and various programs for decision-making. According to the current plans, the Central Emergency
Operation Center will be the decision-maker.

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153

154
Integrated Multiscale Modeling and Sensing

Chinese Academy of Sciences
The following example of an Integrated Multiscale Modeling and Sensing has a general value for a very wide
spectrum of themes and topics dealt with in this White Book
Note: Text and Figures have been drawn from the Presentation: “Dynamic Regional Carbon Budget Based on
Multi-Scale Data-Model Fusion”, Mingkui Cao, Jiyuan Liu, Guirui Yu - Institute Of Geographic Science and
Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
The quantitative and mechanistic information is fundamentally important to:
 Effective implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, which request each signatory country to report annual
GHG inventory
 Planning and practicing regional ecosystem carbon management
Requirements: quantification of the combined effect of different driving forces on both ecosystem pattern and
process
Fig. 14 The Carbon Cycle

Most studies on mechanisms of ecosystem carbon cycle or on the response of environmental changes neglect
their different effects at different scales
Fig. 15 Space Scales involved in the Carbon Cycle: From Regional to Micro Scales

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A new cross-scaling approach is emerging: data model fusion based on multi-scale observation and cross-scale
mechanistic modeling
Fig. 16 Integration of Multiscale Modeling and Sensing
Fig. 17 Multiscale Data Analysis and Integration

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Fig. 18 Satellite Observations and Multiscale Modeling Integration
Mechanistic modeling is the best approach to:
 Integrate observational data at different scales, using different technologies,

 Build mechanistic, quantitative connections of ecosystem processes at different scales
 Conduct diagnostic analysis to understand ecosystem mechanisms
 Rebuild and predict ecosystem changes

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5. Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-Based

Education, Information and Communication Framework
5.1 Introduction: Motivations for a New Frontier
An increasingly wide “Gap” is opening between the scientific, technological, economic, societal and industrial
world and the world of Education, Training, Information and Communication notwithstanding a widening use
of ever more advanced Computing, Information, Communication (CIC) and Visualization Technologies. Five
interrelated issues and trends are increasingly influencing all the aspects of the Society (Research, Innovation
Technology and Engineering, Humans Behaviour, Economy, Health, Environmental and Climatological
Policies, Industry Development,…..):
 Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Integration is outlining a New Integrated Nano To Macro
World. Science is increasingly at the root of technology innovation and the development of new engineering
and manufacturing/processing solutions in all the fields. Small scale phenomena and processes influence in a
critical way the dynamics at the macro scale inside all the Human, Environmental, Technological, Economic
and Industrial fields (Nano To Macro Vertical Integration). We would like to highlight that Multiscale is
inherently Multidisciplinary. Accordingly Multiscale Vertical Integration also implies a Horizontal
Integration Component (Multiscale and Multidisciplinary, are, to a large extent, interlinked). Science is
ever more at the root of technology, engineering and also socio-economic progress
 Multi-Disciplinary and Multi Sectoral (University – Research – Industry – Society – Government -
Economy - Defense and Security) Integration (Horizontal Integration)- This kind of Integration concerns
the wide spectrum of Entities involved in all the R&D, Engineering, Manufacturing/Processing, Human,
Economic, Societal and Operational Processes
 Integration of Economic, Environmental, Health, Societal, Industrial, Defense and Security Issues develops
over a world scale (Globalization) (Horizontal Integration and Vertical Integration: Any kind of Global
Societal phenomena inherently develop over several space and time scales)
 The growing key role of Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Technologies which
increasingly shape and influence any aspect of Societal Life (Cyber Society)
 Growing Complexity of R&D and Engineering, Economic, Societal, Technological, Industrial, and
Environmental Processes: Complexity is an expression and consequence of the previously quoted integration
trends (classical emergence and self-organization phenomena and processes which characterize the
“Complexity World” are inherently multiscale)
In this Scenario, a key Challenge for Education, Training, Information and Communication is to describe,
analyze and explain a “New Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering - Society Cyber-Physical
World” characterized by an increasingly articulated and entangled pattern of interdependencies and interrelated
processes which link together Science, Technology, Economics, Politics, Security, Environment and Society as
a whole. Classical Education, Training, Information and Communication Schemes and Strategies have been
conceived and developed when complexity and integration issues were not so critical as it happens today.
In order to effectively deal with these issues and challenges, we cannot significantly
increase complexity of classical schemes and “languages”, but we should design a
new set of Education, Training , Information and Communication Concepts,
“Languages” and Strategies which directly incorporate elements characterizing the
“New Strategic Multiscale , Multidisciplinary Multisectoral Nano To Macro Science –
Engineering - Society World”.

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There is growing Gap between Multimedia Technologies Innovation and Classical Education, Training,
Information and Communication Languages Development. Language Developments did not keep the pace with
Technologies Development
The World is a Multiscale and Multidimensional Reality

Exploring, Explaining, Describing and Teaching this Reality Is a New Frontier For
Education, Training, Information and Communication
The new Framework is based upon the new concept of “Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge
Integrators and Multipliers and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies and
Knowledge Domains” This new concept, as already explained, leads to a new Multiscale Vision and Theoretical
Context referred to as “Strategic Multiscale”.
This new Vision of Multiscale becomes a Key Constitutive Element of the “Language” adopted in this
Framework and the related application Schemes and “Formats”. Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering -
Society Integration is a fundamental means to give a unified vision of any Research, Technology Development
and Engineering/Manufacturing, Environmental, Economic and Societal Phenomena and Process and,
accordingly, a useful and fundamental basis to shape New Analysis, Presentation, Discussion, Teaching and
Training Schemes, Strategies and Environments (globally referred to as “Language”). It is interesting to
highlight that a first move towards the redesign of University Education Strategies applying multiscale
integration as a key concept, was undertaken some years ago by MIT with the “ New Frontier of Education,
Information and Communication for Chemical Engineering” project. The MIT Organizing Principles develop
around three concepts:
 Multiscale Analysis
 Multidisciplinary Analysis
 Science – Engineering Integration: molecular processes & transformation as basic elements to develop upon
new technological and engineering solutions.
Fig. 19 Basic concepts and principles applied to design new Multiscale Chemical Engineering Courses
The Strategic Multiscale concepts, principles, methods, strategies and environments

represent a significant step forward and they characterize and distinguish in a unique
way the Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and
Communication Framework.

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The following Box puts in evidence the growing relevance of (Multiscale) Modeling
and Simulation Concepts and Methodologies for Education
“Computational Thinking” for Education and Research
Multiscale is increasingly regarded as an essential element not only for

Research but, also, for Education
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (2008) 366, 3717–3725 Computational thinking and thinking about
computing BY JEANNETTE M. WING - Computer Science Department, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Pages 3719 - 3720
Looking to the future, deeper computational thinking—through the choice of cleverer or more
sophisticated abstractions—may enable scientists and engineers to model and analyse their
systems on a scale orders of magnitude greater than they are able to handle today. Through
the use of abstraction layers, e.g. hierarchical decomposition, we look forward to when we
can: model systems at multiple time scales and at multiple resolutions of the three space
dimensions; model the interactions of these many complex systems to identify conditions for
tipping points and emergent behaviour; increase the number of parameters and sets of initial
conditions in these models; play these models backwards and forwards in time; and validate
these models against ground truth. Deeper computational thinking will help us not only to
model more and more complex systems, but also to analyse the massive amounts of data we
collect and generate.
Since 2007, Microsoft Research has funded the Carnegie Mellon Center for Computational
Thinking: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~CompThink/ . The Center supports both research and
educational outreach projects.
National Science Foundation Award Abstract #1041391
CI-TEAM Implementation Project: Computing MATTERS: Pathways to

Cyberinfrastructure
Intellectual Merit: Computing "matters" because quantitative reasoning,

computational thinking, and multiscale modeling are the intellectual "heart and
soul" of 21st Century science and therefore are the essential skills of the 21st
Century workforce.

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The Strategic Multiscale Framework shapes a New Generation of “Languages” and

application “Schemes”, “Strategies” and “Formats
In this context, the New Strategic Multiscale Vision: “Multiscale Modeling

and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers and Unifying
Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies and Knowledge
Domains” becomes a “Structural Element” of a new generation of
Education, Information, and Communication “Languages” and Formats.
“Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin Environments” (Paragraph 3.3.5) are key
components of this New Framework and Vision.

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5.2 Framework Reference Concepts and Environments

The following Reference Concepts and Environments are the “Key” “Characterizing” and “Distinguishing”
Components of the new “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Language” inside all the Application Fields
Key Scientific Reference Concepts and Environments

A) Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Integration as “Unifying
Paradigm” for Science, Engineering and Society. Accordingly, Strategic Multiscale Science
– Engineering – Society Concepts, Methods and Strategies become a “Unifying Paradigm” for
Education, Training, Information, Communication and Entertainment
1) The behaviour of any Natural and Technological System is determined by the interactions among entities,
activities, phenomena and processes which occur over a wide range of space and time scales (from atoms to
macro, from picoseconds to years) and a whole spectrum of Societal Areas and scientific & technological
disciplines. These interactions cannot be neglected if we like to get a reliable description of Systems Dynamics.
Accordingly, any Education, Training, Information and Communication Theme, Issue and Topic can be
analyzed and described by Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multisectoral concepts and methods.
2) Societal Systems increasingly exhibit a «Multiscale Structure and Dynamics» and Societal Systems are
increasingly designed, manufactured, monitored and controlled by a New Generation of Multiscale Frameworks
and Multiscale Cyber Systems.
Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Integration can be considered a

“Unifying Paradigm” for Education, Training, Information, Communication and Entertainment
because it represents the conceptual basis to develop upon a “Unified Vision” of the Research,
Technology Development and Engineering/Manufacturing Processes and the “Dynamics” of
any kind of Complex Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Agricultural, Ecological and, Socio -
Economic System.
Fig. 20 (from Georgia Institute of Technology) Multiscale (Space and Time) Integration Scenario for Complex
Systems (From Atoms to Assembly, Product , Industrial System and Ecosystems)

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B) “Multiscale Modeling and Simulation” as “Knowledge Integrators and

Multipliers” and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies,
Strategies and Knowledge Domains (see Paragraph 3.3)
“Multiscale Modeling & Simulation” can be regarded as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” (KIM) and
Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies, Strategies and Knowledge Domains because
it is able to synthesize data, information, and knowledge from:
 a spectrum of disciplines and related knowledge domains,
 a wide range of scientific, engineering and societal time and space domains,
 multiple scientific, engineering and societal models and representations (science-engineering-society
integration),
 the full spectrum of computational models, experimentation, testing and Sensing techniques applied in any
R&D, Engineering and Operational Analysis and Design activity
A Strategic Multiscale Multi-Physics Multidisciplinary Multisectoral Computational Model is the synthesis of
Knowledge get by a wide spectrum of Analytical, Modeling, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and
Sensing methods and techniques. This new concept gives a more “Integrated and Comprehensive” view of
any aspect of the Society (all the Areas and their multi-way interactions) Dynamics and Life
As already highlighted, the concept of “Model” as “Knowledge Integrator” is certainly not new. In the mid of
nineties, in the chemical engineering context, this view was clearly described. Dr. Irving G. Snyder Jr., director
of process technology development, Dow Chemical stated: "The model integrates the organization. It is the
vehicle that conveys knowledge from research all the way up to the business team, and it becomes a tool for the
business to explore different opportunities and to convey the resulting needs to manufacturing, engineering, and
research." . Other companies such as BNFL (Nuclear Energy) and Du Pont expressed similar points of view.
The concept of Multiscale Modeling as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” was introduced by Alessandro
Formica in the: “HPC and the Progress of Technology : Hopes, Hype, and Reality” – RCI. Ltd Management
White Paper – February 1995. The concept of “Computational Microscope”, illustrated in the following figure,
is considered as a basis to achieve a “self-consistent understanding” by integrating the two worlds: modeling &
simulation and experimentation & testing. This view reflects, to some extent, our vision of Multiscale Modeling
& Simulation as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” (KIM). Note : (MSMP stands for Multi Scale Multi
Physics)
C) Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge

Management System (see Paragraph 3.2)
The new Data, Information and Knowledge Management System rests on the following reference concepts:
 “Multiscale Multiphysics Multiresolution Multicomponent Maps”

 “Multiscale Multi Abstraction Level Knowledge Domains”
Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics Multicomponent Maps are “Multiscale Multiresolution

Information and Knowledge Structures” describing complex networks of relationships and interdependencies
between a large spectrum of “Information Variables” characterizing “Systems (any typology: Civil,
Infrastructural, Industrial, Environmental, Socio-Economic) Structure and Dynamics”.
Multiscale Multi Abstraction Knowledge Domains are a further organization level which is represented by
“ Knowledge Domains” which are Structures that can aggregate several Maps related to one or more scales of
the same typology or of different typologies related to the same or different operational scenarios and
conditions, analysis and design hypotheses, solution methods and tasks.

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This kind of “Information Structures” introduces a new way to visualize relationships and interdependencies
among a wide spectrum of phenomena and processes characterizing Societal (any Area) Dynamics
D) A New Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth

and Space (or From Space To Earth) Collaboratory Cyber and Physical
Environment (see Chapter 4)
The “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering Earth and Space Science – Engineering -
Society Environment” is a new kind of Virtual Environment which can describe any kind of Complex Earth
and Space - based Societal Systems.
 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering means that the “Integrated
(Strategic) Multiscale Science-Engineering (IMSE) Framework” shapes R&D and
Engineering/Manufacturing, Planning, Operational and Management activities of any kind of Societal
Systems.
 “Collaboratory Physical” means a new “Science-Engineering-Society Multidisciplinary
Multisectoral Environment” that links together University – Research – Industry – Public and Private
Organizations, Institutions and Societal Entities and Aero-Space Facilities working in different sectors
and disciplines (concerning a full spectrum of space and time scales) with different methodologies over
unlimited geographic areas. Strategic Multiscale Methodologies and Strategies shape R&D,
Engineering/Manufacturing and Operational Activities.
 Cyber. means that the new “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Knowledge
Integrators And Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication” Framework (Chapter
3) shapes and manages this “Cooperative Environment” where Research, Technology Development
and Engineering activities, Analysis and Decision Making Processes and the Development of a New
Generation of Hierarchical Multiscale Technology, Engineering and Manufacturing/Processing
Solutions occurs. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be a distinctive feature of this Environment.
Fig. 21 (from US Department of Energy) schematically represents the Integrated Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Science - Engineering Cyber “Extended Enterprise”
The “ Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering - Society Collaboratory Earth and
Space Cyber-Physical Framework” and the related Virtual (HW and SW) Cooperative Environment
offers a “unified vision” to better understand the complex pattern of relationships and interdependencies among
the wide range of different actors, aspects and issues which characterize the research, technological innovation
and societal world and, accordingly, synthesize widely scattered efforts and forge more effective “unified
strategies” to deal with problems of increasing complexities.

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Architectures, Operational Modes and Application Strategies integrate and apply the Concepts and
Methods described in the Items A, B and C
Fig. 22 A Cyber Physical Human World and the main constituting entities
Fig. 23 A Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering Collaboratory Cyber-Physical Framework

linked to a “Chemical Industrial System”
It is important to highlight that the New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Science –

Engineering – Society Cyberinfrastructures becomes a Key Element” of a very wide range of
Education, Training, Information and Communication Programs and “Stories”. The “Strategic
Multiscale” Concept and Vision is a comprehensive interpretation and Synthesis of this
“Conceptual and Infrastructural Context”

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5.3 Framework Architecture

The Framework Architecture is constituted by three key Elements. These Elements, together with
the previously described Key Reference Concepts, Methods and Environments, characterize,
qualify and define in a “Unique Way” all the Formats, Programs, Analysis and Presentation
Schemes which can be designed and built over the Framework. The overall Framework and its
components are applied to “design” any kind of Education, Training, Information and Communication
(and also Entertainment) Programs and Formats.
Important Note: The Framework applies the New “Strategic Multiscale” Concept, Methods and
Strategies to design the Framework “Languages”, Formats, Analysis, Presentation and Discussion
Schemes. However, it is fundamental to highlight and stress that the Integrated Framework preserve
its “Uniqueness” and “Peculiar” Character and Characteristics even if we use the more Classical
“Multiscale Methods and Vision”
A) “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Language” and the related Integrated
Implementation Framework
The Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Language is implemented thanks to a specific Strategic
Multiscale Implementation Framework embodying a set of SW Frameworks which, operating in a synergistic
way, allow to reproduce analysis, research, development, design, planning and management schemes, strategies
and environments used by professionals in any Human, Social, Ecological, Climatological, Research,
Technological, Industrial, Economic,….. fields for all the purposes and tasks. This kind of “ Strategic
Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Language” enables the design a wide spectrum of Education,
Training, Information, Communication and Entertainment Formats, “Stories” and Programs applying a
“Unified Approach”. This Integrated Environment is constituted by five specific interrelated SW Frameworks
which implement the “Key Reference and Concepts” described in the Paragraph 4.2. Strategic Multiscale Digital
Twin Environments are important Tools to implement the following Frameworks:
1) Societal Systems and Scenario Framework (What are the “Systems” dealt with in the
Education, Training, Information and Communication Programs and the related “Scenario”
Where they act). This Framework implements the Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science –
Engineering – Society Framework described in the Paragraph 4.2 The Scenario Framework illustrates the
behaviour (dynamics) of any kind of Societal System and consequences (dynamics) of the “Actions”
undertaken by the “Entities” described in the Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory Framework. Dynamics is
evaluated/calculated using the “ Strategic Multiscale Space –Time Framework”
2) Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Collaboratory Framework ( This Framework

implements the “ Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Framework described in
the Chapter 4)
3) Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Framework This Framework evaluates Systems Dynamics and
Behaviour of all the Systems integrating and implementing the whole spectrum of Methods, Tools and
Environments described in the Chapters 3 and 4 of this document. Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin
Environments can implement this Framework
4) Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machine: this Framework is devoted to model and
simulate any kind of Development Process for any kind of technological, industrial, human, societal
“System” applying the Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as “Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers” and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies, Strategies and
Knowledge Domains. This Framework integrate and implement Methods and Environments described in the
Paragraph 4.5 “Virtual Multiscale Innovative Technology and Systems Development and Implementation
Modeling & Simulation Framework” and “Virtual Multiscale Science-Based Space Station (or Center)”: A
New Resource for a Globalized World” described in the Paragraph 4.6
a.

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5) Strategy Framework (What Strategies, Processes, Methods and Analysis, Design, Planning
and Development Schemes are applied). The Strategy Framework defines, to some extent, the overall
Architecture of the Education, Training, Information and Communication Programs and it describes
Strategies employed to perform tasks and achieve objectives and how “Systems and Scenario”,
“Collaboratory” and Multiscale Space – Time” Frameworks integrate and coordinate with each other. This
Framework implements Methods and Environments described in the Paragraph 3.3 R&D and Design
Processes Architectural Modeling and Design Framework characterizing any kind of Societal System.
B) Multiscale Settings
 “Earth–Centered” Setting
 “From Space to Earth” Setting
The synergistic use of these specific Frameworks defines a unique and new way to analyze,
describe, design, discuss and teach any kind of Scientific, Engineering and Societal theme, topics
and issue.

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5.4 Strategic Multiscale Science - Based “Language” Principles

Any kind of Process (Analysis, Design, Research, Technology and Systems Development, Design,
Manufacturing, Planning, Management, Investigation,..) carried out by scientists, designers, planners,
managers,.. in any kind of Scientific, Engineering, Industrial, Environmental, Socio-Economic,
Governmental/Administrative (Societal) fields and related to any kind of Societal System can be decomposed
in a set of activities:
a) Definition of the (Multiscale Multiphysics Multidisciplinary Multisectoral) Structure and Functions of the
(Human, Natural, Technological) Systems which are the “objects” of the Activities and Processes
b) Definition of the “Scenario where Systems (including humans and human organization) operate and related
(nominal, off – nominal, extreme, accident) operational conditions
c) Definition of the Objectives of the several (Analysis, Design, Research, Technology and Systems
Development, Operations Design, Manufacturing, Planning, Management, Investigation,..) Processes and
their structure and organization.
d) Identification of the (Human, Physical, Cyber, R&D and Engineering,….) “Entities” and related Functions
and Interactions carried out in the execution and development of the Phases and Processes taken into
account
e) Definition of Analysis, Research, Design, Management,….. Strategies needed to carry out Processes and
achieve Objectives. Definition of the Tasks Hierarchy. Definition of relationships among Tasks and the
“Entities” (R&D and Engineering Resources and Facilities,……….) employed to specific purposes
f) Identification of the Analytical, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing

Methodologies, Tools and Techniques and related “Integration Schemes” needed to perform specific Tasks
of the Strategy
The new Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society “Language” and the related
Implementation Framework directly reproduces and structurally incorporates the analysis,
research, development, design and management schemes and strategies used by any kind
professionals to address any task in all the Human, Natural, Social, Technological, Industrial,
Safety & Security and Economic,…….. (Societal) fields.
The Strategic Multiscale “Language” and the related “Implementation Framework” are based upon the
following Key Reference Concepts, Environments and Principles:
 Key Reference Concepts and Environments
 Horizontal Integration (Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering - Society
Collaboratory Earth and Space Cyber - Physical – Human Framework)
 Vertical Integration (Strategic Multiscale Multiphysics Multidisciplinary Science-Engineering- Society
Nano To Macro and Macro To Nano Integration)
 “Strategic Multiscale Concepts, Methods, Strategies and Frameworks for R&D and Engineering” which
characterizes themselves for a new Vision of Multiscale: Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as
“Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering
(Analytical, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing) Methodologies and
Knowledge Domains.

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 Key Reference Principles

 The previously quoted Key Reference Concepts and Environments become the “Structural Elements” of
a new generation of Education, Training, Information, Communication and Entertainment
“Languages” Programs and Formats. Multiscale (in this case the term “Multiscale” refers to the
Systems Dynamic) and the “Strategic Multiscale” are no longer the “Object “of Education,
Information, Communication and Entertainment Programs, as it happens today, but the “Subject” and
a “Key Structural Element” of Programs
 Multiscale (Multi Space Time Dynamics) and “Strategic Multiscale” together with the previously
quoted “Key Reference Concepts and Environments”, are the “Protagonists” and the “New Scenario,
Context and Dimension” of the Education, Information, Communication Programs/Formats and
Entertainment (Films, Serials TV,..) «Stories»
– The “Strategic Multiscale Language” and the related Implementation Framework directly reproduces
(in an innovative and unique way) and structurally incorporates ( in an innovative and unique way),
thanks to the “Strategic Multiscale” Concepts, Method, Strategies and Frameworks the most advanced
analysis, research, development, design and management concepts, methods, schemes and strategies
which are at the root of any activity in all the Human, Social, Environmental, Technological,
Industrial, and Economic,….. (Societal) fields.
NOTE: We use the term “Language” inserted between quotes because from a formal (mathematical) point of
view what is described in these pages cannot be considered as a true Language but rather as a new Analysis,
Presentation and Discussion Framework, Scheme and Strategy.

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5.5 “Language” Implementation Structure

A) Strategic Multiscale Systems and Scenario Framework
The “Systems and Scenario Framework” can be implemented by “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin”
Environments and it illustrates, thanks to a mix of computer models, simulations and real images:
 “What” are the “Problems/Issues” dealt with by the Education, Training, Information, Communication
and Entertainment Programs
 “What” are the “Human, Natural and Technological (Societal) Systems” which are the “Subject” of the
“Education, Training, Information, Communication and Entertainment Programs”
 the Architecture of the Human, Natural, Socio-Economic and Technological (Societal) Systems and the
several “Architectural Elements” which constitute them at all the relevant scales and resolution levels,
from macro to nano/atomic/sub-atomic levels (as needed) and their relationships and interdependencies
 “Functions” carried out and “Performance” and Dynamics of Human, Natural, Socio-.Economic,
Technological (Societal) Systems and their “Architectural Elements over all the scales (as needed)
 the technological, engineering, manufacturing, organizational,…. solutions adopted
 “Where” “Human, Natural, Socio-Economic, Technological,… (Societal) Systems” and “Problems/Issues”
are inserted and work (the “Context” of the “Education, Information, Communication and Entertainment
Programs”)
 “How” Human, Civil, Infrastructural, Socio-Economic, Ecological and Technological (Societal)
Systems behave: i.e., this Framework describes Human, Societal and Technological,….. Systems
Functionality and Multiscale Multiresolution Multisectoral Space Time Dynamics for a wide range of
operational conditions, including the extreme and accident ones, other than the related Operational
Environment. The Societal Systems Multiscale Multiresolution Multi Component and Multisectoral
dynamical behaviour is designed, implemented, monitored and controlled, analyzed and described using, in
a synergistic way, the “Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Framework”, the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale
Space-Time Machine” and the ”Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Society Earth and Space Cyber
and Physical Collaboratory” Framework.
Fig. 24 A Complex Scenario: Network Centric Air-Space System

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The “Systems and Scenario Framework” adopts a multiphysics, multisectoral, multiresolution/multiscale, multi-
component representation scheme and zooming in and out functions: from a global vision of a “System” to a
vision of specific Elements and vice versa. A specific area of the display can preserve a general view while,
other zones of the display and/or other displays are dedicated to illustrate more detailed multiscale
multiresolution visions. That in order not to lose an “holistic” view of the systems and scenario behaviour.
“What-If” studies, Stochastic Analyses, Sensitivity Analyses and Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) can be
visualized, modifying technology, architectures and operational conditions. The “Strategic Multiscale Space –
Time Framework” evaluates/calculates the effects of alternatives and uncertainties on the “System” Dynamics.
Fig. 25 (from EADS) illustrates a two dimensional multiresolution multiscale (from systems to atoms)
view of an aircraft.
Note: The “Systems and Scenario Framework” can depict “Real” or “Hypothetic” Situations according
to specific needs of the Program and Story

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B) Strategic Multiscale Architectural Framework

The “Strategic Multiscale Architectural Framework” uses Graphical Schemes/Representations, Real Images and
Digital Models, together with the “ Strategic Multiscale Systems and Scenario Framework”, the “Strategic
Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space Collaboratory Framework”, the “Virtual Strategic
Multiscale Space-Time Machine” and the “Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Framework” to describe:
 Research, Technology Development, Analysis, Engineering/Manufacturing Design and Testing, Review

and Investigation Processes and related Architecture (Hierarchical Networks of Phases and Tasks)
 Strategies applied to achieve Objectives and deal with Tasks
 Analytical, Computational, Agent Based, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
Methodologies applied to deal with Tasks (using the Strategic Multiscale Space Time Framework)
 Resources allocated and employed for specific Tasks (described in the Collaboratory Framework)
 Actions to be undertaken by all the Human, Technological, Socio-Economic, Natural,….. “Entities”
described in the Collaboratory Framework to achieve Objectives and deal with Tasks
 Architecture of Operations, Processes and Procedures
This Framework also describes the “Overall Architecture” of the “Education, Training, Information,
Communication and Entertainment Programs” and “Phases” through which these Programs develop.
The “Strategic Multiscale Architectural Framework” implements, to some extent, what is called, today, in the
international context: “Workflow Management“. In the Entertainment context, the “Strategy Framework” can
be related to the “Script”, “Storyboard” or “Screenplay” Concepts and Environments
Fig. 26 Strategy Framework

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C) Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory Framework

This Framework describes all the Cyber, Physical, Ecological, Socio-Economic,
Governmental/Administrative,…. “Entities” performing/executing the following activities and actions:
A) any kind of R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing and Innovative Development (Analysis, Design,
Development, Manufacturing, Testing and Life Cycle Management) Monitoring, Information, Communication
and Control , Computing and Data Analysis,….. Planning and Management actions:
B) any active intervention (performed by a set of “Intervention Physical Means”) on “Systems” described in the
“Systems and Scenario Framework” .
The Framework describes:
 Architecture and Technological characteristics of all the Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory Framework
Systems
 the “Functions” carried out by all the several Systems
 Relationships Interdependencies among the different Systems for specific Tasks
 The “Physical Intervention Means” their technological characteristics, functions carried out and operational
capabilities
The “Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory Framework” describes a “Cyber – Physical – Natural - Human –
Socio-Economic – Governmental/Administrative,…World”.
Fig. 27 (from US Department of Energy) R&D, Engineering and Computing Collaboratory Framework
Clicking on icons in the image, videos and/or computer models and simulations can be activated. Icons, which
represent “Entities”, can be organized following several (hierarchical, hybrid and multiresolution) classification
schemes: for instance by typology (computing centers, experimental centers testing centers, production
facilities,…), geographical location, tasks performed in a specific phase of the story. Multiresolution zooming
techniques are applied.
The “Strategic Multiscale Collaborative Framework” visualizes the results of simulations, actions, operations,
events, analyses and measurements carried out by the “Multiscale Space-Time Framework” and the “Virtual
Multiscale Space-Time Machine”. The “Collaboratory Framework” is a key asset to give a “Unified Vision” of
relationships among the full spectrum of resources, techniques and technologies (theory, simulation,
experimentation, testing, field sensors) which are being used by different groups working in different disciplines,
fields and facilities to analyze, design, operate, manage and control any kind of human, technological,
environmental, economic, industrial, civil, infrastructural, military and security system.

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D) Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Framework (or Strategic Multiscale Space-Time

Analysis and Design Environment)
The “Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Framework”, which can be implemented by “Strategic Multiscale
Digital Twin Environments”, applies the “Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and Engineering Methodologies and Knowledge Domains”
concepts which characterize the “Strategic Multiscale Vision.
Fig. 28 Computational Microscope
The figure illustrates how a set of computational and experimental resources can be integrated to perform
research, analysis and design tasks ( Application of the Multiscale Computational Modeling as “Knowledge
Integrator and Multiplier”)
The Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Framework describes the results of actions/activities and the dynamics
of the concerned “Systems” described in any kind of “Formats”, Programs” and “Stories” by a mix of Real
Images and Computational Models (Computer Generated Images (CGI)) as needed.
This specific Application Environment describes how a wide range of analytical, continuous and discrete,
agent-based, computational methodologies, experimental & testing & Sensing tools, models, methods and
techniques can be integrated to carry out specific R&D, Engineering, Manufacturing and Operational Tasks
(identified in the “Strategy Framework”) to analyze, model and simulate any kind of System and Operations
Dynamics. The Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Framework and the Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory
Framework, working together, can illustrate, how a whole set of mathematical, computational and experimental
& testing resources can cooperate (Integrated Multiscale Multidisciplinary Strategies) to analyze, evaluate,
calculate, measure the dynamics of a technological/natural/human/societal system over a wide range of space
and time scales and operational conditions. The Multiscale Systems Dynamics which is the result of this
integration strategy is showed in the “Systems and Scenario Framework”. By clicking on one or more icons in
the Collaboratory Framework, describing resources (computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing,
Sensing systems), the Multiscale Space – Time Analysis and Design Environment activates itself and perform
(multiscale) simulations and measures. The Strategic Multiscale Space Time Framework describes the results of
the cooperation between the “Entities” performing computations, experimentations, tests and monitoring
activities. “Integration.

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“ Strategy Maps” [described in the Paragraph 2.3.6] are applied to describe the network of (analytical,
computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing) models/methods/techniques cooperating to
deal with a Task according to a specific Strategy as defined in the “Strategy Framework”. The figure illustrates a
graphical representation of a “Integration Strategy Map”:
Fig. 29 Integration Strategy Map (from US Department of Energy (DoE) Fusion Materials program: Aspects
of Multiscale Modeling Primary Damage and Rate Theory Models Presentation – R. E. Stoller – Metals and
Ceramics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
 The Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Framework can evaluate multiscale stochastic interactions and
interdependencies, what is the role of “uncertainties” for “complex systems” analysis, design and control,
how uncertainties at a scale can have a major impact on the other scales and to what extent a design solution
is “robust” (sensitivity analysis) , i.e. sensitive to variations and changes at different scales.
 The Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Framework can evaluate how data coming from a wide spectrum of
sources can be integrated and analyzed using “Multiscale Maps” as described in the Chapter 2. Data
Analysis and AI Techniques can be integrated.
Entities performing Analytical, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing and

Operational Activities are depicted in the Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory Framework using a mix of
real images and computational models (Computer Generated Images (CGI)) as needed.

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Fig. 30 Coupling Simulations and Experiments
Integration of the Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Analysis and Design Environment with the Strategic
Multiscale Collaboratory Framework allows us to describe at various levels of detail complex R&D,
Engineering/Manufacturing Strategies and a wide range of Societal Operational Scenarios.
Additional important elements of the “Strategic Multiscale (Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier) Space – Time
Framework” are:
 “Strategic Multiscale Maps” that are a new typology of “Information and Knowledge Structure” which
allow to describe in a graphical way relationships and interdependencies among variable, phenomena,
processes and human and technological structures which characterize the Single and Multiscale behaviour
of any kind of Human and Technological System This kind of “Maps” were described by Alessandro
Formica inside the “Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration: A New Frontier for Aeronautics, Space
and Defense” White Book (2003) promoted Italian Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIDAA).
Maps gives a general and integrated view of variables, phenomena and processes which characterize dynamics
of a “System”. Strategic Multiscale Maps track:
 relationships between Human, Natural and Technological “System” structures/elements and related
dynamics over time inside a scale and over different scales.
 relationships between physical and biochemical phenomena and processes inside a scale and over
different scales.
 relationships between Analysis and Design Variables over the full range of scales taken into account
 relationships between “Performance - Properties – Structures - Processes” inside a single scale and over
different scales

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Maps in any kind of Format, Story and program are illustrated using (Computer Generated Images
(CGI)) in some case complemented by real images.
Fig. 31 (from Lawrence Livermore) Radiation Physics Map
This figure is an example of Multiscale Map which illustrates relationships among a spectrum of physical
interacting phenomena which characterize materials radiation damage.
This Application Environment can be applied, for instance to :

s
 correlate phenomena and processes occurring in the small world (atoms, molecules, genes, DNA, bacteria,
viruses,..) with phenomena and processes occurring over large (or very large) space and time scales. This
approach allows us to give a clear and unified picture of the behaviour of natural and technological systems
of any kind (a biological system, an aircraft, a chemical facility, a new material, an economic and industrial
system, a fuel cell,…) which are made up of a hierarchy of subsystems, components, devices (from macro to
nano scales).
 illustrate as malfunctions or an abnormal behaviour of elements at small scales can lead to a macroscopic
failure of a large scale system (the fracture in a wing of an aircraft starts at atomic levels, but it can
eventually lead to the break of the wing and the fall of the aircraft) [Cornell University].
Fig. 32 Multiscale Fracture – Cornell University

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The accident of the Shuttle Columbia was determined by a small damage to the Thermal Protection System, but
this small damage propagates over space and time scales and it led to the well-known macroscopic accident
Fig. 33 Multiscale Dynamics of Shuttle Damage (Aiichiro Nakano – University of Southern California)
 Illustrate how the behaviour of ecological and climatological systems is governed by a wide range of
biological, chemical and physical phenomena and processes spanning a wide range of time and space scales.
The Strategic Multiscale Space and Time Framework can show how even small changes in an ecosystem can
spread over larger and larger space and time scales and lead to major changes
It is important to highlight that computer modeling and simulation applied in the “ Strategic Multiscale Space-
Time Analysis and Design Environment” (or Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Framework) can adopt both the
deterministic and the stochastic approach. The stochastic approach is fundamental to highlight how the
behaviour (dynamics) of complex systems is inherently conditioned by “uncertainty” issues. Small changes in
initial and boundary conditions and model parameters can have dramatic effects on the behaviour (dynamics) of
complex systems. We think that the introduction in the Information field of the Stochastic issue, in the context of
the Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Analysis and Design Environment, can represent an important step forward
in understanding the complexity issue and its impact on a wide range of phenomena which condition activities
in several economic, industrial, health, environmental and social fields.

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E) Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Innovative Technology and System Development

Simulator (or Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machine) – See Paragraph 4.5
Fig. 34 Technology Development and Engineering Design as a Multiscale Process
The basic concept is that any R&D, Engineering/Manufacturing and Industrial, Civil, Societal,… Development
Process can be regarded as a “Multiscale Space and Time Process” and it can be described by multiscale models.
Accordingly, the Multiscale Space–Time Framework allows us to model and simulate the R&D and
Engineering and Systems Design Processes applying the “Multiscale Science-Engineering Integration” as
Unifying Paradigm for Science and Engineering concept.
The Framework enables to analyze what technological and Engineering advances and innovative solutions can
be achieved thanks to Scientific and Technological progresses (bottom–up approach) and what scientific and/or
basic technological advances are needed to meet engineering and societal requirements (top –down approach)
The approaches can be interactively and iteratively combined. Several different scenarios can be taken into
account and evaluated (What if Strategy). Stochastic, What if, Analysis of Alternatives (AoA). Uncertainties
Quantification (UQ) methods can be applied
The Strategic Multiscale Space–Time Innovative Technology and System Development Simulator works in both
the space and time directions: forward (from small to big from the present days to the future) and backward
(from big to small and from the future to the present days).

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Fig. 35 Cancer Genesis and Development: From Molecules to Disease – Purdue University
In such a way it is possible to highlight what are the conditions and the strategies needed to avoid negative
“Scenarios” (climate changes, pollution, energy crisis, slow economic development effects (positive/negative) on
several society organization hypotheses, how new drugs and (multiscale) imaging technologies can improve
human health conditions,… and, last but not least, what scientific and technological advances are needed to
achieve specific objectives and goals in a wide range of fields.
A New Analysis Perspective

A fundamental capability of the “Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Innovative
Technology and Systems Development Simulator” is to offer a new “Analysis
Perspective” of problems and issues: highlighting not only what we are able to do,
as usual, but what we are not able to do, what we should be able to do to achieve
specific objectives, and how we should do it.
One of the most important strategic goals of Research, Innovation and Development policies, all around the
world, is to be able to illustrate in a clear and understandable way how costly, risky and lengthily basic and
applied research programs can have a real and demonstrable impact on human life and society structure and
organization. The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machine” can represent an important tool to
achieve this goal. Universities and Research Organizations and Institutions should be highly interested in
supporting innovative ways to highlight how Science is becoming more and more a “Strategic Asset” for
Society, Industry and any kind of Civil, Environmental Structure and Infrastructure.
This Environment can be applied to (only some examples):
 Illustrate how scientific advances can influence technological, industrial progress and socio-economic
systems and dynamics (bottom up processes) and how the future of industry, economy and society is
intimately linked to basic and applied research and innovative technologies (top down processes) .
 Illustrate Technology Innovation and Systems Development Processes which can be regarded, from a
general point of view, as “Multiscale Space–Time Processes”

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 Analyze how Nanotechnologies and Micro Technologies can influence biological (Nano Medicine is,
inherently, a multiscale issue), environmental and social “systems” at higher scale levels and rationally
evaluate related possible risks and countermeasures
Programs “Narrative” Scheme

Programs adopt the following “Narrative Scheme”
Narrative Scheme Structure :

1) Introduction: The Education, Training, Information, Communication Program Manager (Professor,
Researcher, Professional) (usually referred to, in the Information and Communication Language as “Host”),
explains the context of the “Education, Information and Communication Program” (using the “Systems and
Scenario Framework”) and how the “Education, Information and Communication Program” will develop and
what strategies are applied to achieve objectives (using the “Strategy Framework”). the several “Entities”
involved in the “Education, Information and Communication Program”, their role and activities (illustrated using
the “Collaboratory Framework”).
2) Program Development: the Professor, Researcher or Professional uses all the Frameworks in a synergistic
way to illustrate how scientists, designers, researchers, managers carry out the activities (research, design,
investigation, management,…) related to the “Subject” of the “Education, Information and Communication
Program” interacting with Facilities, Groups and Teams located outside the “Studio”. The “Systems and
Scenario Framework” illustrates multiscale dynamics of the “Systems” as evaluated by the “Multiscale Space–
Time Analysis and Design Environment”. The “Collaboratory Framework” analyses how Resources work and
integrate each other to deal with any kind of task and issue. The Professor” or “Professional” can have one or
more “Guests” and collaborators in the Studio and he/she get in touch with external people/teams through the
“Collaboratory Framework” and video connections.

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5.6 “Settings”
The Setting is the “Environment” where Multiscale Programs develop. Settings are conceived to represent
“Central Nodes” of “Virtual Multiscale Science - Engineering Distributed Collaborative Environments”
Two “Settings” are devised:
a) Earth – Based Setting
b) Space – Based Setting (adopted inside the “From Space To Earth Education, Information and
Communication” Framework – Paragraph 5.9)
a) Earth – Based Setting
The following figure depicts how the “ Earth – Based Studio” (Setting) can look like. It reproduces the Central
Coordinating Node of a Distributed Collaborative Environment.
Fig. 36 Earth Centred Setting representation (Electronic Visualization Laboratory Univ. Illinois at Chicago

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b) Space – Based Setting
This kind of setting is constituted by a “Virtual Space Facility” which we can call “Virtual Multiscale Science-
Based Space Station”. We can have e a single “Virtual Space Facility” or even a Cluster of “ Virtual Space
Facilities” placed in different locations: in orbit around the Earth, in orbit around a Planet, in the Deep Space,…..
Virtual Space Facilities can coordinate Earth Based Facilities. The “Technological Environment” is like the one
foreseen for the “Earth – based” Setting.
The “From Space to Earth Setting” is the expression of a New Space Culture and Vision represented by the
“Virtual Multiscale Science – Based Space Station” which plays the role of “Central Node” of a “Distributed
Collaborative Environment” located in the Space (Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space – Based Space Station)
and on the Earth.
The “Space Central Node” (Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Space Station), enables the
implementation of a new more Integrated “Analysis Vision and Perspective” of the Human Life and Society
and related issues on the Earth and the Future of the Space World. Life on the Earth is a “global” experience.
All the major factors which condition and rule life on the Earth: environment, climate change, population and
economic growth, diseases, the famine problem, energy, natural resources management,…. are strictly
interrelated and they concern all the world, no longer single countries. That is an absolutely trivial statement but
people in the different countries do not intimately “feel” to belong to a single “entity”, at least not yet.
Fig. 37 Elements of a Space To Earth Collaborative Environment

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The Future of Earth In Space

Earth Systems and Multiscale Space Systems and
Multiplier
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Space Station” is a “Multiscale Knowledge Integrator and
Multiplier” Hardware and Software Environment which carries out these functions:
- The “Future of Earth From Space”: integration of data and information from Space, Aerial, Surface and
Sub-Surface Sensing Systems with Multiscale (Scientific and Engineering) Theoretical, Computational and
Experimental Facilities to design “Hierarchies of Multiscale/Multiresolution/Multiphysics Computational and
Knowledge Models (Multiscale Maps)” which represent a Synthesis of Scientific and Engineering Knowledge
and Methodologies aimed to: improve our understanding to Earth Dynamics and design improved Earth (Urban,
Land, Infrastructural) Systems and related Operational Schemes and Strategies
- The “Future of Earth in Space” : integration of data and information from Multiscale (Scientific and
Engineering) Theoretical, Computational, Experimental and Testing Facilities with data coming from Space
System Operations to develop “Hierarchies of Multiscale/Multiresolution/Multiphysics Computational and
Knowledge Models (Multiscale Maps)” which represent a Synthesis of Scientific and Engineering Knowledge
and Methodologies aimed to: design a new generation of Space Systems and Facilities and related Operational
Schemes and Strategies.

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Both the “Settings” (Erath based and From Space to Earth) are supported by a “Technological Environment”
which takes full advantage of “state of the art” Computing, Information and Communication Technologies
(Hardware and Software Systems). Main elements of the “Technological Framework” are:
– 2D and 3D Digital Models and Simulations which describe structure and dynamical behaviour of any
Technological and/or Natural/Human System in any situation/condition inside the “Scenario” where the
story develops. In some cases, a direct connection with Supercomputing Centers can be foreseen.
– Multiscale Multiresolution Multilevel (Multiscale is a general term, it includes classical Single Scale
representations as a particular case) 2 D and 3D Graphical Systems
– Real Videos
– HW Visualization Systems which can integrate Real Videos and Computer Models and Simulations inside
high tech displays (multifunctional, multiresolution multi-tiled displays).
– Virtual, Mixed and Augmented Reality Systems and Environments
We can foresee a specific Display for each Framework or a Display can be used to visualize more Frameworks.
During the development of an “Education, Information and Communication Program” a Display can completely
merge with the video screen (close-up shot). It is possible to quickly transition from a Display to another
Display. Virtual Distributed Environments can also be used.
From inside a specific Framework we can call (activate) another Framework using the same Display or another
one. Inside a single Display different Environments can be visualized at the same time. The “Technological
Environment” allows for a wide spectrum of visualization schemes and strategies
Fig. 38 Example of advanced visualization technologies: Multi tiled multiresolution multiscale multi-level
multi environment display system
It is important to highlight that the “Virtual Multiscale Science - Engineering Space Station” Environment can
also be applied inside the “Earth Centred Setting”

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Fig. 39 Visualization Technologies which characterize the “Technological Environment” for the “ Integrated
Analysis and Description Framework”

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5.7 Objectives
 The New Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Education, Training, Information and Communication
Framework offers a wide range of Public and Private, Civil, Social and Industrial Institutions working in a
wide spectrum of fields. a Common and integrated Conceptual, Knowledge and Implementation
Reference Context to build upon a full spectrum of Innovative Education, Training, Information,
Communication and Entertainment Formats, Programs and Initiatives and stimulate cross collaborations
among several public and private organizations working in a wide spectrum of areas.
 The New Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Education, Training, Information, and Communication
Framework can contribute to close the Gap by the “Structure” of the Education, Training, Information and
Communication Programs and the “Structure of the R&D and Engineering Activities and Operations
Analysis and Design for any kind of Scientific, Civil, Public, Industrial, Social, field and System which
are the “Object” of the same Programs.
 The New Framework offers a “unique” opportunity to Researchers, Technologists, Designers, Managers and
Politicians to describe in a simple and effective way new Scenarios opened by advances in Science,
Technology, Nano (Quantum) Engineering, Nano Manufacturing and their full Integration with the Micro,
Meso and Macro Technology/Engineering/Manufacturing /Processing World.
 The new “Language” and Framework can play an important role to stimulate and promote a large spectrum
of advanced research and application activities in the fields of Education. Information, Communication and
Entertainment and it can also lead to a new Multiscale Graphics and Visualization World.
 The Strategic Multiscale Education, Training, Information and Communication Framework is an
important opportunity for University, Research, Industry and Public Institutions to design and jointly
develop cutting edge Education, Training, Information and Communication projects in strategic sectors in
partnership with leading European and International Entities
 A wide range of new Education, Training, Information and Communication Programs can be the basis for
high profile Cultural, Education, Training, Information and Communication initiatives funded by
National, European and international organizations.
 Formats and Programs built over the new Framework characterize themselves for a high cultural and social
value.

