Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of contents
Page
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
2
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
3
2.3.3.1. Precision................................................................................................... 22
2.3.3.2. Density of level points recorded ............................................................... 22
2.3.3.3. Important points to be recorded on the profile ......................................... 22
2.3.3.4. Complementary data ................................................................................ 22
2.3.3.5. Lines with insulated twisted cable ............................................................ 23
2.3.4. Mapping of topographical data ................................................................................... 23
2.3.4.1. Profile ....................................................................................................... 23
2.3.4.2. Plan view .................................................................................................. 23
2.3.5. Special considerations for inhabited areas................................................................. 24
2.3.5.1. Routing ..................................................................................................... 24
2.3.5.2. Pegging of the line route and profile ........................................................ 24
2.3.5.3. Mapping of topographical data ................................................................. 24
2.4. Spotting of MV line ..................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.1. Basic data ................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.2. Mean span .................................................................................................................. 24
2.4.3. Determination of spotting parameter .......................................................................... 25
2.4.4. Clearance of line above ground ................................................................................. 25
2.4.5. Safety clearance from obstacles ................................................................................ 25
2.4.6. The lengths of sections............................................................................................... 26
2.4.7. Locating of supports along the profile ........................................................................ 26
2.4.8. Information to be shown on the profile ....................................................................... 26
2.4.9. Pegging record ........................................................................................................... 27
2.5. Topographical work for LV lines .................................................................................................. 27
2.5.1. Routing ....................................................................................................................... 27
2.5.1.1. Preliminary route ...................................................................................... 27
2.5.1.2. Actual route .............................................................................................. 27
2.5.2. Pegging of line route.................................................................................................. 27
2.5.3. Survey of line profile ................................................................................................... 28
2.5.4. Mapping of topographical data ................................................................................... 28
2.6. Spotting of LV lines ..................................................................................................................... 29
2.6.1. Basic data ................................................................................................................... 29
2.6.2. Determination of spotting parameters ........................................................................ 29
2.6.3. Safety distances from obstacles ................................................................................. 29
2.7. Pole loading calculation .............................................................................................................. 29
2.7.1. Referenced documents .............................................................................................. 29
2.7.1.1. Electricity regulations - Basic data's ......................................................... 29
2.7.1.2. Code of practice 3 - Chapter V - Part 2 - Wind loads............................... 29
2.7.1.3. Comments on the Electricity regulations .................................................. 30
2.7.1.4. Recommended values for the design of the MV/LV network ................... 31
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
4
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
5
4.2. Pegging 54
4.2.1. Verification of line profile ........................................................................................... 54
4.2.2. Location of supports ................................................................................................... 54
4.3. Tree felling or lopping - creating access ..................................................................................... 54
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
6
5.1. General 66
5.3. Pegging 66
5.6. Earthing 67
5.6.1. What to be earthed ..................................................................................................... 67
5.6.2. Earthing resistance value ........................................................................................... 68
5.6.3. Earthing execution ...................................................................................................... 68
5.6.4. Measurement of resistance value .............................................................................. 68
5.7. Erection of poles ......................................................................................................................... 68
5.7.1. Transport, handling, and checking of poles – General............................................... 68
5.7.2. Concrete poles ........................................................................................................... 68
5.7.3. Wood poles ................................................................................................................. 69
5.7.4. Marking of poles ......................................................................................................... 69
5.8. Assembly of line fittings .............................................................................................................. 69
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
7
7. Transformers ............................................................................................................ 78
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
8
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
9
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
10
9.7. Measurements, tests and inspections after installation – commissioning ................................ 123
9.7.1. Measurements, tests and inspections ...................................................................... 123
9.7.2. Testing and commissionning report ......................................................................... 124
10.6. Measurements, tests and inspections after installation – commissioning ................................ 130
10.6.1. Measurements, tests and inspections ...................................................................... 130
10.6.2. Testing and commissionning report ......................................................................... 130
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
11
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
12
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
13
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
14
14. Tests and inspections during and after installation ................................................. 180
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
15
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
16
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
17
Index of Tables
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
18
Index of Appendices
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
1
Generally, maps, drawings and documents required for the design of networks consist
of the following (however, additional information that may be required for specific
works and equipment will be pointed out later in this manual):
a) MV underground cables :
- cable routes on maps of scales 1/2500,
- layout drawings on a 1/200 scale, showing the nature of soil surface, protective
sleeves, cable joints, earthing of other ducting systems, and sections on a 1/20
scale,
- detailed drawings of specific works such as crossing of roads, rivulets, drains,
etc.
b) MV overhead lines :
- line routes on maps of scale 1/25000,
- spot level details and their representation in the form of longitudinal line
profiles (including location of supports), and pegging schedules,
- as built network drawings, showing location of poles, equipment and earthing
points,
- construction drawings for foundations ( for typical and specific works ),
- construction drawings for layout of equipment and fittings for suspension,
anchorage and protection of conductors ( for typical and specific works ),
- construction drawings for earthing system (for typical and specific works ).
c) LV overhead lines :
- same as for MV overhead lines, but without 1/25000 line route maps; spot level
details are represented in the form of longitudinal line profiles and pegging
schedules only for specific cases.
d) Distribution transformers – Electromechanical equipment :
- construction drawings for frames for pole mounted distribution transformers
and other overhead fittings,
- arrangements of pole-mounted transformer, ground-mounted transformer and
electromechanical equipment ( typical drawings ),
- typical drawings of metallic enclosures together with installation instructions,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
2
The layout of fixed structures shall be according to local norms for public utility works.
Moreover, the following are to be satisfied:
structures erected must be fit for the equipment to be installed,
the layout of network components must not create indirect inconveniences to
existing installations ;
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
3
the supported equipment shall not be subject to abnormal exposure, such as damage
due to traffic for example.
When site conditions for erection works are not favourable or when there is a risk of
indirect inconveniences, all reasonable additional works deemed necessary to prevent
troubles at a later stage shall be undertaken.
Generally, the saline atmosphere, tropical climate (hot and humid) and cyclonic
conditions must be considered.
1.3.1.1. Temperature and altitude
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
4
Wind conditions are critical in the design of overhead lines and have a serious impact
on outdoor network structures.
The following wind speeds shall be considered:
0,55 m/sec minimum (affects the thermal rating of bare conductors),
70,8 m/sec maximum (affects the mechanical strength of structures).
1.3.1.4. Soil thermal resistivity
The following mean values, expressed in K.m/W, shall be considered for the following
types of soil:
- Marshy : 0,4
- Very humid : 0,4 à 0,5
- Humid sandy : 0,5 à 0,7
- Chalky – clayey ; from normal to dry : 0,7 à 1,2
- Very dry : 1,5
- Dry sandy : 2 à 2,5
- Ash :3
A general mean value would be 1.5
1.3.1.5. Thunder – Isokeronic level
Based on IEC 71-2 - insulation co-ordination, for saline atmosphere and heavy
pollution, a mean value of 4 to 5 cm/kV for creepage distance shall be considered.
1.3.2. Factors affecting the choice of electrical equipment
The operating conditions are according to IEC; however, precautions must be taken
because of peak temperatures, which may even be worsened by sunshine exposure.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
5
Outdoor equipment
The safety factor to be taken in selecting the continuous current carrying capacity for
each equipment shall be minimum 10 % with regard to the maximum expected current.
Indoor equipment
In case of installation, which does not allow sufficient natural ventilation, a reduction in
the rise of temperature of oil and windings of at least 10°C, as compared to IEC, must
be catered for.
Specific case of pole-mounted MV/LV transformers
Due to their mode of installation, these transformers are subject to sunshine exposure.
Combined to their poor natural cooling capacity, it results in a significant rise in
temperature.
For these reasons, the rise in temperature must be reduced by 10oC, as compared to IEC
regulation.
1.3.2.2. Tropical outdoor use
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
6
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
7
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
8
24 125 50
The minimum clearance to be observed at medium voltage between live parts (i.e.
between phases), between live parts and earth, and between live parts of the same phase
(e.g. when they are apart in an open position of an equipment) may be derived from the
following formula:
d 50 6,75(U N 1)
d = minimum clearance in mm
UN = system rated voltage in kV, rounded up to the nearest unity
1.4.1.3. Insulation co-ordination
The maximum working voltage shall be 440 V; the corresponding dielectric strength is
2500 V for one minute.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
9
The following table applies for underground and insulated overhead networks and their
corresponding MV/LV distribution transformers.
The following table applies for bare overhead line, pole-mounted, or ground-mounted
transformers supplied from bare overhead network, and isolating switches for overhead
lines:
N.B.: The figures indicated in the above two tables may be modified by the
prescriptions in the following chapters.
1.5.2. LV equipment
a) Outgoing LV feeders
The characteristics depend on the nominal rating of the transformer; nominal values
are given in the related chapters.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
10
b) Consumer connections
The Utility installations located beyond the energy meter must withstand for 0.5
second thermal effects of short-circuit of minimum value of 5 kA eff.
The neutral point of 22 kV networks must be earthed via a impedance to limit the zero
sequence current to 300 A in overhead and mixed networks.
1.6.2. LV network
Recommended values for conductors generally of use for line construction and for the
spans stated below are given in section 2.7.2.
1.7.2. Spans under construction
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
11
The clearance between phases corresponds to the distance between holes drilled in
wooden or metallic cross arms for supporting the conductors (see section 3.7.1.1 and
“Standard Drawings”: Section9 – Folios 10 to 12 & 20 to 24).
1.7.5. Data for calculating load due to wind
The data applicable for the calculation of maximum load on conductors and on poles
due to wind are given in section 2.7.2.
1.7.6. Safety factors
The safety factors applicable for poles, stays and foundations are also given in section
2.7.2.
1.7.7. Safety clearances
All faults that may occur in an electrical distribution system should be detected and
removed automatically by protective devices, generally MV fuses or protection relays.
Faults must be cleared:
as fast as possible, to avoid thermal and dynamic constraints to the equipment,
selectively, to remove as minimum consumers as possible.