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5.8 Framework Application Areas, Formats and Programs
Distinguishing features of the new ”Language” and related Frameworks are adaptivity and flexibility.
 Adaptivity: Programs based upon the New “Framework” and “Language” can be designed to adapt
themselves to several typologies of “Audience” without significant modifications .
Concerned Audience Categories:
a) University Students (any degree and level)
b) Researchers and Professors
c) Secondary School Students
d) Public and Private Professionals (any typology, any rank and level)
e) Public and Private Managers, Executives, Officers, Engineers, Technicians, Operators,… (any typology
and any level/rank, any field)
f) Citizens and Social Bodies
 Flexibility: The “Language” and Framework can be directly applied, without changes to a very wide
Spectrum of Scientific, Technological, Engineering, Civil & Infrastructural, Economic, Societal Fields and
Topics
We can identify two large Application Areas:
A. Education and Training: Lessons, Lectures, Seminars and Courses

1) Educational Programs – Categories concerned:
a) –b) - c) -d) –e), - f) Multiscale Framework Programs are intended to integrate and complement classical
lessons/lectures/seminars or, in some cases, to substitute for them.
B. Information and Communication
1) Information Programs and Documentaries (like BBC, National Geographic, Discovery Channel,..) -
Categories concerned: a) -c) -b) -d) –e) -f) : key Goal is to inform about new developments, applications,
trends.
2) Meetings – Categories concerned: -b) –d) –e) –f)
3) Conferences – Categories concerned: -a) –b) -c) –d) –e) –f)
5) Communication (Social and Industrial) Programs – Categories concerned b) –d) –e) –f)
6) A New Generation of “Public Bodies – Industry - Society” Communication Frameworks –
Categories concerned: -b) –d) –e) –f)
7) Internet Webs – Categories concerned: a) - b) -c) -d) –e) –f)

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5.8.1 Educational Programs (Lessons, Lectures, Seminars and Courses)

Educational Methods are evolving: Educational Programs make an ever more intensive and extensive use of
strategies based on
 “design examples”
 “case studies”
 “problem-solving” approaches
 “project management” analyses
The Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Framework is a perfect synthesis and application of these new
educational methods
The new Programs allow to teach not only theories and facts, but, in particular,
methods, strategies, analysis and evaluation schemes.
New Educational Programs are characterize and shaped by the: “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering -
Society Language Implementation Framework” (described in the Paragraph 5.5)
Lessons/Lectures/Seminars/Courses are held inside equipped Electronic Classrooms: PCs and Large Scale
Displays. They can be diffused through Internet Networks (on-line or recorded diffusion).
Overall Lessons/Lectures/Seminars/Courses Structure:

1) Introduction and Presentation “briefing” Phase: At the beginning of the “Lesson/Lecture/Seminar”, the
Professor or Professional briefly introduces the Professionals Team constituted by people in the studio and/or
video connected (if this solution is adopted), explains the content of the “Lesson/Lecture/Seminar” and the
objectives, illustrates where the object of the Lesson/Lecture/Seminar (System and Scenario Framework) what
Entities are involved (Collaboratory Framework”) and what resources they use (supercomputers, experimental
and testing apparatus, sensor networks,….).
2) Development Schemes: The “Lesson/Lecture/Seminar” develops following a simple Scheme: the
Professor/Professional and a possible Team use all the Frameworks (following the modalities described in the
Chapter 2) in a synergistic way to reproduce (in a more or less simplified way, depending on the audience and
the Programme time framework) how scientists, designers, researchers, public and private managers carry out
their activities in the real world:
 analysis
 design
 testing
 research
 planning
 investigation
 management
 ………

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Topics (Examples) which can be the subject of the new Educational Programs (for both the story development
schemes):
 analysis of complex bio-chemical-physical Phenomena and Dynamics of Systems (any kind, any field:
Drugs, Diseases, Environmental and Climatological Phenomena and Processes, Materials and
Devices,….). It is possible to reproduce real research and development activities using Collaboratory and
Multiscale Space-Time Analysis and Design Environment. In order to illustrate future potentialities of
research methodologies and technologies e can use Virtual Multiscale Space-Time Machines and Multiscale
Space Time Frameworks running in a “Virtual Mode”. It is also possible to compare real with hypothetic
cases and describe “development roadmaps” and related new technologies and methodologies.
 analysis of R&D and Engineering methodologies (computational, experimentation, testing, Sensing),
their application domains, limits and shortcomings, development trends.
Technological, methodological integration schemes are discussed using Multiscale Space Time Analysis and
Design Environment and Multiscale Collaboratory Frameworks.
 analysis of complex projects (any kind, any field). Frameworks are well suited to illustrate at several
levels of detail, as needed, taking into account audience, the complex set of activities linked to a Project
using in a synergistic way, Strategic, Collaboratory and Multiscale Space and Time Frameworks. Virtual
Multiscale Space-Time Machines can illustrate how new technologies and systems, foreseen in the Project,
can benefit and impact Society.
 turning scientific discoveries in new technologies. Multiscale Space Time Frameworks and Virtual
Multiscale Space-Time Machines can be highly useful to illustrate how research results and achievements
are the basis to develop new technologies, engineering systems, environmental solutions,…
 analysis of Nanotechnologies and related Development Trends, Nano - Micro – Meso - Macro
Integration and Application (any field : materials, bio-chemistry, bio-medicine, manufacturing,
electronics, environment, health, safety,…) Opportunities and Strategies. The development of
integrated hierarchical nano – micro and nano – micro – meso – macro technological systems is one of the
most important challenges for Engineering and Technology in any field. Nanotechnology is the symbol of
the new relationships between Science and Engineering.
 analysis of relationships between Nano/Micro Technology and Environment, Health and Safety (EHS).
This topic, inherently multiscale, is becoming one of the most critical issue for a wide application of
Nanotechnology.
 design of a new technological, biomedical, infrastructural, environmental, manufacturing, industrial
and economic process and/or system (or a mix of them).. The “Multiscale Science - Engineering
Language Implementation Framework” can reproduce the different phases and strategies which underlie
the design process.
 analysis of how technological systems interact and can impact the environment where they operate.
Interactions between technological, industrial and infrastructural (transportation, energy and communication
networks,…) systems and the environment where they operate (nominal and off-nominal operating
conditions, accidents included) are inherently governed by a full set of multiscale (space and time)
phenomena and processes. Frameworks enable to depict in an integrated way the full spectrum of
relationships between the system (any kind) and the environment where the system operates. For instance,
the whole path of pollutants: from the birth (formation) to their diffusion in the environment until their
interactions with living systems. An interesting application area is the design of the so called “clean by
design” technologies and systems (sustainable development). Sustainable development is a strategic goal for
Society. Multiscale Space-Time Framework, implemented in a “Virtual” mode, and the “Virtual Multiscale
Space Time Machines can also illustrate how future technological and engineering developments can
improve safety and security levels end reduce environmental impact.

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 analysis of the behaviour of technological, civil, infrastructural, defense and natural systems in
extreme conditions (emergency, safety, security, military operations, disasters,..) Multiscale Space-
Time Framework can clearly illustrate how an accident in a technological system or a natural catastrophic
event (flooding, earthquake, hurricane…) has its roots in a hierarchy of phenomena occurring over a wide
range of space and time scales and, in a similar way, how effects develop over a wide range of space and
time scales. Virtual Multiscale Space-Time Machines applied in the “Direct and Inverse Virtual” mode can
easily describe how new technologies and engineering solutions can reduce the probability that some
accidents occur and minimize their effects.
 Investigations about critical natural and technological events (technological failures, accidents of any
kind, diseases, epidemics and pandemics, terrorists attacks,…)
Investigations can concern real world events: accidents related to technological systems of any kind
(nuclear, chemical, petrochemical plants), environmental pollution cases, epidemics and new diseases,
natural disasters and the human prevention and response (or the lack of it). Multiscale Space – Time
Frameworks can illustrate how it is possible to take advantage of the most modern computational
methodologies, nano/micro technologies and scientific advances to identify root causes of the
accident/incident. Frameworks can also illustrate hypothetic future accidents in future technological and
environmental systems and what new investigation techniques and technologies would be needed to avoid
critical situations and emergencies.
Note: Investigation Programs could represent a whole new Generation of Educational Programs

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5.8.2 Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Training Programs
Objectives and Meaning
Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Formats and ”Languages” are applied to develop new Multiscale Training
Methodologies and Environments for Professionals (any level, any field) to deal with complex analysis, design
and operational issues applying new Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Strategies which take advantage of
innovative Multiscale Science-Engineering Integration Methods. Training activities aimed at teaching basis
methods, theories and facts develop as already described in the previous Paragraphs of this Chapter with
particular reference to the Paragraph5.5 The objectives of Advanced Training Programs are:
a) Training Professionals to solve real Planning, Analysis, Design and Management Issues using new
Multiscale Science-Engineering Integrated Methodologies and Strategies
b) Evaluating their level of learning, proficiency and the degree of ability to face real problems
The inherent “Multiscale” Nature of Human, Civil, Technological, Safety and Security, Environmental
and Societal Systems represents a key “Motivation” for the development of this new kind of Training
Programs.

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Examples of “Strategic Multiscale” Training Program Areas

A. Analyses: Analyzing the behaviour of any kind of System (from a Materials to a Plant to a
Civil/Infrastructural/Societal System or any kind of Cyber-Physical System) subject to specific operational
conditions (even the extreme and accident ones) using a combination of analytical, computational,
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing methods and techniques.
B. Projects: designing the architecture (Virtual Multiscale Space – Time Machine represent a key resource for
this task) of energy, biomedical, civil, industrial, societal … systems projects and programs with
ecological/environmental, efficiency, safety, productivity, .....requirements and using the most advanced
technologies, engineering/manufacturing and management solutions available today
C. Operations: designing operational plans to deal with a wide range of nominal and off-nominal situations
concerning any kind of Systems in a very wide spectrum of fields.
D. Innovative Technologies, Engineering/Manufacturing, Societal, Government/Management

Organizational Solutions for the World of the Future: Designing and Developing New Technologies,
Engineering, Societal,.. Solutions to address key Mankind Challenges and Design Systems. The term “New” can
have two interpretations:
– Foreseeable (Short-Term) Evolutions in the next years of the most today available Advanced Solutions
– More Futuristic Solutions conceivable in a medium- long term perspective
E. Accidents: dealing with accidents occurring in a technological system (any kind) in order
to minimize negative effects on Humans and Environment. The incident can be caused either by events internal
to the same technological system (failure of a component, a control system malfunction, human error, ...) or it
can be determined by external natural actors (earthquake, tsunami, flood, .. ) or caused intentionally by men
(security scenario). ]
F. Emergencies: defining strategies to face a particular critical situation. For example, facing an epidemic,
dealing with societal critical situations, a flooding, containing a fire, ….
G. Investigations: defining a strategy to uncover the root causes of abnormal phenomena and processes:
diseases, malfunctions of engineering/manufacturing or societal systems (any kind of complexity) explaining
the off-nominal behavior of a technological and societal systems, uncovering the origin of environmental
problems,….

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1)
Framework Architecture Supporting Strategic Multiscale Training Programs

The Architecture of the HW and SW Framework available to the Strategic Multiscale Training Program
participants is constituted by the following Elements
A) “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Language” and the
related Implementation Framework
This Training Framework has the same structure and functionalities described in the Paragraphs 5.3 and 5.5.:
 Strategic Multiscale Systems and Scenario Framework (What are the “Systems” dealt with in the
Education, Training, Information and Communication “Training Program” and the related Natural,
Human, Social and Technological “Scenario” Where they act). The Scenario Framework illustrates the
“context” where the Training Program develops, the Objectives of the Training Program, the behaviour
(dynamics) of the Systems, the consequences of the “Actions” of the Players and the “Activities”
undertaken by the “Entities” described in the Collaboratory Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Societty Earth and Space Collaboratory Framework What
are the Cyber – Physical, Human, Natural,…..Entities involved in the “Training Program”
1) Humans and any kind of “Human Organizations”
2) Entities doing specific R&D, Engineering, Monitoring and Control Activities and How they Interact
3)Entities involved in the activation, management, coordination of any kind of “physical means” needed
to carry out a wide range of actions and activities
 Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Framework. This specific Application Environment

simulate/reproduce for training purposes how a wide range of analytical, continuous and discrete,
agent-based, computational methodologies, experimental & testing & Sensing tools, models, methods
and techniques can be integrated to carry out specific R&D, Engineering, Manufacturing and
Operational Tasks (identified in the “Strategy Framework”). The Strategic Multiscale Space–Time
Framework and the Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Society Collaboratory Framework,
working together, can illustrate, how a whole set of mathematical, computational, monitoring & control,
and experimental & testing resources can work and cooperate (Integrated Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Strategies) to analyze, evaluate, calculate, measure the dynamics of a
technological/natural/human/societal system over a wide range of space and time scales and operational
conditions.
 Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Innovative Technology and Systems Development Simulator (Virtual
Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machine) This Framework describes Innovative Technology and
System Development Processes and how and to what extent new technological, engineering,
manufacturing and operational solutions can influence the “Dynamics” of the “System”.
 Strategic Multiscale Analysis and Design Architectural Framework (What Strategies, Processes,
Methods and Analysis, Design, Planning and Development Schemes are applied). The Strategy
Framework describes Strategies employed to perform tasks and achieve objectives for any kind of
Project and Program and to define Strategies to use in an effective way of the available Technological
and Human Resources to deal with any kind of (nominal , off-nominal, extreme, accident) scenario
related to any kind of Industrial and Societal areas..

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Strategic Multiscale Training Programs Structure and Dynamics
We consider two Training Levels and Strategies:

1) Guided Training
2) Autonomous Training
1) [Guided Training: Strategy is partially guided] The Training Program is divided into several phases.
At the starting time of each phase, a Menu is proposed to Training Participants. The Menu offers a set of
choices concerning possible initial Strategy steps which are illustrated in the Strategic Multiscale Architectural
Framework. For each of the proposed steps of the Strategy, a set of choices for the selection of Analysis and
Design solutions and/or Interventions Means is proposed: Strategic Multiscale Space and Time Framework,
Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space and Time Machine and Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society
Collaboratory Framework. Training Participants operate independently. Training Participants must select a
combination of the proposed solutions/choices. Results of the decisions (right or wrong) are evaluated by the
Multiscale Space Time Framework and showed in the “ Strategic Multiscale System and Scenario Framework”.
Wrong choices lower the score while right choices increase the score. . The results of the right or wrong
choices on the "System" is shown on the big screen with computer models, simulations and real images. If
choices are wrong, the Trainers show the correct choices. Then, we move to the next phase. The system is now
in a condition determined by the correct choice. Training Participants perform another set of choices and the
results are displayed on screens and evaluated by the Trainers . The Training Program goes on until the
Available Time runs out or when some predefined conditions are satisfied and results met. Participants to this
Basic Training phase can go to the next Advanced Training Level only if they overcome a certain score level At
the end of the Training Program, Trainers comment on the actions of participants
2) [Autonomous Training: Strategy is defined by the Training Participants] At the beginning of the
Training Program, Training Participants (single Training Participants or Teams) must define, using the
“Strategic Multiscale Architectural Framework” a strategy to deal with the Issues dealt with by the Training
Program using Resources described in the “ Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society
Collaboratory Framework”, the “Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Framework” and the Virtual
Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Innovative Technology and Systems Development System (Virtual
Strategic Multiscale Space and Time Machine). At each step Training Participants have to select a
combination of the available Resources. During the Training Program the system evolves as a result of choices
made by Training Participants. Results of the choices and System Dynamics are evaluated with the “ Strategic
Multiscale Space – Time Framework” and/or Virtual Multiscale Space and Time Machine . Participants
can a interactively and iteratively modify the strategy defined at the beginning of the Training Program and the
Resources selected according to the state of the system visualized in the “Strategic Multiscale System and
Scenario Framework” . The Training Program goes on until The Training Program Issue has been dealt with
in a successfully way or it becomes clear that a dead end has been reached or Available Time runs out.
Evaluators analyze Strategy effectiveness levels and comment on the behaviour of Training Section Participants.

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“Strategic Multiscale Training Programs” Development Scheme (Examples)

All the following Training Program Development Descriptions are referred to the “Free Scheme: Overall
Strategy is defined by the Training Program Participants”
Theme A) The Analysis
The System and Goals are represented graphically. At the start of each Training Program, images and
simulations illustrate:
 The “System” to be analyzed and the specific operational conditions to be considered with the
“Strategic Multiscale System and Scenario Framework”
 The set of Resources and Facilities to be used by Training Program Participants to carry out analysis
activities which are illustrated in the “Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory Framework”
Training Program Participants define a first hypothesis of “Strategy” (Strategic Multiscale Architectural
Framework) (sequence of analysis actions performed with a combination of analytical, computational,
Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing methods and techniques using the “Strategic Multiscale
Space Time Framework” . Following analysis results. Training Program Participants, who act independently,
can iteratively and interactively change Strategy. Results of the analyses and “System” Dynamics are shown
with the “Strategic Multiscale Systems and Scenario Framework” . The Training Program ends after a
predefined time or when predefined results have been achieved. At the end of the Training Program, the
evaluators comment on the actions of Training Participants and evaluate the best strategy and related results.
Theme B) The Project
The "system" to be designed is selected (for example, an energy system, a space transport system, a new
aircraft, a defense or security system.....), objectives (environmental impact, safety level, efficiency,
performance, ...) that must be achieved by the designed system and criteria that are used to determine the score
are defined.
The Training Program is preceded by a mix of real images, images taken from movies and computer simulations
that illustrate and introduce the theme and are finalized to increase the level of spectacularity of the program and
to stimulate interest and imagination of the audience. The System and Goals are represented graphically.
At the start of each Training Program images and simulations illustrate:
– The “System” to be designed (generic representation) and the specific operational conditions to be
considered, performance, functionalities and, with the “Strategic Multiscale System and Scenario
Framework”
 The set of Resources and Facilities to be used by Training Program Participants to carry out analysis and
design activities with the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Collaboratory
Framework”
Training Program Participants design the "System" by choosing from a set of design elements and related
technologies and combining them according to a specific pattern and strategy defined by Training Program
Participants and described in the “Strategic Multiscale Architectural Analysis and Design
Framework”. System Dynamics and Performance are evaluated using “Strategic Multiscale Space – Time
Framework” and the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space time Machine” which integrate a whole set of
analytical, computational, Sensing and testing devices and systems
The designed System is subjected to a series of tests. The rating is determined as a function of the test
results. Below a certain level, the test is declared "failed". Candidates must pass all tests. If one or more tests are
not exceeded, Training Program Participants may change the design interactively and iteratively. Training
Program Participants have at their disposal more iterations (their number is determined by the Evaluators
according to the difficulty of the project or other criteria) to make new design choices and evaluate their effects
The Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Framework is applied to evaluate performance of several design
hypotheses and the effectiveness of analysis schemes and strategies.

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The “System” to be designed is characterized by the following “Elements”:
 The “Scenario” describing the operational environment

 The “System” Technologies, Functions and Functionalities, Architecture, Characteristics of the main
components. Performance,….
 Technologies
The Training Program Participants have at their disposal a complete set of "components" to design a system that
is as close as possible to the defined objectives. All this must be done within a predetermined period of time.
The Training Program proceeds in an iterative and interactive. The Training Program Participants check the
performance of the "system" using the “Strategic Multiscale Space Time Framework " whose results are
shown graphically., Training Program Participants design the "System" by choosing from a set of predefined
design elements (System Components) and they define the overall Architecture. The designed System is
subjected to a series of tests. The rating is determined as a function of the test results. Below a certain level, the
test is declared "failed". Candidates must pass all tests. If one or more tests are not exceeded, Training
Participants may change the design interactively and iteratively. Training Participants have at their disposal more
iterations (their number is determined by the Evaluators according to the difficulty of the project or other
criteria) to make new design choices and evaluate their effects. The winner is the player or the team that passed
the verification tests with the best score.
Theme C) Innovative Systems Development for the World of the Future
The “Strategic Multiscale System and Scenario Framework” describes with images and digital
models/simulations a “System” which should be developed highlighting architecture component technologies,
operational conditions, performance, functionalities and the Environment where the “System” operates.
Training Program Participants can select from a “Menu” Components, Technologies, Subsystems and
Architectures. Afterwards, they use the “Multiscale Space and Time Framework” to evaluate performance of the
selected “Configuration”. The “Strategic Multiscale Collaboratory Framework” describes the set of
Resources and Facilities to be used by Training Program Participants to deal with Innovative Systems
Development
 the “Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Innovative Technology and System Development
Simulator” (Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machine) models the Innovative Systems
Development Process using Facilities and Resources indicated in the “Collaboratory Framework”
 The “Strategic Multiscale Space Time Framework” calculates and evaluates Systems Performance
and Behaviour for different Architectures and Technologies for specific operational conditions
At the beginning of the Training Program the System object of the Training Program is selected: a new Aircraft,
a new Plant, a new Electronic or Energy Systems,……….. The best available performance and functionalities
(including energy efficiency, environmental impact and costs) are indicated
The “Innovative System” to be developed is decomposed into a hierarchy of sub-systems, components, devices
and materials. Today technologies and performance are indicated for each “Element”. Training Program
Participants have at their disposal a set of new (Multiscale) “Elements” (materials, devices, components and
sub-systems characterized by new technologies and improved performance). Training Program Participants
have to combine the “Elements” in such a way to define a new Architecture with improved performance. In a
more complex version of the Training Program, Training Program Participants should decide what new
technologies and the characteristics of the System constitutive “Elements”

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Theme D) The 'Accident” in a Technological System” - Training Program Development

The goal of the Training Program is the definition of an intervention strategy that involves the selection and
integration of Monitoring and Control Systems, Means of Intervention and R&D and Engineering Resources.
that illustrate and introduce the theme and are useful to increase the level of spectacularity of the program and
stimulate interest and imagination of the spectators.
At the beginning of the Training Program:
– the “Strategic Multiscale System and Scenario Framework” describes with images and digital
models/simulations the “System” to be analyzed, structure, technologies and components, monitoring and
control systems internal to the System, operational conditions, performance, functionalities and the
Environment where the “System” operates
 The “Strategic Multiscale Science . Engineering – Society Cyber & Physical Collaboratory
Framework” describes the set of Resources and Facilities (including monitoring and control systems
external to the systems and the physical means of intervention) to be used by Training Program Participants
to deal with the Incident
– Dynamics of the Systems and the impact of the Environment where it operates is evaluated with the
“Strategic Multiscale Space Time Framework” and showed with the “System and Scenario
Framework”.
The “Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Innovative Technology and System Development Simulator”
can be applied to check what new technological solutions and architectures can be devised to avoid the incident
The Elements characterizing The Incident are:
 The "Technological System"

 The '"Environment" in which the "System" operates
 the "Monitoring and Control Schemes”
 The "Means of Intervention" and related Capabilities and Operational Schemes
 The intervention strategy that involves the selection of the Monitoring and Control Systems, Means of
Intervention and the related Operational Strategies
All this is represented by "Digital Models" which graphically represents the dynamics of the whole System.
Digital Models can be integrated by real images
Training Program Participants use the 'Means of Intervention" according to specific Operational Strategies to try
to control the incident and they use the "Monitoring and Control Systems " to assess the situation development;,
the effects of their decisions are simulated by the “Systems Dynamics Framework”

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Theme E) The Emergency – Training Program Development

The Emergency to be addressed (a fire, flooding, ...) which is the object of the Training Program is selected. The
objectives to be achieved are defined.
The goal of the Training Program is the definition of an intervention strategy that involves the selection and
integration of Monitoring and Control Systems, Means of Intervention and R&D and Engineering Resources.
that illustrate and introduce the theme and are useful to increase the level of spectacularity of the program and
stimulate interest and imagination of the spectators.
– the “ Strategic Multiscale System and Scenario Framework” describes with images and digital
models/simulations the “System” to be analyzed, structure, technologies and components, monitoring
and control systems internal to the System, operational conditions, performance, functionalities and the
 The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical
Collaboratory Framework” describes the set of Resources and Facilities ( including monitoring and
control systems external to the systems and the means of intervention) to be used by Training Program
Participants to deal with the Emergency
– Dynamics of the Systems, Operational Actions of “Intervention Means” and the effects of the
Emergence on Natural Environment where Systems operate are evaluated with the “Strategic
Multiscale Space Time Framework”.
The “Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Innovative Technology and System Development Simulator”
can be applied to check what new technological solutions, systems and operational strategies can be devised to
deal in a better way with the Emergency
The Elements characterizing The Emergency are:

 The "Technological System"
 The '"Environment" in which the "System" operates
 the "Monitoring and Control Schemes”
 The "Means of Intervention"
 Operational Actions and related Strategies.
All this is represented in such a way as to define a "Digital Model" whose evolution graphically represents the
dynamics of the Training Program,
Training Program Participants use the 'Means of Intervention" according to specific Operational Strategies to try
to control the incident and they use the "Monitoring and Control Systems " to assess the situation development,
the effects of their decisions in order to lead the "System" to a state of less criticality and / or stabilization.
The results of right and wrong decisions are showed on the screen.

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Theme F) Investigation
The goal of the Training Program is the definition of analysis strategies to find out the root causes that
determined the abnormal situation to be investigated and how and why it evolved, We consider some examples:
a mysterious epidemics an economic, social, environmental, climatological or industrial crisis or anomalous
behaviour.
Investigators use the following Frameworks to carry out analyses:
 The “Strategic Multiscale Architectural Analysis and Design Framework” describes the Strategies
applied following the Investigation Hypotheses
– the “Strategic Multiscale System and Scenario Framework” describes with images and digital
models/simulations the “System” to be analyzed, structure, technologies and components, experimental,
imaging, Sensing and testing systems, operational conditions, performance, functionalities and the
– The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical
Collaboratory Framework” describes the set of Resources and Facilities to be used by Training
Program Participants to identify what can be the root causes of the “Scenario” to be investigated
– The “Strategic Multiscale Space Time Framework” is applied to model and simulate all the analyses
carried out using the resources available in the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering –
Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical Collaboratory Framework”. Results of the simulations
describes the dynamics of the “System” under investigation for specific purposes in order to verify the
degree of compatibility with the hypotheses takin into account .
The objectives of the Investigation activities are:

 Identifying what causes determined the scenario to be analyzed or, at least, formulate some credible
hypotheses
 Highlighting what are the potentialities of scientific and technological analysis means/tools, their limits and
evaluating what could be the needed improvement and possible future technological, engineering and
operational advances and solution (Virtual Multiscale Space Time Machine)
 Pointing out what Entities are to be involved and how they should cooperate
– the “Strategic System and Scenario Framework” describes with images and digital models/simulations
the “Issue and the related Scenario” to be investigated,
 The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Cyber & Physical Collaboratory
Framework” describes the set of Resources and Facilities applied to carry out Investigations activities
– Analysis/Investigation Systems and Tools are modeled and simulated by the “Strategic Multiscale
Space-Time Framework”.
– The “Strategic Multiscale Architectural Analysis and Design Framework” is applied to define how all
the available Resources and Facilities are integrated to carry out Investigation. Several Hypotheses can
be described and iteratively changed during the Training Program.

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5.8.3 Information and Communication Programs
Information Programs
Leitmotif :
“From Atoms to Society: Nano To Macro Space and Time Integration, The New Frontier for Information”
New Information Programs are characterized by two key elements:
1) “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Language Implementation Framework”(described in the

paragraph 5.5)
2) “Setting” (TV Studio) as described in the paragraph 5.6
General Programme Structure :

1) Introduction and Presentation “briefing” Phase: At the beginning of the “Story”, the Host briefly
introduces the Professionals Team constituted by people in the studio and/or video connected, explains the
context of the “Story”, the objectives of the activities dealt with inside it, illustrates where the “Story” develops
(Scenario Framework) what Entities are involved (Collaboratory Framework”) and what resources they use
(supercomputers, experimental and testing apparatus, sensor networks,….).
2) Story Development : The “Story” develops following a simple Scheme: the Host and the Team use all the
Frameworks in a synergistic way to reproduce (in a more or less simplified way, depending on the audience and
the Programme time framework) how scientists, designers, researchers, public and private managers carry out
their activities in the real world:
 analysis
 design
 testing
 research
 planning
 investigation
 management
 ………
3) Final Analysis and Debate (Optional) : the “Story” is analyzed and commented upon by the Host, the
Professional Team and by selected persons located in the Studio or outside it (video connected) who did not take
part in the “Story”
 Information Programs can concern any kind of topics in any field.
 Information Programs are recorded in and broadcast from fully Electronic Equipped Studios

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Documentaries
Multiscale Education, Training, Information and Communication Documentaries like the ones from BBC,
National Geographic, Discovery Channel ,……play a very important role for the “Education of Citizens and
Students and also Professionals and Managers. They are designed for a very large audience. Documentaries are
recorded inside a fully equipped “Electronic Environment”. Recorded Documentaries are broadcast using a full
spectrum of media: classical TV or Internet. Documentaries are characterized by three key elements:
1) “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Language Implementation Framework” (Paragraph 5.5)
2) “Setting” In this case we use the term “Studio” as described in the(Paragraph 5.6) . When Documentaries
concern Space Activities and/or Global Issues the “Space – Based Setting” can be used.
Structure of the Documentaries is similar to the one of Information Programs.
Meetings
The “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Language Implementation Framework“ (Paragraph 5.5)
can be directly applied to introduce, discuss and analyze, in a new way, a wide range of topics inside all the
fields concerning the following Entities: Industries, Universities, Research Centers any kind of Public Civil and
Military Organization, Social Entities, Citizen Organization,….
Meeting Typologies: Analysis, Design, Planning, Management, Investigation, Project Review,… of any kind
of System, Scenario, Project, Program, and Initiative. In the most general case we have:
A fully equipped “ Electronic Central Meeting Site” where is located a Coordination Team (one or more
professionals). Two situations can be considered. The first one all the meeting attendees are in the Central Site.
In the second one we can have more attendees distributed over more sites. The Coordination Team manages and
governs the Meeting using the “Strategy Framework”. “The Central Site is equipped with the Technological
Environment described in the Paragraph 5.6 Several Teams can be connected using Virtual Distributed
Environments. The Meeting goes on using the “Integrated Analysis and Description Framework” and following
the Classical Narrative Presentation Scheme.
A specific new feature could be the application of a new “Presentation, Analysis and
Discussion Perspective” of problems and issues: highlighting not only what we are able
to do, as usual, but what we are not able to do, what we should be able to do to achieve
specific objectives, and how we should do it.
Industrial Communication Programs

Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Frameworks can be a useful basis to develop upon a new generation of
Communication Programs:
a) Industrial Communication Programs for Political, Civil, Defense, Security, Social and Public Entities
(developed by high – tech companies cooperating with Universities and Research Labs working in a wide
range of fields: material, chemical, environment, civil and infrastructural pharmaceutical, biomedical,
nanotechnology, electronics, computing, information, communication, aerospace, defense…..
b) Industry to Industry to define cooperation agreements
c) Industry to Society to go beyond the classical advertising schemes and strategies
In all the cases, we apply the “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Language Implementation
Framework” (Paragraph 5.5)

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Conferences
Inside classical Conferences we foresee the organization of special “Integrated Strategic Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering - Society Sessions” dealing in an integrated multidisciplinary way
with a specific Complex Topic/Issue. Integration develops along three integration lines: Science and
Engineering, Disciplines, Methodologies (Theory, Computation, Experimentation, Testing and Sensing).
Presentations are given by speakers located in the Conference Site and/or outside it (Video Connected) using the
“Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Language Implementation Framework“ (Paragraph 5.5).
Speakers integrate recorded material with live analyses and comments. The “Multiscale Science – Engineering
Language Implementation Framework” allows to synthesize and correlate the multidisciplinary aspects and
implications of a Complex Problem or Topic integrating, in the context of a “Strategy” (Strategy Framework) a
wide range of points of view, results, contributions, experiences, competences and interests from people working
in or belonging to a wide range of fields and applying the full spectrum of available Methodologies
(Theoretical, Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing, Sensing) inside a coherent Framework
A specific new feature ” could be the application of a new “Presentation, Analysis and
Discussion Perspective” of problems and issues: highlighting not only what we are able to do, as
usual, but what we are not able to do, what we should be able to do to achieve specific objectives, and
how we should do it.
“University – Industry - Public Bodies – Society” Communication Programs and

Meetings
One of the major problems and challenges, today, is to establish a collaborative and proficient two - way (or
multiple way) communication context among Societal Groups, Research, Industry and Public Bodies. That is
true in particular when critical decisions to be taken are related to programs in the health, infrastructural, urban,
food, land, environmental, waste management and energy fields. Public Body and Industry plans often collide
with fears from social communities as far as safety, health and economic, wellbeing issues are concerned.
People/Teams taking part in this Communication Environment can be located in a single fully equipped
Electronic Meeting Room or distributed over several Sites (Virtual Distributed Environment). Analyses and
discussions proceed using the “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering – Society Language
Implementation Framework“. Discussions no longer occurs among several people confronting
different opinions and points of view, but, instead, we have two, three or more “Teams”, illustrating and
comparing different Analyses, Scenarios, Solutions and “Strategies” devised to tackle specific problems and
issues. Analysis Schemes and Strategies are illustrated using the “Strategic Multiscale Architectural Analysis
and Design Framework” . Multiscale Multidisciplinary Models play a pivotal role.
The Teams taking part in the “debate” should also use Analysis of the Alternatives (AOA) Sensitivity
Analyses, What If Analyses. Stochastic Methodologies can be applied to show what is the role of
“uncertainties” for “complex systems” analysis, design and operations, how uncertainties can have a major
impact on final results and solutions and how the solution is “robust” (sensitivity analysis) , i.e. sensitive to
variations and changes. Multiscale Multidisciplinary Computational Models play a fundamental role. Models
can represent a spectrum of different visions and solutions.

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New Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Environments for Societal Education ,

Information and Communication
Environments and Strategies based upon the Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and
Communication Framework can represent a New Resource and Methodology to implement the “Smart
Governance” and “ Participation of Citizens in Public Life” Concepts
The issue of a structural and proactive involvement of citizens, professionals (any area), civil and industrial
organizations in the social and economic life of the Society has already emerged in all its critical aspects without that
a completely satisfactory solution was found . The next goal is to develop new environments based on new
"Languages" and new "Patterns of Analysis and Presentation" incorporating Science - Based methodologies and
strategies. HW and SW Environments conceived for Science – Based Programs can be easily applied to address these
challenges. Computing, Information and Communication technologies are affecting every aspect of people's lives and
government bodies and, in the future, this influence is likely to grow. The classical languages of Education .
Information and Communication do not seem to live up to these new challenges. The New Cyber and Globalized
Society requires not only new systems design , planning and monitoring, but, also, a New Generation of Citizens,
Professionals (any area) and Politicians aware that an effective and efficient management of large and complex
Societal Systems has to be based upon a new generation of methods, tools and environments to analyze and correlate
an ever increasing amount of information. The spread of "Social Networks " is certainly a matter of great importance,
but it is not a comprehensive solution to the problem. Objectives of a New Generation " Multiscale Science - Based
Education, Training, Information and Communication Environments:
 New Forms of Participation in Decision-making which can involve in a structured way Citizens, and Public
Bodies. Computational Modeling can ensure that public and private bodies (any kind) and citizens can
communicate with each other in a structured and organized (beyond Facebook and Twitter)
 New Communication Universities, Research - Industry - Society - Government Environments so that the
planners and decision makers are continually and promptly informed of the possibilities offered by the Research
Activities and Industrial Innovation together with the associated criticalities in terms of development and
implementation benefits, risks and costs
 New Communication and Information Environments where Citizens can, jointly with Government Bodies,
Industry and Research, evaluate the impact of different technological and engineering solutions on issues such as
environment, climate, health , economy , ...... heavily influencing the lives of citizens and their expectations and
perspectives
Fig. 40 Electronic “Modeling and Simulation Based” Analysis and Discussion Environments
The figure is a representation of an “Electronic Model Based Discussion Environment” characterized by two (or
more) Groups which illustrate, using large scale displays and Models, their positions and theses applying the
Integrated Analysis and Description Framework. The “Electronic Model Based Discussion Environment” can
also be placed in the “Space” inside a “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station.

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Multiscale Webs
New Multiscale Webs can be built combining advanced graphic features with the “Strategic Multiscale Science
- Engineering . Society Language Implementation Framework” components:
 “ Strategic Multiscale Systems and Scenario Framework”
 “Strategic Multiscale Methods and Processes Framework”
 “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Earth and Space Collaboratory Framework”
 “Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Framework”
 “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space-Time Machine”
In the new Web configuration, each Framework corresponds to a “Window”. Several solutions can be devised:
 Strategic Multiscale Frameworks can be activated to carry out specific functions and functionalities inside a
traditional Web Architecture
 A “ Strategic Multiscale Education, Training, Information and Communication Program” can be selected
by the user from a Menu and it can proceed in an automatic way.
New Strategic Multiscale Webs lend themselves to illustrate (examples):
 R&D and Industrial projects and programs of any kind in any field of any level of complexity
 How R&D and Engineering projects can benefit Environment, Society and Industry
 Structure and Dynamics of any kind of Technological and Natural Systems and their interactions for nominal
and off nominal conditions
 development of products and processes
 Nanotechnology and its impact on industry, society and the environment
 Environmental Issues, Technologies and Systems Development
 Biomedical Issues for Society and Biomedical Systems Development

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5.9 A New “Strategic Multiscale From Space to Earth Education,

Information and Communication” Framework
We observe that Space Programs have already been the symbol and the expression of two major Integration
Streams:
 Science and Engineering Integration
 Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral (University – Research – Industry – Society) Integration
In the context of the Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society Framework, Space can be regarded
as the “Catalyst” of a New Cultural Policy based upon a “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science –
Engineering - Society Integration” concept and strategy to address key issues for the Future of Earth and the
Future of Earth in Space.
Space is also the most striking Symbol of a major Integration Stream: Globalization. Space is the only place
where all the complex Earth economic development, civil, infrastructural, social, environmental and health
problems and issues can be appreciated and evaluated as a “Single Process”
By adopting the new “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Integration” Vision, stemming from
its history, Space will become a fundamental “driver” to develop and apply new and more effective Strategies to
deal with “Mankind Challenges”. At the same time, the new integrated Vision, by enabling the development of
highly innovative and affordable Space Technologies and Systems, will contribute to shape “The Future of
Mankind in Space”
The “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering - Society Integration” Concept and
Framework can give “Space” the
“Mark” of A New Frontier For A New Alliance Science - Technology – Society to effectively address
Mankind Challenges on Earth and in Space
In the Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary perspective, Space plays a special “Symbolic Role” as
“Integration Element” because it is at the Top of the Hierarchy of Space and Time Scales which rule any Earth,
Human, Natural and Technological phenomenon and process and relationships and interdependencies. “Space”
integrates in a “Big Picture” a Hierarchy of interrelated Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multisectoral phenomena,
processes, observations, analyses and models.
The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication Framework” takes full
advantage of the “Space Symbolic Role” to create a New “Culture” to deal in an innovative way with the
“Globalization Challenges”
The “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science - Engineering - Society Space and Earth Cyber &
Physical ” and the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based (or Science – Engineering – Society) Space
Station” Environment and Concept are essential components of this new “Vision”

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The new “From Space To Earth” Framework integrate all the features which characterize the “Strategic
Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication” Framework, but it introduces a new
“Setting”: From Space to Earth Setting
Fig. 41 From Space To Earth Setting

The “From Space to Earth Setting” is the expression of a New Space Culture and Vision where “Setting”
represents the “Central Node” of a “ Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Earth - Space Cyber & Physical
Enterprise” namely a “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Environment” located in the Space (a Virtual Space) not on
the Earth. The From Space To Earth Setting can be regarded as a sort of “Virtual Multiscale Science-Based
Space Station.
The International Space Station (ISS), as the first and only continuously inhabited place outside Earth can be
regarded as the historical “Symbol” and precursor of the New Integrated Strategic Multiscale From Space to
Earth Vision. The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Space Station” can be
regarded as the Next Step and Frontier
The “Space Central Node” or “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Space Station”
enables the implementation of a new more Integrated “Analysis Vision and Perspective” of the Human Life and
Society and related issues on the Earth. Life on the Earth is a “global” experience. All the major factors which
condition and rule life on the Earth: environment, climate change, population and economic growth, diseases, the
famine problem, energy, natural resources management,…. are strictly interrelated and they concern all the
world, no longer single countries. That is an absolutely trivial statement but people in the different countries do
not intimately “feel” to belong to a single “entity”, at least not yet. Even major initiatives and programs
designed to face these issues are, to some extent, fragmented.
Strategic Objective: developing a New "Global Culture" among citizens, professionals, and
politicians at all the levels and inside any area

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Reference Themes
“From Space to Earth” Programs are conceived to deal, in particular; with five Themes :
 Space Frontiers: the Future of Mankind in Space

Space Exploration (Solar System and Outer Space): Strategic Multiscale Space Time Framework can act as a
Virtual Time Machine to illustrate the future of space exploration inside and outside the Solar System
 Space for Earth: the Future of Space for Mankind

The benefits from Earth coming from new Space technologies and initiatives (Strategic Multiscale Space Time
Framework can act as a Virtual Time Machine). It is to be highlighted that Space Systems deal with Earth
Issues which are inherently Multiscale (environment, meteorology, communication networks,
transportation,…).
 Space Science
The Universe is inherently a Multiscale Machine and System
Fig. 42 European Astrophysical Virtual Observatory Fig. 43 US National Virtual Observatory
Fig. 44 Multiscale Integration in Space: Fig. 45 Multiscale Integration in Space :

NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission European Space Agency Multiscale Cluster Mission

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 Space Technology
Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration as a key element to develop new Space technologies.
Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Frameworks act as virtual space - time machines to describe what scientific
and technological advances can propel space activities in the future
 Mankind Challenges (Global Issues)

Energy, health, food, climate change, sustainable economic development Integrated Planning and Management
of Natural Resources (land, water, air, forest), Agricultural and Urban and Extra Urban Systems, Global
Transportation and Communication Systems,……). An “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering
From Space to Earth Virtual Distributed Environment” is particularly effective in illustrating and discussing this
kind of issues and integrated strategies to deal with them.
Application Areas
Application Areas are like the ones already foreseen for the General Strategic Multiscale Science – Based
Education, Information and Communication “Language” and Framework.
 Educational Programs
The following text gives some hints at the driving role that new Educational Concepts, Strategies and
Frameworks centered on Space could have in the Educational World provided that innovative concepts and
frameworks be conceived:
 Information Programs
 Meetings and Conferences
 Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Talk Shows: From Opinions to Strategies

The “From Space to Earth” Framework open the way to a wealth of innovative Analysis and Presentation
Schemes. Two or more Teams are concerned. A Team can be placed on Earth and the other one(s) on the
outer Space (inside a Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Space Station) at different distances
from Earth. In this way it is possible to compare two or more different analysis and planning perspectives.
The first Team near to the Earth represents a point view bounded to ways of mind and technological
scenarios like the ones which characterize the Life on the Earth, the other Team(s) (Deep Space located) can
represent point of views and technological, social, environmental scenarios and problems different from the
present ones. New economic, technological, environmental solutions can be evaluated and experimented.
The From Space to Earth Talk Sows act as a Strategic Multiscale Time Machine. These Analysis and
Presentation Schemes can also have a significant impact on Educational Programs and Strategies.
 Communication Programs
 A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Webs

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6. Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering

Technologies, Systems and Processes Development
(IMSE - TSPD) Framework
6.1 Architecture
 IMSE Framework (Chapter 3)
 “Integrated Earth and Space Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society

Cyber and Physical Framework” (Chapter 4)

Processing (SMCARDE-MP) Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided Systems Design (SMCASD) Framework
 Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin
 R&D and Design Processes Architectural Modeling and Design Framework
 System-Environment Interactions and System Requirements Definition
 Strategic Multiscale Systems Engineering
 Strategic Multiscale (Smart) Manufacturing and Processing
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering (or Science-Based) Testing
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Life Cycle Engineering
Note: A fundamental component of the SMCARDE-MP Framework is the “Virtual Multiscale

Innovative Technology and Systems Development and Implementation” described in the Paragraph
4.5
All these Frameworks run over the “Integrated Earth and Space Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering –Society Cyber & Physical Framework” described in the Chapter 4 and, in particular,
over the “Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier
Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework” (Paragraph 4.3)

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6.2 Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided R&D, Engineering and

Manufacturing & Processing (SMCARDE-MP) Framework
6.2.1 Architecture
Main components of the SMCARDE – MP Framework:
a) Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided Systems Design (MCASD) Framework

SMCASD System represent a new generation of CAD Frameworks and they characterize themselves
for an extended range of functionalities and Modules. Basic SMCASD Functionalities: are based upon
Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Maps and Knowledge Domains dfescribed in the Paragraph 2.2.
This range of Functionalities allow scientists and engineers to jointly:
 Map relationships and links among physical and biochemical structures inside a scale and over different
scales.
 Map relationships and links among physical and biochemical phenomena and physical and biochemical
structures (and related transformations) inside a scale and over different scales
b) Analysis and Design Methodologies & Strategies Framework. This Module manages all the
Analysis and Design Activities applied in all R&D and Engineering and Manufacturing& Processing
tasks. Analysis and Design activities are carried out thanks to the “Integrated Multiscale R&D and
Engineering Methodologies and Strategies Environment (Paragraph 2.3). These activities are planned
and coordinated by the Integrated Information – Driven Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering
Analysis and Design Schemes, Strategies and Environments (Paragraph 2.3.6) [which allows to
“Design” the overall Architecture of the Analysis and Design Processes). The “Strategic Multiscale
Digital Twin” Environments implement Analysis and Design Methodologies & Strategies.
c) Application Module:
This module integrates all the following Frameworks:
 System-Framework Interactions and System Requirements Definition Framework (Paragraph 5.2.3),
 Strategic Multiscale Systems Engineering Framework (Paragraph 5.2.4),
 Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Manufacturing and Processing (Paragraph 5.2.5)
 Strategic Multiscale Environmental Monitoring and Impact Analysis Framework (Paragraph 5.2.6),
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering (or Science-Based) Testing Framework (Paragraph 5.2.7)
 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Life Cycle Engineering Framework (Paragraph 5.2.8)
d) Data Analysis and Management Module: The amount of data to be stored, classified, fused and
analyzed is growing at a very fast pace (even more in the multiscale context). Classical Data
Management Systems and Schemes/Strategies begin to be no longer effective solutions. New
solutions and strategies are emerging (Materials Informatics) based on the “Metadata” concept, Data
Analytics and AI. Multiscale Multidisciplinary Maps and Knowledge Domains can represent a first step
towards new Analysis and Management solutions. A new feature foreseen in the Strategic Multiscale
Vision is the possibility to correlate sets of data with simulations, experiments and tests which
generated them and with specific analysis and design tasks and strategies (Paragraph 2.1).
e) Visualization Module : New Multiscale Visualization techniques should be developed to analyze

Multiscale Data and the results of all the Multiscale Analysis and Design activities.