1.8.1.2. Back-up Protection
It must be checked that a back-up protection function is always ensured by some other
protective device should the main protection relay fail to operate or the circuit-breaker
fail to trip.
Refer to the sketch on Fig.1.8.1.2/1 in Appendix A.1.8/1.
1.8.1.3. Common Requirements for the Main and Back-up Protection Functions
Sensitivity
Both the main and back-up protection relays must be set sensitive enough to pick-up
during a fault. This criterion has to be checked for the minimum expected short-
circuit level.
For two-or three-phase faults, the short circuit current will generally be large enough
for the relays to start, but it should be checked to ensure that:
the starting level is sufficiently high to avoid pick-up during temporary overload of
the feeder,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
12
the pick-up/drop-off ratio is as close as possible to 1, to ensure that the relay will
reset after a start operation (the relay could remain energised by the presence of the
load current after clearance by a downstream protection relay).
Single-phase to ground faults (1phF) are generally reduced in distribution systems
(see hereafter): therefore the setting of earth faults relays must be carefully examined so
as to remain sensitive enough at these low current levels. This is normally possible
since earth fault relays may be set regardless of the load current, however, high enough
to avoid miss-operation from the CT's spill currents (magnetising current unbalance,..).
In case of very low earth fault currents (e.g. broken conductor fallen on the ground) the
relay pick-up level might not be reached. The fault must then be detected by a sensitive
earth relay (trip or alarm) usually placed in the connection to the earth of the neutral
bushing of the supply transformer.
Selectivity
The selectivity plan is generally examined separately for 1 ph and 3 ph faults.
When dealing with inverse time relays (IDMTL types, with normal, very or extremely
inverse characteristic) the selective operation has to be ensured up to the maximum
expected short-circuit current flowing through the relays. The diagram D.1.8/1, in
Appendix A.1.8/1, shows that relays 1 and 2 are selective at the current level of 1000A
but not any more at 5000A.
The selectivity interval between two relays is generally selected as follows:
300 to 400 ms in case of electromechanical relays (depending on relay overshoot
time and breaker opening time),
200 to 300 ms in case of static (analogic) relays,
200 to 250 ms in case of digital relays.
Selectivity between fuses is normally possible if the largest fuse has a rated current of
at least 2 times the rating of the lowest (a 100A fuse will be selective with a 50A fuse,
but certainly not with a 63A fuse). This simplified rule applies only to fuses pertaining
to the same curve category (e.g. both of the HRC, "T" type). If the fuses are of
different category curve, selectivity will be ensured by checking that the pre-arcing
value I2t of the fuse with the highest rating is always larger than the total arcing I2t
value of the fuse with the lower rating.
Selectivity between fuses and over-current relays is generally considered effective
when the minimum relay operating time tR satisfies the following formula:
TR = 0.4xtF + 0.15 sec, with a minimum of 200…250 ms.
Where tF is the nominal operating time of the fuse.
The available standard relay curves (normal, very and extremely inverse time types)
show that the extremely inverse time curve gives the best match with the fuse
characteristic.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
13
Curve 4 shows a typical relay setting for the transformer without the instantaneous
element: the relay trip time for a HV fault amounts to 200 ms, whilst it would operate
in 50 ms (curve 5) with the use of an instantaneous unit.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
14
Curves 8 and 9 (Diagrams D. 8.1/3) refer to normal system operation, i.e. with 2
transformers in service. In our example, the total feeder fault current is 370 A (trip
time = 70 ms), i.e. each transformer carries 185 A (trip time = 430 ms). The
selectivity interval amounts to 360 ms, which is acceptable.
Curves 6 and 7 instead (Diagrams D.1.8/2) refer to operation with one transformer
only. The total fault current is 200A, for both the feeder (trip time = 240 ms) and
for the transformer (trip time = 370 ms). The selectivity interval is now reduced to
130 ms and is no more acceptable.
As a rule of thumb, the single phase to ground fault currents should be generated at the
same place where the three-phase fault currents are generated, i.e. at the injection
transformers stations and generating plants.
In case of voluntary limitation of the 1 ph faults, care must be taken to ensure that the
amount of zero sequence injectors will not give an unreasonable rise of the fault
current. It is therefore highly recommended that the earth current be generated at
specific places of the MV transmission system, so as to control its magnitude.
This place is generally the HV/MV injection transformers.
All remaining network transformers (including possible generation step-up units)
should have the MV neutral free from earth.
Refer to the Fig. 1.8.2.1/1 in Appendix A.1.8/1.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
15
The upstream system must present a negligible impedance in the zero sequence path
compared to the impedance of the limitation device, to ensure that the amplitude of the
earth current will be governed only by the limiting device (the grounding resistor).
This can be achieved through several schemes:
use of a delta winding in the injection transformer (Yynd or Dyn vector group),
use of a grounding transformer associated to each injection transformer, or
connected to the MV busses,
use of a direct connection to the ground of the HV neutral of the injection
transformer (Ynyn vector group),
if the limiting device has a high impedance, a Yyn vector group is also acceptable if
the transformer is of the core type (the most frequent type), the value of the zero
sequence impedance of the transformer being approximately 10 times the positive
sequence impedance.
The disadvantage of the third scheme is that the 1ph fault on the HV system will be
increased due to the zero sequence contribution from the transformer. It is therefore
advisable that this grounding method be limited to the places where the 1ph current on
the HV level is not critical.
1.8.2.3. Protection of the Ground Current Limiting Equipment
The limiting equipment (resistor or reactance) must be protected against damages due
to excessive earth currents: these currents can be permanent or of a short duration.
Short duration currents: the limiting equipment must be designed to withstand the
maximum ground fault current during the time taken by the slowest earth fault
protection relay to remove the fault.
Permanent current: the limiting equipment must be designed to withstand the highest
permanent ground fault current not detectable by the less sensitive ground fault
protection relay. Since this value can be rather high, it is common practice to monitor
the ground current flowing through the limiting device by a sensitive relay (stand-by
earth fault relay).
The following example illustrated a typical case:
maximum earth fault relay clearing time (e.g. ground O/C relay in the incoming of
the injection transformer): 2 sec.
minimum expected earth fault current (e.g. in case of broken conductor on a line
feeder): 10 A
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
16
inverse time relay, set to match the characteristic of the thermal curve of the resistor
(to be obtained from the manufacturer); this relay should pick-up as near as possible to
10 A and must trip the transformer,
constant time relay, set to …9 A…This relay should only give an alarm, to allow the
operation staff to switch off/on all outgoing feeders successively to remove the fault.
Refer also to the diagram D.1.8/4 in Appendix A.1.8/1.
1.8.3. Autoreclosing
In overhead transmission lines the majority of faults are transient, which means that a
short interruption of the supply is generally enough to clear the fault. For this reason
the outgoing feeders are generally equipped with autoreclosing (AR) relays which will
take care of breaker reclosing after a trip initiated by the protection relays.
In distribution systems, AR is frequently multi-shot in order to leave the opportunity to
line reclosers or to automatic sectionalizers to disconnect a faulty spur.
In some application, the scheme is arranged so the AR relay is triggered only from the
high set of element of the over-current relay (which means that the fault is on the main
line) and not by the time delayed element (which supposes a back-up operation).
1.8.4. 22kV System Grounding
The 22kV transformer neutral has to be isolated in all the substations (the
corresponding 22kV 1 ph short-circuit current is taken care of by the upstream
66/22kVinjection transformer supplying the area).
1.8.5. 22kV System Selectivity
As mentioned here above, selectivity between fuses will cause problems unless the fuse
ratings are very different from each other; spurs equipped with a set of group fuses
protecting several transformers will also cause problems.
Therefore, reclosers and sectionalizers have to be installed in place of group fuses in
critical places as shown in Fig. 1.8.5.1/1 in Appendix A.1.8/1.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
17
All protection relays of the injection stations and intermediate substations have to be
established on the base of the selectivity guidelines described above.
1.8.7. Fault Indicators
For optimum efficiency of fault location, fault indicators should be used on the MV line
circuits.
Experience has shown that hand reset fault indicators are never quite restored, which
can be troublesome for a correct location of the next coming faults. It is therefore
advisable that these indicators be either
self-reset, after several hours,
self-reset, on definite restoration of the voltage (built-in time delay to avoid
resetting in case of reclosing onto a permanent fault).
Autonomous equipment is always preferable than battery powered equipment. The use
of more sophisticated indicators (e.g. indicators equipped with radio emitter for signal
reception in a car) can be an interesting alternative for installation at places of difficult
access.
On MV circuits carrying large currents (near to the maximum 1 ph fault current - 200A
to 300A -) only zero-sequence fault detectors can be used.
1.8.8. Transformer Earth Leakage Protection
A correct operation of the earth leakage relay requires that the transformer tank be
connected to the earthing grid only through one link (passing through the current
transformer supplying the earth leakage relay). All necessary measures have to be
taken in order to avoid that no other paths to the earth are present through any other
equipment installed on the transformer (as an example, the screens or steel belts of the
LV cables must be earthed at the transformer side only, or remain free from earth).
It can be seen from the sketch in Fig. 1.8.7/1 that due to the incorrect connection to
earth at the remote end of the LV cable, part of the fault current (IB) will not flow
through the CT. The remaining current (IA) might not to be large enough for the delay
to operate.
1.8.9. Fault Recording Equipment
A proper analysis of network incidents will help to improve the overall protection
system. Digital fault recorders should be provided at some strategic places of the
network to record the voltage and currents of the system.
Such information is mandatory to examine the fault clearing process and the behaviour
of the protective relays (main and back-up relays).
The fault recording equipment should be a stand-alone equipment, i.e. independent
from the protection relays, for several reasons:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
18
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
19
Depending on pole characteristics, the following line configurations may exist on the
same pole:
1 MV + 1 LV , both with bare conductors
1 MV with bare conductors + 1 MV with torsade
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
20
The preliminary route is determined by the Planning and Design section. This route is
represented as far as possible as a straight line but obstacles known at this stage have to
be avoided.