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 Strategic Objectives:
a) Developing a global and coherent picture of different (scientific and engineering) complementary
visions, objectives, descriptions and models as a basic condition to radically improve the cooperation
among university – research – industry - society, and the design of innovation strategies.
b) Developing a new “Integrated Platforms” which can allow scientists and engineers to integrate all
the knowledge needed to analyze and design complex innovative Systems and the related
manufacturing processes
c) Defining innovative systemic approaches that consider the global behaviour of complex systems
as a whole by integrating representations and information across multiple scales and disciplines
d) Redefining data, information and knowledge transfer along the whole chain : basic research,
applied research, technology development, maturation, and integration, engineering, manufacturing,
operational testing
e) last but not least “Designing the R&D and Design Process”

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6.2.2 Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided Systems (SMCASD) Design
This Strategic Multiscale CAD System describes:

The full hierarchical networks of physical, chemical and bio-chemical structures (defined in a recursive way :
an element can be broken down in other elements that, in turn, can be broken down in other elements, and so
on) and their related digital representations, from macro to atomic, which constitutes the system under analysis.
At the macro level, a lot of highly sophisticated Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems are available.
However, a key limitation is that present engineering CAD environments do not take into account meso, micro,
and nano/atomic scales. CAD systems which depict atomic and micro geometrical structures exist but, the major
problem is that environments do not communicate with each other’s.
If we like to create really integrated science-engineering communities and views, it is necessary to create really
integrated multiscale science - engineering CAD (and CAE) environments which bring together, or at least
correlate, different scientific and engineering views.
Key Elements:
 Multiscale Architectural/Structural Maps describing relationships between the hierarchy of Sub-Systems,

Components, Devices, Materials and Elementary Structures constituting any kind of System (or System of
Systems) of arbitrary level of complexity and nature inside a scale and over a spectrum of scales. This kind
of Maps incorporates a special set of “Elements” referred to as “Interfaces” which describe interconnections,
relationships and interdependencies among Architectural/Structural constituents inside a scale and among
different scales. This kind of Maps describes also the dynamical behaviour of the Structures. This kind of
Maps describes the “variables” monitored and controlled, time and space monitoring and control resolution,
Sensing and control devices characteristics and operational schemes
 Multiscale Functional Maps describing relationships between Engineering System Architectural/Structural
Elements and Functions performed
These Maps are linked to:

 Multiscale Monitoring and Control Maps describing (Hierarchical) Networks of Sensors and Control
Devices and Systems and their relationships with Elements to be monitored and controlled (described in the
Multiresolution Multiscale Architectural/Structural Maps). Transformation (Dynamical) Processes
induced by control actions are described thanks to Multiresolution Multiscale Physics Maps

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6.2.3 System-Environment Interactions and System Requirements Definition

We highlight that Methods and Strategies described in the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering (IMSE) Framework” (Chapter 3) play a fundamental role in the System Requirements Definition
field. At the root of the behaviour of a technology system of any kind inside a real operational environment,
there is a wide and complex spectrum of physical and bio-chemical phenomena. Simplified models are certainly
useful, but they are, normally, characterized by a limited physical realism. In particular, when systems
performance are pushed to the limits and the system operational envelope and scenario become wider and wider
and more and more demanding. In this context Hierarchies of Variable Fidelity Multiscale Multiresolution
Models (for models we mean Numerical and Agent-Based Models) can be a valuable tool and approach to be
designed applying Integrated Strategic Multiscale R&D and Engineering Methodologies and Strategies
Framework (see Paragraph 3.3). These Hierarchies are designed and validated in the context of the Integrated
Strategic Multiscale Science . Engineering – Society Cyber & Physical Framework. This kind of “Information
Structures” is able to reconcile the need to routinely use simplified models with the objective not to neglect
important physical phenomena which can heavily influence the behavior of a complex system .inside a real
operational environment.
Multiscale on-line and off-line approaches can be applied. Hierarchies of multiscale Science - Engineering –
Society models are being developed. Science - Based Reduced Order Models can be effective tools These
models are simple to use (limited computing power called for, and limited amount of data produced to be
analyzed) but, in the Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society framework, they embody a high degree
of physical realism. This kind of models can be routinely used in mission and scenario analyses to identify the
best operational features and performance of the system to be designed.
Four key issues :
a) Analysis of the Operational Modalities (Mission and Scenario Analyses)
b) Analysis of the interactions between the Operational Scenario and the System over the full range of nominal
and off-nominal operational conditions (accidents included)
c) Definition of the operational “conditions” of the system following mission and scenario analyses.
Identification of Operational “loads” over the “System” are key to set engineering and technological
requirements.
d) Definition of how the “System” react to a whole spectrum of operational “conditions”
We would like to highlight that also Environmental Impact Analyses play an increasingly crucial role in the
development of all the technological systems including the military ones. Same considerations hold true for the
evaluation of the environmental impact of manufacturing processes. Bio-Chemical-Physico phenomena
underlying environmental processes are intrinsically multiscale and multiphysics.
A new challenge for “Environmental Impact” analyses is an integrated assessment of the whole chain : pollutant
or toxic substances generation – diffusion in the environment – interaction with biological systems (humans
included). This is a classic example of a Multiscale Multiphysics problem. This Issue can be dealt with a special
version of the “Virtual Multiscale Space – Time Machine” (Paragraph 4.5)
System-Environment interactions determine loads for any technological systems. Engineering and
technological requirements .are defined by analyzing how the “system” react to loads for the full operational
envelope and for the whole life-cycle. These issues are critical for alternatives evaluation as far as system
general architecture and technologies selection are concerned

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6.2.4 Strategic Multiscale Systems Engineering

Systems Structure: Any kind of Material, Technological, Engineering, Civil, Infrastructural, Socio-
Economic,,. System can have; from a general point of view, a “Horizontal” (inside a Scale) and a
“Vertical” Architecture and Organization (over several Scales and Levels). Interactions develop inside
a Scale and among Scales and Levels concerning “Components” interacting inside a Scale and level
and over a spectrum of Scales and Levels.
Systems (nay kind) Dynamics develops over a wide range of technologies and a full spectrum of sub-systems,
components, devices, and materials inside a scale and over several scales and levels. Analysis and Design of this
kind of “Complex Systems) is, today, a fundamental challenge. In the future, the widening use of a full
hierarchy of nano, micro, meso technologies, devices and components will make this issue even more critical.
System Engineering will, more and more become a Hierarchical “Multiscale” Systems Engineering.
Nanotechnology, Nano To Macro Integration and Multiscale (Computational, Experimental, Characterization,
Testing and Sensing) will be the catalysts for this process. Because, today, it begins to be possible to analyze
the dynamics of systems at multiple scales, the next step is to use “Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering
Strategies” to design hierarchical systems at multiple scales. That means being able to design systems in such a
way as to make multiple “structures/elements” inside a scale and over a spectrum of different scales cooperating
to produce an increasingly wider set of properties and functions and global higher performance levels.
Fig. 46 Multiscale System Design (MIT)

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In the “Strategic Multiscale System Engineering” field, Analyses Challenges are linked to the following issues:
 Analysis of the Interactions between the operational environment and the technological systems for the
whole operational envelope including extreme and off-nominal conditions
 Analysis of Requirements and their Interdependencies over the full spectrum of scales (Multiscale
Requirements Traceability)
 Analysis of the “Requirements – Performance – Architecture/Structure – Property” relationships and
interdependencies over the full spectrum of scales taking into account relationships and interdependencies
inside a scale.
 Analyzing Multiscale Interactions among several elements at the same scale and over a spectrum of scales.
Also in this case we deal with Multiscale Physical, Chemical and Biochemical Issues because Interactions
can involve phenomena spanning a spectrum of scales and Dynamics of Elements at the same scales can be
characterized by phenomena developing over multiple scales.
 Development Hierarchies of Multiscale Multilevel Multidisciplinary “Variable Fidelity” Computational
Models and Experimental/Characterization/Testing/Sensing Models and Techniques.
 Analysis, Organization and Integration of Data Information and Knowledge get from the full spectrum of
“Information Sources” (Data Bases, Analytical Theory, Computational Models, Experimentation and
Testing) during the different phases of the R&D and Engineering Process and related to the whole range of
the “System Architectural Elements” from material coupon to devices, components, sub-systems and the
whole system. “Multiscale Maps” and “Knowledge Domains” and the related “Management System” can be
applied to address this Issue.
Methods, Strategies and Environments described in the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science -
Engineering Analysis Schemes” (Chapter 3) are applied to deal with the previously highlighted Tasks. The
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical
Framework” (Chapter 4) represents a new “Integrated Platform and Operational Environment” where
Systems Engineering Analysis and Design Strategies can effectively work and be applied.
Strategic Multiscale Systems Monitoring and Control

A multiscale system design approach opens the way to new strategies for complex systems control. A
combination of new multiscale sensors, meso, micro and nano systems, and Strategic Multiscale Computational
Systems, can lead to innovative monitoring and control schemes.
New multiscale sensors will be able to deliver not only "averaged" data and information, as in the past, about
space and time variations of key physical and technological variables (pressure, temperature, chemical
composition,....) but the detailed map of local values and rates at different levels of resolution and time and space
scales. This kind of information can be used to develop and validate off-line physical models no longer based
on an empirical and semi-empirical (averaged) knowledge but on a first principles understanding of the physical
reality. Highly detailed real-time models to control technological systems will grow out of this new level of
understanding and will run on an array of distributed computing systems.

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Multiscale And “Data Analysis”

All the “Sensor Networks” (even a Smart Phone and a car are Sensors) operating in a Smart City
transmit data related to systems structured in hierarchical way and processes developing over multiple
space and time scales. Artificial Intelligence Systems are becoming a key Tool.
A fundamental objective for Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics Methods and Frameworks is, and
ever more it will be in the future, to elucidate relationships and interdependencies between data linked
to processes occurring over a spectrum of space and time scales and over a spectrum of sectors and
disciplines. This knowledge is of great relevance to:


design new ICT and IoT Systems with new and extended functionalities and operational modes.
 validate multiscale computational models and design new models with improved reliability and
capabilities
 improve, thanks to new and more powerful computational models, our capability to predict
Systems dynamics and design new Systems and Operational Modes and Adaptive Systems
The Multiscale Analysis of data is a new frontier for the sector "Data Analysis", also taking into
account the increasing use of the methodologies "Multiscale" in the Analysis and Design of "Smart
Cities"
The spread of a huge number of "data sources": satellites, drones, mobile phones, sensor networks,
social networks, the Internet and the Internet of Things which provide information on phenomena that
develop on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales is making it increasingly necessary to develop
new data analytics methods. Examples of Application Areas:
 Production of Wind Energy: four possible scales: individual wind turbine, wind farm, group of
wind farms, wind farm of an entire country. The analysis of the data shows that the production of
wind power has an intermittent character of all scales. L 'objective is to make it as stable as
possible the production of energy with different strategies correlation between different scales.
Recently, it was shown that the combination of different sources of renewable energy such as wind
and solar power, would provide a more constant production of combined energy (Integration Multi-
Area Multiscale)
 Mobility: “Understand human movement and the correlations with the Pollution and Economic
Activity / Production by small spatial areas, such as neighborhoods, the city, the country, the
region and beyond, it is critical for a variety of topics such as the spread of diseases , optimization
of telecommunications networks, urban planning, .......” University IUAV of Venice – School of
Graduate - SMART SAFE ROAD - ICT Infrastructure for the Smart and Secure
 Water Management: Recent studies have shown the need to consider the space-time dimension
of the supply of water resources in order to correlate the same properly with the weather patterns
and hydrology, pollution, the evolution of population ... .. [see, for instance "Multiscale Effects on
Spatial Variability Metrics Global Water Resources Data Shama Perveen, James L. Allan Water
Resource Manage (2010) 24: 1903-1924)]

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The New Frontier: Multiscale Data - Multiscale Modeling Integration

Multiscale Modeling & Simulation and Multiscale Sensors integration defines a real new “Paradigm” to
deal with Big data and data Analytics: from ‘Big Data’ to ‘Big Information’ to “Integrated Knowledge”.
Two fundamental elements which led to this transition have been:
a) The availability of a new generation of cheaper, more sensitive and sophisticated sensors and
cyber networks able to collect and integrate data over an extended range of spatial and temporal
scales and at higher level of detail.
b) Advances in data science and data fusion that enable researchers to make best use of the vast
amounts of additional, heterogeneous measurement data.
In turn, it is important to highlight that Models also benefit from having new data to improve in a
significant way calibration, validation, and assimilation increasing, in such way, the reliability and
capability of ever more complex single and multiscale multidisciplinary models
Multiscale Data – Multiscale Models Two way Relationships: Multiscale Models not only use
sensor data, but can also help to improve the design the architecture of sensor networks and their
operational modalities. Multiscale Data-Modeling Integration is a key resource to get an in-depth
“Knowledge” of Complex Scientific, Engineering. Societal, Environmental and Economic Systems and
Processes. This Knowledge is a key resource to build a new Generation of Decision Support Systems
in the Industrial and Societal Fields and design, develop and validate a new Generation Integrated
Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Frameworks.
This New Kind of Methodology and Strategy represent an important resource for
Strategic Multiscale Systems Engineering

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Multiscale Data – Multiscale Models Integration
DDDAS Program US National Science Foundation
Fig. 47 Multiscale Environmental Data Assimilation

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DATA – MODELING INTEGRATION

InfoSymbiotics/Data Driven Application Systems (National Science Foundation)
Today not only Civil, Infrastructural and Environmental systems are becoming increasingly more
complex, but also we deal with environments which involve “systems-of-systems”, of multiple combined
engineered systems, of engineered systems interacting with natural systems, engineered systems with
humans-in-the-loop; such as for example are: all types of complex platforms, communication systems,
wide area manufacturing systems, large national infrastructure systems
The increase in both complexity and degree of interconnectivity in such systems, provides
unprecedented opportunities for new capabilities, and at the same time drives the need for more
advanced methods for understanding, building, and managing such systems in autonomic ways.
Furthermore, this complexity has added to the fragility of such systems. As the interconnectivity across
multiple systems has increased tremendously, so has the impact of cascading effects across the entire
set of systems, for even small failures in a subset of any of the component systems. These new realities
have led to the need for more adaptive analysis of systems, with methods that go beyond the static
modeling and simulation methods of the past, to new methods, such as InfoSymbiotics/DDDAS, which
augment and enhance the system models through continually updated information from monitoring and
control/feedback aspects of the system.
DDDAS is a paradigm, where data are dynamically integrated into an executing simulation to augment
or complement the application model, and, where conversely the executing simulation steers the
measurement (instrumentation and control) processes of the application system. In essence, the
InfoSymbiotics/DDDAS control loop unifies complex computational models of a system with the real
time data-acquisition and control aspects of the system, and engenders transformative advances in
computational modeling of applications and in instrumentation and control systems, and in particular
those that represent dynamic, complex systems.
This synergistic and symbiotic feedback control loop between applications/simulations and
measurements is a novel technical direction that can open new domains in the capabilities of
simulations with high potential payoff, and create applications with new and enhanced capabilities. It
has the potential to transform the way science and engineering are done, and induce a major beneficial
impact in the way many functions in our society are conducted, such as manufacturing, commerce,
transportation, hazard prediction/management, and medicine, to name a few. Traditional application
simulations are conducted with static data inputs. In the new dynamic, data driven application systems
field collected data will be used in an "online" fashion to steer the simulations and vice versa the
simulations could be used to control experiments or other field measurements. Thus the
applications/simulations and the experiments (or field data) become a symbiotic feedback system rather
than the usual static, disjoint and serialized approaches.
Key Elements are:

 complex systems multi-scale/multi-modal modeling and algorithmic methods;
 ubiquitous sensoring and networks of heterogeneous sensors and actuators;
 streaming large data volumes remotely;
 multicore-based transformational computational capabilities at the high-end and the real-time data acquisition
and control systems.

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6.2.5 Strategic Multiscale Science- based Manufacturing and Processing
Reference Strategy: Systematic application of Scientific Knowledge to Innovate and Integrate

Engineering and Manufacturing
Advances in science and technology and their convergence constitute are a critical element for the 'Advanced
Manufacturing.
A New Production Environment: “Strategic Multiscale Manufacturing System”:

“
The IMSE Framwork and the “Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society
Collaboratory Cyber & Physical Framework” represent a new conceptual, methodological and
implementation context to design manufacturing & processing systems and related M&C
architectures
New Hierarchical Science-based Materials, Production Technologies and Final Propducts
Hierarchical Nano and Micro Structured Materials

Additive Manufacturing, Biomanufacturing, Hierarchical Manufacturing,…
"Strategic Multiscale Manufacturing" is implemented applying the “ INTEGRATED MULTISCALE SCIENCE-
ENGINEERING (IMSE) FRAMEWORK” (CHAPTER 3) AND THE “INTEGRATED STRATEGIC MULTISCALE
SCIENCE - ENGINEERING - SOCIETY EARTH AND SPACE COLLABORATORY CYBER & PHYSICAL
FRAMEWORK” . “Smart Factory” concepts and strategies play an important role. Intelligent (or Smart) Factory
is a " Multiscale Cyber Physical System" that handles a wide range of distributed resources on a wide range of
spatial scales and runs over a wide range of time scales: Networked and Multiscale Manufacturing Systems. The
term "Multiscale" refers to:
 the spatial and temporal scales that characterize the entire spectrum of the production systems architecture.
 the fact that Distributed Manufacturing Systems are to be regarded as “Complex Technological Ecosystems”
which are inserted inside “Complex Natural Ecosystems”. Relationships and Interdependencies between the
two Systems are to be accounted for and they span a wide range of multiscale physical and bio-chemical
phenomena and processes
 the hierarchy of phenomena and physical and bio-chemical processes (from the atomic scale to the micro and
macroscopic) that are the basis of production processes and describing the dynamics of the materials,
components, subsystems and systems to be produced.
Multiscale Network-based Production systems are designed to get more flexibility and to fully exploit the new
technologies of production, such as Bio-manufacturing, Adaptive Manufacturing. Micro and Nanoscale
Manufacturing. Multiscale Model-based Monitoring and Control Systems become key elements for a
successful implementation of Innovative Systems of Production and Integrated Systems Design and Production.
The IMSE Framework has been conceived to represent a comprehensive “Integrated Platform” to
contribute the a successful implementation of “Smart Manufacturing” Strategies
Networked and Multiscale Production Systems are designed to get more flexibility and introduce new
manufacturing technologies and strategies (Bio-manufacturing, Adaptive Manufacturing. Micro and Nanoscale
Manufacturing). A wide range of Computational Methods (Modeling and Simulation) and new Multiscale
Systems Monitoring and Control become key elements for a successful implementation of Innovative
Production Systems and related Integrated R&D and Engineering Frameworks.
In the future, Multiscale Science and Engineering Integration will be an ever more critical issue for
Manufacturing/Processing taking into account three fundamental issues :

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 Technological Systems will integrate nano – micro - meso – macro technologies and structures. Processing
and Manufacturing will have, to address nano – micro – meso – macro issues in an integrated fashion. The
development of the “Additive Manufacturing” field is an important step towards “Multiscale
Manufacturing”.
 Environmental Issues are more and more conditioning Materials Processing and Manufacturing strategies
and approaches. A clear trend is the transition from a “Waste Management” approach to a “Clean or Green
by Design” strategy which rests on:
 a fundamental (multiscale science – based) understanding of processes and their interactions with the
environment for a wide range of operational conditions including the extreme and accident ones.
 New Plant and Processes Architectures and Operational Principles
 Performance, optimization and operational requirements continuously pushed up call for an in depth (science
– based) control of physical and chemical structure of manufactured materials, parts and products and
understanding of the impact of even very small “defects” on materials, parts and products. That implies the
design and implementation of “Multiscale Sensing Networks” and “Multiscale Data Analysis” Schemes and
Tools integrated with Multiscale Models (Multiscale Model-Based Control)
The “Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering (IMSE) Framework” and the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale
Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical Framework” have a specific relevance for
the following key issues :
 Integrating R&D, Design and Production in order to fully exploit synergy and innovations in the previously
quoted three sectors, checking the "manufacturability" of new products and identifying what new
technologies and production methods may be necessary
 Designing new Technologies and Production Systems directly based on Scientific Knowledge and
Technological Advances
 Manufacturing intrinsic hierarchical (Multiscale) structures, devices, and complex systems (Multiscale
Processing and Manufacturing : from nano to macro)
 Designing a New Generation of Multiscale Science-based Measurement (Monitoring) and Control
Technologies and Networks which are a specific requirement to precisely characterize manufacturing
systems for performance assurance
 Modeling and Simulating, using Multiscale methods the various production processes in order to predict the
quality of the results of the various phase of the process from materials to the finished products.
 Analyzing, Modeling and Simulating the whole Product Life Cycle considering
interactions with the environment and recyclability.
 Developing new Multiscale Data Representation and Data Analytics and Multiscale Data – Modeling
Integration Methods.
 Optimizing production processes and technologies as a function of cost reduction, the production yield,
environmental sustainability, safety, flexibility and energy efficiency
 Analyzing, taking full advantage of the scientific knowledge, the whole spectrum of (multiscale) interactions
between processing and manufacturing units and the environment and humans for all the nominal and off-
nominal operational conditions, including accidents. (this issue is becoming more and more critical and
conditioning)
 Designing new Multiscale Workflow Management Systems
 Designing New Frameworks and Strategies for Education and Training (Multiscale Education, Information
and Communication Framework: Chapter 4)

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Multiscale, Smart Manufacturing and Smart Factory

Industry 4.0 Program in Germany
Important partners are the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA and the
Institute of Industrial Manufacturing and Management (IFF) at the University of Stuttgart. Smart
Manufacturing is implemented thanks to the Smart Factory concept. Smart Factory is a Cyber Physical
Systems which manages a wide range of resources distributed over a wide range of space scales and
operating over a wide spectrum of time scales (Networked and Multiscale Manufacturing Systems).
Multiscale refers both to the spatial and temporal scales which characterize the whole spectrum of
manufacturing processes and the hierarchy of multiscale physical and bio-chemical phenomena
and processes which at the root of manufacturing processes and that describe the dynamics of
materials, components, sub-systems and systems to be manufactured.
Networked and multi-scale manufacturing systems are designed to get more flexibility to respond to
dramatic changes in the world market and take full advantage of new manufacturing technologies like Bio
manufacturing, Adaptive Manufacturing. Micro and Nanoscale Manufacturing. Multiscale Modeling and
Simulation (and ever more Strategic Multiscale) becomes a key Enabling Methodology for a successful
implementation of this new approach. New Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Cyber (Computing,
Information and Communication) Infrastructures are a fundamental Elements to implement Smart factory
and Smart Manufacturing Concepts and Strategies

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Multiscale modeling—a paradigm shift in the way we design everything

Sean McGee product marketing manager for BIOVIA Dassault Systèmes.
Among all the new advances in science and technology in the past decade, few have reached the levels of
prominence or skepticism quite like additive manufacturing. Some see it as revolutionary. To others, it is
overhyped. Yet, as new techniques and approaches become accessible and desired Economies of scale
are realized, additive manufacturing does not appear to be going away any time soon. Its role is becoming
more defined, and manufacturers, industry leaders, and even individual “makers” are exploring new and
innovative uses for it.
While the future does appear bright for additive manufacturing, there are still significant hurdles that must
be overcome. Foremost among these is accessing a wider range of materials. Some are too brittle for high
fidelity parts at scale, some are too toxic for widespread consumption, and some are too expensive.
At the core of this limited range of materials being used in additive manufacturing is a lack of understanding
of the material science that gives these materials their properties. Making multiple physical prototypes
extends the design cycle, can increase costs, and requires extra testing. As a result, many engineers and
designers tend to limit themselves to a core group of materials that they understand well, confining their
creativity and stifling the potential of their finished product.
However, there is a solution on the horizon that can push additive past its current “tipping point.” Imagine a
design process where bespoke materials are tailored for their specific use. How does this become
possible? It comes from the advent of a new capability in materials and product design: multiscale
modeling. The accuracy of today’s modeling and simulation software has evolved to the point that
an integrated solution can enable designers to model a product from the atomic scale up to full size
in silico. Scientists and engineers can visualize the molecular systems that give their materials
their properties, gaining deeper understanding of how and why their materials work. They can
manipulate the immediate environment, test different formulations or functional groups, and
optimize desired properties without needing a single physical experiment. With these material
properties they can then design and optimize parts to meet more complex and specific design
requirements. They can test different shapes, orientations and manufacturing methods to meet and
go beyond current design limitations to create a new world of manufacturing. These possibilities
flip the traditional design and manufacturing paradigm on its head; where a designer limited the
capabilities of his final part based on the constraints of the materials available, now a designer
crafts a material to fit the desired parameters of his final part.
Couple this with other burgeoning technologies like additive manufacturing, and the possibilities
grow exponentially. Single parts can be seamlessly made from multiple materials, or even
gradients of materials.
Runs can be optimized for any number of parameters: cost, mechanical strength, heat resistance or
sustainability. Batches can be made to order, with little to no retooling or recalibrating of
machinery.
In short, the world of manufacturing is on the verge of changing forever. And this vision is not as far off as it
would appear. It is growing. It is coming.

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From Multiscale Architectural Design to Multiscale Hierarchical Artificial Bone 3 D Printing

(Additive Manufacturing)
MIT Researchers develop method to design synthetic materials and quickly turn the design into reality
using computer optimization and 3-D printing. -June 17, 2013. Researchers working to design new
materials that are durable, lightweight and environmentally sustainable are increasingly looking to
natural composites, such as bone, for inspiration: Bone is strong and tough because its two constituent
materials, soft collagen protein and stiff hydroxyapatite mineral, are arranged in complex hierarchical
patterns that change at every scale of the composite, from the micro up to the macro. While researchers
have come up with hierarchical structures in the design of new materials, going from a computer model
to the production of physical artifacts has been a persistent challenge. This is because the hierarchical
structures that give natural composites their strength are self-assembled through electrochemical
reactions, a process not easily replicated in the lab.
Now researchers at MIT have developed an approach that allows them to turn their designs into reality.
In just a few hours, they can move directly from a multiscale computer model of a synthetic material to
the creation of physical samples.
In a paper published online June 17 in Advanced Functional Materials, associate professor Markus
Buehler of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and co-authors describe their
approach. Using computer-optimized designs of soft and stiff polymers placed in geometric patterns that
replicate nature’s own patterns, and a 3-D printer that prints with two polymers at once, the team
produced samples of synthetic materials that have fracture behavior similar to bone. One of the
synthetics is 22 times more fracture-resistant than its strongest constituent material, a feat achieved by
altering its hierarchical design.
Two are stronger than one

The collagen in bone is too soft and stretchy to serve as a structural material, and the mineral
hydroxyapatite is brittle and prone to fracturing. Yet when the two combine, they form a remarkable
composite capable of providing skeletal support for the human body. The hierarchical patterns help
bone withstand fracturing by dissipating energy and distributing damage over a larger area, rather than
letting the material fail at a single point.
A step toward ‘metamaterials’
“This research is a wonderful example of how 3-D printing can be used to fabricate complex
architectures that emulate those found in nature,” says. The power of integrating design, computational
modeling and 3-D assembly will only be fully realized when these tools are combined to generate
entirely new ‘metamaterials’ — in other words, ones that today do not exist in either engineered or
biological forms. This work represents an important step toward this objective.” Jennifer Lewis, the
Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University
The work was funded by the U.S. Army Research Office.

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This Program has a special relevance for all the Industrial Area: It can represents a first step to define
New Integrated Strategies for the Multiscale Design and Manufacturing of a New Generation of
“Inherently” Multiscale Hierarchical Products with extended performance and functionalities
DARPA Atoms to Product (A2P) Program

A New Frontier: Integrated Design and Manufacturing of Hierarchical Products
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is soliciting innovative research proposals in
the area of processes and technology for assembly of systems, components, and materials at millimeter
scale or larger from nanometer scale constituents. Proposed research should investigate innovative
approaches that enable revolutionary advances in science, devices, or systems. Specifically excluded is
research that primarily results in evolutionary improvements to the existing state of practice. The Atoms to
Product (A2P) program seeks to make the use and application of nanometer scale material properties and
devices a viable option to the system designer. To that end, the primary goal of the A2P program is to
develop the technologies and processes required to assemble nanometer scale constituents into systems,
components, or materials that are at least millimeter scale in size. A secondary, yet key program interest is
exploitation of unique nanometer scale characteristics. The systems, components, or materials that result
from the A2P assembly process will leverage unique material properties and/or the miniaturization,
material and geometric heterogeneity, and ability to build in three dimensions made possible by assembly
from the nanometer scale. Assembling nanometer scale constituents into millimeter scale products requires
assembly across six length-scales, i.e., a finished product that is 1,000,000 times larger than the basic
building blocks. It is illustrative to consider how assembly is accomplished over multiple length-scales in
both naturally occurring and man-made systems. In biological assemblies, many length-scales are crossed
using a structural hierarchy. Lipid molecules self-assemble into cell walls, cells are assembled into organs,
and organs combine to form organisms. In similar fashion, man-made assembly typically begins with
millimeter-size and larger components (e.g., nuts, bolts, integrated circuits, wires) that are assembled into
larger subsystems (e.g., displays, gearboxes, fans), which frequently fall in the 10-centimeter to meter scale.
Subsystems are then assembled into final products. A recurring theme in both biological and non-biological
assembly across multiple length-scales is that the size “jump” between each hierarchical level is rarely more
than two or three length scales (100-1000x) The A2P program structure is defined by two hierarchical steps
required to assemble across the six length-scales from the nanometer scale to the millimeter scale (Figure
1). The first step, Technical Area 1 (TA1), is called “Atoms to Micron” and focuses on assembly of (~10-9
m) constituents into micron scale (~10-6 m) components or materials. The second step, Technical Area 2
(TA2), is called “Micron to Millimeter” and addresses assembly of the micron-scale (~10-6 m) Atoms to
Micron output into systems, components, or materials that are at least at the millimeter scale (~10-3 m).

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Multiscale Processing
It is interesting to highlight that the Processing area has been and it is one of the most sensitive and reactive field
to the multiscale trend and challenge.
Fig. 48 The Chemical Supply Chain

(from Prof Charpentier presentation given in year 2007 at the ESCAPE 17 Conference)
This figure synthetically describes the Multiscale approach in the Chemical Engineering Field. Multiscale
Strategy is now an important element of a new Frontier for Process Engineering referred to as “Process
Intensification”.
Prof., Charpentier (former President of European Federation of Chemical Engineering) has emphasized four
important directions that should be considered, in the future, as part of chemical and process engineering:
 Increase selectivity and productivity by a total multiscale control of the processes,
 Process intensification: by the design of novel process and equipment based on scientific principles and new
production operating methods,
 Product design and engineering: synthesize structured products combining several functions and end-use
properties required by the customer.
 Implementation of multiscale and multidisciplinary computational and simulation to real-life situations with
an emphasis on the understanding of the physics, chemistry and biology of the interactions involving control
and safety considerations; from the molecule to the overall complex production scale into the entire
production site.
All these issues can be dealt with applying the previously described “Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering
Framework”. The limits of the classical approach to Chemical Engineering Design were well described, some
years ago, by the words of Dr. Irving G. Snyder Jr., director of process technology development at Dow
Chemical. He highlighted : "In the chemical engineering field we often know that A plus B makes C but, in many
cases, we do not know the transient intermediates that A and B go through in producing C; the reaction
mechanisms of all the by-product reactions; which of all the steps in the reaction mechanism are kinetically
controlled, which mass-transfer controlled, and which heat transfer controlled; if the reaction is homogeneous,
what takes place at every point in the reactor at every point in time; and if the reaction is heterogeneous, the
diffusion characteristics of raw materials to the catalyst surface or into the catalyst, as well as the reaction,
reaction mechanism, and by-product reactions within the catalyst, the diffusion characteristics of products away
from the catalyst, and the nature of heat transfer around the catalyst particle".

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Key Issues for Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Integration:
 Intelligent operations and multiscale control of processes.

The implementation of multiscale modeling jointly with the use of multiscale computer-based control
schemes and array of advanced multiscale sensors would allow to control events and processes not only at
the classical macro scale but at the microscale level (detailed local temperature and composition control) and
also at the nanoscale/molecular levels. New multiscale models for predictive control and science-based
Sensing & actuation technologies will make possible a very accurate monitoring and control of reaction
conditions with respect to mixing, quenching, and temperature profile. This science-based scheme
significantly differs from the classical one that imposes boundary conditions and lets a system operate under
spontaneous reaction and transfer processes. The multiscale control of processes solution would lead to an
increased productivity and selectivity and opens the way to a "smart chemical engineering" to meet, at the
same time, tight economic and environmental requirements. In systems where process variables at different
scales are highly coupled, controlling any single variable will generally require the development of an
integrated multiscale vision and the controller to use multiple sensor inputs, and multiple actuator outputs.
Innovative (multiscale) Sensing and control strategies can be derived from descriptions based on
fundamental principles and simulations linking different phenomena at a wide range of scales. There are
clearly opportunities for new mathematical algorithmic research as well as new sensor design and
development.
 Design of New Equipments Based on Scientific Knowledge and New Modes of Production
The development of an integrated conceptual framework, which links basic scientific understanding to
engineering and technological issues, makes it possible to conceive innovative equipments based on first
principles. The design of new operating modes in chemical engineering and manufacturing can be linked to
a science-based approach. Innovative engineering applications of reversed flow, cyclic processes, unsteady
operations, extreme conditions, high-pressure technologies, and supercritical media, are largely dependent
on:
 The ability to couple scientific and engineering knowledge and models.
 The development of integrated science – engineering model based predictive control schemes
 The development and application of new micro and nano sensors and Integrated Sensor Processing devices
 The development of new devices (MEMS and NEMS, micro-reactors, micro separators, and micro
analyzers) is, making possible accurate control of reaction conditions with respect to mixing, quenching, and
temperature profile.
 Intelligent Processing of Materials (IPM)

Intelligent Processing of Materials (IPM) is widely considered as the reference methodology for advanced
materials and manufacturing processes. IPM is closely linked to a multiscale understanding of materials
physics and biochemistry and its space-time transformations.
The strategy which underlies IPM is to model micro and meso (and more and more also nano, taking into
account the development of the Nanomanufacturing field) structural evolution during processing, sense
micro/nano structural changes in real time, and use a model-based control strategy to achieve the desired
micro, meso and nano structure in the finished product. A key objective is to develop advanced physical-
based models for relating the fundamental laws that govern the processes controlling the evolution of
microstructures and nanostructures and the resulting physico-chemical properties. Despite continuous
advances in control technologies in the materials and manufacturing processes, manufactured parts and
components contains several defects at a wide range of scales. These defects have a major impact on the
engineering properties of materials and structures due to increasingly tight design constraints and
requirements.

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Process Systems Enterprise (PSE Ltd)

Multiscale Model-Based Engineering
MBE places high-fidelity predictive models at the heart of process design or operational analysis.
Initial project effort is put into constructing a high-fidelity model of the plant or process that is
predictive over the entire range of interest.
This model is then used to optimise design or operation, exploring a wide design space rapidly and at
low cost, and applying optimisation techniques to determine answers directly rather than by trial and
error simulation.
MBE is based on three core approaches:
 First-principles modelling, where all relevant phenomena are described to an appropriate level
of chemical engineering first principles representation. This typically involves detailed mass
transfer, heat transfer and reaction equations.

 Multiscale modelling, where phenomena at all relevant scales are taken into account. The
diagram on the right shows, for example, the scales that need to be taken into account for a multi
tubular reactor. The phenomena occurring at a microscale in a catalyst pore can have a significant
influence on the overall (macroscale) reactor design.
 Integration with experimental data, by applying a model-targeted experimentation approach to

refine the model and at the same time maximise the effectiveness of the experimental
programme.

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Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Methodologies and Strategies are today applied to
design new Industrial Processes and Systems
EU MULTISCALE INDUSTRIAL PROJECT

European Research Council (ERC) Multiscale Analysis and Design for Process
Intensification and Innovation
MADPII Project
Host Institution: Universiteit Gent (Be)

Subjects: Construction Technology - Industrial Manufacture - Materials Technology - Physical
sciences and engineering
Objective: "The current pressures on the major industrial players have necessitated a more urgent
push for increased productivity, process efficiency, and waste reduction; i.e. process intensification.
Future sizable improvements in these entrenched industrial processes will require either completely
novel production technologies, fundamental analysis/modeling methods, or a combination of both.
This proposal aims to approach this challenge by using multiscale modeling and experimentation on
three fronts: (1) detailed analysis of industrial processes to generate new fundamental chemical
understanding, (2) multiscale modeling and evaluation of high-volume chemical processes using a
multiscale approach and fundamental chemical understanding, and (3) show the practical applicability
of the multiscale approach and use it to critically examine novel technologies in the context of
industrial processes. The novel technology portion of this proposal will be focused around a class
known as rotating bed reactors in a static geometry (RBR-SG). We will investigate three processes
that could benefit from RBR-SG technology: (1) fast pyrolysis of biomass, (2) gasification of biomass,
and (3) short contact time catalytic partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons. Experimental reactor and
kinetic work and validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the process mentioned
above will be used. We will construct two RBR-SG units; heat transfer, adsorption, and pyrolysis
gas/solid experiments will be performed in one, while non-reacting flow tests will be performed in the
other with other phase combinations. Detailed kinetic models will provide novel insights into the
reaction dynamics and impact other research and technologies. The combination of kinetic and CFD
models will clearly demonstrate the benefits of a multiscale approach, will definitively identify the
process(es) benefitting most from RBR-SG technology, and will enable a first design of the RBR-SG
based on our results."

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EU MULTISCALE INDUSTRIAL PROJECT

FP7-ENERGY: Design Technologies for Multi-scale Innovation and Integration in Post-
Combustion CO2 Capture: From Molecules to Unit Operations and Integrated Plants
CAPSOL Project
Objective:
A new technology towards breakthrough innovation in solvent based post-combustion CO2 capture for
enhanced energy efficiency, improved cost effectiveness and increased process sustainability and
environmental benefits is developed. Advances in the identification of highly performing solvents and
solvent blends in CO2 absorption, the design of innovative separation equipment internals, and the
development of optimal process configurations enable a cost of approximately 16 euros per ton of
CO2 captured. Such achievement can have a tremendous impact in several industrial applications
such as gas-fired, coal-fired, and lignite-fired power plants as well as quick-lime production plants
where solvent based post-combustion CO2 absorption can become a viable solution.
The current project adopts a holistic approach towards the fulfillment of the outlined goals
accomplished through research and development at multiple levels within an integrated framework.
At the molecular level, the use of computer aided molecular design tools supported by accurate and
adequately validated thermodynamic models enables the exhaustive investigation of the performance
of multiple solvents and solvent blends in post-combustion CO2 absorption processes. The solvent
blends are systematically assessed and rank-ordered against their performance towards the
satisfaction of relevant process, economic, operability and sustainability criteria. The optimal solvents
and solvent blends are expected to exhibit significantly better characteristics than currently used
solvents in terms of energy requirements and overall environmental impact.
At the unit operations level, the design of innovative process configurations and column internals that
are specifically tailored for the employed solvents enhance the efficiency of the absorption based
separation. Advanced modeling and optimization tools in conjunction with thorough experimental
procedures ensure the achievement of high mass transfer rates and optimal flow patterns.
At the plant level, the comprehensive analysis of the interactions among an existing power plant and
the added solvent based post-combustion CO2 capture unit enables the optimal allocation of
resources for improved energy savings and the efficient integration of the new CO2 capture process
components.
Pilot plant testing of the newly developed technology under operating condition encountered in
practical applications ensures process stability and consistency.
Several industrial applications in power production and chemicals manufacture are scheduled for
comprehensive study, analysis, and evaluation thus resolving all related technical and engineering
issues.

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6.2.6 Strategic Multiscale Environmental Monitoring and Impact Analysis Framework

The “Environmental Issue” has emerged as one of the most critical challenges facing the industrial world.
Efforts to reduce the pollution generated by industrial activities rely in several cases on the "end-of-the-pipe"
control strategy. In this context, green chemistry means essentially pollution clean-up and waste management
technologies. A more radical and innovative approach, which can be defined "clean by design", entails the re-
design of chemical and manufacturing processes and units to eliminate at the root the formation of pollutants and
toxic by-products. A major problem is to design and operate “Complex Systems (or Systems of Systems)
Monitoring Networks” to understand, predict, monitor and control Environment and “Technological Systems –
Operational Environment Interactions”
Significant advances in Sensors, Computing, Information and Communication technologies enable the creation
of complex networks of different types of monitoring systems operating over a full spectrum of space and time
scales and a wide range of physical, chemical and biological domains. These networks can be connected (also
in real time) at a powerful set of experimental and computing facilities for integrated multiscale multiphysics
from macro to atomistic analyses.
Multiscale Environmental Monitoring And Analysis Scheme

key Elements: IMSE Framework and “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society
Framework” (incorporating in this case multiscale sensor networks) can be applied to the Environmental fields
in the following areas:
 Study of the multiscale spectrum of physical and biochemical phenomena/processes and the complex pattern
of relationships and interdependencies between them which rule the dynamics of “Environmental and
Climatological Systems”. This kind of analysis are instrumental to design multiscale monitoring
infrastructures and related data analysis schemes
 Study of the multiscale (space and time) spectrum of physical and bio-chemical processes and the complex
pattern of relationships and interdependencies between them and the ones which underlie dynamics of civil,
infrastructural and industrial units and plants for the whole Life – Cycle and for nominal and off – nominal
conditions, accidents included.
 Analyses of multiscale two-way interactions between industrial systems and the environment (humans
included) for nominal and off-nominal conditions (Safety, Security, Design of “Inherently Resilient and
Green Systems).
 Designing new multiscale environmental monitoring systems able to integrate data (Multiscale Maps and
Knowledge Domains) from a wide range of sensors working over a whole spectrum of space and time scales
with data coming from a whole set of computational models. Key Issues:
 identify key variables to be monitored over a spectrum of scales and resolution levels, and at what level
of accuracy and reliability [Multiscale Maps]. We start with first hypotheses to be improved integrating
data from the field with experimental results and using Multiscale Modeling as “Knowledge Integrator
and Multiplier” Concept and Strategies in order to get a more reliable and accurate knowledge about
phenomena and processes recorded and explain not well known phenomena and processes not fully
accounted for by existing theories. Key issues:
 devising a strategy to integrate fields data and information with laboratory experimental & testing
 defining a suitable mix of field sensors and experimental (laboratory) techniques and methods at all
the scales and integrate them in order to improve the knowledge about the dynamics of the (natural,
technological, natural-technological) system under observation and analysis

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 devising a strategy to select the right type of sensors [Multiscale Science – Engineering Information and
Space and Information – Driven strategies] to monitor the previously identified key variables over the
right range of space and time scales at a well-defined degree of accuracy and reliability.
 identifying relationships and interdependencies between physical and bio-chemical phenomena and
processes at the different space and time scales and resolution levels integrating monitoring data and
computational modeling [construction of Multiscale Knowledge Maps]
 define the field monitoring systems architecture at all the scales and for all the media. This task call for a set
of specific sub-tasks :
 identification of specific sensor and actuator technologies to monitor and analyze specific phenomena
and processes (information-driven analysis)
 identification of the places where sensors and actuators are to be installed
 definition of an overall monitoring and controlling architecture and related operational modes
control schemes
 Integrated Space – Time Environmental/Pollution Analysis. The Multiscale Framework enables a new
“Integrated Space-Time” approach to environmental and pollution issues. “Integrated Space-Time” approach
means that in this new methodological and conceptual context, we can link together inside a unified context
data, information, knowledge and models which characterize the three fundamental phases which
characterize the pollution process :
 Interaction or Biomedical Phase( interaction with biological systems (humans included)
Knowledge get by this spectrum of activities is applied to work out:

 new models to analyze and fuse field sensors data
 new technologies, architectures and operational modes for the network of sensors
In order to accomplish the previously described analysis and monitoring activities we can devise a special set of
Multiscale Maps:
A) Multiscale Industrial/Civil/Infrastructural - Environmental/Human System Structural Maps which
describe the Architecture/Structure and Relationships and Interdependencies (data and physical flow) of
Industrial/Civil/Infrastructural and the Environmental/Human Systems to be analyzed and monitored at several
levels of resolution, scale and detail..
B) Multiscale Monitoring From Space To Earth System Maps which describe the network (Space, Air, Ground
and Underground, Water) of monitoring systems, their interconnections and data flows for specific sets of
physical, chemical and biochemical phenomena and processes to be monitored and the related “Information
Potential” of the Monitoring Systems: that means what kind of phenomena at what space and time resolutions
and scales and at what level of accuracy and reliability can be monitored over a spectrum of operational
conditions.

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C) Multiscale Ecological, Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial Systems (any level of the hierarchy)” - (Nominal
and Off-Nominal) Operational Modes - Environmental Impact Maps These Maps represent a new
“Generation” of Maps specifically conceived to evaluate the impact (all the typologies: pollutants, heat,
waste,…) on the Environment of Manufacturing/Processing “Systems” for a wide range of operational
conditions (including the extreme and accidental ones) and design solutions. Maps describe relationships among
Manufacturing System (any level), its Operational Modes and related Environmental Impact (any kind).
Specific “Multiscale Physical and Biochemical Maps” describe the spectrum of physical, chemical and
biochemical phenomena and processes characterizing the interaction between Industrial and Environmental
Systems for a wide range of geographic scales and over multiple time scales.
The previously described Maps are interrelated and hierarchically organized. Maps can be integrated to form
“Knowledge Domains”
Note : Multiscale and Information-driven Analysis Schemes are well suited to carry out these tasks
Tools, concepts and methods (Hierarchies, Map, Science-Engineering Information Space, Multiscale Science-
Engineering Data Analysis Schemes, Information-Driven strategies,…..) are better suited than existing
The key distinguishing element, in this area, is that new “ Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science-based
Cooperative Environments” fully integrate two Cyberinfrastructures. which normally do not follow common
strategies and objectives:
1) Field Monitoring and Control Cyberinfrastructures

Significant advances in Sensors, Computing, Information and Communication technologies enable the
creation of complex networks of different types of monitoring systems operating over a full spectrum of
space and time scales and a wide range of physical, chemical and biological domains. These networks are
connected (also in real time) at a powerful set of distributed data repositories and computing facilities.
2) R&D and Engineering (Centers and Laboratories) Cyberinfrastructures

The full theoretical apparatus described in the “Integrated Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science-Engineering
Framework“ can be directly applied to design both the Cyberinfrastructures, the related operational schemes and
strategies and the overall “Integration Scheme and Strategy” to connect them..

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6.2.7 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science- Engineering - Society (or Science-Based)

Testing
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation is already applied in the industrial “Virtual Testing” field. The following
Box illustrates an interesting example of this trend which directly concern the Industrial area:
Virtual Testing of Aircraft Structures
Text and figures are drawn from the Article: Virtual Testing of Aircraft Structures - CEAS Aeronaut J
(2011) 1:83–103 - Morten G. Ostergaard • Andrew R. Ibbotson • Olivier Le Roux • Alan M. Prior -
Deutsches Zentrum fu¨r Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. 201-)
4 Multi-scale analysis
In the context of virtual testing of aircraft structures, the term multi-scale analysis describes the process
of sequentially coupling different analysis models at different scales and levels of fidelity. This multi-
scale approach requires a Level 1 prediction of the behaviour of the complete structure through a
nonlinear finite element model. This is then used to define the driving boundary conditions for the next
models at the more refined modelling scales, as illustrated in Fig. 3. Modelling detail is increased as
successive analyses ‘zoom in’ on structural regions, identified as being potentially strength-critical. At
each level of model refinement, different modelling idealization principles, element types and even
material and joint models might be employed. However, the underlying principle is to maintain a
consistent interface and link between the different modelling scales used. All modelling and analysis
methods used must be fully validated against structural testing. It is important to understand that, unlike
traditional modelling techniques, where direct links between model scales are provided using built-in
detail meshes or super-elements, the multi-scale analysis process discussed in this article are based on
sub modelling technology available in the Abaqus software……

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However, full potentialities of Multiscale Science - Engineering Integration inside the Virtual Testing are still
to be fully exploited. In the new conceptual and methodological context described in this document, classical
“Virtual Testing” concept should be complemented by a new concept which can be referred to as “Strategic
Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Virtual Testing”. Classical concepts can be regarded as a
particular case of this more general concept and strategy. In this new context Classical “Virtual Testing”
approach is applied when “Applicability Conditions” can be met and “Predictability Criteria” (see Paragraph
2.2.5) can be reliably evaluated also thanks to the “Knowledge” gained with Strategic Multiscale Science-
Engineering Maps and the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering” Information Space” concept and
method.
The concept of Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and the
extension of the concept of “Model” to the Experimental, Testing and Sensing Worlds give a new extended
meaning to the term “Virtual” because we can use “Modeling and Simulation” as “Pivotal and Integration
Elements” to shape and guide Experimentation, Real Testing and Sensing also outside the range of
Modeling and Simulation Verification and Validation areas (Modeling and Simulation Exploratory Mode).
This concept also allows to establish integrated two – way relationships between Experimentation (Science
Area), from one side, and Testing and Sensing (Engineering and Operational Areas) from the other side.
when, in particular, we have to deal with very complex physical and biochemical phenomena and
processes and when both modeling and testing produce anomalous and unusual results. In other terms,
“Strategic Multiscale Modeling and Simulation” become ever more central and important for Technology
innovation, Advanced Engineering and Manufacturing/ Processing than they are in the classical view.
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” become of critical
relevance to
 develop accurate and comprehensive models of experimentation, characterization and testing
apparatus and their interaction with the “System” under analysis/testing
 better evaluate potentialities as well as limits of existing experimental, characterization and testing
equipments and related operational modes (fundamental condition to “rationally” reduce testing
activities)
 design new Multiscale Experimentation, Characterization and Testing Systems
 outline new Multiscale Experimental, Characterization and Testing operational modes
In this new context, Information – Driven Analysis Schemes are key guiding principles to shape Integrated
Strategic Multiscale Multiresolution, Experimental, Characterization and Testing Strategies and integrate
them inside a more general R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing Analysis and Design Strategy.
The “Multiscale Science - Engineering Information Space” concept and method, the “Information Driven
Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis Schemes” (described in the Paragraphs 3.3.1 and 3.3.2),
“Multiscale Maps” and “Knowledge Domains” are the fundamental theoretical elements we can build upon
the “design” of Multiscale Experimentation, Characterization and Testing Technologies and Strategies and
their integration with Multiscale Computational Methods and Strategies.
The previously described theoretical and methodological apparatus allows us to formulate rational hypotheses
about what Experiments, Tests and Sensing measures are really needed to get the information we think to be
necessary to characterize the behaviour of a “System” at a predefined level of accuracy and reliability, and,
accordingly, assess the “risk” associated to replace experimentation, testing and Sensing with computation for a
specific task. This a fundamental condition to replace in a “rational” way testing with computation. In this new
context, we can design and plan highly complex Multiscale Multilevel Testing Strategies guided by “Multiscale
Computational Models” and related Multiscale Maps and Multiscale Information Spaces. Data, Information and
Knowledge “flow” in a seamless and fully integrated way among Experimentation, Real Testing and
Computational Worlds (Virtual Testing).
It is important to highlight that with the new theoretical and methodological apparatus, we can easily
integrate inside Testing Strategies even “Information Capabilities” of several Experimental Facilities to
analyze and explain strange or anomalous testing data .

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Multiscale Maps from Experimentation can contribute to understand possible Testing Anomalies and Problems.
This kind of integrated analyses can, in turn, suggest new Experimental and Testing activities other than new
Computational Models. As far as a System or a “System of Systems” Testing is concerned, a problem is to
transfer, in a structured way, information and knowledge get from testing carried out at a scale to the higher or
lower scales and resolution levels along the whole chain:
 From testing carried out to characterize behaviour of materials (basic constituents of any System) [coupon
testing] to testing of devices, components, sub-systems and the global system.
 From testing performed at the level of a System down to the device and material levels.
We can correlate Multiscale Maps and Knowledge Domains for all the scales and resolution levels.
 Bottom–Up: Multiscale Maps built from materials testing can be a useful basis to develop upon testing
strategies for devices. Multiscale Maps built from devices testing are applied to improve testing strategies
for components and so on along the scale.
 Top–Down: results from testing at a scale is fundamental to set boundary conditions for testing performed at
lower scales
It is of Fundamental Relevance highlighting that “ Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering
- Society Earth and Space Collaboratory Cyber & Physical Framework plays a key role to shape the
needed Networks of Multiscale Multidisciplinary Interactions.
An important component of the “Rational Design of Strategic Multiscale Testing Strategies” is:
 The Strategic Multiscale Multiphysics Multimode Characterization and Testing: Important advances in
experimentation, characterization and testing techniques and in the Cyberinfrastructural environments
which allow to link together a wide range of characterization and testing (laboratory testing, development
testing, operational testing, certification testing) facilities and equipments, open the way to the integration of
several characterization and testing devices and systems operating in a range of domains, in different
modalities at a whole spectrum of resolution and scale levels to get data over a wide range of space and time
scales. In this context the “Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and
Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework” plays an
important role.
The “Rational Design of Characterization and Testing Strategies is linked to a full integration of
“Computational Multiscale” with the previously defined “Multiscale Characterization and Testing” (and
Multiscale Experimentation when results coming from Characterization and Testing call for a more in-depth
analyses and understanding) in the context of the “Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and
Multipliers” Vision. This integration is made possible by the combined use of the “Information Driven
Multiscale Science - Engineering Analysis Schemes” and the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering
Information Space” concept :
 “Information Driven Multiscale Science-Engineering Analysis Schemes” allow us to better understand
the network of relationships (over a wide range of scale and physical and chemical domains) among
design, structural, compositional, physico-chemical variables, parameters and related dynamical
behavior and what kind of information at what level of detail and fidelity and uncertainty is needed to
accomplish a specific analysis task.
 Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Data Analysis Schemes allow professionals to better
analyze, fuse and understand the growing amount of (multiscale multiphysics) data collected from
experimental, characterization and testing activities.
 The “Science - Engineering Information Space” concept and method enables us to define what part of
this information can be obtained from computations and what part from experimentation and/or
characterization and testing.

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The “Rational Design of Strategic Multiscale Characterization and Testing” Strategies foresees the
integration of Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches. A key goal of the “Rational Design of (Multiscale)
Characterization and Testing ” is to reduce as more as possible the number of tests. In a long term perspective,
some people talk about “Zeroing” testing. This Objective should be supported by rigorous Theoretical and
Methodological Analyses and extensive Experimental activities. However, the reduction process, inside our
view, could and should be inserted inside a new conceptual and methodological context. Thanks to the
theoretical and methodological apparatus described in the previous paragraphs, we can identify what
characterization activities and tests are really needed to get the information we think to be necessary to
characterize the behaviour of a “Material”, “Device” an “System” (any level of complexity) at a predefined level
of accuracy, fidelity and uncertainty and, accordingly, assess the “risk” associated to the replacement of testing
with computation. This a fundamental condition to replace in a “rational” way testing with computation. Of
course we refer to “Strategic Multiscale Science – based Computations”.
We should replace the term “Testing Reduction” with the term “Multiscale Rational Design of
Testing” which entails a new Strategy based upon the Integration of Characterization and
Testing with Experimentation and Modeling & Simulation inside a “Coherent Conceptual and
Methodological Context” based upon methods and environments described in the Chapter 2
and Chapter 3.
Of particular relevance the following European Initiative
Materials Characterization Cluster – A new European initiative: Introduction to

characterization cluster's activities
Coordinators: Ehrenfried Zschech - Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS,
Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden Center for Nan Analysis (DCN), Dresden,
Germany
The Materials Characterization Cluster is a new European initiative that has the following specific aims:
- Performing research, development and innovation in the field of multi-scale materials characterization to
increase the competitiveness of the European industry
- Bridging R&D in the fields of nanotechnology and materials to close-to-market activities in Europe (“research
to market”)
- Utilizing European resources (infrastructure hubs and their organization, competencies, etc.) in a better way.
A close link between modeling and characterization activities in Europe is needed and will be considered as one
of the fundaments of the new initiative. As an example, the focus of the Materials Characterization Cluster’s
Model Validation activities will be on the materials characterization part, thereby mirroring the EMMC Working
Group on Model Validation in terms of expertise. The EMMC WG represents mainly the need from the
modeling perspective and includes modeling experts, whereas the Materials.
Characterization Cluster represents what can and needs to be done from the characterization side, based on
characterization tools and methods expertise. In industries that have already adopted the (multi-scale) modeling
approach (e.g. microelectronics/semiconductor industry), modeling and simulation is done to provide estimates
for product performance and reliability (including the understanding and evaluation of degradation kinetics in
materials and failure mechanisms in devices). To get the expected estimates, accurate multi-scale materials data
are needed as input for multi-scale simulation, and experimental data are needed to validate and to calibrate
models.

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In addition, a proposal for a Smart Specialization Concept will be made to
 develop a “Materials Characterization Initiative for Europe” with hubs in the field of materials
characterization (customer-oriented Centers of Competence in a special topic area and European
User Centers with a defined organizational structure)
 develop a network within Europe to other hubs with key competence in complementary topic areas
and to regional partners
 provide a European strategy of infrastructure development and use, considering industrial
requirements
 provide a European strategy for investments and for future topic areas needed (models, on
European level, in combination with regional resources), in close interaction with the equipment
industry.

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Multiscale Experimentation and Testing For Mechanical Engineering
Risø DTU Multiscale Mechanical Test Facility

Description of the infrastructure
In the infrastructure each laboratory has access to a variety of expertise and associated testing facilities. The
application focus areas of the involved partner are wind turbines, transportation, mechanical components,
civil infrastructure, bridges, buildings, offshore applications. The competences cover material science and
technology, metals and composites, material mechanics and testing on all scales.
The overall objectives are to create a multi-scale approach for modelling, experimental characterization
and processing of complex structures made of metals, concrete and composite materials, so that
optimization can be made at all relevant length scales (material, substructure and component), accounting
for imperfections.
Facilities at Risø DTU
Facilities available are: In large scale testing and field monitoring: Civil infrastructure and Maritime
structures, wind turbine blades and components (tower, drive train, subcomponents) For Sub-structure and
components: General substructure and component lab. Hybrid testing. Combined environmental and
mechanical testing. Materials testing: Materials testing under controlled environment, fracture and fatigue,
high strain rates, General materials testing, fracture mechanical testing, fatigue, Nano and Micro-testing:
ESEM with mechanical loading capabilities. Key measuring techniques: Relevant state-of-the-art measuring
techniques span from conventional analogue systems measuring for example displacement and strain in a
single point or over a small gauge length, to modern advanced digital systems able to monitor displacements
and deformations over a large area by use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and strains along fibres using
fiber optics. Complementary inspection and evaluation techniques that can be applied in real time will also
be required to return sub-surface failure indications.
Services and type of research offered by the infrastructure
The services offered by the infrastructure is to provide leading edge expertise and facilities for multi-scale
research and experimentation. The competences are to
 Provide a ‘one-stop-shop’ platform for multi-scale experimental civil and mechanical engineering
research related to materials and structures
 Provide unique experimental facilities and expertise required to develop new materials, products and
structures for innovation
 Support teaching at undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels and receive funds from the involved
universities for this purpose.
Equipment in four different areas is applied for representing the expertise of the infrastructure: (i) Large
scale testing and field monitoring. (ii) Sub-structure and component testing. (iii) Materials testing and (iv)
Nano- and micro-scale testing. Furthermore, key measuring equipment not tied to a specific length scale is
an integrated element.

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The following Box describes an interesting example of Multiscale Science - Engineering Testing.
This kind of approach can have a wide application throughout an extended spectrum of
Engineering fields even in the Civil and Infrastructural ones

241
6.2.8 Virtual Strategic Multiscale Life Cycle Engineering Framework

This Paragraph is not intended to describe a new comprehensive Life Cycle Theory/Model, but propose a new
scheme which foresees the application of the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering
Framework” concepts, methods and strategies: We consider the following Multiscale Integration Lines:
 Multiscale Space Modeling of the “Components” (from Raw Materials to Recycle, Disposal,..) which
constitutes the Architecture of the “System to be analyzed [Multiscale Life Cycle System Architecture]
 Multiscale Space – Time Modeling of the whole Life Cycle Process for all the “Components” of the System
accounted for. This kind of Modeling track “Life Cycle Process Phases” – “System Structural
Components” relationships and interdependencies (Multiscale Interconnection Network)
 Strategic Multiscale Modeling applied to model emissions (any type) and environmental interactions (any
type) for all the “Life Cycle System Structural Components” and for all the Life Cycle Process Phases
which characterize the whole Life Cycle of the System under analysis
 Strategic Multiscale Modeling applied to evaluate the impact of emissions, energy consumption and wastes
on Humans and Environment
Fig. 49 Waste Management Life Cycle
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology can include the following Issues:

1) Identification of the “Analysis Parameters”, Analysis Objectives and related Metrics: Analysis
Parameters can be, for instance, Architectural Solutions and Technologies applied in the full set of Life Cycle
Entities, Organization and Architecture of the “Life Cycle Process”, “Environmental Impact (and related
Indicators)”, ” Energy Consumption”, Resources Consumption, Safety and Security,….
2) Definition of the “Boundary Conditions”. Said in other terms, what steps (phases) of the System Life
Cycle are included in the Modeling. A full LCA should include a “cradle-to-grave” approach by considering
each step/stage/phase of the life cycle:
 [Product Life Cycle] design/development of the product, raw material acquisition, distribution
use/maintenance/re-use, disposal, recycle
 [Process Life Cycle] materials processing, manufacturing, disassembly, remediation, restoration.
 [Transportation Life Cycle] all the Transportation Activities, Routes, Means and Systems (Ground, Water,
Aerial

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3) Definition of Multiscale Architecture/Structure the “System” for which the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
has to be performed. Multiscale Architectural/ Structural Maps can be used
Fig. 50 “System” Hierarchical Decomposition

the figure (drawn from the Multiscale Life Cycle Assessment Working Paper Number 6- T. E. Graedel, T.
Lanzano, and W. Pott - Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies; R. J. Araujo Sikorsky Aircraft
Corporation) illustrates, in a simplified manner, how any “System or System of Systems” can be decomposed in
to a hierarchy of “Elements” of varying degree of complexity ( Systems, Sub - Systems, Components, Parts,
Materials)
4) Definition of the “System” Life Cycle Process Architecture: identification of - a) the Life Cycle Process
Stages/Phases for the “System” under analysis and all its components (Multiscale Analysis) - b) the related
order of execution and - c) the Multiscale Interconnection Network Map (Each Stage/Phase/Step of the Life
Cycle Process for all the System Components can be considered as a “Node” of the “Multiscale Interconnection
Network”). Any Life Cycle can be decomposed into several stages/phases (from resources extraction, materials
processing, parts/components manufacturing, (parts, components, subsystems and systems) assembly,
operations, disposal, recycling following one another over time.
This kind of Map describe:
 Inputs of each stage (Energy utilized during the stage and Material typologies (any kind of
“Material/Hardware from raw materials to sub-systems)
 Typology of Activities(Operations carried out and related Materials/Hardware Transformations)
 Outputs (wastes and emissions (any typology) and air/land/water interactions and related effects)
5) Definition of the Transportation Life Cycle. This kind of Map describe:
 Characteristics of Transportation Solutions: Technology, Engineering Solutions, Energy Consumption,
Emissions
 The Multiscale Interconnection Network
 Characteristics of what is being transported
 Risks linked to Transportation Activities
6) Strategic Multiscale Impact Assessment: This Issue consists of analyzing the Impacts (taking into account
Short, Medium and Long Term Effects over a spectrum of Space Scales) of waste treatments (any kind),
emissions and air/land/ underground/water transformations over Humans, Civil, Infrastructural and
Environmental Systems. Several variables and phenomena/processes can be accounted for: climate change,
stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric ozone creation (smog), eutrophication, acidification, toxicological
stress on human health and ecosystems, resource depletion, water use, land use, noise and others. The IMSE
Framework and the ”Strategic Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier
Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework are key resources for this Task
Modeling at several levels of scale, resolution and details the Life Cycle System would allow
to carry out What – If , AoA and Sensitivity Analyses. We can envision the development of a
“Virtual Multiscale Life Cycle Engineering Machine”

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7. Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering

Technologies and Societal Systems Design and
Development (IMSE-TSDD) Framework
7.1 Challenges, Application Areas and Objectives
7.1.1 Challenges
a) First of all we would like to highlight two “Grand Challenges”:
a.1) The very high level of “Complexity” that increasingly characterize Civil, Infrastructural, Socio-
Economic and Ecological Systems and the related Analysis, Design, Financing, Innovation and
Development, Governance & Management Processes. In the International Literature this Topic is
referred to as the “Convergence World”.
a.2) The basic need,, as a direct consequence of the previously highlighted “Systems Complexity
Challenge”, is to synthesize, inside a coherent and comprehensive Vision, Framework and Application
Strategy, a wide spectrum of Scientific, Technological and Engineering Knowledge and Solutions..
This new “Scenario” can represent the context inside which we can develop a New Concept and
Vision: Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – based “Intelligent” Societal Systems Design,
Innovation and Sustainable Development.
In this new “Scenario” context we can identify a series of “Specific Challenges”:

b) Developing Effective Ways to Monitor, Coordinate and Integrate a wide range of Civil and
Infrastructural Systems: Cities and Regions can be regarded as “ Complex Living Organisms”. New
ICT and Computing, Information and Communication Technology (CICT) Systems are Key Objective.
That implies integration and coordination of a wide spectrum of Multiscale, Multisectoral,
Multidisciplinary Data, SW Systems, Monitoring And Control Networks and Governance
Organizations to improve efficiency and competitiveness of the environment in which Cities, Regions
and Nations operate.
c) Cities and ever more Regions are Complex Multiscale Multilevel Systems. Accordingly, Integration
of Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multisectoral Modeling and Simulation Frameworks with Multiscale,
Multi-technological Infrastructures and Sensing Systems is a real Grand Challenge and a very
important Research and Development Goal. Models which integrate real time data are also an
important resource to:
c1) design and implement a New Generation of “Adaptive Technological and Engineering Systems”
which can change and optimize their behaviour according to variable operational conditions and
objectives.
C2) design and implement “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Time Machines” (Paragraph 3.5) which can
link daily situation to medium and long term development plans
d) Developing New Strategic Multiscale Model-based Education, Training, Information and

Communication Technologies, Environments and Dissemination Strategies. These new Systems
would be of paramount important to involve citizens, stakeholders and associations in the City, Region
and Nation (and also Supra-National Entities) Life. If we really like to engage all the sectors of the
“Human Community” in the Cities, Regions and Nations development and management, traditional
methods and technologies will not be up to the challenge.

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New Education, Information and Communication Languages and Environments based upon Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation, Virtual and Augmented Reality technologies can be a strategic answer.
e) New Forms of Urban Governance and Organisation which can take full advantage of Modeling and
Simulation, Data Analysis, Systems Design Techniques and Visualization Technologies. Modeling
Integrates Data and Information from a wide range of sources and turn them into a form of
“Formalized Knowledge” which represents the basis to conceive and design Policy Strategies
evaluating pros and cons of several alternatives and uncertainties.
f) A New Generation of “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Data-Models Urban/Regional
Operational Systems”. A continuously Integration of Data collected by a wide spectrum Networks of
Sensing Systems allows to:
Design “Active Infrastructures” which respond and adapt themselves to a wide range of
operational conditions (including the extreme and accident ones). This is a new field which is foreseen
to play an increasing role and importance in the future (Interesting field for new ICT & Computing
technologies & solutions and Innovative Materials/Structures).
Implement Predictive Maintenance Techniques which integrate (multiscale as needed) real-time

sensor data with(multiscale as needed) modeling and simulation tools to predict where and when
malfunctions could occur in technological systems.
In this context is of paramount importance monitoring phenomena and processes over a full range of
space and time scales and analyzing related interactions and interdependencies. The identification
and the analysis of such problems is of crucial importance for the sustainability and resilience of
Urban and Regional Systems and the capability to reliably evaluate Societal Systems Evolution over
short, medium and long time periods. Integrated Multiscale Multi Area Data with Modeling Strategies
can represent a Strategic Resource to foresee and manage Risks, Development Processes,
Uncertainties and Hazards in the Urban and Regional Systems. A much more informed understanding
of risks in modern quickly evolving Societies is required which involves new data, new technologies,
and new collective approaches to decision-making. The notion of Cities and Regions as strongly
coupled systems that generate unexpected and surprising dynamics needs to be understood and the
introduction of new technologies into Cities and Regions can change the nature of this dynamics, not
necessarily for the better. Our Challenge is to develop adaptive technologies and methodologies that
will outsmart the “Smart Cities” and “Smart Regions”, anticipating their dynamics.
g) A continuous monitoring and integrated review of the real behaviour of Urban and Regional
Systems from several point of views (economic, industrial, ecological ,financial, social, resilience,…)
represent a fundamental element to ensure a well-balanced growth and development over time.
Accordingly, a fundamental Challenge is to develop comprehensive and reliable Analysis Schemes
and related Success/Failure Evaluation Criteria which can go beyond the classical approaches: all is
good all is beautiful or generic, ideological not rationally motivated and well-documented critics
k) Taking into account what has been highlighted in the previous Items, “Virtual Strategic Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation Time Machines” (Paragraph 4.5) could perform “Rational and
Comprehensive Analyses” applying well defined Success/Failure Evaluation Criteria and link daily
situation to medium and long term development plans, is a new “Reference Challenge”

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The following Box reproduces some observations about the most relevant issues characterizing
Urban Systems highlighted in the “GLOBAL SYSTEMS SCIENCE (GSS) ORIENTATION PAPER
BACKGROUND MATERIAL” Document. The Document also includes 159 contributions to the EU
– FET consultation process, 4 workshop reports on GSS carried out during 2013 and 10 selected
posts from www.global-systems-science.eu.
Note: Comments by the author of the Report are inserted inside square brackets
Pag. 12 -……... Indeed, almost all problems arising to decision makers in a city or in a city
network share the following characteristics:
1. They involve many different heterogeneous systems, like for example the transportation
systems, the behavior of citizens, themselves influenced by their social networks, or the energy
system – those of course depending on the problem addressed. [Multisectoral
Interdependencies and Interactions]
2. These systems evolve at different time and space scale. [Multiscale Systems
Dynamics]
3. They are coupled (the dynamics of transportation systems is impacted and impacts the social
behavior of individuals) or belong to hierarchies (one system being a subsystem of another one)
among which administrative (possibly overlapping) hierarchies. [Multisectoral Multiscale
Interdependencies and Interactions- Hierarchical Nature of Administrative
Systems]
These characteristics have the consequence that a “silo-like” approach, focused on one
subsystem or one time/space scale cannot catch the targeted behavior and the emergent
phenomena. [The need for a Global Multisectoral Multiscale Approach and
Strategy is put in evidence]
It is clear that Multiscale and Multisectoral Interdependency Issues are regarded as

“Key Challenges”

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Integrated Multisectoral Multiresolution Earth Systems Modeling

– US Department of Energy
Supercomputing advances will improve analysis of Earth system

variability and energy sector needs - April 23, 2018, Los Alamos National Laboratory
A new Earth-modeling system unveiled today will have weather-scale resolution and use advanced
computers to simulate aspects of Earth's variability and anticipate decadal changes that will critically
impact the U.S. energy sector in coming years. "This multi-laboratory effort will be a huge advance in
our already important capabilities for Earth-systems modeling and energy-related analysis," said
John Sarrao, Principal Associate Director for Science, Technology and Engineering at Los Alamos
National Laboratory. "Our laboratory, along with our sister institutions, has made significant
contributions to Earth-systems modeling over the previous decades, but this latest contribution takes
our work to an entirely new level."
After four years of development, the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) will be released to
the broader scientific community this month. The E3SM project is supported by the Department of
Energy's Office of Science in the Biological and Environmental Research Office. The E3SM release
will include model code and documentation, as well as output from an initial set of benchmark
simulations. The Earth, with its myriad interactions of atmosphere, oceans, land and ice components,
presents an extraordinarily complex system for investigation.
Earth-system simulation involves solving approximations of physical, chemical and biological
governing equations on spatial grids at resolutions that are as fine in scale as computing resources
will allow. "E3SM is the first end-to-end multi-scale Earth system model” , meaning that we can
focus model resolution and computer resources toward specific locations to help answer specific
questions that said researcher Steve Price of Los Alamos. "For example, Los Alamos is using E3SM
with focused resolution around Antarctica to improve the modeling of how ocean waters melt ice
shelves—the critical process that controls the likelihood of abrupt sea-level rise."
The E3SM project will reliably simulate aspects of earth system variability and project decadal
changes that will critically impact the U.S. energy sector in the near future. These critical factors
include a) regional air/water temperatures, which can strain energy grids; b) water availability, which
affects power plant operations; c) extreme water-cycle events (e.g. floods and droughts), which
impact infrastructure and bio-energy; and d) sea-level rise and coastal flooding which threaten coastal
infrastructure.
There is no shortage of important problems that we can tackle with this new modeling capability," said
Todd Ringler, also of Los Alamos. "Take the Arctic, for example. It is changing rapidly—and this
presents new opportunities and new security risks. This new modeling capability—particularly the new
approaches that we developed for the ocean and sea-ice systems—will be critical for predicting the
how, when and why of the changing Arctic." The goal of the project is to develop an earth system
model (ESM) that has not been possible because of limitations in current computing technologies.
Meeting this goal will require advances on three frontiers:
1. better resolving earth system processes through a strategic combination of developing new
processes in the model, increased model resolution and enhanced computational performance;
2. representing more realistically the two-way interactions between human activities and natural
processes, especially where these interactions affect U.S. energy needs; and
3. ensemble modeling to quantify uncertainty of model simulations and projections.
"The quality and quantity of observations really makes us constrain the models," said David Bader,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory scientist and lead of the E3SM project. "With the new
system, we'll be able to more realistically simulate the present, which gives us more confidence to
simulate the future."

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Simulating atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics with fine spatial resolution is especially
challenging for ESMs. The E3SM project is positioned on the forefront of this research challenge,
acting on behalf of an international ESM effort. Increasing the number of earth-system days simulated
per day of computing time is a prerequisite for achieving the E3SM project goal. It also is important
for E3SM to effectively use the diverse computer architectures that the DOE Advanced Scientific
Computing Research (ASCR) Office procures to be prepared for the uncertain future of next-
generation machines.
A long-term aim of the E3SM project is to use Exascale machines to be procured over the next five
years. The development of the E3SM is proceeding in tandem with the Exascale Computing Initiative
(ECI). (An Exascale refers to a computing system capable of carrying out a billion billion (109 x 109 =
1018) calculations per second. This represents a thousand-fold increase in performance over that of
the most advanced computers from a decade ago).
"We are particularly interested in accurately assessing the risk of abrupt sea level rise, say more than
3 feet, sometime during this century," said Ringler.
"To accomplish this, Los Alamos constructed entirely new computer models of the ocean, land-ice
and sea-ice systems—this is a huge accomplishment by the Los Alamos modeling team."
"This model adds a much more complete representation between interactions of the energy system
and the earth system," Bader said. "The increase in computing power allows us to add more detail to
processes and interactions that results in more accurate and useful simulations than previous
models."
To address the diverse critical factors impacting the U.S. energy sector, the E3SM project is
dedicated to answering three overarching scientific questions that drive its numerical experimentation
initiatives:
 Water Cycle: How does the hydrological cycle interact with the rest of the human-Earth system on
local to global scales to determine water availability and water cycle extremes?
 Biogeochemistry: How do biogeochemical cycles interact with other Earth system components to
influence the energy sector?
 Cryosphere Systems: How do rapid changes in cryosphere (continental and ocean ice) systems
evolve with the Earth system and contribute to sea-level rise and increased coastal vulnerability?
In the E3SM, all model components (atmosphere, ocean, land, ice) are able to employ variable
resolution to focus computing power on fine-scale processes in regions of particular interest. This is
implemented using advanced mesh-designs that smoothly taper the grid-scale from the coarser outer
region to the more refined region.
The E3SM project includes more than 100 scientists and software engineers at multiple DOE
Laboratories as well as several universities; the DOE laboratories include Argonne, Brookhaven,
Lawrence Livermore, Lawrence Berkeley, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, Pacific Northwest and Sandia
national laboratories. In recognition of unifying the DOE earth system modeling community to
perform high-resolution coupled simulations, the E3SM executive committee was awarded the
Secretary of Energy's Achievement
Award in 2015.
In addition, the E3SM project also benefits from DOE programmatic collaborations including the
Exascale Computing Project (ECP) and programs in Scientific Discovery through Advanced
Computing (SciDAC), Climate Model Development and Validation (CMDV), Atmospheric Radiation
Measurement (ARM), Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI),
International Land Model Benchmarking Project (iLAMB), Community Earth System Model (CESM)
and Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments (NGEE) for the Arctic and the Tropics.

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July 18, 2017, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
A new integrated computational climate model developed to reduce uncertainties in future climate
predictions marks the first successful attempt to bridge Earth systems with energy and economic
models and large-scale human impact data. The integrated Earth System Model, or iESM, is being
used to explore interactions among the physical climate system, biological components of the Earth
system, and human systems.
By using supercomputers such as Titan, a large multidisciplinary team of scientists led by Peter
Thornton of the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) had the
power required to integrate massive codes that combine physical and biological processes in the
Earth system with feedbacks from human activity. "The model we developed and applied couples
biospheric feedbacks from oceans, atmosphere, and land with human activities, such as fossil fuel
emissions, agriculture, and land use, which eliminates important sources of uncertainty from projected
climate outcomes," said Thornton, leader of the Terrestrial Systems Modeling group in ORNL's
Environmental Sciences Division and deputy director of ORNL's Climate Change Science Institute.
Titan is a 27-petaflop Cray XK7 machine with a hybrid CPU-GPU architecture managed by the Oak
Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), a DOE Office of Science User Facility located at ORNL.

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Through the Advanced Scientific Computing Research Leadership Computing Challenge

program, Thornton's team was awarded 85 million compute hours to improve the Accelerated Climate
Modeling for Energy (ACME) effort, a project sponsored by the Earth System Modeling program within
DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Currently, ACME collaborators are focused
on developing an advanced climate model capable of simulating 80 years of historic and future climate
variability and change in 3 weeks or less of computing effort.
Now in its third year, the project has achieved several milestones—notably the development of ACME
version 1 and the successful inclusion of human factors in one of its component models, the iESM.
"What's unique about ACME is that it's pushing the system to a higher resolution than has been
attempted before," Thornton said. "It's also pushing toward a more comprehensive simulation
capability by including human dimensions and other advances, yielding the most detailed Earth
system models to date."
The Human Connection
To inform its Earth system models, the climate modeling community has a long history of using
integrated assessment models—frameworks for describing humanity's impact on Earth, including the
source of global greenhouse gases, land use and land cover change, and other resource related
drivers of anthropogenic climate change. Until now, researchers had not been able to directly couple
large-scale human activity with an Earth system model. In fact, the novel iESM could mark a new era
of complex and comprehensive modeling that reduces uncertainty by incorporating immediate
feedbacks to socioeconomic variables for more consistent predictions.
The development of iESM started before the ACME initiative when a multilaboratory team aimed to
add new human dimensions—such as how people affect the planet to produce and consume energy—
to Earth system models. The model—now a part of the ACME human dimensions component —is
being merged with ACME in preparation for ACME version 2.
Along with iESM, the ACME team has added enhancements to the land, atmosphere, and ocean
components of their code. These include a more capable framework for calculating the cyclical flow of
chemical elements and compounds like carbon, nitrogen, and water in the environment. The new
ACME land model includes a fully-coupled reactive transport scheme for these biogeochemical
processes. This capability will provide a more consistent connection between physical (thermal and
hydrologic) and biological components of the simulation.
Perhaps the most significant advancement, however, is the introduction of the phosphorous cycle to
the code. Phosphorous is an essential nutrient for life, moving from soil and sediment to plants and
animals and back. ACME version 1 is the first global earth system model that includes this dynamic.
In addition to increasing the resolution of the model, and thus estimating new parameters, ongoing
tuning and optimizing of ACME has brought the team closer to reaching its 80-years-in-3-weeks
simulation speed goal. With the advances, the team can now run about 3 or 4 simulated years per
day, about twice the output of earlier code versions.
"The overall ACME project not only involves developing these high-resolution models but also
optimizing their performance on high-performance computing platforms that DOE has at its disposal—
including Titan—to get to our target of 5 simulated years per day," Thornton said.
Increased utilization of Titan's GPUs is helping the project reach the next level. The OLCF's Matthew
Norman is working with Thornton's team to offload various parts of ACME to GPUs, which excel at
quickly executing repetitive calculations.
"ACME version 2 should make much more use of the GPUs to increase simulation performance, and
there are other projects that are spin-off efforts using ACME that are targeting Summit [the OLCF's
next leadership-class machine] and future Exascale platforms," Norman said.
The OLCF is continuing to assist the team with data management via advanced monitoring and
workflow tool support to help reduce the amount of time researchers need to get results. OLCF staff,
including liaisons Valentine Anantharaj and Norman, are also helping with various tasks like
debugging, scaling, and optimizing code.

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The liaisons are crucial for helping us understand where to look for problems when they arise and
getting the best performance out of the Titan supercomputer," Thornton said.
For iESM to take the next step, the representation of land surface between coupled models must
become more consistent. The team also aims to include other dimensions, including water
management and storage, agricultural productivity, and commodity pricing structures. This will yield
better information about potential changes in water resource availability, allocation, and shortages
under different climates. "These improvements are vital since there is concern that fresh water
resources might be the pinch point that gets felt first," Thornton said. ACME version 1 will be publicly
released in late-2017 for analysis and use by other researchers. Results from the model will also
contribute to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, which provides foundational material for
climate change assessment reports.

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The New Societal Systems Complexity Level

Globalization of economic and social phenomena and processes has put the bases for the creation of
more ever Complex Integrated and Interconnected Urban, Civil, Economic and Infrastructural
Systems often referred to as “Mega Regions”. These Systems represent a Strategic Opportunity to
“Plan, Design, Organize and Manage” in a rational way a New Generation of Large Economic, Social,
Technological and Ecological “Entities” governed by advanced ICT and Computing Systems.
Mega Region definition: An “Entity” constituted by between 10 and 50 cities and towns, physically
separate but functionally networked, clustered around one or more larger central cities,
Natural environment
Flows of goods, services, and people
Shared resources (labor, infrastructure, economic structures (industry, finance, services) research
centers and universities, federal funding, natural resources)
Social or cultural identity
Political boundaries (counties, states)
The dynamics of all the previously listed “Entities” develop over a wide range of space and time scales
inside a full spectrum of “disciplinary” areas: science (research), engineering, social and demographic
sciences, governance theory, ecology and agriculture. It is evident that in the future two Integration
trends should be pursued also designing new ad hoc Methods and Frameworks:
Vertical: Research – Technology Development – Engineering – Economy - Society (From Nan To
Macro)
Horizontal: across disciplinary areas and Technological, Ecological, Industrial, and Socio-
Economic Sectors identifying relationships and interdependencies
Mega Region projects have been undertaken all around the World: from Europe to US and Asia. Mega
Regions are increasingly seen as a key element for the economic progress and for the international
competiveness. Environmental, Mobility and Social issues (due the very high concentration of people
and infrastructures) as well as coordination, according to integrated strategies, of all the available
human, technological and economic resources. are among the major still unsolved problems. Another
critical issue is the level of complexity of these “Huge Systems”.
Smart Cities and ever more Smart Regions are to be considered as “Complex Organisms” constituted
by a set of mutually interacting “Organs” (Organs are all the Systems and Subsystems (Water, Waste,
Energy, Communications, Transportation,…….) which constitute the whole “Complex System”. All the
Sub-Systems and Systems interact over a spectrum of space and time scales in a complex way.
Accordingly, neglecting interactions can limit or capability to understand its dynamic over the full
spectrum of operational conditions and hamper our ability to take advantage of this interactions
richness. The Human Body is a classic example of this scenario. The wide spectrum of capabilities,
functionalities and performance of the Human Body is possible because all the Organs work in
cooperation. The black side of the medal is its level of Complexity. It is not easy to understand the
network of interactions among all its “Organs” over the full spectrum of spatial and temporal scales.
Complexity of High Tech Smart Cities and Smart Regions is a critical issue that, until now did not hold
the spotlight. Complexity for Smart Cities and ever more for Smart Regions is a critical challenge but,
at the same time, can be a strategic resource. Complexity means the capability the spectrum of
functionalities integrating inside a coherent project capabilities and functionalities of sub-systems to
maximize the global output of the “Global System”. Complexity in the international literature is also
identified with the “Convergent World” term.

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In the “Smart Regions” context, in particular, we have to consider another source of “Complexity”: the
dynamics for the full spectrum operational conditions (nominal and off-nominal) of wide-area
infrastructural systems which connect the cities wide-area energy grid, intercity transportation
systems, etc.
A further level of “Complexity” is referred to the fact that the categories of stakeholders using and in
some cases managing these infrastructures are different.
Accordingly, the legislation/regulations administering these various infrastructures are also different. A
“Smart Governance” System should take this issue into account. High complexity levels means the
absolute need to integrate all the stakeholder their needs and objectives:
 Political leaders, managers and operators of the local and regional government.
 The service operators – public or private: water, electricity, gas, communication, transport,
waste, education, etc.
 End users and prosumers: inhabitants and local business representatives.
 Investors: private banks, venture capitalists, pension funds, international banks.
 Solution providers: technology providers, financiers and investors.

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7.1.2 Application Areas

The “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering Technologies and Societal
Systems Design and Development (IMSE-TSDD) Framework ” can be applied to design a
“New Generation of Distributed and Operationally Integrated Multiscale Science-based Civil
Infrastructural, Industrial, Socio-Economic, Agricultural and Environmental Systems”. All the
processes which characterize dynamics of these Systems (Energy, Land Management, Economic
Activities and Processes, Pollution, Ecology, ….) develop over a wide range of space and time
scales. Accordingly, “Multiscale” becomes a fundamental analysis and design resource and need.
Strategic Multiscale in the Societal Systems Area can play the

role of “Knowledge and Technology Integrator and Multiplier”
Strategic Multiscale can promote the development and improve three Integration Streams
which become fundamental Objectives for a well-balanced Innovation Process inside the
Societal Systems Design, Manufacturing and Management Fields:
A) Strategic Multiscale Framework Integrated inside Societal Systems

Design, Innovation and Development Processes
From “ICT Centric Smart Cities and Regions Design and Development” To
“Integrated (Strategic) Multiscale Science - Engineering - Intelligent Societal Systems
Design, Innovation and Sustainable Development”.
Strategic Multiscale that integrates Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, Information and
Communication Technologies, Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning,
can give a new “Intelligent Dimension” to any kind of Civil, Infrastructural, Agricultural,
Ecological and Socio-Economic System. The “intelligent” term means:
adaptability to a wide range of operating conditions, even the extreme ones, and a continuous evolution
over time based upon a “Comprehensive Analyses of the Experiences” and the adoption of
new technologies, engineering and manufacturing solutions. Computing, which integrates Strategic
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation with Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, Machine
Learning and the Knowledge get from the whole spectrum of Experimental, Testing and Sensing
Resources, can give a new “Intelligent” Dimension to any kind of Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological
and Societal System Multiplying the effectiveness of Information and Communication
Technologies.
B) Integrated Multi-Technological Strategy

ICT and Computing today hold the spotlight in the Societal Systems Area.
Bio-Chemical, Material and Manufacturing Technologies are certainly not neglected, but, it seems, that the
benefits and the advantages coming from a full integration of these three Large Scale Fields are still not
fully evaluated. “Strategic Multiscale” can play the role of “Catalyst” for this Integration Process.
The “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework” is the conceptual, methodological and
operational environment to fully implement this Integration. We can suppose that a “New Generation of
Societal Systems” could and should be based upon a wide spectrum of (Materials, Manufacturing, Bio-
Chemical,….) Technologies and Engineering Solutions integrated with advanced Computing, Information
and Communication Technological (CICT) Systems.

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The new Framework addresses, inside an integrated context, six basic issues:
A) Development of A New Generation of new Data, Information and Knowledge Management
System (Multiscale Maps and Knowledge Domains and New Integrated Multiscale R&D and
Engineering Methodologies and Strategies)
White Book References:
- Chapter 3 Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering (IMSE) Framework
B) Development of a New Generation of Hierarchical (Multiscale) Science – Based Technology and

Engineering Solutions, Systems and Production Technologies and Processes
- Chapter 4 Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Society Cyber & Physical Framework
- Chapter 6 Integrated Technologies, Systems and Processes Development (IMSE-TSPD) Framework
C) Development of Hierarchical (and often “Mutually Interacting”) Multisectoral Networks of Civil,

Infrastructural, Industrial, Agricultural, Ecological, Economic Social Systems [Globally referred to
as “Societal Systems] characterized by a high degree of integration, resilience and adaptability
- Chapter 4 Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Society Cyber
& Physical Framework
- Chapter 7 Integrated Multiscale Technologies and Societal Systems Development (IMSE-TSD)
Framework
D) Development of A New Generation of Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and

Communication Languages and Frameworks.
Framework
E) Development of A New Generation of Multiscale Science – Based Governmental and

Administrative Cyber Environments, Strategies and Culture (Chapter 8) that take full advantage of the
technology, knowledge and culture developed in the previously quoted Frameworks .

Framework

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C) Strategic Multiscale AND the World of Politics, Government and Administration.

The Complexity of the today World calls for new Governmental and Administration Strategies. The IMSE-
TSDD Framework directly integrates itself with the Chapter 8 “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based
Democratic Society Organization and Government Strategies Framework” for Politics and Society”. The
fundamental Goal is to structurally transfer the most significant advances in Science, Mathematical
Techniques,, Modeling, Systems Design Methodologies, Computing, Information and Communication
Technologies inside a "Coherent and Multidisciplinary Multiscale Knowledge, Analysis and Design
Framework" specifically designed to allow Politics to develop and apply "New Theories and Strategies" to
more effectively and comprehensively deal with democratic government problems and issues in a highly
complex, multifaceted and continuously evolving Socio-Economic reality. The Ultimate Objective is to
integrate inside a Unitary Vision "Science - Technology - Engineering - Politics - Society".