The preliminary route is then submitted to surveyors on a 1/25000 map.
It is then the duty of the surveyor to verify and amend the route by taking into
consideration obstacles noted on site such as:
areas under special cultivation;
exploited woods ,
marshy regions,
flood prone regions,
classified zones ,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
21
private properties,
protected zones,
restricted zones ( airports, radar‟s, military grounds , etc ),
telecommunication installations,
existing or future constructions,
proximity of drains and ducts,
zone subject to industrial or saline pollution,
zones subject to landslides…
It is then the wayleave officer‟s responsibility to secure the necessary permissions
along the line route.
2.3.1.2. The actual route
The actual route is obtained after amendments are brought to the preliminary route
following site surveys and wayleave acquisition.
The actual route consists of straight sections, which are as long as possible, and avoids,
wherever possible, large angles ( 60). Angle positions, particular on hill crests and at
special locations, must be carefully examined so as to optimise the location of poles.
As far as possible, the crossing of major obstacles such as motorways, rivers, etc…
must be effected at right angle so as to minimise the length of conductors that crosses
above.
2.3.2. Pegging of the line route
2.3.2.1. Angles
A lasting peg must be driven into the ground at each intersection of two alignments, i.e.
at each angle point. Moreover, in each alignment, pegs of a different kind are fixed at
about ten metres from the angle peg.
These three items are located with respect to fixed obstacles such that they can easily
and precisely be replaced in case of loss.
A record is kept of all these 3-item sets on a scale of at least 1/200.
Pegs used are of the following types: concrete marks, rods fixed in concrete cast on
site, etc….
Each peg is numbered in a clear and permanent way. This numbering is also recorded
on the pegging schedule and on drawings.
2.3.2.2. Alignments
On aligned sections, pegs of type similar to above are fixed every 250m maximum in
such a way that two adjacent pegs are always visible from each other.
Pegs are also fixed where necessary and close to major obstacles (roads, rivers, etc).
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
22
The alignment pegs are numbered in a similar manner to angle pegs and are also
recorded on the pegging schedule and on drawings.
2.3.3. Profile
2.3.3.1. Precision
On more or less flat ground, one level is taken on the centre line every 25m.
For grounds with a gradient equal or exceeding 5 %, it is necessary to take counter-
levels located 10m on either side of the centre line.
The density of counter-level taken is more or less equal to that taken along the centre
line.
On uneven grounds, apart from the above-described levels, every change in gradient
must also be recorded.
The recording of the bottom of narrow ravines, which are crossed, may be indicative
only.
2.3.3.3. Important points to be recorded on the profile
All obstacles on the ground and above the ground, as well as identifiable underground
ducts, which are less than 20m from the centre line, must be recorded in X, Y and Z.
Particular attention must be paid to obstacles, which rise above the ground level such as
masts, antennas, top of structures, overhead conductors and poles, etc.
For HV and MV overhead lines crossing the proposed route, it is necessary to record at
least five level points, in XYZ, for the highest and lowest conductors.
In case the tower of an HV line being crossed falls in the zone to be recorded, the tower
footing is to be recorded.
2.3.3.4. Complementary data
It is necessary to record all technical or administrative data related to the route being
surveyed or to obstacles encountered, which may be of interest to the study.
For instance: identification of roads, electric lines (as well as their voltages in case they
are HV), soil utilisation, etc….
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
23
In principle, it is not necessary to establish the profile of lines built with insulated
twisted cable except when the line crosses specific obstacles, such as rivers, main
roads, buildings, etc, and when such crossing mandate a special survey (choice of pole
to be utilised, use of overhead or underground crossing…).
2.3.4. Mapping of topographical data
2.3.4.1. Profile
Topographical data are recorded on line profile drawings with a horizontal scale of
1/2000 and a vertical scale of 1/200.
The profile must show in full line all obstacles recorded in the centre line, and dotted
line will represent all obstacles found on either side of the centre line in the zone
mentioned in section 2.3.3.3 above.
The counter-profiles recorded on the left and on the right as indicated in 2.3.3.2 above
are represented in different line types.
The profile indicates the following useful information:
the numbering of marks and / or pegs fixed along the route,
the individual and cumulative distances of recorded points per straight sections,
the level of each recorded point and obstacle,
the level of obstacles above ground level.
2.3.4.2. Plan view
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
24
2.3.5.1. Routing
Basic data related to conductors and/or cables (type, cross-section, E.D.S), spans, poles
(dimensions, height above ground, load on top,…) and design conditions are given in
this manual in corresponding chapters and sections.
2.4.2. Mean span
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
25
The spotting parameter is determined from the E.D.S at maximum conductor or cable
temperature without wind and for a well-defined equivalent span...
The spotting parameter for given conditions of temperature, wind and equivalent span
is the ratio between the tension (daN) in the conductor and its unit weight (daN/m)
under these conditions.
The spotting parameter is calculated for each section based on equivalent spans and or
specific spans.
For bare conductor lines, this parameter will be used for drawing the chainage on the
profile if the latter is implemented by mean of a graphic system.
For lines with insulated twisted cable, the parameter is used to calculate sag.
2.4.4. Clearance of line above ground
The clearance above ground depicted on the line profile as regard angle supports (with
strain insulators) or intermediate supports (with pin type insulators) is the clearance of
the lowest cross-arm to ground.
When locating supports along the profile, one terminal point must be catered for every
15 spans.
2.4.5. Safety clearance from obstacles
Locating supports on the profile must be done according to regulatory safety clearances
with respect to crossed-over obstacles. For vertical clearances, the maximum conductor
temperature with no wind must be considered, while for horizontal clearances, the
maximum temperature with maximum wind at right angle to the span must be
considered.
When MV conductors pass over LV or communication lines, the latter are assumed to
be at the same temperature as the former.
The following minimum safety clearances must be maintained for a service voltage
below 50 kV.
Vertical clearances :
- agricultural land 6m
- land subject to fire (sugar cane fields) 8m
- roads 8m
- buildings 3m
- overhead lines ( MV, LV, communication) 1,2m
- antennas, lighting posts and street lighting structures 2,5m
Horizontal clearance
- All obstacles 2m
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
26
When locating the supports, at least one terminal point for every 15 spans must be
provided.
These supports are expected to bear at maximum wind all the conductors in one
section, assuming the conductors in the neighbouring section to be non-existent.
2.4.7. Locating of supports along the profile
The location of the supports starts from a necessary point A to another necessary point
B, by optimising the soil profile, that is, by trying to make conductor sag coincide with
hollows in the profile, so as to keep ground clearances as uniform and close to the
minimum as possible.
After the support location has been done from A to B, a crosscheck is made by locating
supports on the same section of profile but from B to A. There may be several options,
but the most economical one is to be selected.
During the support location exercise, the following basic rules must be followed:
to avoid as far as possible locating supports on steep longitudinal slopes,
to avoid locating supports on grounds which are subject to or prone to landslide,
obstacles are to be crossed-over with preferably normal supports,
at sensitive areas, complementary profiles are to be established so as to make all
necessary checks,
supports are to be located close to obstacles so that the lowest point of the
conductor is not above the obstacles,
supports are to be located in such a way that each alignment support has spans of
similar lengths on both sides.
During the course of locating supports on the profile, more importantly on uneven
grounds, it is also necessary to check that the swing due to transverse winds does not
bring the conductors dangerously close to the lateral obstacles.
Once the support location is completed, it should be checked that the real line
parameter for the section is at least equal to the theoretical value. If, however, the
theoretical value is exceeded by more than 2.5%, the profile must be reviewed taking
into account the real equivalent span.
2.4.8. Information to be shown on the profile
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
27
Pegging of line route is in fact the placing of durable landmarks, fixed in the soil, at
each angle points and at each ends.
Each landmarks are numbered in a legible way and this numbering is recorded on the
pegging schedule and on drawings.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
28
The recorded topographical data are restored on layout plans of the LV networks with a
scale of 1/2500;these plans are complemented by line profiles of particular ways, by
pegging records and by topologic files.
The following should be shown
on layout plans:
- the line routing,
- the location of the poles along the route,
- the numbering of landmarks,
- the numbering of poles,
- the cable types and cross-sections.
in the pegging records:
- the spans,
- the angles
- the pole types,
- the cable fitting,
- the cable lengths.
on topological files (listed per distribution transformer)
a) for each LV feeder:
- the schematic representation of the feeder topology and associated tapes-off,
- for each section identified on this topological schema (section here means
part of the LV network of constant cable cross-section and found between
two tapes-off, ends or change of cross-section)
the length of the section,
the cable type,
the total distance between LV fuses and the far end of the section,
the number of single and three-phase service lines.
b) Per LV feeder and distribution transformer
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
29
The spotting parameters should be determined from the E.D.S tension at maximum
temperature of cables, without wind and for a well-define span. This parameter will be
used for sagging calculation.
2.6.3. Safety distances from obstacles
The design of pole loading for the MV/LV lines has to be based on:
Electricity regulations - document dated from 21 July 1939.
Additionally, the design shall be completed by the values of "Code of Practice 3 -
Chapter V: part 2 dated 1972".
2.7.1.1. Electricity regulations - Basic data's
On the basis of chapter X - "Strength of support" - the wind pressure value on a cable is
equal to 20 pds/sq. foot or 958 N/m2 at right angles to the line, temperature of the
cables being 50° F= 10° C. The safety factors for structures are:
steel structure 2.5
wood poles 4.5
reinforced concrete pole 3.5.
The safety factor for line conductors is: 2
2.7.1.2. Code of practice 3 - Chapter V - Part 2 - Wind loads
Wind on cables
For :
a topography factor S1 =1
a conductor height above ground = 10 m
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
30
Wind on pole
For a pole height of about 10 m
S2 = 0.88 rural area
= 0.74 urban area
Cf = 1.4 for I concrete
1.75 for • concrete
0.5 for wood pole
The dynamic wind pressure is equal to (N/m2) :
Concrete Wood
Type and section
of pole
I H •
Wind pressure of 958 N/m2 corresponds to a wind speed of 48.45 m/sec. (174 km/hour)
which could be considered as a high speed wind.