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7.1.3 Objectives
 Understanding basic physical and bio-chemical phenomena at atomistic/nano, micro, macro and mega
scales underlying dynamics of single and interdependent/interrelated Environmental, Civil,
Infrastructural, Industrial, Economic and Social Systems for the full Life Cycle and for the full range of
operational modes (extreme and accident ones included).
 Transferring, in a systematic way, science – based Knowledge inside the Technological Development,
Engineering Design and Manufacturing fields to develop and implement innovative “inherently”
Hierarchical Multiscale Systems (materials, structures components, products, systems) Science – Based
Technology, Engineering Design, Monitoring & Control and Construction/Manufacturing Strategies and
Solutions
 Designing Complex Science - Engineering - Interconnected Networks of Civil, Societal,
Environmental, Industrial, Agricultural and Infrastructural Systems applying the new Strategic
Multiscale Science – Based Frameworks to meet increasingly large number of interdependent
environmental, safety & security, resilience, adaptivity, operational flexibility and economic viability
requirements and constraints. This goal is to a large extent dependent on the availability of new
multiscale technologies and architectural solutions
 [RESILIENCE] In depth (Strategic Multiscale) Modeling Analysis and Evaluation of “Societal

Systems” response to any kind of malfunctions, off-nominal, extreme and accident situations and
terrorist attacks (for instance but not exclusively Cyber Attacks). These Analyses are ever more of
critical relevance as far as Cyber Attacks and Cyber Malfunctions are concerned, taking into account
the growing critical and extended role played by Cyber Systems. Also Extreme Natural Events should
be carefully analyzed. Furthermore, the growing Structural Operational and Technological
Complexity of Societal Systems significantly increases the number of malfunction modes.
Accordingly, Multiscale Resilience Analyses are a fundamental component in the Design and Testing
Phases. Strategic Multiscale Resilience Analyses play also a key growing role to reliably assess
Societal Systems Construction and Operational Costs for the full Life Cycle.
 Designing a new Generation of Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Cyber Infrastructures
which take advantage not only of technological advances, but, also, of the new conceptual context which
is being outlined by Strategic Multiscale in order to introduce new Integrated Environmental Compliant
Strategies for Society Innovation and Development
 Integrating and Structuring Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multisectoral Data, Information and
Knowledge from the Scientific, Engineering and Societal Worlds (Multiscale Maps and Knowledge
Domains) integrated with Data Analytics and AI Systems
 Developing new Strategic Multiscale Education, Information and Communication Languages and
Environments to create a new generation of Citizens, Professionals (any Area), Managers, Scientists,
Technologists Engineers, Politicians, Administrators fully capable to understand and manage the new
“Complex World”
 Defining new cooperation and partnering schemes among political and management organizations,
citizens and social bodies, research, and industry also using the “Integrated Multiscale Science – Based
Education, Information nd Communication Framework”.

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Strategic Framework Goals

 developing a “Unified Vision” of the several aspects and processes which characterize a wide spectrum of
ever more Complex Social, Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial and Environmental Systems in a wide range of
Areas
 transferring in a coordinated and organic way techniques, strategies, results and achievements from the
Technological and Engineering Sector (CARDE-MP Framework) into the Societal (IMSDD Framework)
Area and creating a two-way relationship
 transferring in a coordinated and organics way scientific achievements inside the technology development,
system design, and production environments to ensure a continuous progress for the Society
 A new Integrated Platform (Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and
Space Cyber & Physical Framework running CARDE-MP andIMSDD Frameworks) ) to conceive,
design, implement and manage Research , Technology, Engineering, Manufacturing and Societal
Innovation Plans for a wide range of fields applying “Integrated Strategies” avoiding, in such a way,
useless duplication and resources dispersion and allowing for an easy transfer of achievements and
knowledge from a sector to the other ones
 improving Industry Research and Technology, Engineering and Manufacturing Innovation Strategies and
Organization integrating in a structural way Science and Engineering methods and knowledge
 From Atoms To Society: outlining new ways to design and manage innovative more performant “Science –
Based” Products, Processes and Systems meeting ever more tight requirements
 designing new “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based” Education, Information and Communication
Frameworks and Programs to:
 educate and train a new researchers, designers, industry workforce and management generation able to
take full advantage of the new R&D and Engineering/Manufacturing trends and achievements and apply
them in a timely and effective fashion.
 raising awareness of citizens and public administrators and managers about the relevance of
scientific and technological advances on every aspect of societal life

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7.2 IMSE-TSDD Architecture and Functionalities
7.2.1 IMSE-TSDD Framework Application Context: Societal Systems Multiscale

Structure and Dynamics
Note: we use the term “Societal System” to indicate any Civil, Socio-Economic, Agricultural Infrastructural,
Ecological and Industrial System and related integrated “Structures”. Smart Cities, Megacities, Mega Corridors,
Smart Regions, Megaregions are “Societal Systems”.
Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Ecological, Agricultural, Food, Socio-Economic Systems are ever more
characterized and conditioned by the following critical factors:
 Multiscale Space and Time Dimension of all the “System Activities” in any field
 Increasing Structural, Functional and Operational Complexity
 Widening range of Links and Interdependencies between the previously quoted issues over a spectrum
of Space and Time Scales
 Widening range of (often conflicting) objectives to be met (resilience, security, safety, environmental
compliance, operational flexibility, energetic efficiency,….)
 Increasing need, due to previous issues, to integrate a full spectrum of scientific knowledge inside the
technology development, engineering and testing processes (Science – Engineering Integration)
Fig. 51 Network of Interlinked Government, Civil and Infrastructural Systems

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Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Ecological, Socio – Economic – Government & Administration (Societal)
Systems can be, more and more, regarded, as “ Space and Time Distributed Systems”. All System Processes and
Activities develop and mutually interact over a wide range of space and time scales.
The emergence and development of "Metropolitan Cities", “Megacities” and “Mega-Regions” call for the
development of a new generation of Multiscale Multidisciplinary Analysis, Design and Management Systems,
Tools and Strategies which structurally incorporate the most significant scientific, technological, engineering
advances. Cities and Regions are, to a large extent, true Social, Economic and Technological “Attractors”
which give the birth to Complex Systems referred to as “Urban Clusters”. “Urban Clusters” give an inherent
Multiscale Space Economic and Industrial Dimension to Cities. Underlying concept was introduced in 1890 by
Alfred Marshall “By agglomerating in close geographical proximity, firms can receive increasing returns from
a trinity of agglomeration economies: a local pool of skilled labour, local supplier linkages, and local knowledge
spillovers.”. Clusters emphasize relative economic and political functions:
• Clusters extend beyond city administrative boundaries and they integrate complex social, economic, and
political processes.
• Clusters can be a single urban core surrounded by many smaller towns, or it can consist of several large cities
of similar sizes connected along with a hierarchy of smaller cities.
Silicon Valley is, for instance, an innovation cluster.
IBM Institute for Business Value- A Vision of Smarter Cities

“ Smart City Multiscale Dimension clearly emerges from the following text”
…“The world economy is now globally integrated and services-based, with cities as its hubs”……
….”Within metropolitan regions, organizations are choosing a range of levels of cooperation – from
informal networks, such as those in Spain’s Bilbao and Germany’s Rhine-Ruhr, right through to
amalgamation of formerly separate urban districts as in Melbourne, Australia, and Montreal, Canada.
This has expanded across borders with the growth of international cities such as Basel-Mulhouse-
Freiburg (Switzerland, France and Germany) and Copenhagen- Malmo (Denmark and Sweden).”…….

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The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: A New Vision of “Smart City” to address
Urbanization Challenges
Cities leaders aspiring to transform their cities into models of sustainability must look beyond city
limits and include in their calculation the global flow of goods and materials into their realm, argue
researchers in the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences journal Ambio. Many cities are now
developing sustainable strategies to reduce pollution and congestion, improve the quality of life of
their citizens, and respond to growing concern about human impact on climate and the
environment. But sustainable city initiatives often ignore the environmental footprint from imported
goods and services such as food, water, and energy to cities: sustainability, it seems, stops at the
city limits. Ultimately, this will not add up to a planet able to support over nine billion people. “The
sustainability of a city can no longer be thought of in isolation from the combined resource use
and impacts of cities globally.” Urbanization is no longer a local issue, say Earth-system
researchers in a new paper, Planetary stewardship in an urbanizing world: beyond city limits,
published October 2012. Instead, the team proposes that cities analyse how resources consumed
within a city are sourced, produced and transported. They suggest one solution could be that
cities with viable sustainability strategies link together to create a vast system of cities. A feature
of such a system would be an awareness of the global resource use of cities combined. The
benefits of a network of this kind could be twofold, contributing to “planetary stewardship” whilst
providing long-term resource security for cities. “Urban areas drive much of the global changes we
see, whether in energy use, food supply, resource depletion or land-use change,” says lead
author Dr. Sybil Seitzinger, Executive Director of the International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme, based in Stockholm Sweden.

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A New Multiscale Multisectoral Reality: Megacities and Mega Regions
More than half of the world’s population already lives in cities today and the urbanization trend continues: in
2030, it will be two-thirds..
Cities are facing unprecedented challenges. The pace of urbanization is increasing exponentially. Every day,
urban areas grow by almost 150 000 people, either due to migration or births. Between 2011 and 2050, the
world’s urban population is projected to rise by 72 % (i.e. from 3.6 billion to 6.3 billion) and the population
share in urban areas from 52 % in 2011 to 67 % in 2050.
Megacities are urban behemoths: urban systems with populations exceeding 10 million inhabitants.
In the last thirty years, the number of megacities in the world has increased from three to twenty. The United
States, for example, hosts three megacities: New York, Los Angeles, and the Chicago megacity. The geography
of this mega urbanization is uneven. Most megacities in the developed world are projected to reach a level of
stasis in their growth, growing at slower rates as their populations saturate their urban environment.
Meanwhile, megacities in the developing world are forecast to accelerate in their growth: Lagos megacity is
projected to expand by 48%, adding 5.2 million people (to 16.1 million total) between 2005 and 2015, Dhaka is
estimated to grow by 35% (+4.4 million, to 16.8 million total), Karachi by 31% (+3.6 million, to 15.2 million
total), Jakarta by 27% (+3.6 million, to 16.8 million total), and Kolkata by 19% (+2.7 million, to 17 million
total) over the same time period.
A new category of urban agglomeration has emerged: Gigacities (otherwise referred to as “Mega Regions. In
other contexts the definition of Mega Cities and Mega Regions can, at least partially, coincide). We can devise
Supercities of more than 50 million inhabitants, an almost unimaginable number. And yet Gigacities may soon
become reality in China. The Chinese government is reportedly planning to connect multiple cities in five
integrated urban conurbations which would together become to half a billion people by 2020. If these
ambitious plans are realized, there will be four urban areas in China each with more inhabitants than the whole
of Germany. Greater Shanghai could in theory contain more than 170 million inhabitants by 2020.
The Trend is toward the creation of Complex Integrated and Interconnected Urban, Civil and Infrastructural
Systems. These Systems represent a Strategic Opportunity to “Plan, Design, Organize and Manage” in a
rational way a New Generation of Large Economic, Social, Technological and Ecological “Entities” governed
by advanced ICT and Computing Systems.
Mega Region definition: An “Entity” constituted by between 10 and 50 cities and towns, physically separate
but functionally networked, clustered around one or more larger central cities,
 Natural environment
 Flows of goods, services, and people
 Shared resources (labor, infrastructure, economic structures (industry, finance, services) research centers and
universities, federal funding, natural resources)
 Social or cultural identity
 Political boundaries (counties, states)
It is evident that the dynamics of all the previously listed “Mega Entities” develop over a wide range of space
and time scales and all the analysis and design activities involve a full spectrum of “areas: science (research),
technology, engineering, social and demographic sciences, governance theory, ecology and agriculture.
Accordingly Multiscale Methodologies, Strategies and Environments are a key fundamental need.

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The Following figures give an impressive representation of this trend:

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To deal with these challenges, the IMSE- TSDD Framework integrates all the Methods, Tools, Strategies and
Functionalities characterizing the:
 “ Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering (IMSE) Framework” Chapter 3,
 “Strategic Multiscale Computer Aided Research, Technology, Engineering and Manufacturing Development
(SMCARDE-MP) Framework” (paragraph 6.2
 “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space Collaboratory Cyber &
Physical Framework” (Chapter 4)
 “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication Framework”
(Chapter 5)
 “Strategic Multiscale Science –Based Democratic Societies Framework” (Chapter 8)
in order to conceive, design and implement a wide spectrum of new technological and engineering architectures
and operational/management solutions for any kind of Civil, Infrastructural, Environmental Industrial,
Agricultural and Socio-Economic System. Integrated Multiscale Science–Engineering-Society Models and
Frameworks fill the gap between scientific models and models applied in the Planning and Decision Making
activities. This kind of Frameworks allow to transfer in a continuous and coordinate way knowledge across the
whole spectrum of the Technology Innovation, Design and Development and Implementation Process.

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The fundamental goal of the IMSE-TSSD Framework is to represent a “New Unified

Conceptual, Methodological and Design Context” to support a wide range of innovative
projects and catalyze Technology, and Engineering breakthroughs inside the Societal Area.
At the same time, we would like to highlight the strong relationships between the IMSE-TSDD
Framework and the Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Society Structures and
Government Strategies Framework (Chapter 8).
A distinctive characteristics of the IMSE-TSDD Framework is the tight interconnection between

the IMSE-TSPD and the IMSE-TSDD Frameworks. Strategic Multiscale Methodologies enable a
coherent and organic transfer of Technological, Engineering and Manufacturing knowledge and
solutions developed thanks to the IMSE-TSPD Framework inside the IMSE-TSDD one in order to
conceive, design and implement a wide spectrum of new technological, engineering and
manufacturing architectural and operational/management solutions specifically designed for Civil,
Infrastructural, Environmental and Societal Systems.

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7.2.2 IMSE-TSDD Framework Architecture and Functionalities

The “IMSE-TSDD Framework” deals with the Analysis. Design, Development and Operational
Management of any kind of Societal (Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Economic Agricultural,
Ecological, Socio-Economic) Systems. Key Elements:
1) Multiscale Societal Systems Architectural Module
This Module describes the Societal physical scenario and incorporate classical CAD and Geographic
Information Systems: for instance – CityGML and ArcGIS Software Frameworks which embed
Multiscale/Multiresolution features. This new kind of “Cooperation Context” enables researchers,
designers, public and private managers and politicians to synthesize a wide spectrum of different
resources, methods and operational schemes and define comprehensive strategies to meet common
objectives and goals. Multiscale Frameworks can be instrumental to improve correlation between
operational requirements, engineering requirements and technological and scientific advances
promoting accelerating in such a way technological and engineering innovation. The “Multiscale
Societal Systems Architectural Scenario“ is described by Multiscale Societal Systems
Architectural Maps. This kind of Maps allows us to describe at several levels of resolution and
scales:
 (Multiscale Structural and Architectural Maps) which describe all the “Structures” or
“Constituent Elements” Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Agricultural, Geographic and
Environmental. Transportation, Computing, Communication, Monitoring and Control Systems,
Facilities, ……. and “Entities” (any kind of Human Teams and Organizations and any kind of
Government, Administrative, Economic, Financial, Consulting and Industrial Organizations)
(Strategic Multiscale Multilevel Human, Governmental, Administrative, Socio- Economic and
Organizational Maps): which constitute the “System” under consideration and related links and
interdependencies for a full set of operational conditions. Maps describe also Functionalities,
Tasks, Technologies and Structures of any “Entity” linked to specific Tasks and Projects/Programs.
“Entities” can be aggregated according to specific classification criteria and over a whole spectrum
of detail and resolution levels. These Maps are related to the “Multiscale Life – Cycle and Testing “
Frameworks. Maps are applied during the analysis and design phase and also during the Systems
Operating Life. Digital Models associated to Multiscale Maps describe also Systems Dynamics
 (Multiscale Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact (Waste and Emission) (nominal
and off-nominal conditions) Maps): these Maps describe the Environmental Impact
(Emissions, Heat, Waste,…) from Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Socio-Economic and Natural
Systems are monitored and tracked taking advantage a wide range of Multiscale Earth and
Aero/Space based Monitoring Systems. Maps describe impact typologies and impact space-time
dimension. . Maps describe relationships among Systems (any level, any kind), their Operational
Modes and related Environmental Impact (any kind). Specific “Multiscale Physical and
Biochemical Maps” describe the spectrum of physical, chemical and biochemical phenomena
and processes characterizing the interaction between Industrial, Societal and Environmental
Systems for a wide range of geographic scales and over multiple time scales. Maps take
advantage of the “Strategic Multiscale Environmental Monitoring and Impact Analysis Framework”
(Paragraph 7.2.4). This feature is of critical relevance to evaluate the “Environmental Compliance”
of the System. Maps are applied during the analysis and design phase and also during the
Systems Operating Life.
This new kind of “Cooperation Context” enables researchers, designers, public and private managers
and politicians to synthesize a wide spectrum of different resources, methods and operational
schemes and define comprehensive strategies to meet common objectives and goals. Multiscale
Frameworks can be instrumental to improve correlation between operational requirements,
engineering requirements and technological and scientific advances promoting accelerating in such a
way technological and engineering innovation. The previously described Maps are interrelated and
hierarchically organized. Maps can be integrated to form “Knowledge Domains”

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2 ) Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Analyses and Design Module [based upon
the IMSE and the Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society Earth and
Space Collaboratory Cyber & Physical Framework Frameworks]
This Module applies methods, concepts and environments described in the Chapter 3 and Chapter 4.
Modules use the whole spectrum of computational methods (Continuous, Discrete and Agent Based)
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation Frameworks allow to build a Hierarchy of Variable
Fidelity and Resolution Models which leads to simplified but rigorous (science-based) models that can
be effectively applied for Planning and Decision Making activities. The following figure (Sandia
National Labs) illustrates the overall schemes for the new generation of Integrated Cooperative
Environments connecting in a structural way Science – Engineering – Politics – Administrative
Entities and Society
3) Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering Data, Information and Knowledge Analysis and
Management Module (described in the IMSE Framework, Chapter 3).
This Module uses Multiscale Maps and Knowledge Domains to be Integrated with Data Analytics and
AI Techniques.
4) Multiscale Multiresolution Operational Modeling and Simulation Modules

The objective is to model and simulate the behaviour of any kind of Technological, Ecological, Social
and Societal Systems, their relationships and interdependencies for the full spectrum of normal, off-
nominal and accident operational conditions. This Module can use and integrate methods and
techniques described in the Chapter 3 and apply already developed Frameworks and Tools.

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5) Multiscale Environmental Impact Analysis and Monitoring Module

A distinguishing feature of the Module will be the design of Integrated Multiscale Multitechnological
Multidisciplinary Monitoring Systems which take full advantage of new Nano and Micro Sensor and
Integrated Sensor & Processing (ISP) technologies.
a) Multiscale Multiresolution Multidisciplinary Space and Time Integration
b)“Sensor Systems - Experimental Facilities” Integration and “Sensor Systems – Experimental
Facilities – Computational Centers” Integration. The growing complexity of the Networks of Physical
and Biochemical Phenomena and Processes to be Monitored calls for Integrated Data Analysis and
Interpretation Strategies which can be carried out by Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Computational Models acting as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers”. Strategic Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Models integrate and Fuse Data from a wide range of sources (Sensors and
Laboratory Facilities) to turn a “Tsunami” of Data into useful Knowledge. It should be taken into
account that more Data does not necessarily means more Information and Knowledge.
c) The Multiscale Framework enables a new “Integrated Space-Time” approach to environmental and
pollution issues. “Integrated Space-Time” approach means that in this new methodological and
conceptual context, we can link together inside a unified context data, information, knowledge and
models which characterize the three fundamental phases which characterize the pollution process :
 Interaction or Biomedical Phase (interaction with biological systems (human body included)
6) Innovative Technology and System Development Analysis Module
This Framework is described in the Paragraph 4.5. This Framework allows us to model and simulate
the Innovative Technology and Systems Development Process for any kind of Societal System
applying the “Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration” as Unifying Paradigm for Science and
Engineering concept. The Framework enables to analyze what Technological and
Engineering/Manufacturing advances and innovative solutions can be achieved thanks to Scientific
progress (bottom – up approach) and what scientific and/or basic technological advances are needed
to meet ever more demanding engineering and operational requirements (top – down approach) The
approaches can be interactively and iteratively combined. Several different scenarios can be taken
into account and evaluated (What if Strategy) out This kind of Framework can carry out the following
functions:
 A Key “Enabling System and Resource” for a New Generation of Knowledge Integrator and
Multipliers Design and Decision Support Systems (DSS) for “Integrated” Societal Systems Design
and Development.
 Modeling and Simulating Industrial, Civil, Infrastructural and Socio-Economic Systems
Development and Implementation Processes including Environmental Interactions
 A “Focal Point” and “Key Tool” for “Living Labs” and “Technological and Industrial Incubators”
 A New Generation of “Integrated Cooperative Environments” for all the “Societal System Actors”
 This Environment can be connected to (Multiscale) Monitoring & Control Networks in order to
Progressively Monitoring Societal Systems during their construction and (nominal and off-nominal)
operational Life. Strategic Multiscale Environments can integrate data (applying also Data
Analytics and AI techniques) inside Models to test “Systems Behaviour” and devise and plan new
technologies and solutions.
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Technologies and Systems Design and Development Framework”
can also act as a “Predictor Tool”. A series of “what if” scenarios can be generated and used as inputs
in making the choices of the technical, functional and architectural solutions to be deployed.

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This “Virtual Framework” can be Integrated with the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-Based
Education, Information and Communication” Framework to be applied to:
– involve citizens, public and socio-economic bodies and industries in the “Smart (Civil,
Infrastructural, Agricultural and Ecological) Systems” Life, Innovation and Development
– Train professionals and technical people
– devise and set up cooperations among Cities, Public (Local/regional, National and Transnational)
(Regional, National and Transnational) Entities
.
Fig. 52 Multiscale Systems Engineering Development Georgia Institute of Technology
This new kind of Frameworks connected with (Multiscale) Monitoring and Control Networks and
Systems can promote the Design of: A New Generation of Multiscale Integrated Data – Models
Urban/Regional Operating Systems
7) Application Specific Modules (Humans Behaviour, Asset Management, Maintenance,…)

built applying the IMSE and the Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth
and Space Cyber & Physical Frameworks
8) Multiscale Visualization Modules
9) Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Virtual Testing Module (see Paragraph
6.2.7).
Complexity of the Civil and Infrastructural Systems is continuously growing and operational conditions
are becoming extremely demanding. Classical Testing techniques are no longer up to the new
challenges. Accordingly, even this field should adopt new Integrated Multiscale Science –Engineering
Strategies.

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10) Virtual Strategic Multiscale Life Cycle Engineering Module (Paragraph 6.2.8).
The Strategic Multiscale Paradigm allows to see Life Cycle as an example of a Multiscale (Space and
Time) Process. where it is possible to apply the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering
– Society (IMSE) Framework”.
11) Strategic Multiscale Education, Training, Information and Communication Environments

(described in the Chapter 5)
12) Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Multidisciplinary Multisectoral Modeling

and Simulation Socio Economic Module
This Module can be built applying the IMSE and the Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering – Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical Frameworks integrated by existing Modeling
Environments. Socio-Economic sustainability embodies a wide spectrum of issues: the development
of the business environment, wealth generation for citizens and companies, the growth of gross
domestic product (GDP), the quality of private undertakings, the city’s ability to attract business and
Capital, the ability to efficiently control operational , maintenance and upgrading costs, the ability to
recoup Smart City and Smart Region implementation cost in a predefined realistic time framework.
Economic sustainability plans imply a full understanding of the economic fabric and social dynamics of
the city and the market in the smart solutions context. It is necessary to develop new financial models,
which monetize savings (if any) and use them to finance the reimbursement of capital expenditures.
Financing models must be based on solid cost benefit analysis, including socio-economic benefits
Cities need to develop a wide economic potential, and attract business and capital. With the global
financial crisis, the economic sustainability of cities has become a critical strategic issue not always
taken into account in a comprehensive way. A city’s attractiveness for people, business and capital is
closely related to the quality of life (QoL), business opportunities, security and stability, which are
guaranteed by social inclusiveness. Technologies should not only increase efficiency but also, and in
particular brings benefits and opportunities to citizens, making the city more dynamic and participatory.
Smart Cities and Smart Regions will be ever more multiethnic, multicultural and multireligion Social
Realities. When large numbers of people live in agglomerations, actual or perceived social inequalities
and social exclusion of sections of the population can lead to social unrest. City authorities have a key
interest to ensure social inclusion, which starts with a basic level of services for all citizens. In a smart
city, it is important to take into account the risks of alienating important groups of citizens. This may
happen because smart services are limited to richer areas of the town, or because user charges make
many important services unaffordable for certain parts of the population.
All models of development of cities have to ensure that public transport, water, sanitation, electricity,
and telecommunications are affordable and accessible to all population groups. Social sustainability is
also intimately linked to cultural integration, social mobility and education levels increasing. New
multimedia technologies are a fundamental resource to achieve these targets.
Infrastructures and services need to respond to the following questions:
Are the expected objectives taking into account real behaviour , way of thinking and costumes of
the citizens and stakeholders?
How to guarantee that basic city services are affordable?
Who is paying for the services? Are the users that can afford them the right target group? Who can
support people and groups that cannot afford them. Have these costs quantified?
Can the new services and infrastructures be understood and used by all the citizens and groups? It
seems that Smart Cities are often conceived mainly for affluent and skilled people: see Songdo.
Are the social and cultural values of the citizens taken into account?

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NOTE: This Module is to be coupled with the Modules described in the Items 2 and 6.
It seems that, in many cases, the Smart City/region Programs socio-economic sustainability is
taken for granted and that the intensive and extensive use of ICT can automatically allow to
achieve this goal. It is to be taken into account that advanced ICT solutions are today widely
available practically all around the world. Smart Cities and Smart Regions are designed and
implemented worldwide. ICT and Engineering companies are ready and willing to sell
technologies and solutions worldwide. Accordingly, the realization of a Smart City and/or a Smart
Region does not automatically guarantee a significant competitive advantage over other Cities
and Regions. The competitive scenario is becoming more and more fierce. A continuous
innovation and development process is, ever more, a key strategic element.
A Critical Trend: Ageing Population

According to a recent study by the Global Cities Indicators Facility, the number of people over 65
years of age will increase by 183 % globally in 2050 compared to 2010, with astonishing spikes
expected in certain regions. In West-Asia and North Africa the increase is expected to be of 366 %. In
2045, the projections show that elderly people will outnumber children under 15 for the first time in
history. The countries with the largest shares of elderly population will still be Europe and North
America, but in Asia-Pacific and Latin America the shares are expected to be similar in 2050, which
means a stronger increase in percentage terms.
The report highlights how vast the implications for cities are in terms of physical planning and design
and in terms of economic repercussions. Cities are responsible for 70 % of the world GDP, and the
impacts of ageing on productivity, labour supply, income security and housing security bring important
political and economic policy challenges to cities. The need to take into account the behaviour and the
way of thinking of citizens of different age, different cultural level, different religions and different ethnic
groups behaviour is a major challenge for what is referred to as “Smart Governance”. Authorities need
to develop a strategy, which takes into account the needs, objectives and the long-term “Social”
development scenarios and their relationships with the “Economic” development trends. Smart Cities
and Smart Region usually resort to private operators supplying services, data and even energy as
prosumers (i.e. consumers and producers). Services are increasingly developed under public-private
partnerships. Public authorities will have to adopt new tools, frameworks and strategies to design new
integrated strategies to reconcile a wide spectrum of needs, expectations, objectives in the context of
an organic strategy. We think that new modeling and simulation tools and methods could play a key
role to formulate the needed global regulatory framework. A basic cyber-infrastructure, as an open
platform using “Virtual” Modeling and Simulation Tools, can act as a "tool box" for citizens and
associations. In this context the availability of urban data can gain a more strategic value. This kind of
“Tools” can also be of great value as knowledge sharing platforms among Cities and Regions.

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13) Integrated Strategic Multiscale Analysis Schemes and Success Evaluation Criteria
Module
This Module can be built applying the IMSE and the Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science –
Systems. Usually, Smart City/Region Programs are labelled as successful. However, specific
Analysis Schemes and Success Evaluation Criteria are formulated in a general or even generic way.
Even critics are generic: normally critics target the excess of “Technocratic Strategy” and/or
Economic/Financial viability. Taken into account the increasing level of importance of Smart
City/Region Initiatives on Society Development, we can say that the development of a well-defined set
of “Evaluation Criteria” and the performance of in depth rational and comprehensive analyses of the
real scenarios over short, medium and long term time periods, which take into account the whole
range of predefined socio-economic, environmental, industrial,…. objectives, should represent a
fundamental Goal. Also in this case Multisectoral Multiscale Modeling and Simulation Methods, Tools
and Frameworks which integrate Data Analytics and AI tools to process a wide spectrum of Data get
by a wide range of “Sources” could play a fundamental role.
14) A New Generation of Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society

Modeling and Simulation Frameworks to Design “Intelligent Strategic Multiscale Science and
Technology Based Civil, Infrastructural and Societal Systems” .
These Environments can be built applying the IMSE and the Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science –
Systems.
These Frameworks can be applied by various groups of stakeholders to:
 Integrate their visions, disciplinary areas, objectives into a coherent Vision and Project,
 Model the interrelations among Systems,
 Identify critical points, gaps and overlaps in standardization and clarifying the technical needs for
integration.
These Frameworks integrate Systems described in the previous items. Interactive Multiscale
Multisectoral digital models of the existing structure and dynamics of a city and a region can provide a
set of “before and after” views, relative to the proposed infrastructure changes using a particular
configuration and operation of technical solutions. The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Technologies and
Systems Design and Development Framework” (see Paragraph 4.5) can act as a “Predictor Tool”. A
series of “what if” scenarios can be generated and used as inputs to make “rational and science –
based” choices of the technical, functional and architectural solutions to be deployed
15) Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Decision Support Systems
(IMDSS)
These Frameworks incorporate the Frameworks described in the previous Items .
IMDSS would be a Strategic tool and resource to outline and analyze future Complex Interdependent
Industrial, Environmental and Socio Economic Scenarios over short, medium and long term time
periods. In many cities long term success is depending upon a variety of overlapping short term issues
and achievements which requires a delicate balance. City/Region decision makers need to have a
dynamic, constantly refreshed strategic vision for what the city will look like in the long term, and make
sure that the various. short term projects and initiatives have a direct line of sight to the long term
strategic vision. Cities and Regions need to demonstrate the “Projects/Programs Global Multisectoral
Value” over time City planners and managers need new Methods and Environments to assess the
socio-economic impact of new technologies and integrated solutions over time. The development of
these Tools should be regarded as a key Objective. Public and also Private Organizations analyzing
with these Tools dynamics and performance of Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological and also Economic and

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Social Systems over the full spectrum of spatial and temporal scales can identify problem areas and
track the effectiveness of solutions in achieving the Smart Cities and Smart Regions short, medium
and long-term goals. This is a fundamental component of a real “Smart Governance”. Multiscale
Methods and Frameworks have a “Strategic Value” because they incorporate the following functions
and capabilities:
Horizontal (Integration of Disciplinary Areas) as well as Vertical (from Nano to Macro, From
Science to Engineering and Society) integration is key to creating value and interoperability.
Combined, these features create a “realistic” static and dynamic system of systems.
A full understanding of Sub-Systems and Systems Interoperability dynamics is the key to manage
in an effective and efficient way Complex Realities as Smart Cities and Smart Regions in a wide range
of nominal and off-nominal operational conditions
Future interoperability can only be guaranteed through the existence of international standards
ensuring that components from different suppliers and technologies can interact seamlessly.
A risk of not having the appropriate type and level of integration of city infrastructures and services
would be the simultaneous loss of electrical power, water supply, gas supply and telecommunication
networks. When the different sub-systems do not have integrated backup power or control and
operational systems, but are wholly dependent on a common power grid or communication network,
they can become single points of failure.
Risks of limited connectivity and collaboration
Lack of integrated infrastructures and city/region entities can create significant inefficiencies, risks, and
will affect a city’s economy. Developing integrated infrastructures with the support of integrated
technologies and integrated Modeling and Simulation Frameworks can lead to a better service for
citizens, a more efficient, dynamic and flexible economic systems and enhance the city’s resilience to
safety and security risks.
Cities/Regions Safety, Security and Resilience are becoming central issues to design future
Cities/Regions. Extreme weather events has revealed a number of vulnerabilities of present cities. An
accident in one infrastructure, such as the rupture of water pipes can affect other networks.
Future infrastructure has to be designed to be resilient to such events. This resilience challenge
requires:
a) better adaptive and flexible infrastructures integration scheme,
b) a continuous access to (multiscale) Multisectoral networks of sensors data.
c) Data Integration with Multiscale Multisectoral Modeling & Simulation Frameworks, Data Analytics
and AI Environments. Presently water, electricity, transportation, energy, telecommunications…….
infrastructure are managed separately by different operators. These operators do not communicate
inside a coherent data, information and knowledge context.
 The Standards Definition Issue
To ensure that smart integrated complex systems are put in place in practice, internationally agreed
standards that include technical specifications and classifications in order to support interoperability
(i.e. devices and systems working together) are sine qua non. To implement Smart Cities in the urban
landscape, standardizations and certifications are often regarded as essential part to steer this
development. Activities in standardization from respective agencies (e.g. CEN/CENELEC, ISO/IEC
and DIN) which should foster interoperability between different Smart City and Smart Region systems
and which are in a strategic important position in the perspective of economic effects through their
strong influence on national standards will be more important in the future. A number of other
organizations are drafting specifications for smart cities. One of the most ambitious examples is the
City Protocol programme . This initiative, City Protocol Society, aims to provide guidance on the
procedures (required standards) and legal frameworks necessary to achieve such partnerships. The
City Protocol provides “The Anatomy of City Habitat” which aims to present in a common language the
key features affecting city life.

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These are represented by three systems (structure, society and data) and eight sub-systems or
thematic areas (environment, infra-structures, built domain, public space, functions, people,
information flows and performance). One of the key aims of the City Protocol is to provide the first
certification system for smart cities, developed with the guidance of over 30 organizations. The
objective being to provide a framework for designing sustainable systems of systems integrating the
numerous elements that creates the urban space. Resilience (for Cyber, Terrorists and Natural
Extreme events) is an increasingly critical issue to be taken into account. Infrastructural Systems
Adaptability and on and off line Reconfiguration capabilities are a very important target to be dealt with
by specific R&D and Engineering Programs. It would be very important to design and test Modeling
and Simulation Methods and Frameworks to analyze the behavior of Systems under off-nominal
conditions.
16) Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society Earth and Space
Collaboratory Cyber & Physical Framework (Chapter 4).
The New CIC Infrastructural Framework is based upon the new central concept of “Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and “Unifying
Paradigm” for the full spectrum of Scientific and Engineering (analytical, Experimental,
Characterization, Testing, Sensing) Methodologies and “Knowledge Domains”. A “multi – way”
partnership among Theoretical, Computational Centers and Experimental, Characterization, Testing
and Sensing Centers, Systems and Facilities is a distinguishing feature of this new vision. This
“Integrated Environment” is a fundamental resource for all the “IMSE-TSDD Framework”
Environments. Modules and Tools.
16 a) Multiscale Science – Engineering Society Knowledge Integrators and Multiplier Centers.
All the previously quoted Frameworks, Environments and Modules Frameworks run on “Virtual
Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Knowledge Integrators and Multiplier Centers”
(see Paragraph 4.4) and on the “Virtual Multiscale Science-Based Space Station (or Center)” (see
Paragraph 4.6). These Centers aims at becoming a reference partner for Industry and Society to
develop and test new technologies and integrated engineering/manufacturing solutions; and a
reference Partner for Public Bodies to develop rigorous (science – based) solutions, strategies,
planning and evaluation criteria. These Intelligent Nodes implement the whole theoretical and
methodological apparatus of the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework”. The
Centers integrate inside a coherent conceptual and application context the whole spectrum of
resources: Computing and Data Centers, Theoretical, R&D and Engineering, Experimental and
Testing Teams and Facilities, which constitute the “Knowledge” needed to Innovate Technology and
Design/Manufacturing Solutions, Operational Modes in all the Economic, Environmental, Societal,
Communication, Information, Industrial Development Areas.
Application Areas (examples)
 Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of the behaviour of Civil, Infrastructural and Environmental
Systems and for nominal and off nominal operational conditions
 Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of the behaviour of “Complex Systems” and “Systems of
Systems” (Interactions between different Civil, Industrial, Energy, Food, Health….Systems)
 Development of new Methodologies and Integrated Frameworks to design “Inherently Resilient
and Green Systems”
 Development of a “Science – Based” Sustainability Metrics and related “Evaluation Environments”
for Technology Solutions and Systems (whole Life – Cycle)
 Integrated Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of Health – Environmental – Climatological – Food -
Economic issues
 Development of new Education and Information Tools, Environments and Strategies

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 Design of a new generation of multiscale monitoring and control systems

 Design of a new generation of “inherently” multiscale Civil and Infrastructural Technologies and
Systems
17 ) A New Cyber System to address Globalization Issues: Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space
Station
The “Multiscale Dimension” of Integrated Smart l Systems makes it necessary a new "Vision" and a
"Holistic Approach". This scenario requires a special "Observation and Integration” Point: The “Space”.
We can therefore conceive of a "Virtual Centre" (A Virtual Space Station) located in Space: Multiscale
Science-Based Virtual Space Station. The Virtual Space Station is a New Virtual Center for Analyzing,
Planning and Designing Smart Cities and Civil Infrastructural, Environmental and Agricultural
Systems, by integrating a broad range of observations (data) from Space and Earth Networks and
Multiscale Computational Models.
The Space Station (ISS) can be considered as a "symbol" of a New and more Global Strategy (From
Space to Earth) to address Complex Earth Problems.

Multiplier
The Multiscale Models Hierarchy can be regarded as a synthesis and integration of

Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science, Engineering and Society knowledge and
methods.
18 ) “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin Environments” which allow to implement the previously
quoted Frameworks anc Contexts (see Paragraph 3.3.5)

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7.2.3 Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Systems Modeling and Simulation

Framework
This Framework can be built integrating existing Modeling Tools with the IMSE and the Integrated
Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Earth and Space Cyber & Physical Frameworks.
Societal Systems are " Complex Systems (or Systems of Systems) " i.e. Dynamical Systems characterized by
a series of "Entities" and "Structures" concerning a wide spectrum of disciplinary areas (political,
administrative, social, economic, industrial, agricultural, health, ecological , .. ) mutually interacting with very
complex patterns over a complete range of spatial and temporal scales (Multiscale Multidisciplinary Dynamics).
Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin Environments are reference Tools to implement this Framework
A New Frontier: It is of particular importance to highlight that Strategic Multiscale Science –

Engineering - Society Strategies allow for a “Unified Vision” of the whole R&D, Engineering, Systems
and Operational Design Process.
Integrated Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling and Simulation Framework basic objectives are to:
 Analyze the hierarchy of interlinked phenomena and processes which characterize the dynamics of Societal
Systems over a full range of space and time scales (short, medium long term), elucidate the wide spectrum
of relationships and interdependencies characterizing the several disciplinary areas over a set of space and
time scales
 Integrate Multiscale Multiresolution Multidisciplinary Data from a full spectrum of Space, Aerial, Sea (and
Under Sea), Surface and Sub Surface Data Collection Systems to build Multiscale Multiresolution
Multidisciplinary Maps and Knowledge Domains
 Represent a Tool and Platform to collect Data from a whole spectrum of Space Aerial, Ground and
Underground Sensing Systems and, thanks to the Multiscale Science-Engineering Knowledge Integrator and
Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication (CIC) Infrastructural Framework, integrate this data
with:
 Experimental and Testing Facilities and Sensing Networks
 Data Analytics and AI Tools
 Multiscale Multiresolution Multidisciplinary Models

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In order to:
 Validate Models and Improve the existing ones,
 Develop a set continuously updated Models which take into account the field dynamics during the
implementation and operational phases for a wide range of nominal and off nominal conditions and
situations. This continuous feedback from the field is a fundamental element to build upon a New Kind
of “Adaptive Technology, Engineering and Manufacturing Strategy”
 Implement Multiscale Monitoring and Control and Predictive Maintenance Strategies
Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial, Agricultural and Ecological Systems can be regarded as Networks of a wide
range of Interlinked Systems (System of Systems), Sub–Systems, Components, Devices, Structures and
Materials operating over a full spectrum of space and time scales. Interdependencies among these “Elements”
characterize and rule the dynamics of Societal Systems for nominal and off nominal operating conditions.
Interdependencies determine a new spectrum of operational modes (referred to as “emergent behaviour) which is
inherently multiresolution and multiscale. Analysis and Design of Civil, Industrial, Agricultural, Infrastructural
and Socio-Economic Systems Dynamics cannot be carried out by analyzing and designing in isolation single
elements constituting this kind of Systems. For these reasons Multiscale Multiresolution Systems Engineering
has become a key issue for Urban, Infrastructural and Ecological Engineering. That is even more true when off –
nominal and accident conditions occur The component systems include Infrastructural systems (such as energy,
water and transportation), human centered systems (such as education, healthcare and social programs), and
administrative planning and management systems. The central component of the IBM Smart Cities concept is an
Intelligent Operations Center (IOC) to coordinate and share data in a single view, creating the big picture for the
decision makers and responders who support the smart city. The systems, sub-systems, facilities, components
and devices that comprise these infrastructures are sophisticated, complex, and highly interdependent. They are
comprised of physical, human, and cyber assets, and have evolved over time to be economical and efficient
systems. The increasing interconnections and complexity of these systems, subject to natural hazards, coupled
with the new threat environment, have created the need for a focus on interdependencies and the consequences
they propagate. The objective of this kind of Integrated Frameworks is to support the design, preparedness and
protection of Civil and Infrastructural Systems by providing analyses of the technical, economic, and security
implications of the loss or disruption of these Critical Infrastructures, and outline infrastructure protection,
mitigation, response, and recovery options.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to understand the consequences of Architectural element
relationships and interdependencies, and the dynamics of their interconnections other than
infrastructure performance under extreme (off nominal) and accidental conditions,
The “Strategic Multiscale” System Engineering Issue deserves a special attention also in the light of the future
Development and Implementation of a new generation of inherently Multiscale Systems. Integration of different
technologies and different sub-systems, components and devices is, today, a fundamental challenge in the
Development and Implementation and design of high-tech systems. In the future, the widening use of a full
hierarchy of nano, micro, meso technologies, components and devices will make this issue even more critical.
Multiscale Engineering will, more and more become “Multiscale” System Engineering. Nanotechnology will be
a fundamental catalyst for this process. Because, today, it begins to be possible to analyze and predict the
dynamics of systems at multiple scales, the next step is to use “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science-
Engineering Strategies” to design hierarchical systems at multiple scales. That means being able to design
systems in such a way that multiple “structures” at different scales cooperate to produce an increasingly wider
spectrum of properties and functions and higher performance levels.. Designing Systems at multiple scales
(Multiscale System Design) means increasing design freedom, i.e., achieving a greater flexibility in configuring
systems to achieve performance and a spectrum of properties and functionalities that were not possible before.

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In the “System Engineering” field, the “Analysis Challenge” is linked to these issues :
 Analysis of the Interactions between the “System” and the Operational Environment for the whole
“Operational Envelope” and for extreme and accident conditions in order to define “Systems Requirements”
 Analysis of the “Requirements – Performance – Structure” relationships and interdependencies over different
scales (Multiscale Requirements Traceability)
 Analyzing Multiscale Dynamics inside each system, sub-system, component and device
 Analyzing Multiscale Interactions among different elements at the same scale
 Analyzing Multiscale Interactions among the whole range of “System Architectural Elements” working
inside a scale and at different scales
This kind of analyses is functional to define a “corpus” of criteria (metrics) and testing methodologies and
techniques to evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of the of Civil and Infrastructural Systems Design which
take into account the previously defined Analyses. The IMSE and the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering – Society Earth and Space Cyber and Physical Framework” can represent a good basis to carry out
the previously indicated analyses. A “Strategic” . Multiscale system design approach opens the way to new
strategies for complex systems control. A combination of new multiscale sensors, meso, micro and nano
systems, and distributed computing systems, can lead to innovative multiscale control schemes. New multiscale
sensors will be able to deliver not only "averaged" data and information, as in the past, about space and time
variations of key physical and technological variables (pressure, temperature, chemical composition,....) but the
detailed map of local values and rates at different levels of resolution and time and space scales. This kind of
information can be used to develop and validate off-line physical models no longer based on an empirical and
semi-empirical (averaged) knowledge but on a first principles understanding of the physical reality. Highly
detailed real-time models to control technological systems will grow out of this new level of understanding and
will run on an array of distributed computing systems.
From a general point of view, the overall performance and operating behavior of systems will be more and more
determined by how multiscale and multi-physics phenomena interact in multi-component and multimedia
environments. The general trend towards miniaturization (micro and nano technologies) makes it necessary for
CAD/CAE/CAM systems to take into account, inside a fully integrated context, an ever wider range of
geometric and physical scales. That is made inside the MCARDE-MP Framework
In this context, the Development and Implementation of “unified variable fidelity multiscale
multiresolution Science - Engineering - hierarchies of computational(continuum, discrete and agent
based) models and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing techniques/models” can be
considered as a key target.
Reduced Order Models play a very important role in this context for real time control and to support decision
making when critical operational conditions occur. The following figure illustrates the cluster of Models and
their Interactions which are needed to define the dynamics of a “Urban and Infrastructural Societal System”:
Society as a “System of Interacting Systems”. Each box can involve a hierarchy of multiscale multiresolution
models
Integrated Multiscale Multiresolution Science-Engineering Frameworks provide multi-disciplinary consequence
analyses of infrastructure disruptions in support of risk informed decision making. These analyses are often
driven by rapidly unfolding events (e.g., hurricanes, malevolent threats) and are needed quickly. This
requirement can be met by the Development and Implementation of a spectrum of fast reduced – order models
These modeling and analysis tools are essential to providing a broad set of infrastructure disruption analyses
with rapid turn-around times.
Civil, Industrial, Infrastructural, Agricultural Systems can be regarded as Networks of a wide range of
Interlinked Systems (System of Systems), Sub – Systems, Components, Devices, Structures and Materials
working over a full spectrum of space and time scales. Interdependencies among these “Elements” characterize
and rule the dynamics of Complex Civil and Infrastructural Systems for nominal and off – nominal operating

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conditions. Interdependencies determine a new spectrum of operational modes (referred to as “emergent

behaviour) which is inherently multiresolution and multiscale. Analysis and Design of Civil and Infrastructural
Systems Dynamics cannot be carried out by analyzing and designing in isolation single elements constituting
this kind of Systems. For these reasons Multiscale Multiresolution Systems Engineering has become a key issue
for Civil and Infrastructural Engineering. That is even more true when off – nominal and accident conditions
occur. The systems, sub-systems, facilities, components and devices that comprise these infrastructures are
sophisticated, complex, and highly interdependent. They are comprised of physical, human, and cyber assets,
and have evolved over time to be economical and efficient systems. The increasing interconnections and
complexity of these systems, subject to natural hazards, coupled with the new threat environment, have created
the need for a focus on interdependencies and the consequences they propagate. The objective of this kind of
Integrated Frameworks is to support the design, preparedness and protection of Civil and Infrastructural
Systems by providing analyses of the technical, economic, and security implications of the loss or disruption of
these Critical Infrastructures, and assist in the understanding of infrastructure protection, mitigation, response,
and recovery options.
This IMSE-TSDD Framework applies all the methods, strategies and environments described in the Chapters 2
and 3. The Chapter 4 “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and
Communication Framework” is fundamental to create a new Generation of Citizens, Professionals and
Politicians able to manage and use in the best way the new Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society resources
and tools. This new conceptual, methodological and application context synthesizes wide scattered efforts and
resources and it enables the design and implementation of more Integrated Analysis, Design and Management
Strategies of Complex Societal Systems to deal with tightly interrelated problems of increasing complexities.
Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Systems Modeling and Simulation Framework is a reference tool and
resource to:
 design “Societal Systems” characterized by Increasing Structural, Functional and Operational
Complexity like “Smart Regions and Mega Regions”
 design resilient Systems able to withstand extreme events
design in an integrated way three fundamental components of Societal Systems
 Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial Systems
Ecological Systems
 Socio-Economic Systems
 Political, Government, Administrative Systems (see Chapter 7)
Key Strategic Relevance of Multiscale Models for the “Life” of the Society and related Targets
 Integrated Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multisectoral Modelling Frameworks connected

with Networks of Data Collection Systems, Data Analytics and AI Systems should be regarded as
an information and communication tool and repository of knowledge across disciplines,
stakeholders and citizens and a fundamental resource for “Smart Governance” and Citizens
Participation. This knowledge can be fully exploited thanks to the “Integrated Multiscale Science
- Based Education, Information and Communication Framework”
 Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multisectoral System models integrated with Data Analytics
and AI Systems provide a means for effective communication across all the disciplines, people
and organizations concerned in the Societal Life to address inside a coherent framework a wide
set of (often) conflicting objectives, needs, cultures and views..

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Strategic Multiscale Analysis Strategies

Analyses are performed using the Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering (IMSE) Framework and
Multiscale Science – Engineering Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier Computational Centers and related
Cyberinfrastructures. This kind of analyses is functional to the design of a new generation of Civil,
Infrastructural and Societal Systems
Multiscale Analysis Strategies can be applied to the following fields and tasks:
 Multiscale Science Based Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of the Dynamics of Single and Complex
(Interlinked) Environmental, Civil, Industrial and Infrastructural Systems for nominal and off nominal
operational conditions
 Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of Civil, Infrastructural and Environmental Systems in extreme
conditions [Resilience and Vulnerability Analyses] (Safety and Security). Definition of related Multiscale
Science – Based “Evaluation Criteria” and Standards
 Multiscale Science Based Life Cycle Analyses for Civil, Infrastructural and Industrial Systems -
Development of a Multiscale “Science – Based” Sustainability Metrics
 Integrated Multiscale Science Based Analysis, Modeling and Simulation of the impact on Environment and
Health of the Dynamics of Civil, Industrial and Infrastructural Systems Dynamics for nominal and off-
nominal operational conditions and for the whole Life Cycle (Life Cycle Analysis – LCA-)
 Multiscale Systems Engineering: design of new generation of “Inherently” Multiscale Science – Based
Hierarchical Technologies and Engineering Solutions for Societal Systems as a basis for a Sustainable and
Safer Development. The Process Intensification concept in the Chemical Engineering field incorporate this
new strategy
 Multiscale Extreme Engineering for Extreme Operational Conditions (Safety and Security)
 Multiscale Characterization and Testing.

 Multiscale Operational Strategies

 Science – Based Decision – Making and Planning under uncertainty. Several Methods can be applied:
Scenario Analyses, Analysis of Alternatives (AoA), Sensitivity Analyses and Analysis of Consequences
(What If) .
 Multiscale Systems Development Planning and Evaluation
 Multiscale Science – Based Monitoring and Control Systems
 Multiscale interactions between a “System” and the “Environment” where it operates for nominal and off-
nominal (accident included) situations.
 Multiscale Analyses of Any physical and bio-chemical phenomenon and process
Strategic Multiscale Analysis Strategies are a fundamental asset to develop New Design Schemes and
Approaches for any kind of Societal System
We would like to state that, in this document, multiscale stands for “multiscale Multiresolution multiphysics”
and that multiscale is a general term and it embodies, as a special case, classical single scale models and
analyses which can, in turn, take advantage of “Reduced Order Models” built upon multiscale analysis
schemes. The term “Integrated” is used because R&D and Engineering Strategies are based upon a full
integration of computational and Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing models, techniques and
strategies.
A key goal of Strategic Multiscale Strategies in the IMSE-TSDD Framework is to develop an
Integrated Hierarchy of Multiscale Multiresolution Multiphysics (Computational, Experimental,
Characterization, Testing and Sensing) Variable Fidelity Models. Each model should be
characterized by the level of complexity thought to be needed to get the right Information to
accomplish specific tasks: no more no less. Citing Einstein: A model must be as simple as
possible, but not simpler

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Multiscale is a general term. Multiscale means, usually “Multiscale Multiresolution”. Multiscale embodies as
special case classical “Single Scale” methods. The selection of the scales (and inside a scale of the resolution
levels) depends on the specific task to be addressed and the characteristics of the “System” taken into account
(not in all the cases we have to go down to the Schrodinger equation). When we remain inside a “Single Scale”,
as already highlighted, we use the term “Multiresolution”. This situation occurs, for instance, when we deal with
“Systems of Systems” or when we design/analyze the dynamics of “Complex Systems” made up by a set of sub-
systems and components. Just the capabilities of the Multiscale methodology to embody a wide spectrum of
different methods and approaches allow us to regard it as a “Unifying Paradigm”. Analysis Strategies take
advantage of the full spectrum of Multiscale Methods (hierarchical, concurrent, adaptive,..). The full spectrum of
Multiscale schemes can be applied in an integrated way to achieve specific objectives. The “Computational
Materials Design Facility (CMDF), developed at Caltech and MIT, introduced the term “Multi Paradigm” for
this scheme. Top – Down Analyses are integrated, as needed, with Bottom – Up analyses.
Several Multiscale Analysis Strategies can be applied:
 Multiscale Scientific Analyses finalized to “Understand” Physical and Bio - Chemical Phenomena and
Processes and their Relationships
a spectrum of multiscale computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing methods
linked using a full range of coupling schemes (multi paradigm approach) are applied to gain a unified
understanding of scientific and engineering phenomena/processes and elucidate relationships and
interdependencies between phenomena, processes and system architectural/structural elements inside a scale
and across different scales. Multiscale Maps give a coherent view of the network of relationships and
interdependencies among “System Dynamics” variables turning data from different sources into Knowledge
 Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Analyses.
Computational Scientific (Quantum – Atomistic – Micro) Models are directly coupled (On – Line Coupling)
with Meso and Macro (Engineering) Computational Models in order to have an Integrated Multiscale Nano To
Macro Analysis Framework . This kind of scheme has been already developed. A issue to be taken into account
in this case is that this Application Line and Approach is, normally, highly expensive from a computational point
of view.
A very interesting development lines is the design of Adaptive Multiscale Space and Time Environments.
Coarse-scale simulations dynamically spawn tightly coupled and self-consistent fine-scale simulations as needed
following specific scale/resolution transition criteria. Similar concepts apply in the time domain, e.g. using ab
initio techniques to compute activation energies for a rate theory or kinetic Monte Carlo model (“on-the-fly
kMC”)
 Off – Line Multiscale Coupling: Reduced – Order Modeling, Sub – Grid Models and Constitutive Equations
Development
Reduced-Order Models, Sub – Grid Models and Constitutive Equations are built, taking advantage of
Knowledge get by Multiscale Scientific Analyses . Constitutive Equations and Sub – Grid Models are inserted
inside classical Engineering codes. Multiscale Scientific Analyses are an important element to build “Hierarchies
of Multilevel Multiscale Computational, Experimental, Characterization, Testing and Sensing
Models/Techniques. In this perspective, Reduced – Order Models and “Hierarchies” can be regarded as a
synthesis and integration of science and engineering. The fundamental objective is to improve reliability, range
of validity, and effectiveness of models applied in the different phases of the Research, Technology
Development and Engineering Process and for Systems and Life – Cycle Engineering issues. It is important to
highlight that Knowledge get from Multiscale Scientific Analyses is captured and organized not only by reduced
order modeling, but also by Multiscale Maps.
This kind of strategy allows to directly insert “Multiscale Knowledge” inside classical
Engineering/Manufacturing/Processing models and codes. Simple, but science –based models, are of
fundamental relevance for Sensitivity Analyses, Analysis of Alternatives, Risk Analyses, Operational Analyses.

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It is important to emphasize that the application of Multiscale Strategies demands some not secondary
modifications in the projects organization, structuring and management. In particular, a fundamental element is
the definition of “Integrated Multiscale Multidisciplinary Teams”.
Integration develops over three lines:
 Disciplines: physics, chemistry, electronics, biology,
 Scales: specialists who operate in various in Scientific and Engineering areas
 Methodology: specialists who operate in the three methodological contexts: Theory, Computational,
Experimentation & Testing
A fundamental issue for all the Multiscale Strategies is to adopt an “Adaptive and Multi Step Selection of
Details and Resolution”
Intelligent Agents for Multiscale Modeling and Simulation

Besides classical Models. Agent based Modeling and Simulation is a very useful technique to model and
simulate Complex Systems Dynamics. Benefits of using intelligent agents in multi-scale modeling and
simulation include:
 Visual analyses of interactions across different scales,
 Visual examination of interactions among entities, objects, and components,
 Efficient way of combining continuous and discrete systems at different levels,
 Visual validation of model logics and system behaviors,
 Implementation of evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithm), and
 Capturing uncertainties in near real-time.

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Multiscale Modeling Applications
MISTRAL programme: 2016–2020

Multi-Scale Infrastructure Systems Analytics
The UK Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium is delivering research, models and

decision support tools to enable analysis and planning of a robust national infrastructure
system. The research addresses major challenges for the energy, transport, digital
communications, water, flood protection and waste, focusing upon the critical
interdependencies between these sectors.
The UK Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium (ITRC) provides concepts, models

and evidence to inform the analysis, planning and design of national infrastructure
MISTRAL will run from 2016 to 2020. The MISTRAL programme has been awarded
£5.3million of funding from the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council.
The aim of the MISTRAL programme is to develop and demonstrate a highly integrated
analytics capability to inform strategic infrastructure decision making across scales, from local
to global.
ITRC vision is for infrastructure decisions to be guided by systems analysis. When this vision
is realised, decision makers will have access to, and visualisation of, information that tells
them how all infrastructure systems are performing. They will have models that help to
pinpoint vulnerabilities and quantify the risks of failure. They will be able to perform ‘what-if’
analysis of proposed investments and explore the effects of future uncertainties, such as
population growth, new technologies and climate change.

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The aim of the MISTRAL programme is to develop and demonstrate a highly integrated
analytics capability to inform strategic infrastructure decision making across scales, from local
to global.
The Programme vision is for infrastructure decisions to be guided by systems analysis. Modeling will
be fundamental to identify vulnerabilities and quantify the risks of failure. “‘what-if’ analysis of
investments will be carried out and the effects of future uncertainties, such as population growth, new
technologies and climate change will be explored..

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University of Amherst
Integrated Framework combining the Transportation Analysis and Simulation System
(TRANSIMS) model ( Single and Multiscale) and the Multi-Scale Motor Vehicle Emissions
Simulator model (MOVES) from US Environmental Protection (EPA)
“The Multiscale Motor Vehicle and Equipment Emission System (MOVES)
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)”
three basic analysis scales for MOVES.
 Macroscale analyses for which the basic spatial unit would be the county.
 Mesoscale analyses using as spatial units roadway links and traffic analysis zones or using vehicle
trips consistent with output from standard travel demand models.
 Microscale analyses allow the estimation of emissions for specific corridors and/or intersections

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The following Examples are a clear demonstration of the trend towards the
development of Integrated Multiscale Frameworks
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

PRIMA: Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis
This example highlights the new possibilities offered by “Integrated Multiscale Modeling Systems” to
design Complex Integrated “Ecological – Agricultural – Energy – Civil Systems”
“Climate, energy, water, and land. Collectively, these elements interact and influence the world in
many ways, from powering cities to feeding people to ensuring access to water and other natural
resources. PNNL’s Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis, or PRIMA, is
designed to simulate the complex interactions among climate, energy, water, and land at decision-
relevant spatial scales. By bringing together models of climate, socioeconomics, hydrology,
agriculture, buildings, electricity, and other sectors, PRIMA helps regional stakeholders—with an initial
focus on the upper U.S. Midwest—develop and evaluate strategies for responding to complex
socioeconomic and environmental changes.”

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Environmental Change Institute University of Oxford

The Local Nexus Network: Building sustainable local nexuses of food, energy and
water: from smart engineering to shared prosperity.
The ‘Local nexus’ refers to decentralised food, energy and water systems which interact with each
other within the context of local livelihood and environment. Starting in early 2015, the Local Nexus
Network aims to: 1) establish the state of the art of local productions of food, energy and water; 2)
generate initial insights to guide researchers, businesses, policy makers and communities who are
enthusiastic about exploring the potential of local nexuses, and 3) develop an evidence based agenda
for future research. The ECI Food Group leads on the food component and the Oxford Case Study
"Water Energy Food" Nexus WEFWEB: Mapping the WEF nexus at multiple scales and across
sectors.
This project addresses the challenges of understanding and hence identifying the dynamic, interlinked
interdependencies across the nexus networks which are physical (water, waste, energy and food),
social and political (individual, regulatory and policy), ecological and digital at multiple, nested scales
(local, regional and national) and temporally. The ECI Food Group leads on the food aspect.
Multiscale Modelling of the Food System

Developing a hierarchy of models for food systems at multiple spatial and temporal levels. This will be
based on building conceptual models of the food system as a whole, providing the structural overview
and framework for building mathematically based models with gradually increasing levels of details.
Launched at workshop (downloads/AIMFoodSystemsWorkshopReport.pdf) in April 2015
Multiscale Coupled Urban Systems

Argonne National Laboratory, with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
Multiscale Coupled Urban Systems will create an integrated modeling framework comprising data
curation, analytics, modeling and simulation components that will equip city designers, planners and
managers to scientifically develop and evaluate solutions to issues that affect cities now and in the
future. The framework will focus first on integrating urban atmosphere and infrastructure heat
exchange and air flow; building energy demand at district or city-scale, generation and use; urban
dynamics and socioeconomic models; population mobility and transportation; and hooks to expand to
include energy systems (biofuels, electricity and natural gas) and water resources.

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The “Resilience” Challenge

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Multiscale Environmental, Agricultural and Infrastructural Systems Modeling
The SEAMLESS project is an interesting example of the “Multiscale Science – Society Integration” strategy .
Advances in Multiscale Modelling and Science - Engineering Integration methodologies allow us today to
develop integrated modeling and design systems with important new features such as those described in this
Chapter.
SEAMLESS
(System for Environmental and Agricultural Modeling:
Linking European Science and Society)
Science for Integrated Assessment of Agricultural Systems in Europe

EU Sixth Framework Programme
SEAMLESS – Multi scale and interdisciplinary

assessment of agriculture
The SEAMLESS project aimed at advancing the science for integrated assessment of agricultural systems and
translating this into operational research tools and models. A key deliverable of the project is an integrated
framework (SEAMLESS-IF) that integrates relationships and processes across disciplines and scales and
combines quantitative analysis with qualitative knowledge. It builds on the concept of hierarchical systems
theory and attempts to enable flexible coupling of models and tools.
Other outcomes and interdisciplinarity

The integrated framework is one of the deliverables of SEAMLESS. The project also delivered knowledge,
models and tools that have not been integrated in the framework, but which do serve integrated assessment of
agricultural systems at multiple scales. A common feature of the work in SEAMLESS was its interdisciplinary
nature. To integrate the knowledge captured in models, data and indicators originating from different
disciplines and from multiple research groups and user organizations a consistent definition of concepts was
essential. To this end, the use of ontologies has been instrumental. The SEAMLESS Integrated Framework
(SEAMLESS- IF) is developed to enable a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis and experimentation
of the impacts of future polices in the domain of agriculture and environment. At the same time SEAMLESS-IF
is accounting for technical innovations and interactions of the policies with other major trends such as
population growth, economic growth and increased demand for bio-fuel crops. Analyses with SEAMLESS-IF
can be performed at multiple scales and with varying time horizons, while focusing on the most important
issues emerging at each scale. The linked models range from a bio-physical field model to a farm model and to
an agricultural sector model for the EU. In addition, the effectiveness of a policy in its institutional context is
assessed by applying qualitative procedures. The interlinked pan-European database provides the relevant data
needed at different scales.

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A New Scenario for Agriculture

Integration of Multiscale Computational Modeling and Multiscale Sensing (From Space
to Earth)
The following image drawn from “The BRIDGE US NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING
Magazine -Volume 41, Number 3 • Fall 2011 - Multiscale Sensing and Modeling Frameworks Integrating
Field to Continental Scales Article” gives an interesting view of the future high-tech scenario fort Agriculture

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The New Frontier: Multiscale Sensors - Multiscale Data - Multiscale Modeling Integration
Multiscale Modeling & Simulation and Sensors integration defines a real new “Paradigm” to deal with Big data
and Data Analytics: from ‘Big Data’ to ‘Big Information’ to “Integrated Knowledge”. Two fundamental
elements which led to this transition have been:
a) The availability of a new generation of cheaper, more sensitive and sophisticated sensors and cyber networks
able to collect and integrate data over an extended range of spatial and temporal scales and at higher level of
detail.
b) Advances in data science and data fusion that enable researchers to make best use of the vast amounts of
additional, heterogeneous measurement data.
In turn, it is important to highlight that Models also benefit from having new data to improve in a significant
way calibration, validation, and assimilation increasing, in such way, the reliability and capability of ever more
complex single and multiscale multidisciplinary models
Data – Models Two way Relationships: Models not only use sensor data, but can also help to improve the
design the architecture of sensor networks and their operational modalities. Data-Modeling Integration is a key
resource to get an in-depth “Knowledge” of Complex Scientific, Engineering. Societal, Environmental and
Economic Systems and Processes. This Knowledge is a key resource to build a new Generation of Decision
Support Systems and Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Frameworks which enable scientists
designers, managers and politicians to change in a structural way Design and Management Strategies and
related Technological Environments to meet with ever more demanding societal needs and objectives.
The figure is drawn from the article: Integrating modelling and smart sensors for Environmental and Human
Health - Environmental Modelling & Software 74 (2015) 238e246.
The outcome of this integration process is to make it possible to define a “New Paradigm” for Analysis,
Design and Management of Complex Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological , Economic and Social Systems.
This “New Paradigm” is the Central Element of Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society
Frameworks

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Multiscale Sensing
Multiscale Sensing is becoming a key pervasive technology in a wide range of Civil, Infrastructural,
Safety and Security, Ecological, Societal, Industrial (Hierarchical [Nano – Micro – Meso – Macro]
Manufacturing) and Health Areas. Multiscale Sensing has become a strategic technological partner for
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation. Hereinafter some examples:
UK EPRSC Program: Science of Sensor Systems Software
Towards a unifying science for smarter sensor based systems. We will deliver new principles and techniques for
the development and deployment of verifiable, reliable, autonomous sensor systems that operate in uncertain,
multiple and multiscale environments.
About
Science of Sensor Systems Software (S4) is an EPSRC programme grant
(http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/NGBOViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/N007565/1) for Glasgow University with
Universities of St Andrews, Liverpool and Imperial College running from January 2016 until December 2020.
Partners
S4 will be driven and validated by end user and experimental applications involving ten organisations, including
ABB (http://www.abb.com), British Geological Survey (http://www.bgs.ac.uk), CENSIS (http://censis.org.uk),
Freescale (http://www.nxp.com), RollsRoyce (http://www.rollsroyce.com), Thales
(https://www.thalesgroup.com/en), and Transport Scotland (http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk). Note: It is
important to highlight the important and wide Industrial involvement
Research vision
Sensor systems are embedded everywhere: from transportation and lighting, to smart tags and flooded fields,
providing information and facilitating real time decision making and actuation. Smart cities, internet of things,
big data and autonomous vehicles all depend on robust sensor systems that can be trusted to deliver useful,
timely and more reliable information. Extracting information is far from straightforward: sensors are noisy, they
de-calibrate or may be misplaced, moved, compromised, and generally degraded over time, both individually
and as a collective network. Uncertainty pervades the physical and digital environments in which the systems
operate. There are increasing requirements to add more autonomy and intelligence, yet we understand very little
about programming in the face of such pervasive uncertainty that cannot be engineered away. How can we be
assured that a sensor system does what we intend, in a range of dynamic environments? How can we make such
a system “smarter”? How can we connect the stochastic nature of environments, the continuous nature of
physical systems, and discrete nature of software? Currently we cannot answer these questions because we are
missing a science of sensor system software. The S4 programme will develop a unifying science, across the
breadth of mathematics, computer science and engineering, that will let developers engineer for the uncertainty
and ensure that their systems and the information they provide is resilient, responsive, reliable, statistically sound
and robust. The vision is smarter sensor based systems in which scientists and policy makers can ask deeper
questions and be confident in obtaining reliable answers, so the programme will deliver new principles and
techniques for the development and deployment of verifiable, reliable, autonomous sensor systems that operate
in uncertain, multiple and multiscale environments.

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Center for Multi-Scale Integrated Intelligent Interactive Sensing (MINTS) – University of Texas
at Dallas (UTD)
The MultiScale Integrated Intelligent Interactive Sensing Consortium (MINTS) aims at developing intelligent
Sensing systems for interdisciplinary applications. MINTS affiliates include experts from the UTD departments
of physics, geosciences, electrical engineering, and computer science with a broad range of background
expertise. The combined experience of the center affiliates is more than a century. The vision of MINTS is a
holistic intelligent synergy of integrated targeted observations from multiple platforms on multiple spatial and
temporal scales, together with state of the art compression and visualization systems for the distribution and
comprehensive analysis of complete datasets. By combining instruments on satellites and robotic vehicles (in
air, land, and sea) that can be directed in real time we can capture observations on multiple parameters on
multiple spatial and temporal scales appropriate to a wide range of problems. This provides a high level of
situational awareness. MINTS is able to provide intelligent Sensing solutions for your application, whether it
concerns natural resources, environment and health, safety and security, transportation,…

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Computing, Information and Communication (CICT) Platform: Multiscale Sensing –

Multiscale Data Multiscale Modeling Integration
Concinnity: A Digital City Exchange Platform
David Birch1, Orestis Tsinalis1, Koen H. van Dam2, Chun-Hsiang Lee1, Dilshan Silva1, Chao Wu1,
Moustafa Ghanem1, Yike Guo1_ 1 Department of Computing, 2 Department of Chemical Engineering
Imperial College London
ABSTRACT
Multi-source sensor data constitutes a major part of Big Data for smart cities, and can be used to generate
valuable insights. However current systems for collecting and storing such data do not also support the user in
performing analytics to create such insight. In this paper we present the Concinnity platform, based on our
existing work in sensor data management and workflow engine design for model composition. This platform
address the five key challenges in this field of 1) collaboration 2) data heterogeneity and disparity 3) multi-
resolution and multi-scale integration 4) uncertainty and trustworthiness management 5) modelling and decision-
making. We explore responses to these challenges though designing the Concinnity platform and conclude with
an electric vehicle example scenario that demonstrates the capabilities and advantages of our platform in
responding to these challenges. The pervasive use of sensing devices, the rising adoption of personal sensors
and the increasing instrumentation of cities through large scale information systems and sensor networks
constitute a major part of the rise of Big Data for smart cities. As a response to the increasing volume of sensor
data from these devices many systems have been proposed for data collection, storage and management.
However the value of sensor data is mainly derived from the insights that can be generated from it by analytics
and model based analysis. However, existing systems for collecting and storing such data do not also support
the user in performing analytics to create such insight. Therefore the challenges for urban data exchange
platforms are now concentrated around using the data effectively and enabling value-adding processes]:
 Crowdsourcing and collaboration: Supporting operations for sharing, annotating, reusing and analyzing the
data, and sharing and documenting the analysis results with its provenance.
 Heterogeneity and disparity: Providing tools that en able querying and integrating heterogeneous data in
distributed storage while lowering the complexity of dealing with its diversity.
 Multi-resolution and multi-scale: Support multiple levels of abstraction for data integration and aggregation
from sensors measuring different (but related) phenomena at irregularly distributed geo-locations at different
rates and time intervals.
 Data uncertainty and trustworthiness: Support for assessing and reasoning about the trustworthiness of data,
results and their owners, as sensors may be faulty, uncalibrated or maliciously tampered with.
 Modelling and decision-making: Ensure data analysis and modelling are resilient to uncertainty in
measurements and missing values, providing elastic mechanisms for trading computational costs and quality
of results.
NOTE: Technological and modeling allow us to design Integrated Platform concerning not only a City,
but, also, Megacities, Megaregions and also wide Territories. The Virtual Multiscale Science – Based
Space Station (or Center) could become a catalyst of this process

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Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering-Society Frameworks build upon Multiscale Data –

Modeling & Simulation Integration are fundamental to establish a new Science – Engineering –
Policy – Society Cooperative Environment which deal with all the aspects of the policy decision
development cycle.
Multiscale Data – Multiscale Models Integration
DDDAS Program US National Science Foundation
Multiscale Data Assimilation is an important feature to design

“Multiscale Adaptive Systems”

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DATA – MODELING INTEGRATION
InfoSymbiotics/Data Driven Application Systems (National Science Foundation)

Today not only Civil, Infrastructural and Environmental systems are becoming increasingly more
complex, but also we deal with environments which involve “systems-of-systems”, of multiple combined
engineered systems, of engineered systems interacting with natural systems, engineered systems with
humans-in-the-loop; such as for example are: all types of complex platforms, communication systems,
wide area manufacturing systems, large national infrastructure systems
The increase in both complexity and degree of interconnectivity in such systems, provides
unprecedented opportunities for new capabilities, and at the same time drives the need for more
advanced methods for understanding, building, and managing such systems in autonomic ways.
Furthermore, this complexity has added to the fragility of such systems. As the interconnectivity across
multiple systems has increased tremendously, so has the impact of cascading effects across the entire
set of systems, for even small failures in a subset of any of the component systems. These new realities
have led to the need for more adaptive analysis of systems, with methods that go beyond the static
modeling and simulation methods of the past, to new methods, such as InfoSymbiotics/DDDAS, which
augment and enhance the system models through continually updated information from monitoring and
control/feedback aspects of the system.
DDDAS is a paradigm, where data are dynamically integrated into an executing simulation to augment
or complement the application model, and, where conversely the executing simulation steers the
measurement (instrumentation and control) processes of the application system. In essence, the
InfoSymbiotics/DDDAS control loop unifies complex computational models of a system with the real
time data-acquisition and control aspects of the system, and engenders transformative advances in
computational modeling of applications and in instrumentation and control systems, and in particular
those that represent dynamic, complex systems.
This synergistic and symbiotic feedback control loop between applications/simulations and
measurements is a novel technical direction that can open new domains in the capabilities of
simulations with high potential payoff, and create applications with new and enhanced capabilities. It
has the potential to transform the way science and engineering are done, and induce a major beneficial
impact in the way many functions in our society are conducted, such as manufacturing, commerce,
transportation, hazard prediction/management, and medicine, to name a few. Traditional application
simulations are conducted with static data inputs. In the new dynamic, data driven application systems
field collected data will be used in an "online" fashion to steer the simulations and vice versa the
simulations could be used to control experiments or other field measurements. Thus the
applications/simulations and the experiments (or field data) become a symbiotic feedback system rather
than the usual static, disjoint and serialized approaches.
Key Elements are:
 complex systems multi-scale/multi-modal modeling and algorithmic methods;
 ubiquitous sensoring and networks of heterogeneous sensors and actuators;
 streaming large data volumes remotely;
 multicore-based transformational computational capabilities at the high-end and the real-time data acquisition
and control systems.

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Examples of Multiscale Data Analysis
The Multiscale Analysis of data is a new frontier for the sector "Data Analysis", also taking into account the
increasing use of the methodologies "Multiscale" in the Analysis and Design of "Smart Cities"
The spread of a huge number of "data sources": satellites, drones, mobile phones, sensor networks, social
networks, the Internet and the Internet of Things that provide information on phenomena that develop on a wide
range of spatial and temporal scales It is making it increasingly necessary to develop new methods of
"breakdown and aggregation" of data using a wide range of criteria including spatial and Temporal size.
Examples of Application Areas:
Production of Wind Energy: four possible scales: individual wind turbine, wind farm, group of wind farms,
wind farm of an entire country. The analysis of the data shows that the production of wind power has an
intermittent character of all scales. L 'objective is to make it as stable as possible the production of energy with
different strategies correlation between different scales. Recently, it was shown that the combination of different
sources of renewable energy such as wind and solar power, would provide a more constant production of
combined energy (Integration Multi-Area Multiscale)
Mobility:
Understand human movement and the correlations with the Pollution and Economic Activity / Production by
small spatial areas, such as neighborhoods, the city, the country, the region and beyond, it is critical for a variety
of topics such as the spread of diseases , optimization of telecommunications networks, urban planning, .......
Water Management: Recent studies have shown the need to consider the space-time dimension of the supply
of water resources in order to correlate the same properly with the weather patterns and hydrology, pollution, the
evolution of population ... .. [see, for instance "Multiscale Effects on Spatial Variability Metrics Global Water
Resources Data Shama Perveen, James L. Allan Water Resource Manage (2010) 24: 1903-1924)]
Economics: The Swiss Platform for Advanced Scientific Computing (PASC) is a structuring project
jointly supported by the Swiss University Conference (SUC) and the Council of Federal Institutes of
Technology (ETH Board). PASC is coordinated by the Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) in collaboration
with CSCS, the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre of the ETH Zurich, and with the other Swiss universities
and EPFL (Scuola Politecnica Federale di Losanna).
Towards the HPC-inference of causality networks from multiscale economic data
PI: Illia Horenko (Università della Svizzera italiana)
CO-PIs: Patrick Gagliardini (Università della Svizzera italiana), William Sawyer (CSCS) - April 1, 2015 -
March 31, 2017
“Analysis of large amounts of economic data and data-driven inference of causality relations between different
components of economic systems is one of the central problems in modern computational finance and
economics. The task of proper mathematical description and adequate causality understanding for the economic
data is hampered by the multiscale nature of the underlying processes, resulting from the presence of different
temporal and spatial, i.e. regional, sectorial and global scales. Important questions thereby are: (i) an
investigation of the mutual causality influences of different economic observables and their spatial (e.g.,
regional) and temporal (e.g., associated with the business cycle) evolution, (ii) identification of the most
important exogenous impact factors that play a role in their dynamics, (iii) proper mathematical and statistical
description of the influences coming from the unresolved/latent scales and factors. …….. Application of this new
framework will provide an alternative network-driven multiscale perspective and new tools for understanding
the interactions in very complex economic systems.”

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7.2.4 Strategic Multiscale Environmental Analysis Framework

The “Environmental Issue” has emerged as one of the critical challenges facing the industrial world. Efforts to
reduce the pollution generated by industrial activities rely in several cases on the "end-of-the-pipe" control
strategy. In this context, green chemistry means essentially pollution clean-up and waste management
technologies. A more radical and innovative approach, which can be defined "clean by design", entails the re-
design of chemical and manufacturing processes and units to eliminate at the root the formation of pollutants and
toxic by-products. A major problem is to design and operate “Complex Systems (or Systems of Systems)
Monitoring Networks” linked to “Computational Centers where Multiscale Modeling and Simulation Programs
run” to analyze, understand, predict, monitor and control Environment and “Technological Systems –
Operational Environment Interactions” (see Chapter 3).
scales and a wide range of physical, chemical and biological domains. These networks can be connected (also
in real time) at a powerful set of experimental and computing facilities for integrated multiscale multiphysics
from macro to atomistic analyses.
Analyses are carried out by applying the full spectrum of methodologies, schemes, strategies and environments
described in the “Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Framework.” (see Chapter 3). Monitoring
activities take full advantage of the systems and resources of the “Multiscale Science – Engineering Knowledge
Integrator and Multiplier Computing, Information and Communication Cyberinfrastructural Framework
(incorporating, in this case, a wide range of space – aero – ground – aero - subsurface multiscale sensor
networks): the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station (or Center) [Paragraph 3.6] represents a
key strategic element. All these Systems and Resources can be applied to the Environmental field in the
following areas:
 Study of the multiscale spectrum of physical and biochemical phenomena/processes and the complex pattern
of relationships and interdependencies between them which rule the dynamics of “Environmental and
Climatological Systems”. This kind of analysis are instrumental to design multiscale monitoring
infrastructures and related data analysis schemes
 Study of the multiscale (space and time) spectrum of physical and bio-chemical processes and the complex
pattern of relationships and interdependencies between them and the ones which underlie dynamics of civil,
infrastructural and industrial units and plants for the whole Life – Cycle and for nominal and off – nominal
conditions, accidents included.
 Analyses of multiscale two-way interactions between industrial systems and the environment (humans
included) for nominal and off-nominal conditions (Safety, Security, Design of “Inherently Resilient and
Green Systems).
 Designing new multiscale environmental monitoring systems able to integrate data (Multiscale Maps) from
a wide range of sensors working over a whole spectrum of space and time scales with data coming from a
whole set of computational models. Key Issues:
 identify key variables to be monitored over a spectrum of scales and resolution levels, and at what level
of accuracy and reliability [Multiscale Maps]. We start with first hypotheses to be improved integrating
data from the field with experimental results and using Multiscale Modeling as “Knowledge Integrator
and Multiplier” Concept and Strategies in order to get a more reliable and accurate knowledge about
phenomena and processes recorded and explain not well known phenomena and processes not fully
accounted for by existing theories. Key issues:
 devising a strategy to integrate fields data and information with laboratory experimental & testing

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 defining a suitable mix of field sensors and experimental (laboratory) techniques and methods at all
the scales and integrate them in order to improve the knowledge about the dynamics of the (natural,
technological, natural-technological) system under observation and analysis
 devising a strategy to select the right type of sensors [Multiscale Science – Engineering Information and
Space and Information – Driven strategies] to monitor the previously identified key variables over the
right range of space and time scales at a well-defined degree of accuracy and reliability.
 identifying relationships and interdependencies between physical and bio-chemical phenomena and
processes at the different space and time scales and resolution levels integrating monitoring data and
computational modeling [construction of Multiscale Knowledge Maps]
 define the field monitoring systems architecture at all the scales and for all the media. This task call for a set
of specific sub-tasks :
 identification of specific sensor and actuator technologies to monitor and analyze specific phenomena
and processes (information-driven analysis)
 identification of the places where sensors and actuators are to be installed
 definition of an overall monitoring and controlling architecture and related operational modes
control schemes
 Integrated Space – Time Environmental/Pollution Analysis. The Multiscale Framework enables a new
“Integrated Space-Time” approach to environmental and pollution issues. “Integrated Space-Time” approach
means that in this new methodological and conceptual context, we can link together inside a unified context
data, information, knowledge and models which characterize the three fundamental phases which
characterize the pollution process :
 Interaction or Biomedical Phase( interaction with biological systems (humans included)
Knowledge get by this spectrum of activities is applied to work out:

 new models to analyze and fuse field sensors data
 new technologies, architectures and operational modes for the network of sensors
In order to accomplish the previously described analysis and monitoring activities we apply the following set of
Strategic Multiscale Maps:
A) Multiscale Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact (Waste and Emission) Maps: (described in
the Previous Paragraph)
B) Multiscale Monitoring From Space To Earth System Maps (see Paragraph 4.6) which describe the network
(Space, Air, Ground and Underground, Water) of monitoring systems, their interconnections and data flows for
specific sets of physical, chemical and biochemical phenomena and processes to be monitored and the related
“Information Potential” of the Monitoring Systems: that means what kind of phenomena at what space and time
resolutions and scales and at what level of accuracy and reliability can be monitored over a spectrum of
operational conditions.

300
C) Multiscale Ecological, Civil, Infrastructural, Industrial Systems (any level of the hierarchy)” - (Nominal
and Off-Nominal) Operational Modes - Environmental Impact Maps Theses Maps represent a new
“Generation” of Maps specifically conceived to evaluate the impact (all the typologies: pollutants, heat,
waste,…) on the Environment of Manufacturing/Processing “Systems” for a wide range of operational
conditions (including the extreme and accidental ones) and design solutions
Note : Multiscale and Information-driven Analysis Schemes are well suited to carry out these tasks
Tools, concepts and methods (Hierarchies, Map, Science-Engineering Information Space, Multiscale Science-
Engineering Data Analysis Schemes, Information-Driven strategies,…..) are better suited than existing
The key distinguishing element, in this area, is that new “Strategic Multiscale Science-based Multidisciplinary
and Multisectoral Cooperative Environments” fully integrate two Cyberinfrastructures. which normally do not
follow common strategies and objectives (see Chapter 4):
a) Field Monitoring and Control Cyberinfrastructures

scales and a wide range of physical, chemical and biological domains. These networks are connected (also in
real time) at a powerful set of distributed data repositories and computing facilities.
b) R&D and Engineering (Centers and Laboratories) Cyberinfrastructures

The full theoretical apparatus described in the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science-
Engineering Framework“ can be directly applied to design both the Cyberinfrastructures, the related operational
schemes and strategies and the overall “Integration Scheme and Strategy” to connect them..
The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Space Station (or Center) (paragraph 3.6) is a
“Strategic Resource” for Environmental Monitoring at all the scales from the Urban scale to Mega
Regions scale until a whole Continent and the Global World

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The Hestia Project™

http://hestia.project.asu.edu
Note: The following text is drawn from the above quoted website
Arizona State University researchers have developed a new software system capable of estimating
greenhouse gas emissions across entire urban landscapes, all the way down to roads and individual
buildings. Until now, scientists quantified carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at a much broader level. The
Hestia Project™ will revolutionize how the world approaches and interacts with the climate change
problem. The Hestia system combines diverse data about the flow and metabolism of the energy-
emissions-climate nexus. Hestia can provide stakeholders an unprecedented opportunity to design and
implement carbon management strategies, verify emissions reduction, strengthen and support basic
research in climate prediction and carbon cycle science, and allow the public, decision makers, scientists
and industry access to detailed space-time information on fossil/industrial energy consumption and
CO2 emissions. All this will be done via an intuitive, interactive, photorealistic, three-dimensional
visualization of the Earth.
Hestia will quantify, simulate and visualize the metabolism of greenhouse gas emitting activity down to
the building and street level
Note: The Hestia Project has been applied in Indianapolis, Indiana – Los Angeles, California - Phoenix,
Arizona
Hestia Project build on the Project Vulcan (http://vulcan.project.asu.edu)
The Vulcan Project is a NASA/DOE funded effort under the North American Carbon Program
(NACP) to quantify North American fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at space and time scales
much finer than has been achieved in the past. The purpose is to aid in quantification of the North
American carbon budget, to support inverse estimation of carbon sources and sinks, and to support the
demands posed by higher resolution CO2 observations (in situ and remotely sensed). The detail and
scope of the Vulcan CO2inventory has also made it a valuable tool for policymakers, demographers,
social scientists and the public at large (now on Google Earth!). Here is a narrated flyover. The Vulcan
project has achieved the quantification of the 2002 U.S. fossil fuel CO2 emissions at the scale of
individual factories, power plants, roadways and neighborhoods on an hourly basis. We have built the
entire inventory on a common 10 km x 10 km grid to facilitate atmospheric modeling. In addition to
improvement in space and time resolution, Vulcan is quantified at the level of fuel type, economic sub-
sector, and county/state identification. Work is underway to complete similar inventories for Canada and
Mexico, to include CO and NOx emissions, quantification of all years from 1980 to the present, and
incorporate biotic-based fuels (including ethanol!). Vulcan is led by Dr. Kevin Gurney and a team of
researchers at Arizona State University. Key collaborators on the project include investigators at
Colorado State University and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

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European Program MEGAPOLI

Multiscale Observation and Modeling: Air Quality and Climate

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Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering Cyber & Physical Frameworks allow to

deal in an innovative and integrated way with Environmental, Health and Safety
Challenges

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Natural Disasters and Multiscale

Pressure from continued population growth leads to the ever-increasing settlement of vulnerable areas. The
human and economic impact of natural disasters on the planet has thus increased dramatically; in the last three
decades, the costs associated with major natural disasters have risen by a factor of 5. This is partly due to current
agricultural practices and growing urban pressure, but is also made worse by climatic phenomena such as El
Niño. Space data are already playing an essential role in disaster prevention, through their integration into
Geographical Information Systems, which can thereby be frequently and inexpensively updated. They are also
being used in combination with ground and airborne data to provide risk vulnerability maps. Space-based
communications are crucial during a natural disaster when the local ground infrastructure has been destroyed, 14
and observation and navigation services are required for the optimal management of rescue activities. Space
systems are not yet being used to their full potential for disaster management, as they are for rescue at sea for
example. Research into the provision of early warnings by detecting the precursors of natural disasters has
progressed during the last decade. Some methods which rely on space data, such as radar i n t e r f e ro m e t r y,
can detect the first minute displacements that precede a volcanic eruption, and tectonic shifts that may lead to
earthquakes. Further Development and Implementation is needed to improve the reliability and sensitivity of
these systems, as well as the analysis and prediction methods. Combined with other detection methods, this
could lead to the Development and Implementation of early-warning systems for a fraction of the costs incurred
due to major disasters. This is yet another example of an increase in basic scientific knowledge leading to
applications with enormous potential.
Integrated Multiscale Monitoring and Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Analyses are of crucial
relevance to assess consequences of Disasters over Human and Natural Environments for a a wide range of
Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Southern Mississippi Coastal Forest and projected post –
Hurricane responses: A multiscale Evaluations
To better understand how Hurricane Katrina affected forested ecosystems in southern Mississippi and how these
ecosystems are likely to respond in the future, University of South Carolina researchers analyzed data on the
structure and composition of different forest community strata, conducted seed-bank germination trials,
estimated plant stress via productivity, chlorophyll and soil redox measures, and analyzed soils for a range of
edaphic characteristics. Researchers had three goals at the outset of this study: 1) Determine the effects of the
storm surge on coastal-zone soil chemistry 2) Estimate plant stress related to soil changes and storm damage via
measures of plant productivity, chlorophyll, and soil redox potential 3) Clarify the effects of forest structure,
composition, history, setting, and landscape context on wind-caused damage patterns Researchers started out
with an understanding that forest recovery after a natural disturbance is a function of the effects of the
disturbance on the existing community (e.g., survivorship and mortality), responses of surviving individuals to
changing and often stressful environmental conditions based on species-specific physiological adaptations and
life history traits, and germination and establishment of new individuals from the soil seed bank or from seeds
arriving from off-site sources. USC researchers initiated a multi-scale study that combines field-based research,
greenhouse studies, remote sensing and spatial analysis. Although their emphasis in the initial phase of this study
was on the direct impacts of the hurricane on forest ecosystems, the researchers actually conducted two parallel
studies. In coastal forests and salt marshes located around
St. Louis Bay, they performed repeat sampling of soils to examine the effects of the hurricane storm surge on
soil characteristics. Researchers will combine these analyses with measures of forest structure, damage, stress,
and productivity to be taken in 2006 to clarify the mechanical and chemical effects of storm surge on the
affected ecosystems. The second component of the study, conducted in nearby DeSoto National Forest, used pre-
and post-hurricane forest surveys and aerial photography to explore patterns and controls of wind-related forest
damage at scales ranging from individual trees to forest stands to entire forested landscapes.