Such a high wind combined with a safety factor of 2.5 to 4.5 is very severe.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
31
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
32
The calculation method of the transmitted efforts via the cables to the poles and the
efforts due to wind on the poles is dealt with in Appendix A 2.7/1.
A software for the calculation of efforts transmitted by the cables on top of the poles is
available (Program Polo.xls); the users manual for this program is dealt with in
Appendix A.2.7/2.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
33
Some other computerised tools are available in the GIPSY software, as:
Regulations for installing and dimensioning distribution facilities.
Short circuit current calculation.
Estimate of power and energy losses on distribution network.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
34
The standards and reference documents used for design calculation and manufacturing
of poles are:
MCF 67-200 Reinforced concrete pole
MCF 67-250 Pre-stressed concrete pole
BSI - CP110 - Part 1 - 1972 The structural use of concrete
BSI - CP3 - Part 2 – 1979 Chapter 5
CEB specifications Specifications for reinforced concrete poles
(see Appendix A3.1.1)
Moreover, the following Belgian norms are recommended for the use of steel and
concrete:
NBN B15-101 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete –
General;
NBN B15-102 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete –
Materials;
NBN B15-103 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete –
Calculation;
NBN B15-104 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete –
Production;
NBN A24-301 Steel for reinforced concrete;
NBN A24-302 Steel for reinforced concrete;
NBN 110-001 Pre-stressed steel;
NBN 110-002 Pre-stressed steel;
NBN 110-202 Pre-stressed steel.
Complementary recommendations pertaining to the manufacturing, handling,
tolerances and testing of concrete poles are given in appendix A 3.1.1.
3.1.1.2. General appearance
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
35
The surface of the pole must be smooth; no gravel nesting, plastering (particularly at
opening of holes); crack or damaged edge is allowed.
Poles having any one of the aforesaid defects shall not be accepted.
3.1.1.3. Pole burying
The depth of burying should be at least equal to 1/10 of the total length of the pole plus
0.50m.
This depth is independent of the type of soil, whereas the type and dimensions of the
foundation are governed by the type of soil and by the forces expected to act on the
pole (see section 4.4).
3.1.1.4. Holes
All the holes necessary for fixing of line fittings must be provided for right during the
pole manufacture. The standard position of holes on the various types of poles are
given in the Standard Drawings (Section 9 – Folio 1).
3.1.2. Wooden poles
The depth of burying should be at least equal to 1/10 of the total length of the pole plus
0.50m.
This depth is independent of the type of soil, whereas the type and dimensions of the
foundation are governed by the type of soil and on the forces expected to act on the
pole (see section 4.4).
3.1.2.3. Drilling and grooving
All drilling necessary for fixing of line fittings must be carried out before treating the
pole as per details given in annex A.3.1.2.
The standard positions of holes on the various types of poles are given in the Standard
Drawings ( Section 9 – Folio 2).
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
36
N.B. :
- for wood pole, the head strengths given in the table are those which cause a
stress of 55 Mpa in the wood.
- For concrete pole, the head strengths given in the table are the maximum
forces due to wind (extreme conditions) which are exerted on the pole by the
conductors only.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
37
Table 3.2.2-1 below gives the nomenclature and the main technical characteristics of
conductors used for MV and LV distribution networks.
3.2.3. Packaging
The conductors are packaged and delivered on wooden drums (treated against termites)
or metallic drums (treated against corrosion), in the following minimum lengths:
ALMOND 25 mm2 5000 m
OAK 100 mm2 3000 m
ASH 150 mm2 2500 m
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
38
The cable consists of three single core cables, each having its own protection sheath,
twisted around an insulated galvanised steel messenger for overhead network, or
around an earth conductor in case of underground network. The assembly must have a
lay ranging between 1.2 and 1.5 m for all cross-sections.
Each single core cable is made up as follows:
aluminium stranded circular core;
extruded semi-conductor screen to equalise the electric field;
XLPE insulation ( steam or dry reticulation);
extruded semi-conductor screen (removable and fluted);
watertight seal to prevent entry of moisture under the metallic covering;
taped screen, of aluminium or copper;
hard, outer black PVC sheath;
The messenger is made up as follows:
galvanised steel stranded core;
hard, black PVC insulating sheath;
It is essential to have a fusion between the semi-conductor screen on the core and the
XLPE insulation.
The cables must be resistant to long sun exposure, fire propagation, oil, water entry and
small animals as well as insects and termites.
The outer PVC sheath must be homogeneous and made up of a single layer.
Approximately every 5 m, the following marks must stand out in relief on the PVC
insulation of each cable core:
type of cable;
operating voltage;
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
39
cross-section of conductor;
phase identifier.
A mark at 5m interval shall always indicate the remaining length of cable on the drum;
this marking may be substituted by another system but having the same purpose.
Each component (phase conductor, earth conductor or messenger) must be adequately
equipped to prevent moisture entering from the ends during storage and delivery.
3.3.3. Technical characteristics
Type of cable
Technical Characteristics
(1) (2) (3) (4)
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
40
3.3.4. Packaging
The cables are packaged and delivered on wooden (treated against termites) or metallic
(treated against corrosion) drums, with a maximum diameter of 2400 mm and
maximum weight of 5000 kg.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
41
The cables used for LV distribution network and service lines are:
Torsade for distribution network
- 3 x 70 + 54.6 + 1 x 16 mm2 (1)
- 3 x 50 + 54.6 + 1 x 16 mm2 (2)
- 3 x 35 + 54.6 + 1 x 16 mm2 (3)
Torsade for service lines
- 2 x 25 mm2 (4)
- 2 x 16 mm2 (5)
Table 3.5.3-1 below gives the technical characteristics of the above-mentioned cables.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
42
Type of cable
Technical Characteristics
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
3.5.4. Packaging.
The cables are packaged and delivered on wooden (treated against termites) or metallic
(treated against corrosion) drums, with the following minimum lengths:
- Torsade for LV distribution network - 1000 m
- Torsade for service lines - 1500 m
The cross-sections to be utilised for earthing purposes and the insulation level are
explained in subsequent chapters, in sections that deal with earthing specifications.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
43
3.7.1.1. Cross-arms
Wooden cross-arms
Bare conductors are normally supported on poles by means of wooden cross-arms,
which have the following specifications:
- Square cross-arms sawn from hard wood and of grade „Select and Better‟ in
accordance with the Malaysian Timber Industry Board grading rules.
- The cross-arms must be sawn straight and square and the grain of the timber
should run as nearly as possible parallel with the length of the cross-arms.
Maximum slopes of the grain should not exceed one in fifteen.
- The cross-arms shall be suitable for tropical climate and shall comply with the
relevant sections of above rules or any other equivalent standard.
The standard dimensions of wooden cross-arms are:
- Square section 100 x 100 mm
- Lengths 1800 – 2400 – 3000 mm
Wooden cross-arms details, as well as the standard positions of holes necessary to
fix the cross-arm to the pole, and the conductors to the cross-arm are given in the
Standard Drawings (Section 9 - Folios 1, 2, 4, 10, 11 & 12).
Metallic cross-arms
In order to protect the pole in case its minimum strength is exceeded, metallic
cross-arms and gantries may be used to fix the conductors.
These cross-arms will serve the purpose of mechanical fuses for lines, that is to say,
they will resist forces transmitted to the poles by the conductors (see previous
section 2.3), multiplied by a safety factor which is less than the one used for the
design of the poles. Thus, in case of accidental mechanical overload, the cross-arm
will give way instead of the pole.
The Standard Drawings (Sections 1 & 4) give the main configurations of MV lines
with metallic cross arms and gantries; metallic cross-arms details are given in The
Standard Drawings (Sections 9 – Folios 20 to 24)
Terminal cross-arms and gantries, termed as „ controlled deflection‟, are also used;
a documentation on this type of cross-arms is given in Appendix A3.7/1.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
44
3.7.1.2. Insulators
Type of insulators
They may be of ball and socket type (disc type), rigid type with spindle (pin type)
or post insulator type.
The ball and socket type is mainly used at strain points, the spindle type for
alignments and the post type for specific configurations (e.g. suspended conductor).
Material
The various parts of the insulators are made up of the following list of materials:
- Insulating part: toughened glass or porcelain
- Socket (disc insulator): galvanised malleable cast iron
- Ball (disc insulator): hot-dip galvanised wrought iron
- Base (post insulator): galvanised malleable cast iron
- Fixing bolts (post-insulator): galvanised steel
- Cementing: cement with appropriate thermomechanical
properties
- Pin (disc insulator): phosphated bronze or stainless steel
(brass is prohibited)
Standards
The insulators shall be according to BS 137-1973; however, the following norms
are also applicable:
a) toughened glass or porcelain disc type insulator
- IEC 305/1978 for technical characteristics and main dimensions;
- IEC 120/1977 for dimensions of ball and socket;
- IEC 372-1/1977 for characteristics of lock pin;
- IEC 383/1983 for testing of disc strains;
- IEC 575/1977 for thermomechanical and mechanical destructive testing of
components of disc strains;
- IEC 797/1984 for residual resistance of components of strain glass or
ceramic discs of overhead lines following a mechanical or dielectric stress.
b) Rigid porcelain post type insulators:
- ANSI C29.7/1983 for mechanical characteristics and main dimensions;
- ANSI C29.1/1982 and IEC 383/1983 for testing of insulators.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
45
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
46
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
47
2) Assemblies
Drawings of different assemblies are given in the Standard Drawings (Section
11 - Folios 1 to 4, 10 to 12 & 20 to 22); these drawings has to be considered as
indicative.
3) Insulating disc strain for bare conductor
These are fixed to the poles by means of a hook and an eyebolt.
4) Fixing of bare conductor on pin/post insulators.
The conductors are fixed to the insulators using either binding wire or preformed
ties, the characteristics of which are given in the Standard Drawings (Section 11
- Folios 2,3 & 4) together with construction drawings.
5) Anchor clamp for bare conductor
The anchor clamp is of the in-line and bolted type.
6) Joints for bare conductor
- Joints shall be crimped. Marks for placing the crimping die shall on all parts
to be crimped. The mode of crimping (continuous or discontinuous), the
location of the first crimp and the number of crimps shall be indicated on the
joint.
- For each conductor dimension, the same crimping die shall be used for
crimping at anchor clamp, at joints and at taps off.
7) Extension straps
Extension straps shall be used at large angles. The strap is to be inserted between
the eyebolt and the hook of the insulating strain.
8) T-connectors
T-connectors shall be of bolted type, with in-line and transverse grooves to
accommodate conductors with similar or different diameters.
9) Suspension clamp for insulated twisted cable
The suspension clamp assembly consists of a suspension clamp freely supported
from a bracket, which is to be fixed to the pole.
The pole bracket, which is hot-dipped galvanised, shall hold the cable at a
minimum distance of 250 mm from the pole. Its insulating part shall have a
dielectric strength of 6 kV/1min at industrial frequency.
The connection between the bracket and the clamp must allow both a
longitudinal and a transverse degree of freedom for the clamp.
The suspension clamp shall hold the insulated messenger. It shall consist of:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
48
- a cradle whose internal groove widens at both ends; the cradle shall be of
hot-dip galvanised cast-iron or aluminium alloy, then plastic coated; the
plastic coating, reinforced by glass fibre, shall act as a protective sheath for
the insulation of the messenger;
- a cap of the same material as the cradle, and also plastified;
- a tightening screw with brake nut;
- an oblong hole for anchoring.
The opening of the clamp should face the pole.
On either side of the suspension clamp, to prevent untwisting, the phase
conductors are tied to the messenger by cable ties, which are either insulated or
of insulating material.
The suspension assembly may be fixed by means of stainless steel straps or may
be bolted to the pole, according to the type of support used.
10) Anchoring fittings for insulated twisted cable
The simple or double anchor consists of a pole-bracket, a shackle and one or two
anchor clamps.
The assembly shall have an insulating part with dielectric strength of 6 kV/1min
at industrial frequency.
The pole bracket and the shackle, made of hot-dipped galvanised steel, must
ensure a minimum clearance of 100 mm from the pole.
The twisted cable is anchored in the clamp from the messenger, after removal of
the messenger insulation. The components of the anchor clamp are:
- a tapered wedging sleeve;
- a stirrup, to facilitate tensioning;
- an insulator, made of synthetic material;
- a shackle.
The watertightness of the insulated messenger must be ensured by a plastic
stopper, without the use of heat-shrinkable sleeve.
The phase conductors are fixed to the messenger by means of straps or anti-
untwisting devices made of or coated with insulating material. Moreover, a
plastic chain, fixed at one end to the insulator and at the other end to the anti-
untwisting device, keeps the twisted cable in place.
The fixing of assembly to the pole is carried out in a similar way as described for
the suspension clamp above.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
49
11) Materials
Copper and its alloys are prohibited, except for parts used to hold copper
conductors.
Non-magnetic parts are made from aluminium alloy. This alloy has to be
guaranteed as perfectly adapted to local conditions and is rustproof.
Pins are of stainless steel, special aluminium alloy or exceptionally, tin plated
bronze.
12) Galvanising
All ferrous parts, except the stainless steel ones, should be hot-dipped galvanised
to BS 729 and particularly to the following ASTM norms:
A 123: zinc (hot galvanised) coatings on products fabricated from rolled, pressed
and forged steel shapes, plated, bars and strip.
A 153: zinc coating (hot dip) on iron and steel hardware
A 239: locating the thinnest spot in a zinc (galvanised) coating on iron or steel
articles by the preece test (copper sulphate dip).
13) Labelling of components
Each component of the assembly carries a reference number corresponding to
the stock number or the detailed drawing number; this number is cast or stamped
on the component in a clear and permanent manner; the size of crimping die to
be used is also indicated on joints and clamps.
Mechanical properties
1) Breaking strength
All the components of a suspension clamp must have a breaking strength, which
is not less than the force exerted on the suspension assembly, multiplied by a
safety factor of 2.5.
All the components of an anchoring clamp must have a breaking strength, which
is not less than the breaking load of the conductor or cable.
NB: See previous section on choice of insulators.
2) Slip
- Anchor clamp and compression joint
The clamps and the compression joints for bare conductors must hold the
cable without slip for a pulling force in the cable which is not less than 95%
of the minimum breaking load of the latter.
Similarly, anchor clamps for twisted cables must hold the messenger without
slip for a pulling load in the cable not less than 95 % of the breaking load of
the latter.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
50
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
51
When pole foundations are in concrete, the cables passing through the concrete
are protected by means of curved PVC sleeves of appropriate diameter and
bending radius.
3) Anti-untwisting devices
To prevent slipping or untwisting, cable ties or straps must be installed on either
sides of suspension and anchoring devices; ties or straps are either insulated or
of insulating material.
Assembly details are given in the Standard Drawings (Section 11 - Folios 40 & 41).
3.7.1.5. Staying arrangements
Dimensioning, material to be used and the different methods of installation for staying
arrangements are given in the Standard Drawings (Section 10 – Folios 1 to 5 & 10
to 13).
3.7.2. Fittings and accessories for LV lines
General
The parts should be of first class material, well constructed and free from pointed
and sharp edges. The surfaces to be in contact with the conductor must be
sufficiently smooth so as not to damage the latter. The assembly consist of a
minimum number of parts and should be supplied complete with bolts, nuts,
washer, pins, etc… so that the assembling process is easy, quick and safe.
Assemblies
Drawings of different assemblies are given in the Standard Drawings (Section 11 -
Folios 30 to 33); these drawings have to be considered as indicative.
Connectors for line tap-off, service line connection or neutral messenger earthing
1) Main and tap cable : insulated aluminium
insulation piercing connector type, allowing live line work;
insulating body highly climatic and mechanically resistant;
watertight withstanding 6 kV flashover in water;
tightening shear head screw treated against corrosion; once shear head is
broken, removal remains possible;
set formed by parts that can't be lost.
2) Main cable : bare aluminium / tap cable : insulated aluminium
tightening connector type equipped with pressure plates ensuring the quality
of electrical contact; insulated conductors of tap cable should be stripped of.
single piece body, treated against corrosion and formed by parts (namely the
screws) that can't be lost.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
52
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
53
3) Dielectric strength
When supports are used both for MV and LV lines, anchoring and fixing
devices of twisted cables should withstand 6 kV between metallic part of fixing
device and insulated part of the same, in contact with the insulating sheath of
the cable.
Fixing and mechanical protection devices for insulated twisted cables
1) Lines fixed up between poles
The clauses of paragraph 3.7.1.4 above, regarding fixing and mechanical
protection of MV twisted cables, are also applicable to LV insulated twisted
cables.
2) Lines fixed up on façade walls
Installation of cables on walls is realised by means of supporting plugs made of
very high mechanical strength insulating material, eventually reinforced with a
steel rod; plugs are hammered (directly in case of soft material or in drilled
holes in case of hard material) or sealed in the walls; one or two cables are
locked on supports by removable notched straps.
Anti-untwisting devices for insulated twisted cables
The clauses of paragraph 3.7.1.4 above, regarding anti-untwisting devices for MV
twisted cables, are also applicable to LV insulated twisted cables.
Compression joints for insulated twisted cables
Pre-insulated aluminium sleeves for phases, aluminium alloy for neutral messenger,
covered inside with contact grease; insulation continuity of cable is ensure by a
sheath resistant to compression and water-tightness joints withstanding 6 kV for
one minute in water.
End caps for insulated twisted cables
Ends of insulated twisted cables should be fitted with heat shrinkable caps, covered
inside with water-tightness compound.
Vertical fittings for bare lines
This fitting consists of five anchoring or suspension devices directly fixed on the
line support; drawings of mainly used assemblies are given in the Standard
Drawings (Section 2 - Folios 1 & 2).
Galvanising
The clauses of paragraph 3.7.1.3 - 12 above are applicable to all ferrous parts,
except the stainless steel ones.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
54
4. Construction of MV lines
4.2. Pegging
4.2.1. Verification of line profile
It is to be ensured that while pegging the setting out which has been previously
established is correct and if need be corrected.
After verification, the location of all the supports is finalised.
4.2.2. Location of supports
The location of the supports is done on site by means of numbered wooden pegs.
In-line supports are located with a centre peg, yellow coloured, and with two red
coloured pegs in the direction of the line axis (one on each side of the centre peg at
around 10 m); in similar way, angle supports are oriented with a yellow peg in the
middle and with two red pegs indicating the two directions of the line.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
55
- bush clearing, weeding and trees felling, without stub removal, on either side of
the line axis, on a width which depends on the sag of each span and on the
swinging angle of the conductors; outside this trench, any tree whose height
+ 2 m is equal to the distance between the feet of the tree and the vertical plane
passing through the nearest conductor should be felled down to at least 10cm
above the soil and burnt or put away at least 15 m of the line axis.
- necessary lopping in plantations (see b hereafter).
In cultivated areas, damage to the cultivation should as far as possible be avoided.
Tree stubs and bushes may be left on site as long as they do not hinder the normal
progress of work.
If necessary, access tracks to the supports shall be created, then maintained such as
to be suitable for motor vehicles until commissioning of the line. These tracks
should be sufficiently levelled and cleared of vegetation.
b) Lines inside built-up areas
Tree felling is principally limited to lopping to allow free hanging zones around the
line conductors in the most unfavourable wind conditions.
Tree branches overhanging in the security zone are systematically cleared. The
rubbish from the tree lopping should be carted away outside the site.
Two different types of foundation have to be considered for the MT/BT network
supports:
block concrete foundations of the "cast" type (calculated up to earth abutment -
concrete directly poured in the soil, without formwork),
stoned foundation (support fixed by means of two rings of stones).