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According to researchers, this study was only a first step in understanding the resilience of coastal forests
affected by Hurricane Katrina, but several patterns have already emerged. Soil samples taken one month after the
hurricane showed substantially higher concentrations of sodium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium and
potassium, as well as differences in pH, cation-exchange capacity, and nitrogen in storm-surged areas.
Researchers reported that soils in areas with hydric soils (i.e., floodplains) have been responding differently
since the hurricane from non-hydric soils, presumably because of different rates of leaching and other ecological
processes. The study of wind damage is ongoing, but USC researchers have linked patterns of damage severity
to both broad-scale controls, especially proximity to the hurricane’s eye (a surrogate for wind speed), and stand-
level characteristics, including stand structure and history (e.g., logging history), topography (e.g., floodplain vs.
slope or ridge top locations) and composition (e.g., pine vs. hardwood components). Researchers also
reconstructed patterns and directions of severe winds using ground surveys and aerial photographs taken shortly
after the hurricane. These reconstructions will be used to develop and validate models of surface wind flow
patterns and predict susceptibility of forests to future hurricanes. Forest damage from Hurricane Katrina was
caused by high winds, with wind gusts exceeding 100 mph as far as 100 miles inland, and hurricane storm surge,
which exceeded 30 feet along much of the Mississippi coastline and penetrated more than three miles inland in
some places. The effects of the storm surge on coastal ecosystems included mechanical damage from wave
force, effects of salt spray deposited on forest canopies above the high-water mark, and chemical alterations of
the soil that can adversely affect coastal forests in a number of ways. High winds damaged or destroyed billions
of dollars of timber on 5 million acres in Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana. Inventories indicate that one-third
of the timber damaged was concentrated in eight counties in southern Mississippi. As part of a graduate seminar,
10 USC graduate students accompanied Dr. Kupfer and researchers from the University of Memphis on a data
collection trip to southern Mississippi in February 2006. The USC students helped analyze data gathered on this
trip and prepare manuscripts for publication in refereed journals. This project created collaborations among three
universities with strong research interests in coastal ecology, including the University of Southern Mississippi,
which was damaged by Hurricane Katrina and lost its Gulf Coast campus. It has also fostered collaborations
between the USC Geography Department and forest managers at De Soto National Forest.
Results from this project are being disseminated to both peer-reviewed professional journals as well as more
general readership outlets. Researchers are also collaborating with the research group headed by Drs. Fletcher
and Porter on joint projects related to coastal zone ecosystem recovery and monitoring. Researchers hope that
the study will provide insights on forest susceptibility to hurricanes that might help to guide forest management,
both before and after future events, in hurricane-prone areas.
On a personal note, Dr. Kupfer said that he has worked in other areas affected by natural catastrophes such as
wildfire, but nothing could have prepared him for what he saw along the Mississippi coastline. Nonetheless,
during his time working there, he said he was witness to the resilience of both the people and ecosystems of
southern Mississippi.

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Disasters and Multiscale Environmental Impact Assessment

Integrated Multiscale Monitoring and Integrated Multiscale Science - Engineering Analyses are of crucial
relevance to assess consequences of Disasters over Humana and Natural, Environments for a wide range of
Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Southern Mississippi Coastal Forest and projected

post – Hurricane responses: A Multiscale Evaluations
To better understand how Hurricane Katrina affected forested ecosystems in southern Mississippi and how
these ecosystems are likely to respond in the future, University of South Carolina researchers analyzed
data on the structure and composition of different forest community strata, conducted seed-bank
germination trials, estimated plant stress via productivity, chlorophyll and soil redox measures, and
analyzed soils for a range of edaphic characteristics. Researchers had three goals at the outset of this
study: 1) Determine the effects of the storm surge on coastal-zone soil chemistry 2) Estimate plant stress
related to soil changes and storm damage via measures of plant productivity, chlorophyll, and soil redox
potential 3) Clarify the effects of forest structure, composition, history, setting, and landscape context on
wind-caused damage patterns Researchers started out with an understanding that forest recovery after a
natural disturbance is a function of the effects of the disturbance on the existing community (e.g.,
survivorship and mortality), responses of surviving individuals to changing and often stressful
environmental conditions based on species-specific physiological adaptations and life history traits, and
germination and establishment of new individuals from the soil seed bank or from seeds arriving from off-
site sources.
USC researchers initiated a multi-scale study that combines field-based research, greenhouse studies,
remote sensing and spatial analysis. Although their emphasis in the initial phase of this study was on the
direct impacts of the hurricane on forest ecosystems, the researchers actually conducted two parallel
studies. In coastal forests and salt marshes located around St. Louis Bay, they performed repeat sampling
of soils to examine the effects of the hurricane storm surge on soil characteristics. Researchers will
combine these analyses with measures of forest structure, damage, stress, and productivity to be taken in
2006 to clarify the mechanical and chemical effects of storm surge on the affected ecosystems. The
second component of the study, conducted in nearby DeSoto National Forest, used pre- and post-hurricane
forest surveys and aerial photography to explore patterns and controls of wind-related forest damage at
scales ranging from individual trees to forest stands to entire forested landscapes.
According to researchers, this study was only a first step in understanding the resilience of coastal forests
affected by Hurricane Katrina, but several patterns have already emerged. Soil samples taken one month
after the hurricane showed substantially higher concentrations of sodium, phosphorous, magnesium,
calcium and potassium, as well as differences in pH, cation-exchange capacity, and nitrogen in storm-
surged areas. Researchers reported that soils in areas with hydric soils (i.e., floodplains) have been
responding differently since the hurricane from non-hydric soils, presumably because of different rates of
leaching and other ecological processes.

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7.3 EMPA : An Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Approach to

Civil and Infrastructural Issues
EMPA is An Institute of the ETH Domain
This Paragraph gives a General Overview of EMPA Research Areas and related
Activities
Note: herewith reported Text, Information and Figures are drawn from the Web Site
www.empa.ch. Text and figures give only a partial description of EMPA R&D
Organization and activities. For a more complete and structured description please
refer to the Official Websites and Documents
Highlights
EMPA Research Activities are a noteworthy demonstration of the key Value of Technology,
Engineering and Manufacturing Advances for all the Civil, Infrastructural, Environmental
Areas Development and Innovation. An Integrated Multidisciplinary Multisectoral Science –
Engineering approach as applied by EMPA is a Reference Strategy. It is important to highlight
that a tight integration between the Technology, Engineering and Manufacturing Domains and
the ICT/Computing ones represent a key Methodological Approach, Tool and Resource as
emphasized in this White Book. Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration Strategy is
applied to achieve R&D Objectives.
The EMPA Strategy and Approach can represent a Reference Application Field for the
Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Cyber & Physical Framework
(Chapter 3)

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Nanostructured Materials
Entering the nano-world allows access to the basic elements of our materials. This enables us to
devise new materials and coatings with tailor-made functional properties to solve numerous
technological problems, for instance in the ManTech sector or for micro- and nanoelectronics. As the
leading Swiss R&D institution in the field of nanostructured materials, its interfaces and coatings Empa
will drive the application-oriented exploitation of nanoscale effects in collaborative projects. We can all
upon our broad spectrum of interdisciplinary know how in this scientific field, which lies at the
crossroads of physics, chemistry and biology. For example, we are aiming at innovative solutions for
problems in sustainable energy technologies from thin film photovoltaics to thermoelectric conversion
and even synthetic fuels (see Research Focus Area "Energy") and are working together with the ICT
industry on novel materials and concepts like self-assembled graphene structures built out of
precursor molecules. Moreover, Empa is engaged not only in the development of new nanoscale
materials but also in research concerning possible risks for human health and the environment. In its
Research Focus Area "Health and Performance", Empa will establish new advanced in vitro systems
to assess the safety of nanomaterials before they reach the market in substantial amounts.
Sustainable Built Environment

The quality of the built environment is a key factor for a truly sustainable society. Our research centers on
new materials, the design of advanced systems and their integration into buildings and structures to
minimize the environmental footprint and to enhance comfort and safety. At Empa research is carried out at
different levels, starting from the development of new materials to the design of advanced systems and
their integration into buildings and structures. Furthermore, we also look at entire cities and their interaction
with the environment. Key issues at all levels are the minimization of the environmental footprint and the
enhancement of comfort and safety offered by the built environment to its users.
Technology transfer to industry is fostered by large-scale demonstration projects. In both the construction
and energy sector it is nowadays extremely challenging to quickly bring new ideas and products to the
market. High investment costs inhibit the companies’ risk propensity. Under the leadership of the two
research institutes Empa and Eawag, the experimental building NEST is being built on their campus in
Dübendorf. This novel guesthouse aims to accelerate the market entry of new construction materials and
building technology innovations. NEST offers researchers and research-driven companies the opportunity
to test new technologies in full-scale; innovative materials and systems can thus be implemented and
monitored under real-world conditions.
The module Structures and Infrastructure pursues the development of smart structures in civil
engineering that include, for instance, monitoring systems to continuously assess structural integrity and
hence safe use of the infrastructure in question. The development of robust and affordable sensors, sensor
networks and related electronics hardware and software for signal processing and transmission as well as
of efficient algorithms for data evaluation is of paramount importance to achieve this goal. Imagine, for
example, multifunctional road pavements, in which asphalt cracks can be healed by magnetic induction and
that are equipped with sensors connected to novel car safety systems capable of advising drivers about
traffic conditions and assisting them in the choice of alternative routes. What an impressive economic and
safety improvement this would be. Empa’s extensive experience in the area of safety, reliability
assessment and rehabilitation of structures is another key component within this module and complements
our building materials research. Much economic and ecological potential is present in the renewal of
existing structures. With the implementation of innovative structural reinforcement methods in the last 50
years Empa has been contributing successfully to the development of advanced materials and
technologies for the rehabilitation and re-pair of old buildings – and will, of course, continue this effort in
future. A prime example is the various methods for the reinforcement of concrete, steel and aluminum
members through external adhesive bonding of unstressed and pre-stressed carbon fiber-reinforced
polymer laminates, developed by Urs Meier and co-workers. These technologies are used worldwide today
and explain Empa’s pioneering reputation in this field.

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The module Advanced Lightweight Structures concentrates on building materials systems, like
carbon fiber pre-stressed concrete elements that greatly reduce the weight of precast bridge and buildings
elements. Here, the key criteria are the development of economically affordable, durable and fire-safe
systems. An additional focus in this module lies in developing materials and systems for reducing the
emission and transmission of sound and vibration. One main goal is the reduction of sound transmission in
lightweight systems, which are experimentally characterized and analyzed in Empa’s new acoustic testing
lab.
Materials
Casting of a carbon fibre prestressed and reinforced test slab with a self-compacting concrete.
Research and development of multifunctional materials for the building industry has a long standing and
successful tradition at Empa and will also be continued in the future. In this context the latest patents by
Empa researchers focus on innovative pre-stressing materials for structural concrete: iron-based shape
memory alloys allow an in situ pre-stressing of concrete for strengthening and upgrading bridge, tunnel and
building elements, while the recent development of highly durable expansive concretes allows the
pretensioning of non-metallic reinforcements for precast concrete elements with reduced processing costs
and a smaller ecological footprint, for example CO emissions. Numerical material modelling allows efficient
design of novel systems and always represents a crucial part of Empa’s research activities.
Reducing the environmental footprint of construction materials is one of the main goals in the module
Materials. To achieve this we employ a variety of innovative approaches such as the drastic reduction of
cement clinker in concrete by employing combinations of mineral admixtures and fillers, while at the same
time optimizing the packing and the rheological properties of the concrete. A further focus will be on
recycled, re-used, marginal and alternative construction materials. Recycling has great ecologic and cost-
saving potential in road pavements, for instance; here one research focus is on achieving a higher
durability for recycled pavements.
Buildings and Cities

Buildings and cities with a lower environmental impact will be a crucial factor for a sustainable future.
Therefore, Empa’s efforts include research on a sustainable urban environment with the integration of
renewable energies for our everyday needs. Novel insulation materials for low energy consumption
buildings will provide an essential contribution to the reduction of fossil energy use and will enable carbon
neutral or even zero emission buildings in the near future.
The transformation of the existing building stock is another area with huge energy saving potential. In
addition, Empa is working on novel heat collectors for seasonal heat storage, on organic and inorganic
solar cells, on novel and more ecological batteries and on hydrogen production, storage and conversion in
the frame of its Research Focus Area “Energy”.
Health & Performance

Protect people, promote health, maintain and improve our quality of life and physical capacity – this is what
we want to achieve with our bio- and medtech activities, be it with new implants, novel drug carriers and
other therapeutic and diagnostic devices as well as safety studies. In the Research Focus Area “Health and
Performance”, we pool our interdisciplinary expertise in the fields of textiles, material science, biology and
nanotechnology. We focus on the development of materials for medical applications in and on the human
body, and research materials and new systems that protect and support us in our daily lives. Moreover, we
examine the safety of new materials closely and develop new methods to Some of the questions we
address:
 Which materials are suitable to maintain human health or even restore it?
 Which products improve the quality of life or safety for elderly people?
 How can we improve performance in sport or under extreme conditions?
 How can we functionalize fibers and textiles to give them specific properties?

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 Can we guarantee the safety of new materials in future? And how can we test this? study this in
biological systems.
Natural Resources & Pollutants

Every society requires materials and energy to fulfil its needs. In order to foster a society that uses fewer
natural resources and emits fewer pollutants we investigate the underlying physical and chemical
processes and develop innovative technical solutions. We, therefore, investigate key processes like
individual mobility and industrial production. These processes are accompanied by the release of
numerous pollutants: greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds, (nano-)particles and others. Many of
those pollutants find their way into the Earth's atmosphere, which is an important transport media. We
investigate the distribution of these pollutants on different scales, from the flow around individual buildings
all the way up to the global transport over various continents. And we explore new ways and means to
clean exhaust gases to lower the pollution of our environment. Our goal is a future society that uses less
natural resources and produces less pollutants.
Environmental Interactions on Engineered Systems

The module aims at an increased understanding of the impact of environmental pollutants and
aggressive substances on the integrity, reliability and functionality of engineered systems and at the
assessment of reaction/leaching rates from material surfaces.
The core module activities are related to the development of experimental setups and methodologies
combining surface analysis with electrochemical and analytical chemistry investigation addressing following
questions:
 Pollutants/materials interaction: Understanding of the environmental (temperature and humidity)
 interaction at the microscale in combination with material specific surface influence of aggressive
 chemicals (H S, SO , CO , NO , O3, Cl ) and nanoparticles.
 Materials releasing/capturing mechanisms: Formulation of enhanced “electro”-chemical reaction
 models as the basis for development of improved materials and systems minimizing release/capture
 of metallic/ionic species, biocides and nanoparticles.
The obtained improved Lifetime Prediction for industrial system durability induces better products with less
emission and environmental impact.

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Future Individual Mobility

The vision of our future individual mobility is based on a strong reduction of environmental impacts,
namely pollutants and greenhouse gases, by only minimal trade-offs in functionality and cost.
New engineered structures achieve higher catalytic performance with lower precious metals. If a
microwave absorbing material is introduced in the coating then cold start performance increases
dramatically. In the field of pollution, cold start and engine warm-up emissions of Otto-cycled motor
vehicles as well as low load operation of diesel vehicles are identified as main concern. On a technological
level, microwave heated catalytically active coatings are investigated as well as turbulent flowed catalytic
converter substrates, based on 3D-printed open cell structures. On the analytical side, detailed analysis of
the chemical and physical footprint of the pollutants is a research activity. Regarding the reduction of
greenhouse gases, research and development activities in the field of vehicle powertrains and fuels are
ongoing. Increasing the part-load efficiency of internal combustion engines is one main activity as well as
battery reliability and safety testing for electric and hybrid-electric vehicles. However, the main impact on
greenhouse emissions originates from the used energy carrier for the operation of the vehicles. An
important target is therefore the use of renewable energy for mobility (e.g. stored PV or wind electricity,
hydrogen from renewable excess electricity, biogas and synthetic methane) as well as the decarbonisation
of fossil natural gas with non-energetic use of the fossil carbon.
Sustainable Production and Resource Scarcity

Industrial production requires significant amounts of raw materials and has a considerable impact on
the environment (e.g. production of greenhouse gases, use of energy, generation of waste) raw
materials. One example is construction materials, especially concrete and asphalt, which are
produced in large quantities worldwide. On the one hand, the production of cement, which is the
principal binder used in concrete, significantly contributes to the emission of CO , counting for about 5-
8% of worldwide CO -emissions with a strong increasing tendency. On the other hand, the
preservation of our infrastructure and its adaptation to present needs demands the replacement of
existing structures. As a result, large volumes of building waste accumulate. Another example is the
topic of scarce elements such as antimony, indium, platinum group metals, rare earth elements or
tantalum, which are increasingly being used in emerging technologies. For these raw materials, there
is increasing concern regarding the resilience of their supply chains and sustainability issues, including
losses through dissipative uses.
We focus on the following key questions:
 How can product lines get improved from a sustainability perspective?
Goal: Development of approaches for integrated assessment of technical options, environmental
impacts and costs.
Examples: Recycling of asphalt and concrete, use of waste materials in cement production, new
types of cement with lower environmental impact
 What is the future potential of a technology in a society?
Goal: Assessment of new technologies which are potentially beneficial for society. Reduction of
environmental and societal risks of introduced new technologies by giving early warnings of
critical developments in technology applications.
Examples: Sustainability assessment of biofuels, electromobility, nanotextiles
 How vulnerable are existing and future technologies and production systems with regard to scarce
/critical raw materials supply risks?
Goal: Evaluate the vulnerability of technologies and production systems regarding scarce /
critical raw materials supply risks, and identify strategies towards (more) sustainable scarce /
critical raw materials governance.
Examples: Dynamic assessment of raw materials criticality: Linking agent-based demand with
material flow supply modelling approaches

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 How to design technologies and production systems (including recycling systems) in view of a
more sustainable use of scarce / critical materials?
Goal: Identify options for a (more) sustainable use of scarce metals through (re-)design of
technologies and production systems (including recycling systems) and demonstrate their
feasibility with case studies.
Sources, Assessment and Reduction of Air Pollutants

The goal of this NAREP Focal Area is to understand and quantify emissions and sources of man-
made pollutants, including noise, into the atmosphere by determining their temporal and spatial
variations. We focus on processes and substances that are relevant to human health, climate change,
ecosystems and materials. Knowledge of the relevant fluxes into the atmosphere, their transport and
transformation is essential for impact assessment, emissions reduction as well as for the early
detection of changes of the atmosphere and biosphere. Therefore we develop, validate and apply
state-of-the-art measurement techniques for pollutants such as nanoparticles, reactive gases,
greenhouse gases, persistent organic compounds and noise. We then combine our measurements
with numerical models on a wide range of scales. Our scales go from very local processes ,e.g.
nanoparticles near road traffic, to worldwide phenomena, e.g. the transport of air pollutants from the
northern hemisphere to the Antarctica. Furthermore, we develop technologies to reduce emissions,
such as optimized powertrains, more efficient road pavements, enhanced flue gas treatment and noise
control at the source.
CO -Mitigation
CO is both reactant and product in living organisms and thus substantial part of the materials cycles of
life. Furthermore, due to its physical and chemical properties, it is an important factor influencing the
state of the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
The temperature of the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the concentration of CO in it due to its
infrared radiation absorbing properties; likewise the pH-value of the oceans is directly linked to the CO
content in them. With the large emission of CO caused by the massive use of fossil fuels for energy,
the content in atmosphere and oceans is steadily increasing with unpredictable consequences (IPCC).
Although negative or at least constant CO emission is required in order to limit the extent of global
warming, carbon-based liquid fuels will in the foreseeable future continue to be an important source of
stored energy. We want to contribute to this discrepancy by research and development of new ideas
aiming for a mitigation of anthropogenic CO -emissions. This includes research and development in
renewable energy: production, storage, conversion materials science on CO –capture CO -utilization,
e.g. as a starting product for fuel production (power-to-gas, power-to-liquid) measurement and
assessment of CO emissions from industrial processes investigation of the influence of chemical
processes on atmospheric CO on corrosion

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Fluids and Porous Materials

The rich pallet of interactions of fluids and porous media are studied from nano- to macroscale and from
very short to long time scales.
We focus on:
 fluid (gas and/or liquid) transport at different pore scales and its coupling to heat transport.
 phase change between liquid and gas at molecular, pore and macro- scales, including heat of sorption.
coupled mechanical-sorption hysteresis behavior, including swelling–shrinkage.
 surface phenomena such as droplet impact on porous substrates, film forming and run-off.
 Applied research covers applications such as convective drying, hygrothermal and durability behavior
of building components, leaching of biocides, thermal underlayer for chips, sorption heat pumps, food
cold chain, etc.
Methods and approach

Our scientific approach is based on the coupling of advanced experimental and computational methods.
Advanced imaging using neutron, X-ray and ESEM, documents the fluid–porous interactions in the material
at different scales, providing essential insights for understanding of the phenomena at play.
Theoretical and computational modeling, such as MD, LBM, CFD and FEM, provides the capability to
determine material properties from experiments using inverse identification, to design optimal experiments
and to explore new pathways for material development and technology innovation.

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Laboratory of Multiscale Studies in Building Physics

Our mission is excellence in research and technology development related to the following topics:
 Urban microclimate
 Fluids and porous materials
 Granular media
 Hygrothermal performance durability
Recent work in our three groups focused on the understanding of:
1) Fluids and porous materials interactions
 Multiscale analysis of heat, mass, biological, chemical and poromechanical behavior of porous
materials
 Damage mechanisms
 Food processing
 Up-scaling material models for urban microclimate analysis (vegetation, trees)
2) Urban microclimate
 Multiscale models of urban heat island, micro and local climate and comfort
 Urban microclimate and building energy
 Urban microclimate and climate change
3) Granular media
 DEM modeling of stick slip of granular media for dynamic earthquake triggering
 DEM modeling of instabilities of wet granular media
 Active and passive acoustic probing
Methods and approach

Our scientific approach is based on the coupling of advanced experimental and computational methods.
Multiscale approaches are developed to adequately capture the different phenomena at play at different
scales. Techniques used are:
 advanced experimental high resolution time resolved techniques (neutron and X-ray imaging, etc.)
 Wind and water tunnels with time-resolved PIV/LIF
 High performance multiscale computational modeling for porous media, buildings, urban environment,
vegetation.
 Computational approaches: MD, DEM, LBM, pore network, CFD, FEM, …

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Additive Manufacturing
Additive (or freeform) Manufacturing of metals, ceramics and polymers is nowadays a commonly
established processing technology. The developments in this field during the recent years have been
mainly driven by the process engineers, whereas the materials science in freeform manufacturing is
only at its infancy.
The research activities at Empa are focusing on the materials science aspects in the additive manufacture
of metals, ceramics and polymers at different length scales (nm-cm). At Empa, equipment for the freeform
fabrication of
 Metals (selective laser melting, laser metal deposition),
 Polymers (stereo lithography, direct ink writing) and
 Ceramics (fused deposition modeling, lithography-based ceramic manufacturing)
is already available or will be installed in the near future.
New materials for and by Additive Manufacturing
Freeform manufacturing technologies offer a unique ability to dynamically mix materials during the
deposition process and produce functionally graded structures, new composite microstructures and
perhaps even new material classes. However, energy beam-based processes like selective laser melting
imply a very rapid material consolidation, leading to non-equilibrium microstructures, which are usually
harder, less ductile, and often exhibit high residual stresses. Therefore, a deep understanding of the
correlation between process, microstructure and material properties is required for a successful exploitation
of these advantages.
In addition, the optimization of existing materials for their successful use in freeform fabrication processes
will be important. The following topics will be addressed:
 Design and characterization of novel alloys for beam-based freeform fabrication processes (e.g. CCMX
 Challenge AM )
 Development and characterization of hierarchically structured composites (polymers, metals, ceramics)
and multi-materials by using freeform fabrication processes
 Development and characterization of complex 3D structures from metals, ceramics or polymers with
new functionalities – e.g. acoustic meta-materials
Powder processing and functionalization

Many freeform fabrication processes are powder-based layer-by-layer methods. However, the minimum
feature size is limited by the powder grain size, which is currently >10 μm. Powders with smaller grain size
cannot be reliably processed yet because of their tendency to form agglomerates.
At Empa, the following research topics will be addressed:
 Spheroidization and modification of micron-sized powders
 Transport of flowable and unflowable powders for micro-LMD
 Powder recycling
in-situ monitoring and modeling of beam-based freeform fabrication processes

An improved control of beam-based manufacturing processes requires a better understanding of the
interaction between the laser or electron beam and the different materials of interest as well as of the
material consolidation process at different length and time scales. This requires the availability of advanced
real-time monitoring facilities for studying the processes in situ.
A major research focus at Empa will be the in-situ optical, acoustic signal detection and interpretation of
long pulsed laser processes and spectroscopic plasma inspection. In addition, meso-scale modeling and
simulation of the energy transfer and microstructure evolution in additive manufactured parts will be
performed.

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Multi-Scaling and Microstructure of Road Materials

The research focus area "Multi-Scaling and Microstructure" investigates road materials at a
fundamental scale where performance enhancing or limiting phenomena find their origin. The goal is
to further the fundamental understanding of:
 road materials behavior with respect to environmental effects such as waterand temperature,
 interaction of bitumen with other substances, in particular with mineralstargeted development of
modern road materials
Subject areas
Microstructure
In order to characterize the microstructure of asphalt concrete environmental scanning electron microscope
(ESEM), optical microscope, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and computer tomography have been used.
Other methods are continuously investigated for their suitability for asphalt concrete materials.
Microstructural features due to different compaction methods, polymer modification and homogeneity of
void structure can be investigated.
Micro-tensile tests
At Empa using a novel test set up the tensile behavior of viscoelastic bituminous films confined between
mineral aggregates or steel as adherents, can be investigated in the brittle and ductile regimes. Uniaxial
specimens can be fabricated employing a prototype set up developed in this allowing construction of
microscale thin films and visualization of failure phenomena. The effect of key parameters, namely,
temperature, binder type, adherent type (stainless steel and mineral aggregate), and water conditioning
can be investigated.
Multi-Scaling
In cooperation with other focus areas in the lab, information obtained from the microstructural, micro-tensile
and other related characterization techniques is used to determine the origin of performance limiting or
enhancing phenomena. Examples of materials of current interest are porous asphalt, recycled asphalt and
multi-functional pavement materials.

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7.4 MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment

(MSE2): a Joint MIT – CNRS Center
NOTE: This International Center clearly demonstrate the relevance of Multiscale

Science – Engineering Methods and Strategies to deal with issue of primary relevance
for a “Sustainable and Energy Efficient” Infrastructures Design and Manufacture.
Structure
MSE2 was founded with support from the MIT Energy Initiative in 2012 to explore “bottom up”
simulation and experimental verification of the properties of complex multiscale materials.
“MultiScale Material Science for Energy and Environment” is an international joint unit (UMI)
between CNRS (http://www.cnrs.fr) and MIT (http://mit.edu) at the center of a strategic association
covering research, training and education in partnership with industry. The UMI aims at “bottom
up” simulation and experimental verification of properties of complex multiscale materials — from
atomic-scale to microns, and from nanoseconds to years.
Materials with important technological, economic, energy and environmental applications will be
addressed, including cement, ceramics, nuclear fuels, steels and geo-materials. The UMI hosts
French researchers at MIT, each for a number of years, and is seen as a gateway to further
collaboration between CNRS and MIT. The UMI, which is housed at MIT under the auspices of
the MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI) (http://mitei.mit.edu/) , has been designated by the CNRS as the
lead unit of a “Laboratoire d’Excellence
(http://www.enseignementsuprecherche.gouv.fr/cid51355/laboratoires-d-excellence.html)
”consisting of multiple institutions engaged in materials science. The Labex ICOME2
(Interdisciplinary Center on Multiscale Materials for Energy and Environment, Labex n°ANR-11-
LABX-0053) is a network project according to the general ANR description. It aims at establishing
durable links between the CNRS-MIT UMI established in Cambridge (US) and the CINAM
laboratory on AMU Luminy campus in Marseille. In addition, the UMI and its Marseille mirror site
are the center of gravity of the GdR-i international research network, M2UN, as part of AMU e�ort
on the international front. The present Labex project extends from 2012 to 2016). The Labex core
science project also matches that of the SOLEIL synchrotron through the
nanotomography beamline (Equipex NanoimageX / Beam line AnatomiX). Finally, as a tool to
maximize the level of connections/collaborations with other CNRS/university labs, other research
organizations (French and US, CEA, NIST, DOE...) and industries, we propose the establishment
of the positions of Fellow of the UMI. As MIT affiliates, the Fellows of the UMI will enhance the
scientific and industrial relevance and provide the outreach for technology transfer. The CNRS-
MIT UMI laboratory was opened in June 2012 as the concrete expression of both parties in
building reinforced peer-to-peer collaborations. The CNRS-MIT UMI is composed of 6 French
academic/CNRS scientists. It is located on the MIT campus. In addition to the salaries of its own
professors, MIT is providing office and lab space and administrative support to the UMI. A
Memorandum of Understanding between CNRS and MIT stating the creation of the CNRS-MIT
UMI was signed during the France-MIT conference in June 2011. From the will of the President of
CNRS, the UMI has a mirror site at CINaM, the CNRS-Aix-Marseille Université research
laboratory on materials and nano-science; idea thoroughly supported by AMU. Aix-Marseille
University (AMU) is a new institution resulting from the merge of the three old Aix-Marseille

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universities (Université de Provence, Université de la Méditerranée and Université Paul

Cézanne). It was legally established by a recent government bill (n° 2011-1010, 08/24/2011) and
has started operating officially on January 1st, 2012. AMU is expected to become a leading
pluridisciplinary university in France and beyond. Through the involvement of the CINaM, the
Université de la Méditerranée supports this Labex on behalf of AMU. In addition, the UMI is the
flagship of the international research network Multi-Scale Materials Under the Nanoscope, M2UN,
(also named as GdR-I, in the CNRS organization). This GdR-I connects about 12 CNRS labs and
MIT but also several French (Marseille, Lyon, Paris VI, …), American (Berkeley, Princeton,
Rutgers) and European (Imperial College-London, ETH-Zurich) Universities and French (CEA,
IRSN, IFSTTAR, IRD), American (NIST) and European (LABEIN-Bilbao) research organizations, it
represents about 80 academics.
Research Overview
Many of the pressing challenges facing governments today transcend national borders, and thus
require deeper and newer forms of international collaboration. CNRS and MIT have now created one
such alliance by forming an International Joint Unit (UMI MIT-CNRS), a laboratory bringing together
French and MIT researchers on MIT’s Cambridge campus. Last June MIT President Susan Hockfield
and CNRS President Alain Fuchs inaugurated the UMI “Multi-Scale Materials for Energy and
Environment” (MSE), and also indicated that it would mark the beginning of a broader partnership
between the two organizations in the areas of education, training and research. MSE
expands on the important work undertaken by MIT teams at the Concrete Sustainability Hub and the
X-Shale Hub research centers. The laboratory studies structurally complex porous substances such
as cement, shale gas and nuclear fuels employing what is called the “bottom-up” method. This
involves holistic analysis over both scales of length (from nanometer to micron) and time (from
nanosecond to hour) in order to gain snapshots of behavioral properties that can vary based on life
span and molecular level. The recent disasters in Japan and the Gulf of Mexico emphasized the need
for renewed technology in civil engineering. By using fundamental physics to better understand
molecular structure, we can produce materials and energy sources that are more durable, more stable
and, ultimately, more sustainable. Producing the ubiquitous building material concrete, for example,
contributes approximately 5 to 10 % to the world’s CO2 emissions. Scientists and R&D departments
have long tried to formulate better versions with little success, primarily because the main component,
calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), resisted traditional forms of investigation. Combining neutron and X-
Ray scattering, electron microscopy and nano-indentation with computational physics, MIT
researchers including Pellenq were able to model CSH nanoscale texture and modify it to make
concrete that lasts longer and has a lighter ecological footprint. Another exciting application is in the
production of shale gas, a cleaner-burning alternative to coal or petroleum. MSE’s multi-scale
approach looks at shale formations all the way down to the level of nanopores, where the methane is
stored, to discover why the gas is sometimes retained rather than released. This knowledge can help
render extraction techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing, less intrusive and more efficient. In the
wake of the Fukushima accident, nuclear fuels will also be explored with an eye to ensuring safety.
One concern is that the uranium bars used in reactors tend to form pockets of rare gases. Reliably
predicting the multi-scale fracture mechanisms of nuclear fuel with such gas inclusions can make
reactors safer. We are encouraged by the promising leads and applications of our joint research and
look forward to partnering with industry in both France and the United States to quickly bring these
innovations to global markets.

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New research shows concrete is a strong choice for the long-term confinement of nuclear
waste. Anne Wilson Yu | Concrete Sustainability Hub
One of the main challenges faced by the nuclear industry is the long-term confinement of nuclear
waste. Concrete is one of the barrier materials commonly used to contain radionuclides, both in
nuclear reactors and nuclear waste-storing facilities. For this reason, it is extremely important that
researchers and industry professionals understand the chemical and structural stability of cement
(the basic binding ingredient in concrete) containing radioactive materials.
A new study (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b02609) by researchers from the MIT
Concrete Sustainability Hub (http://cshub.mit.edu/) and the joint MIT-French National Center for
Scientific Research (CNRS) lab known as Multi-Scale Materials Science for Energy and
Environment (MSE2 (http://umi.mit.edu/) ) is the first to show that cement is effective for nuclear
containment of radioactive materials.
The paper, coauthored by MIT postdoc Lucile Dezerald, visiting scientist Andres Saul, senior
research scientist Roland J.-M. Pellenq (http://cee.mit.edu/pellenq) , and Professor Franz-Josef
Ulm (http://cee.mit.edu/ulm) , presents research that, for the first time, offers a quantum modeling
of cement hydrate at the nano scale. “In short, what the research showed is that cement is a good
choice for storing nuclear waste from the fission reaction in nuclear plants,” Pellenq says.
One of the study’s key findings is that cement could be a good material to store radioactive
strontium-90 and its daughter elements (yttrium and zirconium) from its radioactive beta decay.
This could be highly relevant for improving waste storage conditions in accidental cases, such as
the Fukushima Daiichi disaster in March 2011.
The study may also have an impact on considerations around the decommissioning of nuclear
plants. “We disconnect the plant from the grid, but the nuclear waste is still there,” Pellenq says,
noting that the cores of decommissioned nuclear plants from the 1950s in the United Kingdom
and France are still intact, as are cores at even older decommissioned plants in the United States.
Knowing now that cement can effectively contain nuclear waste materials may buy researchers
enough time to sort out the technology and lead to potential long-term solutions.
This is the first nano-metric study using quantum physical chemistry to understand how cement is
effective for the storage of intermediate half-life fission products. The paper’s other authors are:
Jorge J. Kohanoff of the Atomistic Simulation Centre of Queen’s University Belfast; Alfredo A.
Correa of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; and Alfredo Caro of Los Alamos National
Laboratory.
The paper is available (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b02609) from the journal
Environmental Science and Technology.

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Excerpts from the “New understanding of concrete’s properties could increase lifetime of
the building material, decrease emissions” Article ( MSE2 Website).
Nancy W. Staffer | MIT Energy Initiative
An MIT-led team has de�ned the nanoscale forces that control how particles pack together
during the formation of cement “paste,” the material that holds together concrete and causes
that ubiquitous construction material to be a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. By
controlling those forces, the researchers will now be able to modify the microstructure of the
hardened cement paste, reducing pores and other sources of weakness to make concrete
stronger, stiffer, more fracture-resistant, and longer-lasting. Results from the researchers’
simulations explain experimental measurements that have confused observers for decades, and
they may guide the way to other improvements, such as adding polymers to fill the pores and
recycling waste concrete into a binder material, reducing the need to make new cement.
Each year, the world produces 2.3 cubic yards of concrete for every person on earth, in the
process generating more than 10 percent of all industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. New
construction and repairs to existing infrastructure currently require vast amounts of concrete, and
consumption is expected to escalate dramatically in the future. “To shelter all the people moving
into cities in the next 30 years, we’ll have to build the equivalent of several hundred New York
cities,” says Roland Pellenq (http://energy.mit.edu/profile/rolandpellenq/), senior research scientist
in the MIT Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) and research director at
France’s National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). “There’s no material up to that task but
concrete.” Recognizing the critical need for concrete, Pellenq and his colleague Franz-Josef Ulm
(http://energy.mit.edu/profile/franz-josef-ulm/), professor of CEE and director of the MIT Concrete
Sustainability Hub (http://cshub.mit.edu/) (CSHub), have been working to reduce its environmental
footprint. Their goal: to �nd ways to do more with less. “If we can make concrete stronger, we’ll
need to use less of it in our structures,” says Ulm. “And if we can make it more durable, it’ll last
longer before it needs to be replaced.” Surprisingly, while concrete has been a critical building
material for 2,000 years, improvements have largely come from trial and error rather than
rigorous research. As a result, the factors controlling how it forms and performs have remained
poorly understood. “People always deemed what they saw under a microscope as being
coincidence or evidence of the special nature of concrete,” says Ulm, who with Pellenq co-directs
the joint MIT-CNRS laboratory called MultiScale Material Science for Energy and Environment
(http://umi.mit.edu/), hosted at MIT by the MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI). “They didn’t go to the
very small scale to see what holds it together — and without that knowledge, you can’t modify it.”
Cement: the key to better concrete
The problems with concrete — both environmental and structural — are linked to the substance
that serves as its glue, namely, cement. Concrete is made by mixing together gravel, sand,
water, and cement. The last two ingredients combine to make cement hydrate, the binder in the
hardened concrete. But making the dry cement powder requires cooking limestone (typically with
clay) at temperatures of 1,500 degrees Celsius for long enough to drive of the carbon in it.
Between the high temperatures and the limestone decarbonization, the process of making cement
powder for concrete is by itself responsible for almost 6 percent of all CO2 emissions from
industry worldwide. Structural problems can also be traced to the cement: When finished
concrete cracks and crumbles, the failure inevitably begins within the cement hydrate that’s
supposed to hold it together — and replacing that crumbling concrete will require making new
cement and putting more CO2 into the atmosphere.
To improve concrete, then, the researchers had to address the cement hydrate — and they had to
start with the basics: defining its fundamental structure through atomic-level analysis. In 2009,
Pellenq, Ulm, and an international group of researchers associated with CSHub published the
first description of cement hydrate’s three-dimensional molecular structure. Subsequently, they

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determined a new formula that yields cement hydrate particles in which the atoms occur in a
specific configuration — a “sweet spot” — that increases particle strength by 50 percent.
However, that nanoscale understanding doesn’t translate directly into macroscale characteristics.
The strength and other key properties of cement hydrate actually depend on its structure at the
“mesoscale” — specifically, on how nanoparticles have packed together over hundred-nanometer
distances as the binder material forms.
When dry cement powder dissolves in water, room-temperature chemical reactions occur, and
nanoparticles of cement hydrate precipitate out. If the particles don’t pack tightly, the hardened
cement will contain voids that are tens of nanometers in diameter — big enough to allow
aggressive materials such as road salt to seep in. In addition, the individual cement hydrate
particles continue to move around over time — at a tiny scale — and that movement can cause
aging, cracking, and other types of degradation and failure. To understand the packing process,
the researchers needed to define the precise physics that drives the formation of the cement
hydrate microstructure — and that meant they had to understand the physical forces at work
among the particles. Every particle in the system exerts forces on every other particle, and
depending on how close together they are, the forces either pull them together or push them
apart. The particles seek an organization that minimizes energy over length scales of many
particles. But reaching that equilibrium state takes a long time. When the Romans made concrete
2,000 years ago, they used a binder that took many months to harden, so the particles in it had
time to redistribute so as to relax the forces between them. But construction time is money, so
today’s binder has been optimized to harden in a few hours. As a result, the concrete is solid long
before the cement hydrate particles have relaxed, and when they do, the concrete sometimes
shrinks and cracks. So while the Roman Colosseum and Pantheon are still standing, concrete
that’s made today can fail in just a few years.
…………………
This research was supported by Schlumberger; France’s National Center for Scientific Research
(through its Laboratory of Excellence Interdisciplinary Center on MultiScale Materials for Energy
and Environment); and the Concrete Sustainability Hub at MIT. Schlumberger is a Sustaining
Member (http://energy.mit.edu/membership) of the MIT Energy Initiative. The research team also
included other investigators at MIT; the University of California at Los Angeles; Newcastle
University in the United Kingdom; and Sorbonne University, Aix-Marseille University, and the
National Center for Scientific Research in France.

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8. MULTISCALE SCIENCE BASED DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

STRUCTURES AND STRATEGIES FRAMEWORK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author of this document likes to thank Dr. Salvatore Marotta (Lawyer at the Court of Turin and Professor of
Economics) for highlighting the potential value of Multiscale Science – Based concepts, methods and strategies,
described in the previous Chapters for Governmental and Political Issues and giving a contribution to identify
key application fields and critical unsolved problems lending themselves to science – based solutions.
8.1 Architecture and Objectives

This Framework aims to analyze the possible impact of the "Strategic Multiscale Framework" on Future
Democracy, Politics and Society Scenarios.
Today, a key challenge is to integrate the most significant advances in Science, Mathematical Techniques and
Modeling, Systems Design Methodologies, Computing, Information and Communication Technologies inside a
"Coherent and Multidisciplinary Multiscale Knowledge, Analysis and Design Framework" specifically designed
to allow Politics to develop and apply "New Theories and Strategies" to more effectively and comprehensively
deal with democratic governmental challenges in a highly complex, multifaceted and continuously evolving
Socio-Economic reality. The Ultimate Objective is to integrate inside a Unitary Vision "Science - Technology -
Engineering - Politics - Society".
 Paragraph 8.2 outlines a possible New Scenario and Frontier based upon the Strategic Multiscale
Framework
 Paragraph 8.2.1 highlights the most Critical Challenges of the Present Scenario
 Paragraph 8.2.2 describes the role that the Strategic Multiscale Framework could have to give Politicians
and Bureaucrats a new generation of analytical and design tools to more effectively and comprehensively
deal with key Society problems highlighted in the Paragraph 7.1. An Integrated Analysis, Knowledge and
Design Framework based upon the Strategic Multiscale is also described
 Paragraph 8.3 examines the impact that a systematic and organic application of the Strategic
Multiscale can have on three fundamental themes for the Democratic Government and the Society
Development:
A. New Knowledge and Science - Based Democratic Governance Culture and System (Paragraph
8.3.1)
B. The National State, the Globalization Processes and he Supranational Entities. (Paragraph 8.3.2)
C. A New Frontier and Resource for Globalization: Space (Paragraph 8.3.3)

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8.2 A New Frontier: “Science – Technology – Engineering – Politics –

Society” Integration
8.2.1 The Present Scenario and Critical Challenges
Politics seems to have growing difficulties to deal in a comprehensive and effective way with key socio-
economic problems in particular, but not exclusively, when the same are characterized by a transnational
dimension. Traditional policy methods, tools and strategies seem no longer up to design efficient strategies for
“Modern Societies” ever more characterized by growing levels of "Complexity" in all the interconnected and
interdependent financial, socio-economic, demographic, ecological and industrial areas. Currently, the political
and administrative apparatus does not comprehensively and effectively use the most advanced scientific methods
for the definition of plans and programs and related implementation and evaluation schemes. The wide range of
mutually interacting financial, socio-economic, demographic, ecological, industrial,…. phenomena and
processes developing over a full spectrum of space and time scales, calls for new “Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Multi-Cultural Multi-Sectoral Cooperative Environments” which bring together politicians, intellectuals,
scientists, technologists, entrepreneurs,…. inside a common analysis, planning and design “Cultural Context”.
Classical Strategies, that were designed when Complexity and Transnational Processes were still not a “World
Unifying Paradigm”, do not seem up to these new Challenges. The new “Strategic Multiscale Science - Based
Society Framework” can represent a first attempt to design an “Integrated Analysis, Planning and Decision -
Making Environment” based upon a comprehensive and innovative integration of several of the most relevant
scientific and technological advances. A key “Strategic Goal” is to give the Political and Governmental Classes a
new “Unified” Intellectual tool, method and strategy that can allow them to:
 fully understand the wide and intricate spectrum of multiscale (from local to global, from months to years)
Multidisciplinary Multisectoral interactions and interdependencies characterizing Society Dynamics.
 apply the new Multiscale Multidisciplinary Knowledge to design possible solutions and application
strategies which can adequately take into account this new complex and quickly evolving scenario
 analyze (in the planning, decision and also operational phases), through (Strategic) Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Modeling & Simulation Methods, Artificial Intelligence Systems, Data Analysis Tools
and advanced multiscale sensing systems, the consequences of their decisions over all the aspects of the
socio-economic context for a wide spectrum of space and time scales
 progressively evaluate decision results during the programs application phase with new science-based
monitoring and analysis tools to shape new “Adaptive and Responsive Strategies”.
The new Framework has also the strategic goal to create a new “Active Citizenship” as a new frontier for
Democracy in order to establish a bridge between the “Direct Democracy” and the “Representative Democracy”
The new Framework can contribute to the creation of a new social and political consciousness in the people and
the needed cultural awareness and knowledge for a more active participation to the social and political life.
Science is not the solution to all the problems of the Democracy, Politics, and Society. However, we can
realistically assume that an organic and structural transfer in the context of Politics, Burocracy and Public
Administration of Scientific Knowledge and Methodologies, (Strategic) Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science -
Engineering Integration Strategies and the new Generation of Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Models,
HPC technologies AI and Data Analytics techniques could allow for a more effective management of the Society
as a whole.

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The following Figure illustrates the systematic and progressive transfer of Knowledge from the Scientific and
Engineering Areas to the Political, Administrative and Implementation Contexts (Planning & Decision Making,
Cooperative Implementation Environments) through a chain of Multiscale Models. Sandia National Laboratories
are managed by the US Department of Energy (DoE) and they are among the largest R&D Laboratories in the
World.
Fig. 53 Multiscale Modeling and Simulation for Planning, Decision Making and Cooperative Implementation
(US Sandia National Laboratories)

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8.2.2 Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Society: a New Perspective for Democracy,
Politics and Society
Science - Technology – Engineering Integration activities are already intensively pursued in the European and
International context. A strategic challenge recently dealt with is the 'Science - Technology - Engineering –
Society” Integration Process. Science today has a great responsibility in giving Politicians new means to fully
and effectively address the most complex Societal problems and shape a new "Cultural and Societal Policy. The
"Multiscale Science - Based Society" Framework integrates into a single "Conceptual, Methodological and
Application Context" a wide spectrum of several of the most important scientific advances and some new
concepts and methods. A key innovation is a new Multiscale Vision referred to as "Strategic Multiscale" which,
inside the Science – Based Society Framework, plays the role of “Knowledge integrator and Multiplier and
Unifying Paradigm for Science, Engineering, Society and the related Knowledge Domains”. This New
“Vision” allows to develop and apply “Unified Method and Strategies” to deal with highly complex Societal
and Political issues. Key features:
a) Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modelling and Simulation (see Chapter 3)

It is important to note that virtually all of the phenomena of direct and vital interest to Democracy and Politics
that characterize the Modern Society belong to the Multiscale class. In the mid-nineties many researchers in the
field of Chemical Engineering (Sapre and Katzer, Lerou and Ng, and Villermaux) and one of the authors of this
document (Alessandro Formica), in the field of Modeling and Simulation and High Performance Computing,
highlighted the need for a global Multiscale approach as a key strategy to establish a new " Unifying Paradigm”
that would allow for a better link between progress in science and engineering and related knowledge domains.
Subsequently, many other scientists illustrated similar concepts. In 2013 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to three
scientists for the development of Multiscale models applicable to complex chemical systems, has confirmed the
importance of Multiscale for science and engineering, and has helped to create the optimal intellectual and
scientific context to start high-level projects in the field of ''Science - Technology - Engineering - Society "
Integration.
We have already highlighted that higher levels of "Complexity” characterize any Modern Political, Social,
Ecological, Administrative, Economic, Industrial, Infrastructural, ... System. The " Complexity" is inherently
determined by a wide range of interactions and interdependencies among a spectrum of phenomena and
processes, which develop over a large set of spatial and temporal scales inside several disciplinary areas. In this
context, the development of a new generation of Mathematical and Computational Models, called
"Multidisciplinary Multiscale Models", which allow to establish clear correlations between phenomena and
processes taking place on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and inside different application areas (eg
economic models integrating with technological, social models), has represented a fundamental result. The
“Strategic Multiscale Framework” makes a step further by introducing the new concept of “Multiscale Modeling
and Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific and
Engineering Methodologies and Knowledge Domains”. This new concept leads to a new Multiscale Vision and
Theoretical Context referred to as “Strategic Multiscale”. This new type of functionality is of paramount
importance if you want to get a comprehensive and coherent knowledge of an extremely complex and
multifaceted reality. Strategic Multiscale models can be considered a key element to establish a "bridge" among
science, technology, engineering, environmental, social and economic issues and the related needed basis to
build upon science - based political decision-making processes.
Thanks to these new developments it is now possible to effectively analyze all aspects of the Society and their
interdependencies to a level of accuracy and completeness never before achieved. This scenario represent an
important knowledge and cultural basis for the developments envisaged in this document. The “Strategic
Multiscale” Vision allows to use inside an “integrated conceptual context” all the available scientific and
engineering methodologies to design solutions for highly articulated and multi-faceted problems.

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b) New Data, Information and Knowledge Structures and Organizational Schemes: Strategic
Multiscale Multidisciplinary Maps and Knowledge Domains. (see Paragraph 3.2)
Multiscale, Multidisciplinary Multi-Area Data collected from a full spectrum of sources (Sensing networks,
communication networks, social networks, computational models, experimental and testing techniques,..) are
being analyzed using Multiscale Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence methods and techniques and turned
into “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Maps and Knowledge Domains”. This new “Information and
Knowledge” Structures key resources to
 understand interactions and interdependencies of multiscale, multidisciplinary, multi-sector complex society
phenomena and processes.
 develop new models and integrated strategies to design new solutions in a full spectrum of areas.
c) "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Innovative Technologies and Systems Design and Modeling
and Simulation Framework (or Virtual Multiscale Space – Time Machine) (see Paragraph 4.5)
and “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin” (see Paragraph 3.3.5)
These Environments allow us to model, simulate , analyze and visualize the Space - Time Dynamics of any kind
of Complex Systems, the relevance of Innovative Technological, Engineering and System Solutions and
Evaluate their effectiveness to meet specific objectives. This new generation of Environments integrates the
developments described inside a) and b) items. The design, development and implementation of any kind of
"system" or "system of systems” may be seen as a process that develop over various spatial and temporal scales.
Accordingly, the same can be modeled and simulated using a wide range of Multiscale Multidisciplinary
Computational Models. Decision Support Systems allow for the execution of a wide range of analyses and
projects. Some examples:
- Analysis, Planning and Design or a wide spectrum of engineering, manufacturing, civil, infrastructural,
environmental, industrial and socio-economic projects
- Analysis of the Alternatives (AoA) and "Sensitivity" of the designed systems (any typology) with respect to
characteristics and performance changes in one or more " System Elements" and related interconnections
- Progressive Evaluation of results and compliance with pre-defined project objectives, which can be performed
during the project implementation phase, the system operational testing and, later, during the period of service
life.
In particular, the continuous integration of data that may be collected from the field with the mathematical
models allows for the development of new monitoring, control and management strategies of urban, energy,
industrial, socio-economic and environmental systems. Getting a continuously updated vision is of paramount
importance to assess the results of plans and programs and to decide on future developments. It is quite clear
that this scenario opens up entirely new and far-reaching perspectives for all of Planning, Design and
Management Processes of industrial, Social and Economic Systems. Connecting continuously updated
“Integrated Multiscale scientific, technology, engineering and ecological socio-economic models” with political
decision-making models makes it also possible to evaluate both the effects of technological, engineering and
manufacturing solutions on the Economy and the Society and the effectiveness of various Government
structures and plans.

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Figure 54 Planning and Design of Development of Technological and Industrial Complex Systems: From
Materials to Devices, Products, Integration with Environmental and Socio-Economic Systems. (Georgia
Institute of Technology)
Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems for Innovation and Socio-Economic Development:

Integration of “Virtual Multiscale Space – Time Machines” with Societal and Economic
Modelling
A Strategic Resource for a New Democracy, Politics and Society
The problems that must now be addressed by the Political World are too complex, multi-disciplinary and multi-
cultural to be analyzed, studied and debated only by professionals who come from classic Fields: Political
Sciences, Sociology, Law, Philosophy, Demographics, ... to comprehensively address new challenges. In the
context of the Multiscale Science-Based Society we can develop new and more complex and articulated
Mathematical Modeling Systems that integrate not only Scientific, Technological and
Engineering/Manufacturing Areas, but also Political, Social, Economic, Demographic Fields,
Accordingly, we can define special category of Virtual Strategic Multiscale Decision Support Systems which we
can be called "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems for Technology and Engineering Innovation and Economic
- Industrial - Societal – Ecological Development." These "systems" enable us to analyze both the Impact of
different Research Results and Technological Innovations on Engineering/Manufacturing Systems and the
effectiveness of different Industrial Development Strategies and Socio-Economic Policies on the Society as a
whole. A wide range of solutions can be evaluated. Furthermore, as already highlighted, integrating data and
information coming from a wide range of different typologies of Sensing systems with "Virtual Systems for
Technology and Engineering Innovation and Economic - Industrial - Societal – Ecological Development." we
can also continuously monitor developments, problems and results in the various stages of Plans and Programs
implementation process (and also during the operational life). This context allow us to progressively update
socio-economic policies and implementation strategies. Integration with the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale
Science – Based Education, Information and Communication Framework”(see Item d) can create a multi-
cultural and multi-.sectoral context which represents the needed basis to apply Strategic Multiscale Framework
Strategy to Societal problems.

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d) A New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and

Communication "Languages" and related Application Environments (see Chapter 5)
A widening "gap" is opening up between the scientific, technological, economic, social and industrial and the
Education, Information and Communication world, despite the use of the most advanced Multimedia
Technologies. The Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling can be a strategic resource to fill this gap. It is now
possible to design a new generation of Education, Information and Communication "Languages" and related
application environments which structurally incorporate the “Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Science -
Engineering – Society” Integration Methods and Strategies. In this new context, the Multiscale Science –
Engineering Integration as “Unifying Paradigm” for Science and Engineering becomes not only the “Object”
of Education, Information and Communication Programs, as it happens today, but a “Structural Element” of a
new generation of Strategic Multiscale Education, Training, Information and Communication “Languages”. In
such a way, the “Language” and the related Implementation Framework directly reproduces and structurally
incorporates the new analysis, research, development, design and management concepts, methods, schemes and
strategies used by professionals to address any task in all the Human, Social, Environmental, Technological,
Industrial, and Economic fields. "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Analysis, Design, Decision
Making and Evaluation Systems" (Item c) can become a key component of the " Strategic Multiscale Science -
Based Education , Information and Communication” Framework to shape a new generation of “Conscious
Active Citizens” and “Science Based Politicians and Professionals”. Virtual Systems for Innovation and
Economic-Industrial Development can be integrated with the new generation of “ Strategic Multiscale Science
– Based Education, information and Communication Frameworks”. This integration allows us to:
 Involve a large spectrum of scientists, scholars and professional from different areas in the Planning, Design
and Results Evaluation Processes.
 Organize and Formalize, through a wide use of Modeling Systems (Multiscale Science – Based Education,
Information and Communication Frameworks), a wide range of opinions and proposals coming from
citizens, professionals and scholars from various associations and organizations: From Opinions To
Analyses and Strategies. This is a fundamental element to give a real meaning to the key Goal of
an “Active, Conscious and Knowledge Based” Participation of Citizens in the Social and
Political Life as a real expression of the Democracy Concept.
 Inform in an objective and comprehensive way citizens and a wide range of associations and organizations
involved in the life of the Society on the following themes:
 Progress of implementation Programs and Management Strategies effectiveness
 Systems Performance and Functionalities Evaluation
 New Technologies and Engineering/Manufacturing Solutions real effectiveness and efficiency
 Possible New Developments: Analysis Costs / benefits
 Evaluate, through the integration of Observational Data and Models, the impact of Technological, Urban
Agricultural, Industrial and Infrastructural Systems on the “Environment”.
 inform citizens and public and private "Entities" involved in the societal life on the continuous
Technological, Engineering and Scientific "Developments" and on their potential impact on the Society
Dynamics. Possible problems could be timely identified and dealt with.
 develop Multiscale Science – Based Training, Education and Information Programs specifically designed
for managers in the various Political, Bureaucratic and Public Administration Areas. These programs
should also involve Industrial, Economic and Finance managers, and various associations in order to create
"Integrated Cooperation Environments" between different "Management Entities"..

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A new “Adaptive Strategy” for Political - Administrative – Planning and

Implementation Issues
It is very important to highlight that the previously described Set of Methods, Procedures and
Environments (with particular reference to the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems” and their
integration with data collection networks and data analysis systems) allows us to design a new Strategy for
Political - Administrative - Normative Areas that could be called "adaptive". Too often, Political,
Administrative and Legislative Structures and Organizations "chase" the Society. All Industrial, Socio-
Economic and Ecological systems evolve over time and space. Consequently, it is necessary to gradually
detect these changes, analyze and interpret them, and try to predict their evolution. This implies the need to
adopt flexible instruments able to continuously detect a set of basic data for the Analysis of the "state" of
the systems and to predict their evolution. These instruments are of fundamental importance to verify the
degree of correspondence between the "real situation" and the one foreseen in the original plans and
programs in order to allow, with the help of Modelling and Simulation Systems, to progressively update
plans and objectives. This represents a comprehensive realization of what we have called "Adaptive
Strategy"
e) “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society Earth and Space Cyber
Physical Cooperative Environments” (See Chapter 4)
These Environments and related Application Strategies are built upon the Multiscale Modeling and Simulation
as “Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers” and Unifying Paradigm for Scientific, Engineering and Complex
System Design Methodologies (Computational, Experimental and Sensing) and Knowledge Domains Concept.
This New Concept allows to integrate a wide spectrum of Cyber, HPC, and Physical Systems to shape “coherent
and unified analysis, planning, design and implementation strategies”. “Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin”
Environments can effectively implement this Concept.
Fig. 55 (from US Department of Energy) Multiscale Science Engineering Cyber Infrastructure linking a wide
spectrum of Facilities and Centers. Integrated Multiscale Science – Engineering Methods and Strategies allow to
manage all these Resources in a more effectively way than traditional approaches.

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Inside this context, the "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems for Innovation and Economic - Industrial - -
Ecological – Social Development (or Virtual Multiscale Space – Time Machine)" and the new Strategic
Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication Frameworks can create integrated
groups that incorporate not only men of culture, politicians scientists, philosophers, sociologists, as happened at
the time when these values were defined but, also, scientists, technocrats, economists, ecologists, demographers,
experts from industry and finance, ... .. The integration of these Environments can represent an “Integrated
Multicultural Multidisciplinary Platform” to deal with the key problem to integrate a wide range of visions,
cultural fields and methods of analysis and evaluation inside a coherent conceptual framework that is marked by
a significant level of homogeneity. The “Integrated Platform” will be the conceptual basis to Design Plans
and Programs to update values and rights, implement them inside the new Society and evaluate effects and
consequences of possible new formulations on the Society Dynamics. Tasks:
 analyzing the interactions and interdependencies between the various concerned fields and the various points
of view,
 evaluating how fields interact and influence with each other and determine the Global Scenario.
 designing a coherent society model
 defining specific proposals and related strategies to implement proposals,
 defining results evaluation criteria.
A particularly important element is that the use of the previously described strategies and methods, would
make political and programmatic decisions more transparent questionable and improvable in a more
objective and less generic fashion. A strategically important goal for every democracy.
The Integration of all the previously quoted "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems" with the new Generation of
Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Education, Information and Communication Science-Based Frameworks
and Strategic Multiscale Digital Twin Environments incorporating Artificial Intelligence and Data Analysis
Systems, can have a major impact on all the problems and issues related to:
 Socio-Economic Planning
 Citizens – Political Environment relationships,
 the formation of a "new Participatory Consciousness” of citizens in the Society
 the development of a new Political Culture
 the way citizens take part in the Political-Administrative decisions
 the criteria used by both experts and citizens to evaluate the results of the Political and Administrative
decisions and the methods and strategies with which the " Political and Administrative" World
communicates with the Citizen: "no more slogans, generic and highly optimist statements, vague plans,
promises, ... .but problem analyses, projects, programs and strategies described through the use of Modeling
and Simulation Methods and Environments.
This new "Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Integrated Analysis, Planning and Design Framework" offers
the possibility of making visible, predictable, understandable and manageable to both politicians and citizens
and various social and economic/industrial entities, the utilization process of scientific progress and technology:
a key strategic goal to realize and implement a true "science – based democracy" and enable more effective
policies for a more efficient and dynamic Society. It is important to highlight that the “Multiscale Science-
Based Society” Framework can play an important role to make more evident the strategic value of scientific
and technological progress in the pursuit of social utility. The increasing difficulty to ensure a balanced and
sustained economic and earnings development to the entire social body, the growing difficulty of integrating
different cultures and visions of the world and to reconcile industrial development with environmental
conservation, can lead to a dangerous generalized skepticism not only towards the political and ruling classes,
but also towards the Technology and the role of Science in the Society's progress. It is needed to place science
and technology in a new " Conceptual, Methodological and Application Context " to be conceived within the
"Scientific World" but which, at the same time, it is also able to establish new relationships and
interdependencies between the same World and the "Society": a new “Integrated Science - Technology -
Engineering – Society” Context.

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Strategic Goal: From a “Science-Based Society” To a “Science - Based

Democracy”
Shaping a new "Multi-Cultural, Multi-Disciplinary, Cooperative and Participatory
Environment "
General Considerations
Frameworks such as the "Strategic Multiscale Science-Based Society" cannot be realistically
considered as a "Magic Solution" to problems that involve a complete overhaul of the "structure" of
the Society. It is possible, however, to say that Integrated Frameworks of this kind could contribute to
the definition of new important technological, industrial and socio-economic development policies that
are, at the same time, compatible with environmental constraints. This development context can also
definitely increase tax revenues. Furthermore, the new integrated data analysis techniques and their
integration with new models that simulate the socio-economic and financial activity may help to fight
tax evasion more effectively by providing a more accurate picture of the real socio-economic situation
and its evolution. Frameworks of this kind may also help to increase the efficiency of many
"Infrastructural Systems" (waste management, water, energy, transport, ...), Agricultural and Land
Management Systems reducing operating costs thanks to the introduction of new technologies and
engineering solutions and the use of "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Analysis, Design,
Decision Making and Evaluation Systems" to continuously evaluate and improve their performance.
.

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8.3 Strategic Value of the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based

Society” Framework for Democracy, Politics and Society
8.3.1 A New Knowledge and Science Based Governance Culture
Political parties repeatedly proclaim that science and innovation are key elements for the "progress" of the
Society. Such statements have a purely theoretical and propaganda value if synergistic and comprehensive well-
structured initiatives and programs involving Scientific, Technological, Engineering, Socio-Economic, Political,
Administrative and Ecological Areas are not set up. The "Languages" and the different Cultural Areas must be
integrated into a unified conceptual framework and common design schemes and strategies. The positive and
negative experiences have to be transferred in both directions and jointly analyzed.
The "Multiscale as Knowledge integrator and Multiplier and Unifying Paradigm for Science -
Engineering, Society and the related Knowledge Domains”, basic Concept and Vision of the “Strategic
Multiscale Science – Based Society Framework” together with Integrated Strategic Multiscale
Science - Based Education, Information and Communication Framework can be regarded as a
useful basis we can develop upon a “New Science and Knowledge Based Governance Culture”.
At this point, it is necessary to highlight how the concept of Multiscale as “Unifying Paradigm" for
Science, Technology, Engineering and Society can also be extended to Democracy, Politics and
Society. It is evident from the analysis described in the previous paragraphs that the methods and
strategies developed around this concept and strategy can be applied without substantial changes to a
wide range of topics and issues concerning Democracy, Politics and Society, enabling, in such a way, a
set of new integrated methodological approaches and strategies.
A New Knowledge and Science Based Governance Culture that apply, inside a “Unified Conceptual,
Analytical and Design Context”, the full spectrum of the “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Society
Framework” Methodologies, Strategies and Environments, is a fundamental basis to achieve the Key Objectives
listed hereinafter:
A. Reinforce the Key Relationships between Fundamental Rights and Democracy. The
elaboration of the legal category of fundamental rights is the result of the emergence of democracy in the
twentieth century. A Democracy unable to guarantee all individuals the fundamental rights or, at least, a core of
inviolable rights, may not actually be defined as such.
Rights are intimately related to a set of actual values (pluralism, protection of minorities, civil and social rights,
substantive equality).A first observation is that to insert these values in a modern society we should take into
account that these values must necessarily be projected in a social and political reality that, today, is profoundly
different and, in particular, much more complex than the one in which the values have been defined. The impact
of science and technology and the processes of globalization have profoundly changed the world of work, the
structure of the economy, the influence of finance, communication, ... .. Therefore it is necessary today to create
integrated groups that incorporate not only men of culture, political scientists, philosophers, sociologists, as
happened at the time when these values were defined but, also, scientists, technocrats, economists, ecologists,
demographers, experts from industry and finance. These issues and challenges can be dealt with, within the
“Multiscale Science-Based Society Framework” context, applying new “Strategic Multiscale Science –
Engineering - Society Cooperative Environments” see Chapters 3 and 4) and the IMSE Framework (Chapter
2)

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B. Design Integrated Policies for a Joint Labor, Social, Technology and Economic
Development
Although apparently the dominant form of government, democracy is a minority system in the world scenario,
remaining substantially heritage of Europe, North America, some Asia States (Japan,…) and Australia.
Democratic states, albeit to varying degrees, are based upon the redistribution of income and social promotion of
large sections of the lower classes. This strategy has gradually led to the creation of a medium-class which has
played a key role in the Society. The middle class of democratic states has also spread to the working class
integrating it into the system through the mechanisms of union bargaining and welfare policies. The social
promotion process is unfinished in the 80s due to the "fiscal crisis" of states, which prevented to expand Social
Policies and finance important Technological an Industrial investments in order to eradicate poverty and promote
innovation and economic development . In the last decade, due to the onset of the new economic crisis, we have
even seen a general impoverishment of the middle class and its progressive erosion, even in terms of numbers.
The increased insecurity and the displacement of entire production categories, because of the dynamics of the
global economy, have pushed into poverty even those who were endowed with "knowledge" and
"professionalism" that until a few years before allowed them to enjoy advantageous positions. The process is not
yet completed and raises important questions about the ability of democratic states to provide appropriate
responses in the first place to people which have traditionally represented the electoral base of the ruling parties.
And 'no doubt that on this ground you play the game of perspective. Modern Democracy cannot watch helplessly
growth in inequality, running the risk losing its value, credibility and usefulness and transform itself into a
system of rules functional only to legitimize the exercise of power, but unable to respond to the needs of the
people. The problem is now not only for domestic purposes, but it also concerns the poorest areas of the planet,
as demonstrated by massive migration processes. The Future of Democracy will therefore be conditioned by the
situation in the suburbs, whether urban, social or distributed over the world. Today all around the world the
precarious, temporary, underpaid and de-valued work has gradually grown in importance. The gradual de-
valuation of the "work" has had (and is having more and more), worldwide , extremely negative effects on the
social structure, the role of the "Middle Class" and his way of thinking. The spread of temporary jobs is a wide
phenomenon. This process leads to a sense of dissatisfaction and insecurity and in some cases of rabies. It also
has negative effects on the process of integrating immigrants. The temporary and underpaid worker is led to see
immigrants as a threat. Globally, the weight and relevance of the "Middle Class" is gradually reducing: what can
replace it? Not only, the "New Precarious Worker" is characterized by an increasing lack of confidence in the
"Institutions". The prospects are not rosy: the advancement of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence will have even
more deep effects and it may lead to a dangerous social polarization: a class made up of people with a high level
of education aimed at a creative work and roles of command and control and a large mass of unemployed and
underemployed people who, in the best of hypotheses, are aimed at low and very low-level jobs.
This theme presents a particular aspect and, from a certain point of view a “paradox”. It is precisely the
scientific, technological and engineering progress which creates the "problem." How can the same process be the
"solution" to the "problem" it has created? We consider three topics widely discussed in international field:
1) What Technological Innovation Policies should be adopted ?
a) The strategy of the "Free Market" which limits the Government's intervention
b) The strategy of the "Industrial Policies" which foresees a relevant intervention of the government
c) A balancing of the two strategies and eventually a their integration?
2) How to Assess the Impact of Technological Innovation on the of Industrial Development, Socio-Economic,
Employment Level Scenarios and last but not least on the ecological systems?
a) How to select the technologies that can produce the most significant impact on the development of Industry,
Economy and Employment Level?
3) How to Maximize the Impact of Scientific and Industrial Research on Technological Innovation?
a) What Analysis Methods and Evaluation Criteria?
b) How Structuring University - Research Centers and Technological Development - Industry - Finance
Collaboration Schemes and Strategies in this new reality?

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The “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Machines” and their extension: "Virtual Strategic Multiscale
Systems for Technology and Engineering Innovation and Economic - Industrial - Societal – Ecological
Development." can represent a possible initial partial answer to the problems set out in the previously quoted 1),
2) and 3) items. New Multiscale Multidisciplinary and Multi-Area Modeling tools and Strategic Multiscale
Multidisciplinary Science – Engineering - Society Integration Strategies can enable us to plan, design and
optimize the process of Technology Innovation and Industrial System Development by connecting them, through
a chain of mathematical models, with the Society Dynamics. All the issues described in the previous 1), 2) and
3) items can be analyzed and several alternatives evaluated. Integration with the “Multiscale Science – Based
Education, Training, Information and Communication Framework” can contribute to create the right “Cultural
Context” and “Cooperation Environment” where Knowledge gained in these contexts can be diffused.
Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication can also give an important contribution
to structure and organize a wide spectrum of opinions turning them into more specific solution proposals.
Strategic Multiscale Virtual Systems can also be an effective resource to combine timely and
effective decisions based on continuous analyses of an evolving socio-economic scenario
(adaptive and responsive strategies) with decisions on medium and long term programs.
C. The Selection Process of Political - Bureaucratic - Administrative classes

The complexity of contemporary societies, the role of Science and Technology and the challenges of the
globalized economy and the growing relevance and complexity of ecological issues, have raised the minimum
threshold of skills needed to exercise effectively the public functions. However, the needed growth of the
cultural level of the political and administrative class is still an open challenge. The political leaders selection
process is, in many cases, independent of specific skills assessment. It is increasingly assumed that what matters
is the sensitivity with respect to the public interest and the ability to interpret the needs of the voters. In reality it
is an excuse to evade the “competence and professionalism” theme, which cannot be delegated to the
bureaucracy. Surely, we cannot restrict access to public office to a social and cultural oligarchy of specialists, but
it is also true that we cannot be satisfied with what the current selection mechanisms allow to propose to the
voters. Democracy must be able to make a qualitative leap, allowing we to choose the most capable and not only
the most famous, or worse, the most reliable for the various potentates, local or national, or in some cases,
European and International. Integration of Tools and Methods discussed in the Chapter 8.2 with Strategic
Multiscale Science- Based Education, Information and Communication Frameworks can give a first specific
contribution to improve the selection process. Specific Training and Evaluation Programs for Political -
Bureaucratic - Administrative classes based upon Training Programs described in the Paragraph 5.8.2 could and
should be devised, designed and implemented.
D. The Difficult Balance between Equity and Merit

The experience of democratic states after World War II was characterized by a tendency to pursue social
cohesion and political consensus, which kept, at least partially, in the background the merit. An electoral vision
of politics made him lose sight of the correct reading of the Constitution in substantive equality point, to be
understood not as a flattening unable to recognize the commitment and contribution to social welfare, but as
removing obstacles that put individuals on the same starting point. The obstacles are, in large part, related to
belonging to specific economic and socio-cultural contexts that prevent or make it difficult to acquire levels of
professionalism in line with the new economic and productive scenario characterized by the intensive and
extensive use of increasingly sophisticated technologies and specialized knowledge.
This new context requires new programs in the areas of Education, Information and Communication and
economic support measures that take into account that the cultural development is not only a definite social law
in a Democratic Society, but also an economic investment: a society characterized by a high level of education
and culture is a key element for the Economic and Social Progress.

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An important element in the way of equal opportunities can be really realized is linked to Education (Cultural
and Professional Level).
In this context, specific programs should be designed and launched using also the new Multiscale Science –
Based Frameworks for Education, Information and Communication described in Chapter 5.
Once given equal opportunities, you should be able to reward merit. The balance between the objective of
guaranteeing everyone the satisfaction of basic needs and to reward those who have distinguished
themselves for commitment and desire to question the certainties, is an indispensable condition for
maintaining social cohesion. Education, Information, Training and Evaluation Programs (described in the
“Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and Communication Framework”
(Chapter 4) )incorporating the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems” described in the Paragraph 7.2,
could represent a new valuable Tool and Strategy to accomplish this Task
E. Science – Based Civil, Infrastructural, Ecological, Socio-.Economic and Industrial

Plans and Programs Design, Implementation Monitoring and Control.
These Tasks can be dealt with by using the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering - Society
Systems” described in the Paragraph 8.2.2
The Integration of field data collected from sensor networks with Computational Models included in the “Virtual
Strategic Multiscale Systems” can give an extra degree of validity and completeness of the "Open Data" concept
and would allow to continuously monitor the compliance degree with the original project from the technical,
operational, economic and environmental points of view. Evaluations can be carried out not only at the various
stages of the implementation of the Project but, also during the operational life. At the time of the definition of a
"project" (any kind: civil, environmental infrastructure, agricultural, social, economic, industrial development,
....) data analysis methods, sensor technologies (can be used not only the classic networks sensors but also,
surveys carried out by drones and aerospace systems) and environments to integrate data with modeling &
simulation strategies should be defined.
F. Combine representativeness and efficiency and optimize decision-making

mechanisms. The control exercised by the elected politicians over the executive was considered the best
solution to legitimize the actions of governments and prevent the authoritarian drift. The mechanisms used to
achieve these goals have mainly focused on the sharing of decision-making processes. The alternative
option is to move forward the balancing function against the executive power, by focusing
primarily on the stage of progressively and continuously verifying the results in a
professional and neutral way
In short, a possible option to be carefully evaluated is the following: fewer laws and
decree-laws and clearer and well defined rules, less votes of confidence and more
questions and interpellations rationally motivated with the combined use of the previously
described “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems”, Data Collection Networks and Data
Analysis Systems and Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information and
Communication Frameworks. The elected assemblies must be able to sense if the
government program is implemented and if the activities of public administration was
relevant to public interests also using the new tools and systems described in the
previous paragraphs .

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G. The necessary creation, in people, of a culture of conscious and rational

participation to the Political and Social Life and control of the rulers and their actions.
In the High-Tech Multimedia Information Era, Citizens are exposed daily to a huge amount of data and news
about political, technical and socio-economic phenomena. It is a mass of inhomogeneous, not well organized
information characterized by a highly variable degree of reliability. A thoughtful analysis of the current
situation cannot ignore the ability to go beyond appearances and to give a critical and unifying vision and
interpretation of events that seem not to be related. It is possible to identify the following challenges:
 Data and Information Organization, Structuring, Analysis, Correlation and Interpretation
Taking into account that Socio-Economic, Political, Demographic, Technical,.. Data and Information are
inherently multidisciplinary (multi-area interactions and interdependencies) and are related to phenomena and
processes which develop over a wide spectrum of mutually interacting space and time scales and levels, one can
reasonably assume that the new developments described in the Paragraph 8.2.2 and, in particular, New
"Languages" and Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Frameworks for Education, Information and
Communication can be a realistic basis and context for improving Citizens Cultural Level, Analysis Skills and
Capabilities and spreading a precise "Critical Consciousness". This new context can stimulate Citizens to apply
a method that allows go outside traditional social media communities and blogs which risk to be increasingly
distant from the society roots and decision-making institutions.
 Rational and Motivated Dissent and Consent
A fundamental need for a Democracy is to contribute to shape a well-structured and rationally motivated dissent
and also a well-structured and rationally motivated consent, giving them a critical and proactive (analysis,
projects, programs) form. In a true Democracy, rationally motivated Opposition and Dissent and also a “rational”
Consent are fundamental resources. Resignation and indifference are diffusing and they represent a serious threat
to the Democracy.. At the same time, new technologies which play the role of "safety valves" such as Facebook,
Twitter have been created. However, these new means have no effect on what was once called the "Power."
A "structured" dissent and consensus is to a large extent lacking. The real dissent, useful to the Society, requires
precise and detailed analyses of the elements, structures and processes that are criticized, the causes of the
problems, their relationships and interdependencies and at least an overview of the possible improvement
processes. Otherwise, the media widespread dissent not only it is not useful, but it can serve as a means of
support to the "Power ". The same considerations made previously for the "Dissent" also apply to the
"Consensus" which, in many cases, is totally uncritical and not proactive.
These Challenges can be carried out by using the “Virtual Strategic Multiscale Systems”, described in the
Chapter 3, to be integrated with the “Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Education, Information
and Communication Framework”. A better Citizens – Political Environments level of Communication and of
Citizen Education could make people more aware of the objective difficulties and more able to realistically
assess the results. In other words, the contribution could be "more Honesty and Clarity by the state - greater
awareness and Cultural Preparation by the Citizen".
On the other hand, the democratic nature of decision-making must be guaranteed by a more stringent
application of the principle of political responsibility. The clear alternative between direct democracy and
representative democracy must now find spaces where citizens can, while not deciding, feel part of what the
elected politicians and the rulers do. This is possible, first, by increasing the transparency of the institutions.
Access to analytical and reliable information about public affairs at all levels, it is a prerequisite for the exercise
of what may be called "active citizenship." Active citizenship should be the new dimension of democracy, able
to occupy the no man's land which now exists between direct democracy and representative democracy.
The elect, the rulers and public officials in general will feel so subjected to a widespread and "professional
control" realized through a wide use of the new Virtual Systems and Multiscale Information and
Communication Tools and Systems. At the same time, the representatives will be able to better understand the
reasons of government choices through the use of the new Strategic Multiscale Education, Information and
Communications Methods and Frameworks.

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An overhaul of the system as desired, must necessarily involve new organizational forms of political
participation. Today we are witnessing the dismantling or the spontaneous dispersion of the traditional structures
of political parties. What remains is the direct relationship with the leaders, managed through the media
(television and internet in the first place), and the systematic use of social networks. It 'a relationship
increasingly based on a delegation in white and on a one-way communication process. This may not be
satisfactory to achieve a more advanced level of democracy. Citizens must be empowered to find participatory
spaces that allow them to express in an organized and conscious their motions, proposals and criticisms.
The concept of "Active Citizenship" can find its comprehensive and effective implementation by
integrating the "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space – Time Machines and related Decision Support
Systems" with a New Generation of Strategic Multiscale Education, Information and
Communication Frameworks like the ones briefly described in Paragraph 8.2.2
An at least partial solution to the problem of "forms of organization of political participation" can be found
implementing the following measures and activities:
a) planning a series of programs of Strategic Multimedia Science – Based Information,

Communication and Education for Citizens, which give a specific contribution to the creation of the
"Active " Citizenship. Citizens as well as broad categories of professionals should be aware of what
the progress of science and technology can do in order to make them "Active Subjects" in the Social
and Political reality of a Democratic country.
b) creating Virtual Communities Distributed in a context of hierarchically distributed Aggregation

Centres. Similar "Cyber Distributed Systems" are already used especially in Aerospace and Military
sectors.

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8.3.2 The National State, Globalization and the "Supranational State"

The global dimension of economic and financial processes and the increasing dematerialization of wealth, due to
the increase of the financial dimension of the business relationships, has made traditional tools available to states
not up to the new challenges. As a consequence of this situation, the effective exercise of public power on
industrial and economic projects and business transactions of colossal dimensions is meeting with increasing
problems. It 'been so questioned the effectiveness of economic policies that allowed for democratic states to
correct the deeper distortions produced by the logic of the market. The policy responses to the needs of citizens,
in the new context of globalizations, have been inadequate and have laid bare the lack of preparation and, in
some cases, even the impotence of the states. Globalization can also question, to some extent, the concept of
sovereignty and, consequently, confidence in the policy as a dimension that enables the pursuit of the interests of
the community. It is clear that this depends, mainly, by the discrepancy between the global nature of certain
issues, the distribution and supranational hierarchical structure and the local dimension of the answers. The
organizational model of the Nation State is increasingly challenged by the of the Political decisions "Dimension"
and Administrative Regulations Nature which far exceed traditional areas and boundaries.
One of the most critical issues of “Globalization” and related processes is very high level of "Complexity".
Classic Monitoring, Analysis and Control Systems are fully or partially unable to comprehensively and
effectively perform their role.
During the recent crisis huge decision-making powers have been transferred to the European Commission, the
Central Bank, the so-called Euro group and the European Council. Given the emergency, there was probably no
other way to save the single currency. But the economic regime that has come out is clearly unbalanced.
Democracy also thrives on pluralism, participation and involvement of the various associations and interest
groups. In the Monetary Union scenario decisions are taken by a small circle of officials and members of the
national executive. The problems of legitimacy afflicting today the European institutions also reflects this fact.
The Great Recession has objectively weakened the unions, who have lost the room for maneuver at the national
level. This is true especially in southern European countries that have had to seek financial assistance. The EU
has paid the bill, but it has also imposed strict conditions in terms of deficit reduction and structural reform. It
abruptly ended the concerted practice and began a phase based on the motto 'there is no alternative, "We must do
as he Brussels says”. If you do not want to escalate toward a "econocrazia" oligarchic "econocrazia", the EU's
political system must be open to pluralism. Intermediate associations can play a crucial role in composing the
interests between sectors, social groups, regions, Member States as a whole.
In order for Political-Administrative Organizations at various National, Regional and Local levels to collaborate
effectively with each other and play a role of mere executors of orders and provisions that "come from above"
it is necessary to design more articulated solutions based upon a reasonable balance between the Central
Supranational Powers and the National/Local ones. We can hypothesize that some processes can be
implemented by using theories, methods, models, procedures, strategies and "Cyber" systems similar to those
described in the Paragraph 8.2. In particular, the integration of Virtual Strategic Multiscale Decision Support and
Analysis Systems with a wide set of Monitoring Systems, Data Analysis and AI Tools and “Integrated Strategic
Multiscale Science Based Education, Information and Communication Frameworks” could be a rational and
useful context to face in an innovative way the following issues and problems:
A. Analyze and track detailed maps of the interactions and interdependencies between Political-
Administrative, Economic, Financial, Social Systems, Processes and Phenomena at various scales . The
basic objective is to understand how the decisions taken at the Global Levels affect (positively and or
negatively) organizations, systems, processes and phenomena at lower scales.
B. Evaluate "Rationally", according to a precise set of criteria (which also take into consideration the
different decision-making and operational contexts), the results of the Global and Supranational Policies
and their influence on the Political-Administrative Systems, Social and Economic, industrial, Scientific and
Technological Development.

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C. avoid, from one side, the characteristic attitudes of technocratic oligarchies to state "there are no other
solutions" and "we need more Europe", without that these apodictic statements are substantiated by accurate
analysis, and, from the other side, purely localism attitudes and approaches which characterize, for
instance some countries and regions like Italy, Scotland, Catalonia or the Basque area.
D. Study solutions and systems that allow accurate and continuous monitoring and control of Global
Processes particularly in Economic, Social and Financial Areas. At the same time, new Legal, Regulatory
and Administrative Standards governing the influence of Global Processes on the lower levels could be
designed.
E. Inform "Citizens" of the actual situation and related trends at different scales in the various economic,
financial, industrial, social, ... sectors. The objective is to create a "culture" that is able to address the
problems created by the new generation of "Global Processes"
It 'important to note that in recent times is developing a trend that can be defined "dangerous": consider some
"Concepts", "Processes" and "institutions" of "Absolute Assets" outside and independently from in-depth and
rational analyses on what can be the effects and methods of their application. Any "process" like Globalization
and the formation of "Supranational Organizations" with ever greater powers as the 'European Union' should be
appropriately monitored, analyzed and evaluated and ruled on the basis of an analysis of the results and its
development prospects . In other words, the "Supranational System" should be "Adaptive" exactly like the
National Systems. These attributes represent a key feature of democracy. Consider some institutions and
processes as "Absolute and Unchangeable Assets" beyond any rational analysis is dangerous because it generates
extensive and very negative reactions, in many cases irrational. The so-called "populisms" are a demonstration
of this statement.

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8.3.3 A New Frontier for Globalization: Space
VIRTUAL Strategic MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED SPACE STATION
A Strategic Resource for a Proactive and Democratic “Science – Based Globalisation”

Earth Systems and Multiscale Knowledge Aero-Space Systems
Facilities Integrator and Multiplier and Facilities
Center

The "Space Station" is the only inhabited system from which it is possible to observe in an integrated manner the
various phenomena and processes that influence Life on Earth and the dynamics of the various Societies that
make it up. Its value is Symbolic.
The "Virtual Strategic Multiscale Space Station" (see Paragraphs 3.7 and 3.8) is a "Virtual Strategic
Multiscale Science - Engineering - Society Space Center". From a technological point of view is a "Computing,
Information and Communication Technological System that integrates data, information and knowledge from a
wide network of Terrestrial and Aero-Space Sensing Systems, a distributed Network of Information and
Knowledge Centers and High Performance Computing Systems.
The Centre plays the role of "Strategic Multiscale Multidisciplinary Knowledge Integrator and Multiplier
Center" and it represents an Application of the Strategic Multiscale Science - Based Society Framework
specifically designed to address in "Unified and Consistent Mode" a wide range of Global Political, Economic,
Social, Financial and Environmental Problems and Issues and the relationships among Systems "National” and
the new "Supranational Entities" .
The Virtual Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Space Station (or Center) can be applied to run special
“Space – Based” versions of Programs described in the 'Integrated Strategic Multiscale Science - Based
Education, Information and Communication Framework to fully exploit the special "Symbolic Value" of the
"Virtual Space Station" in order to develop a "Global Culture" among citizens, professionals, and politicians at
all the levels and inside any area.

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About the Author

- Alessandro Formica, born in Milano (Italy) 3/20/51
- University Education : Nuclear Engineering at Polytechnic of Milan.
- E Mail formicaalessandro@yahoo.com
Professional Skills - Alessandro Formica has more than thirty years of experience in the following fields:
 Analysis, Design and Management of Computer-Aided Engineering, Computing, Information and
Communication, Modeling and Simulation, R&D and Engineering Projects and Initiatives (Aerospace and
Defense, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Materials, High Performance Computing,….) in the
European and International scenario.
 Design and Management of European and International Cooperations
 Design and Management of European and International Events (Conferences and Workshops)
 Design of Large Scale Projects and related Innovative Visions
 Professional Experiences (synthetic list):
 ARS S.p.A. (ENI Group R&D and Engineering Company), Director of Advanced Projects;
 Engineering Systems International, Head of Italian Branch;
 Singapore Government Industrial Group, Consultant;
 RCI Ltd. [US based International Consortium, operating in the Modeling & Simulation and High
Performance Computing areas] European Scientific Director, Director of Business Development and
Strategic Initiatives;
 RCI Consulting Branch, European Director;
 Executive Office of US President, Consultant [HPC Scenario, Development Trends, Advanced Applications
Analyses];
 HPC companies (Cray, Convex, Gould), Consultant [Modeling and Simulation Application to R&D and
Engineering Fields];
 European Space Agency, Consultant;
 Alenia Space, Consultant;
 Swiss Center for Scientific Computing (CSCS), Consultant;
 Computer Sciences Corporation, Consultant;
 Alenia Aeronautica and Finmeccanica Group, Consultant;
 Torino Wireless, Large Projects Direction, Consultant;
 Polytechnic of Milano, Consultant [European Programs];
 Polytechnic of Turin, Consultant (HPC and Modeling & Simulation Advanced Applications and
Development Trends];
 Polytechnic of Turin School of Doctorate Lecturer for Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration;
 EUMAT (European Union for Advanced Engineering Materials and Technologies) Platform member and
consultant;
 Polimeri Europa (ENI Group Chemical Company), Consultant;
 Nanoshare consultant (Nanoshare is a new company promoted by University and Research Italian Ministry
and involving Rome University “Tor Vergata” and people from Rome University “La Sapienza”);
 ISMB (Polytechnic of Turin and Compagnia di San Paolo Information and Communication Technologies
Research and Development Center) Consultant;
The “Strategic Multiscale” Document and the related “Strategic Multiscale Framework” synthesize several
years of studies and consulting activities by the author in the field of Multiscale Science – Engineering
integration and its application to Research, Technology Development and Engineering. Studies on Multiscale
started at the beginning of the nineties when Alessandro Formica held the position of RCI Ltd (US based HPC
International Consortium) European Scientific Director and Aerospace & Defense Area Director.

342
 A first European Workshop on the “Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration” was organized by
Formica at ONERA (French Aerospace Research Center) premises in Paris (1996). Studies about Multiscale
and Applications were performed for EU and several European US Government Organizations.
 In the Report “Fundamental R&D Trends in Academia and Research Centres and Their Integration into
Industrial Engineering” (September 2000), drafted for European Space Agency (ESA), a first version of an
“Integrated Multiscale Science-Engineering Framework” was outlined and its impact on R&D and
Engineering analyzed.
 The White Book “Multiscale Science – Engineering Integration – A New Frontier for Aeronautics, Space
and Defense (May 2003) promoted by Italian Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIDAA)
introduced the concept of “Strategic Multiscale” and a more refined version of the related Integrated
Framework.
 A Framework version specifically conceived for Industrial Applications: “Integrated Multiscale Science –
Based Technology, Product and Process Development” was applied in the context of the consulting
cooperation with Alenia Aeronautica and Finmeccanica Group (November 2006). Consulting activities with
Alenia Aeronautica and Finmeccanica gave the birth to one of the largest R&D Project in the Defense Area
funded by Italian Ministry of Defense and named “Nanotechnology Multiscale Project”.
 The “Strategic Multiscale A New Frontier for R&D and Engineering” document which describes the
Formica Vision of the “Multiscale Science-Engineering Integration” has contributed, in the last years, to
define the Computational Modeling Vision of the European Technology Platform for Advanced Engineering
Materials and Technologies (EUMAT).
 Multiscale Analyses and Studies were also carried out on behalf of Polytechnic of Milan and Turin and in
cooperation with University of Rome “La Sapienza” and University of Rome “Tor Vergata”. Seminars and
Lectures on Multiscale, in the recent years, were held at Polytechnic of Milan, Polytechnic of Turin, Centro
Sviluppo Materiali, Finmeccanica Group, Italian Ministry of Defense, Polimeri Europa (ENI Group),
University of Rome La Sapienza and University of Rome Tor Vergata.

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WHITE BOOK

2. INTEGRATED PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FRAMEWORK……………. . PAG. 57

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

5.7 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………… pag. 186

6. INTEGRATED (STRATEGIC) MULTISCALE SCIENCE - ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES, SYSTEMS AND

8. STRATEGIC MULTISCALE SCIENCE – BASED DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES FRAMEWORK…….……… PAG. 322

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

1. Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Sociey

The Framework is conceived and structured in such a way as to integrate a

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

The Complexity Challenge

E) Integrating Science – Engineering – Society – Political and Administrative Environments and

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

 Multiscale Modeling & Simulation as Knowledge Integrators and Multipliers

C) Creating a New Strategic Multiscale Science – Engineering – Society Infrastructural,

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

 transfer in a coordinated and organics way scientific achievements inside new

 design a new Integrated Platform to conceive, design, implement and manage

 Design complex “Integrated Multiscale Multidisciplinary Multi-Area Programs

 implement a new “Analysis, Design and Development” Strategy which can be

 Design new “Strategic Multiscale Science – Based” Education, Information and

 Design New Strategic Multiscale Science – Based Democratic Societies that

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

Strategic Multiscale Framework Goals:

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

Innovation and Skepticism

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

Strategic Multiscale Origins and Foundations

Multiscale as “Unifying Paradigm for Chemical Engineering

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved

Multiscale Science – Engineering Strategy is beginning to influence the organization

iMUST (institute for Multiscale Science & Technology)

Competence and expertise

Alessandro Formica, January 2019 All rights reserved