The following choices are recommended:
LV network - wooden or concrete pole
- good soil : stoned foundation
- bad soil : concrete block foundation
MV network - Concrete pole
- all type of soil : block concrete foundation.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
56
4.4.2.1. Excavation
Excavations for pole foundations are made to the sizes shown on the foundation
drawings. The excavation walls are as vertical as possible, though in certain cases a
certain slope may be acceptable in order to prevent wall crumbling or collapse.
For excavations in rocky soil (i.e. soil in place that cannot be attacked manually), picks
or pick hammers shall be used), and any loose rock shall be removed.
In case, there is accumulation of mud in the excavations, the former should be removed
and replaced by a stabilised layer of sand, compacted gravel or low density concrete.
4.4.2.2. Concrete quality (refer also to Chapter 15)
These foundations being calculated to abut directly against the soil walls of the
excavation, the concrete will be placed directly against these walls. If necessary the
excavation shall be shored up in order to avoid excavation wall collapse. The concrete
block shall always extend beyond the bottom of the pole.
Using forms is forbidden
The upper surface of the bloc is to be properly smoothed and raised to the inside such
as to prevent stagnation of water.
4.4.2.4. Calculation of concrete foundations
A software is available for the calculation of block concrete foundations for MV/LV
line support (Program Focal.xls);
The users guide of this software is given in appendix A.4.2/1.
4.4.3. Stoned foundations
4.4.3.1. Excavation
Excavations are carried out with an auger, or with a digging machine. In case an auger
is used, the diameter of the hole should be greater than or equal to 2,5 times the
diameter of the pole at the base, with a minimum distance of 0,2 m between the pole
and the border of the excavation in order to have a proper fixing of the stones at the feet
of the pole.
In case a digging machine is used, the hole should be done in the direction of the line
with a width equal to the diameter of the pole + 0,4 m.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
57
In any case, the excavation should be done at a depth equal to the depth of burial of the
pole + 0,10 m; to allow the laying of a concrete slab at the bottom of the hole.
This 10 cm thick concrete slab will have a minimum dimension of the diameter of the
pole + 10 cm.
Wooden poles should be solidly wedged with stones. A ring of stones should be made
at the poles feet and a second at one third of the excavation hole from the top.
The height of the ring should be at least equal to 1,5 times the diameter of the pole.
Stones to be used for the construction of the ring should have a minimum diameter of
5 cm and a maximum diameter of 10 cm.
They should be wedged with a 10 cm diameter steel beetle.
Between each stone layer, the interstices will be filled with a concrete grout until it
overfills.
Once the ring of stone is constructed at the feet of the pole, the excavation should be
filled up to the upper third. This filling will be made with stone powder or 0 to 14 mm
crushed stone, firmly compacted with the beetle which was used for the construction of
the base ring.
The second ring of stone, in the upper third of the hole, will be made as for the base;
the interstices will also be filled with a concrete grout until it overfills.
a) for the supports with no special equipment, no minimal individual resistance value
is needed.
b) For supports with distribution transformer, ABIS, isolating switch, surge
arrestors,… the earth resistance should be at most 30 Ohms.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
58
Earthing electrodes are carried out with galvanised cross-rods or steel plates with
adequate bi-metallic connections, or with Copperweld type rods (or similar rods) fitted
also with adequate connections. The rod should have a minimum sectional diameter of
19 mm and the sectional area of the copper should be at least equal to 20 % of the steel
section. Standard dimensions are 600 x 600 x 5 mm and 900 x 900 x 5 mm for steel
plates.
The steel plates are vertically mounted in the soil. The rods are directly buried in the
soil, in a vertical position and at about 0,5 m of the foundation; the head of the rods
should be at least at 0,5 m below soil level.
Care should be taken that the head of the rods is well protected against any deformation
during hammering of the earth rods.
Each plate or rod are linked underground to the neighbouring element or to the support
by a copper conductor of at least 25 mm² cross-section.
The supports and mass formed by the equipment are linked down to the earthing
electrodes by a copper conductor of at least 25 mm² cross-section, mechanically
protected at least 2 m above and 0,5 m under the soil level; the mechanical protection
device is fixed to the support with stainless steel tapes; the descending conductor is
fixed every 0.5 m along the support, above the mechanical protection device, with
adequate ties and stainless steel tapes.
The standard drawings deal with the principles and details of support or mass earthing
on concrete or wooden poles (Section 12).
4.5.3.2. Minimum number of earth plates or rods
The minimum number of earth plates or rods per earthing unit, is fixed as follows:
steel galvanised plate : 1
earth rod : 2
4.5.3.3. Special case - Counterweight
When the nature of the soil (presence of compact rocks for instance) do not favour the
use of earth plates or rods, or when the resistivity of the soil is very high, earthing of
the support is made or enhanced by means of counterweight formed of copper wire of
25 mm² minimum cross-section or tape, Copperweld type or similar, of 40 % minimum
conductibility and 50 mm² minimum cross-section.
Generally, two counterweights are installed per support; they are laid in trenches
parallel to the axis of the line, at minimum depth of 0.5 m under soil level. The 0,5 m
depth can be reduced to 0.3 m in rocky soils. In agricultural lands, this depth should be
1 m.
The length of the counter weights is related to the earth resistance to be achieved.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
59
Transport and handling of support will be exclusively made with special engines
adapted to these operations; before use, these engines should be verified and tested.
At reception of the support on site, it should be verified that they are supplied in perfect
state; all support showing any signs of defect following transportation or handling,
should be systematically refused. All necessary measures should be taken to prevent the
support from staying in water and in mud on site.
During handling on site, all necessary protective measures should be taken to prevent
any damage to the supports.
4.6.2. Concrete poles
The supplier of the poles should forward precise information relative to the handling
and erection of the poles. These instructions should be strictly followed and all useful
precautions should be taken to prevent any damage to the poles, especially cracking.
Particularly when a pole is laid on the ground, it is always a narrow surface, which is
exposed to the ground; in this position, no rotation of the pole should be made about its
axis.
The poles should be handled with a crane or pulley and raised by a sling. The slings
should be recovered with polyester or nylon.
Unless special circumstances, poles should be erected such that the plane of highest
resistance to rupture is perpendicular to the axis of the line for alignment poles and
should be perpendicular to the bisector of the angle formed by the line axis for angular
poles.
After staying, if needs be, and anchoring of cables, in no wind conditions, the deviation
between the centre of the top of the pole and the vertical through the centre of the base
of the pole, in the soil, should not go beyond:
- for alignment poles
0,25 % of the height above ground, in the direction perpendicular to the line
0,50 % of the same height, in the direction parallel to the line
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
60
During erection, poles should in no case be allowed to be dragged on the soil; it is also
forbidden to dump the poles directly from the coach or tow; the poles should be
handled with a crane or pulley and raised by a sling; the slings should be of large band
polyester; forklifts should not be used, unless using an intermediate plank.
If the poles are to be temporarily stored, the following measures should be respected:
the poles should never be laid directly on the soil,
the poles should be laid such as to allow air to flow between them,
the pole should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
The poles should be erected with their fittings (cross arm, consoles, …) to allow a
perfect positioning of the pole.
After staying, if needs be, and anchoring of cables, in no wind conditions, the deviation
between the centre of the top of the pole and the vertical through the centre of the base
of the pole, in the soil, should not go beyond:
- for alignment poles
0,5 % of the height above ground, in the direction perpendicular to the line
0,5 % of the same height, in the direction parallel to the line
- for angular and end poles
1 % of the height above ground, in the direction of the resultant of the forces
due to the cables.
For the different alignment supports, the fittings should be as far as possible
perpendicular to the axis of the line; the maximum deviation should not go beyond
1 % of the length of the fitting from the axis of the pole.
Angular poles and terminals poles are erected with counter sag in order to adequately
compensate for the elastic deformation due to the forces in the cables.
4.6.4. Marking of poles
Each support should be marked with a feeder identification and a support number.
These reference marks can be painted using stencils, or realised by means of signal
plates, fixed to the support with stainless steel tapes or with screws for wood.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
61
Fittings, insulators and accessories are installed according to the instructions of the
pegging record.
4.7.2. Assembly and installation of fittings for bare conductors
The fittings are assembled according to the supplier‟s assembly plans and instructions.
No defective material should be used. Any insulator showing slightest flake should not
be used in the chain or console. All the insulators should be free of traces of mud or
other spots, on installing.
The galvanised fitting material are handled and installed such as to maintain this
material in perfect state and to prevent any deformation of the any parts.
Bolts are to be tightened with dynamometric keys adjusted according to the
manufacturer instructions.
4.7.3. Assembly and installation of fittings for twisted cables
The fittings used for fixing twisted cables should be installed according to the
supplier‟s instructions.
Special care should be taken during assembly of the materials, particularly for the
plastic parts.
Generally, the opening of the suspension clamps is oriented towards the face of the
support.
All bolts are to be tightened with a dynamometric key.
Between the insulated cable and the anchor clamp, water-tightness should be ensured as
per manufacturer‟s instructions.
4.7.4. Standard drawings
Guidelines for construction of lines in relation to the use of different types of fittings
for the fixing of the lines are given in the Standard Drawings (Sections 1 to 11).
Protection of drums during storage, handling and transport should be such that, at the
moment of pulling, the drums are not spoilt and the conductors or cables are not
damaged.
If necessary protective gantries would be installed for the passage above habitations,
roads, medium and low voltage lines and other obstacles; arrangements to be taken
during work (clearance, supervision, modification, etc…) should be made according to
the administration authority or to the concerned private client.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
62
Decoiling and pulling of conductors or cables should be made with braked winch
(decoiling under tension).
During all the pulling operation, the conductors or cables should be constantly held
above the soil, or other surfaces and obstacles, with an appropriate tension applied to
these conductors or cables when decoiling under tension.
At the supports, the conductors or cables lie on pulleys with ball bearings, having an
effective diameter of 25 times the diameter of the conductor or cable; the form, the
width, the nature of the metal and the state of the surface of the groove are such that the
cables or conductors are efficiently protected against potential factors causing scratch.
It is forbidden to use pulleys with aluminium groove for the pulling of steel cables or
connections.
Use of pulleys containing copper, or which have been used for pulling copper
conductors, is forbidden for decoiling of conductors with an outer layer containing
aluminium or aluminium alloy.
For pulling of insulated twisted cables, the traction effort should be only tied on the
messenger via a sock. The three conductors should be tied to the messenger via a
second sock independent of the one transmitting the traction effort. Decoiling is made
using pulleys which are specially designed for this type of cables, principally as
concern to the diameter of the groove and the radius of the pulleys, which should be
superior to the bending radius of the twisted cable.
Tension in the conductors or cables at drum's outlet should not be beyond that specified
by the supplier. The tension should be able to be controlled from a permanent indicator
of the braker.
Unless tightened at the ends of conductors to be sacrificed, the pulling clamps should
be of the parallel jaws type and of smooth contact surface without undulation; they
should be long enough to ensure tensioning of the conductor without folding, notching
or sliding of the cables wires, as well as without relative sliding of the steel core
embedded with grease.
Cables or conductors are not to be picked up with tools witch have a low bending
radius or witch are of the nature to hurt the cables; the curvature of the contact surfaces
should be at least equal to those used for the pulleys.
For the insulated twisted cables, any section showing any sign of damage should be
eliminated.
For the bare conductors also, any section showing any sign of damage should be
normally eliminated; however, if there is less than 3 wires damaged, the conductor may
be repaired with an appropriate sleeve.
Remnants of bare conductors of less than 100 m are not used in between lines; they
may be used for splicing in case of compression anchor clamps. As far as possible,
splicing is done with the first layers of conductors of a drum, which has not been
through the braker.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
63
Joints and anchor clamps, of compression type or bolt tightened, are made according to
the suppliers instructions such as to ensure the guaranteed electrical conductivity and a
mechanical resistance of the stressed parts at least = 95% of the cables or conductors
theoretical breaking load.
There should not be more than one joint per cable and per span, and there should not be
a joint at less than 5 m of the closest anchoring set. There should neither be any joint in
important crossings such as motorway, lakes, ravine, rivers, etc…
4.8.3. Adjustment of cables and conductors
Adjustment is made separately for each laying section, separated by supports fitted with
anchor chains following a predefined sagging chart. Intermediate adjustment are
needed each time it is not possible to guarantee uniformity in the horizontal component
of the tension between each span due to unevenness or due to a large number of spans
in the section.
In each adjustment, it should be ensured that all the conductors are managed as
uniformly as possible, so that they have further the same creep.
Pulling operations under mechanical tension and adjustment should be done without
never overload the supports. In this sense, it should become necessary to stay
temporarily some support and/or support console, which was not designed for such
stresses to be met during erection. However, this type of operation should be limited to
a strict minimum to essential cases.
Besides, tension applied to conductors or cables should not be beyond what is specified
in the sagging chart; in fact the latter is calculated by taking into consideration that the
cable undergo some creep due to the stresses it undergoes after laying.
The conductors or cables are adjusted according to their temperature. To find out this
temperature, the following should be set up:
a thermometer should be inserted at the end of the conductor or cable to find out the
internal temperature,
the whole equipment should be sufficiently far from the soil to prevent thermal
radiation from the soil to affect the results; the sample should be horizontally set,
parallel to the cables or conductors and sufficiently far from the support.
The sagging charts should give the horizontal component of the tension to be applied in
the cables or conductors, as well as the maximum sags, according to the mean span and
the temperature. The mean span for each adjusting section is calculated on the bases of
the real spans measured and recorded previously. The adjusting span in a section is the
closest span to the mean span.
It is advisable to end all adjustment operations on the same day, for all cables or
conductors of the same laying section.
After adjustment, the cable or conductors are maintained under tension for 48 hours at
least. After that, the adjustment is verified and the cables or conductors are definitely
fixed to the support after possible correction to the sag.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
64
The sag of the cables or conductors should be verified with a theodolite, in two span at
least per laying section, sufficiently separated from each other to be able to check the
uniformity of the tension.
4.8.4. Making of splices
Splices of anchor equipment are made with sections of conductors, which have not
been through a decoiling-braker equipment.
They are designed to respect the following distances:
- the depth of the splice, at rest, with respect to the console is between 1,5 and 1,6 dm
(dm being the minimum clearance to the mass),
- the minimum clearance between the splice and the mass and between the ball of the
first isolator located on the side of the mass is at least 1,1 dm.
4.8.5. Complementary provisions for erection of twisted insulated cables
On aligned poles, the cable is suspended by its messenger, still insulated, by means of
an appropriate suspension set.
At terminal or angle positions, the cable is maintained in position by its messenger, still
insulated, by means of a simple or a double anchoring set; continuity of the messenger
is ensured by an insulated copper bridge.
Untwisted cable ties (cable straps) are placed at both sides of suspension and anchoring
sets, at joints and at any other location where necessary.
Joints and tap-off boxes should necessarily be done at poles fitted with anchoring sets;
they are set and fixed on a specially designed cradle, which is fixed to the support at a
height less than the anchor point.
Joints and tap-off boxes are made with great care by specialised personnel and strictly
according to the supplier‟s instructions.
Fixing and protection: the descending conductors are fixed to the support every 30cm
with appropriate ties and stainless steel tapes; the cables are furthermore protected by a
metallic protection as it enter into the ground; this protection extend from at least 50 cm
below the soil level to at least 2 m below soil level and is fixed to the support with
stainless steel tapes; in the case of a concrete foundation, a elbowed tube is embedded in
the concrete and extend below the foundation into the soil and above the ground level
where the end of the tube is covered by the metallic protection.
Connections to a distribution transformer, connections to bare conductors and overhead
to underground connections are to be made according to the Standard Drawings
(Section 4 – Folios 1 & 2 / Section 6 – Folios 20 to 26).
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
65
At the end of the work the following measurements and electric tests are carried out:
Measurement of line insulation (with Megger 5000 V).
Measurement of line resistance to dc current.
Measurement of line resistance to ac current.
Measurement of operation reactance and impedance.
Measurement of phase to earth reactance and impedance
Dielectric test for the twisted insulated cables.
4.9.2. Inspection of lines - commissioning
The measures (including earthing measurements), tests, checks and verifications, and
the commissioning, form part of an official testing and commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
66
5. Construction of LV Lines
5.1. General
The LV overhead lines can be presented on three different ways depending on their
nature and the way they are supported:
bare cables installed between poles,
insulated twisted cables installed on walls,
insulated twisted cables installed between poles.
The lines shall generally be installed between poles; however, at certain places, the
insulated twisted cables can be installed on walls whenever the following conditions are
met:
the walls are regularly situated abreast roads or at no more than 2 m recessed from
the road,
the distance in between the neighbouring walls do not exceed 10 m,
the height of the walls is such that the twisted cables can be fixed at a minimum of
4 m above the natural ground level.
5.3. Pegging
It should be ensured that while pegging the setting out which has been previously
established is correct and if need be corrected.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
67
After setting out, the definite position of the poles are established; the angle and end
poles are localised on the field with the help of numbered timber pegs; the aligned
poles are spotted by painted marks.
5.6. Earthing
5.6.1. What to be earthed
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
68
Except in cases where both the values of earthing resistances are less that 1 0hm,
protective earthing and system earthing should always be separated: the minimum
authorised distance between earthing plates or rods of protective and system earthing is
10 m.
5.6.2. Earthing resistance value
All the clauses of paragraph 4.5.3 are applicable; they are however completed or
modified by the provisions hereunder:
Principles and details of LV earthing are given in the “Standard Drawings”
document (Section 12).
The minimum number of earth plates or earth rods is reduced to unity.
For twisted insulated cables, the connection between the neutral and the descending
conductor is done by means of the following type of connector: drilling of main
cable (neutral) and tightening of branch cable (descending conductor).
For bare conductors, the connection between the neutral and the descending
conductor is done by means of the following type of connector: tightening of main
and branch cables allowing bi-metallic connection.
5.6.4. Measurement of resistance value
Global earthing resistance measurements are carried out after complete installation of
LV lines.
Value of the global LV neutral earthing resistance means the value resulting from the
connection of all the earthing electrodes of all the feeders coming from the same
distribution transformer.
If the global measured value exceeds the prescribed one, the earthing system should be
improved by adding of rods and/or counterweights.
See 4.6.1
5.7.2. Concrete poles
See 4.6.2
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
69
See 4.6.3
5.7.4. Marking of poles
Each pole comprises a reference mark giving line identification and pole number.
These reference marks can be painted, using stencils, or realised by means of signal
plates fixed to the support with stainless steel tapes or by screws for wood.
All the clauses of the paragraphs 4.8.1 and 4.8.3 regarding pulling and adjusting of MV
twisted insulated cables, are applicable to LV twisted insulated cables.
All the clauses of paragraph 4.8.1 to 4.8.3 pertaining to pulling and adjustment of bare
conductors are also applicable wherever they are applicable.
5.9.2. Complementary provisions for erection of twisted insulated cables
On aligned poles, the cable is suspended by its messenger, still insulated, by means
of an appropriate suspension set.
At terminal or angle positions, the cable is maintained in position by its messenger,
still insulated, by means of a simple or a double anchoring set.
Tap-off cables are connected to the main cable by means of connectors of the
drilling insulation type. Installation of the connectors is carried out as per supplier
instructions and with a particular care.
Untwisted cable ties (cable straps) are placed at both sides of suspension or
anchoring sets, of connectors and at any other location where necessary.
Joints in line shall whenever possible be avoided.
The ends of cables are fitted with heat shrinkable end caps.
Fixing and protection : see 4.8.5
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
70
At the end of the works and before commissioning, the following measurements and
verifications are carried out:
Measurement of insulation of lines.
Verification of electrical continuity of lines.
5.10.2. Inspection of lines - commissioning
The measures (including earthing measurements), tests, checks and verifications, and
the commissioning, form part of an official testing and commissioning report
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
71
Generally, the cables should comply with the latest recommendations of the IEC and
their complements, namely:
28 Standards for copper resistance.
60 HV testing techniques.
183 Guide for the choice of HV cables.
228 Conductors for insulated cables.
230 Surge test techniques for cables and their accessories
287 Calculation of permanent admissible currents in cables.
391 Identification of insulated conductors.
446 Identification by colours of insulated cables.
502 1 to 30 kV power cables with extruded insulation.
540 and 811 Test methods for the insulation and screens of electrical cables.
6.1.2. Design and manufacture
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
72
The external sheath of all types of cables shall contain additives that repel rodents; the
name of the manufacturer, the allowable voltage, the cross-section, the number of
conductors and the date of manufacture shall be indicated along the whole length on the
external sheath of the cable.
The letters and characters shall be engraved in relief. The distance between the marking
shall not exceed 200 mm.
The insulation of the three-core cables should be differentiated by colours along their
whole length; in the case where a neutral conductor is foreseen, it shall be of blue
colour.
The external insulation sheath of the protective earthing wire (if foreseen) shall be
yellow/green according to IEC 446.
6.1.4. Cable ends
The cable ends shall be impervious to water, dust and insects, and the ends coming out
of cable drums shall be fixed and protected against mechanical shocks while handling.
6.1.5. Transport and handling
The cables shall be coiled in timber drums (treated against termites) or metal drums
(treated to prevent corrosion) so as to obtain maximum possible length. However, the
drums shall have a maximum diameter of 2 400 mm and a maximum weight of
5 000 kg.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
73
The network shall comprise PVC pipes, equipped with adequate couplings.
The internal diameter of the pipes should be greater than twice the diameter of the cable
placed in the pipe (twice the diameter of the circle circumscribed by the cable in the
case of twisted cable); each three or four-core cable is placed individually.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
74
If necessary, inspection or draw pits shall be constructed along the pipe network
(rectilinear long distance, change in directions…); they should be constructed
according to the specifications of chapter 15.
6.3.4. Laying and pulling of cables
The placing of cables should be carried out very carefully; the cable drums are placed
on uncoiling devices or jacks; the pulling is done preferably manually; nevertheless,
mechanical uncoiling is authorised under the condition that dynamometers are used to
control the mechanical pulling forces.
For laying directly on ground, during the decoiling process, the cable is placed on roller
bearings to prevent dragging on the ground surface or at the bottom of the excavation
trench.
For the laying of cables in pipes, all the precautions should be taken to prevent heating
of cables due to rubbing during the pulling process in the pipes and damage of cables at
the entry of the pipes.
6.3.5. Bending radius
The bending radius should be rigorously adhered to, even during handling in the laying
process.
In the absence of precise indication, the bending radius of a cable should never be less
than 10 times its diameter.
6.3.6. Works crossing
For crossing of existing civil engineering works such as roads, drains or sewer lines,
etc., the works are carried out perpendicular to the axis of the existing works; the cables
are placed in sleeves as described at section 6.3.3 above.
Pipes shall be embedded in a concrete jacket as per typical sections given in “Standards
Drawings”.
For crossing of rivers or watercourses, the pipes shall be preferably in metal,
adequately protected against corrosion, and shall be placed into the bridges or fixed
therein.
6.3.7. Exit from ground
On vertical exit from ground, cables shall be protected from 50 cm below the ground
level up to the entry of the equipment or up to at least 2m above the ground level in
galvanised steel pipes or metallic pre-formed sleeves, well fixed on the pole or to the
external wall surface; if the wall surface is internal, then the length of mechanical
protection outside the ground level is reduced by 0.5 m.
6.3.8. Execution of terminals and joints
The technology pertaining to joints and terminal boxes for cables with synthetic
insulation is detailed in Appendix A.3.4/1.
Joints and terminals are executed very carefully by specialist staff; the supplier‟s
instructions should be strictly followed.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
75
Concrete slabs of 4cm thickness are placed on top of the layer of selected backfill or on
top of the concrete jacket.
6.3.10. Warning tape
Yellow plastic warning tapes should be placed along the whole length of the trench
excavation, between 20 and 30 cm below the ground level.
6.3.11. Backfilling of trench
Underground cable networks are spotted on the ground surface by means of concrete
milestones, shaped parallelepiped or truncated and having the following minimum
dimensions:
height :: 50 cm
base : 10 x 10 cm
The milestones are buried straight up the cable or along the axis of the trench enclosing
several cables.
The top surface of the milestone shall be flush with the pavement and project above
ground level by 10 cm in case the footpath is not well defined or non-existent.
The following information are imprinted on the upper face of the milestones, in the
mould during pouring:
MV milestone : CEB - MV
LV milestone : CEB - LV
Location of the milestones:
at every change in direction,
at every extremity of road crossings, straight up each joint or branch-off,
every 100m in alignment.
6.3.13. Reinstatement of site
At the completion of cable laying works, the excess excavated materials and the wastes
are carted away; all the necessary reinstate works are carried out (casting of pavement
slabs, resurfacing of roads, etc…..).
6.3.14. Identifying of cables
The identifying of the cables include the serial number of the cable or the feeder, the
service voltage, the type and the cross-section of the cable.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
76
The metallic sheaths of the cables should be connected to the protective earthing
system at one of their ends.
6.4.2. MV twisted cables
The metallic sheath of the insulated conductors and the earth-wire of the twisted cables
should be earthed at the end of the line and at every joint.
6.4.3. Earthing system installation
For the installation of the earthing system, the provisions of paragraph 4.5.3 are
applicable, except for any contradictions.
However the minimum number of earth plates, earth cross-rods or earth rods carried out
per earthing electrode is limited to one.
6.4.4. Earthing resistance value and measurement
After completion of the works and before commissioning, the following measurements,
testing and verifications are carried out:
measurement of the insulation resistance of feeders,
verification of the electrical continuity of the feeders,
pressure test for MV cables,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
77
The measures (including earthing measurements), tests, checks and verifications, and
the commissioning, form part of an official testing and commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
78
7. Transformers
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
79
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
80
Under exceptional conditions of complete loss of load the primary windings may be
subjected to an increase in voltage of 25 %, which may be sustained for a few
seconds. The transformer under such circumstances shall be not suffer any injurious
heating.
6) Vibration and Noise
Every care shall be taken to ensure that the design and manufacture of transformers
and auxiliary plant shall be such as to reduce noise and vibration to the level of that
obtained in good modern practice.
7) Suppression of Harmonics
The transformers shall be designed with particular attention to the suppression of
harmonic voltages, especially the third and fifth, so as to eliminate wave from
distortion and any possibility of high frequency disturbances, inductive effects or of
circulating currents between the neutral points at different transforming stations
reaching such a magnitude as to cause interference with communication circuits.
8) Magnetic Circuit
The design of the magnetic circuit shall be such as to avoid static discharges and
development of short circuit paths within itself or to the earthed clamping structure
and the production of flux components at right angles to the plane of the
laminations which may cause local heating.
Where the magnetic circuit is divided into packets by cooling ducts parallel to the
plane of the laminations or by insulating material above 0.25 mm thick, tinned
copper strip bridging pieces shall be inserted to maintain electrical continuity
between packets.
The magnetic circuit shall be earthed through a link as specified below. With the
link removed the magnetic circuit shall be insulated from all structural parts so as to
withstand the tests specified and shall subsequently be earthed.
9) Mechanical Construction of Cores
Care shall be exercised in the selection, treatment and handling of the core steel to
ensure that as far as possible laminations are flat and the finally assembled core is
free from distortion. Particular care shall be taken to secure even mechanical
pressure over the laminations, to prevent subsequent settling of the core and to
reduce noise and vibration during operation.
All parts of the cores shall be of robust design capable of withstanding any shocks
to which they may be subjected during lifting, transport, installation and service.
All structural members of the assembled cores shall be of steel.
All castings shall be trimmed and structural steel adequately cleaned and painted
before being built into the structure.
Adequate fitments shall be provided to enable the core and windings to be lifted.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
81
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
82
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
83
Unless otherwise approved, tanks shall be constructed of mild steel plate, the
minimum thickness of which shall be 6 mm for the sides and 10 mm for the bottom
where the longer sides have a horizontal length up to but not exceeding 1.8 metres.
For a horizontal length in excess of 1.8 metres the minimum side plate thickness
shall be 10 mm and the minimum bottom plate thickness 13 mm.
The base of each tank shall be so designed that it shall be possible to move the
complete transformer unit in any direction without injury when using rollers, plates
or rails. A design which necessitates slide rails being placed in a particular position
shall not be used.
Unless specifically approved detachable underbases shall not be used.
The base of the tank shall be of the channel iron construction and it shall be
designed to prevent retention of water.
Tank stiffeners shall be continuously welded to the tank and designed to prevent
retention of water.
Wherever possible the transformer tank and its accessories shall be designed
without pockets wherein gas may collect. Where pockets cannot be avoided pipes
shall be provided to vent the gas into the main expansion pipe. The vent pipes shall
have a minimum inside diameter of 18 mm except for short branch pipes which
may be 6 mm minimum inside diameter.
All joints other than those which may have to be broken shall be welded. Caulking
of defective welded joints will not be permitted. Such defective joints may be re-
welded subject to the written approval.
The under surfaces of the bases of the transformers shall be specially treated with
an approved preservative composition.
14) Tank Lifting and Haulage Facilities
Each tank shall be provided with :
a) Lifting lugs suitable for lifting the transformer complete with oil.
b) A minimum of four jacking lugs, in accessible positions to enable the
transformer complete with oil to be raised or lowered using hydraulic or screw
jacks. The minimum height of the lugs above the base shall be :
- transformers up to and including10 tonnes weight - 300 mm.
- transformers above 10 tonnes weight - 500 mm.
c) Horizontal plates with 50 mm diameter draw holes drilled therein shall be fitted
adjacent to each corner of rectangular tanks at not more than 750 mm from the
base to permit the tank to be hauled in any direction or slewed. On round ended
tanks the draw holes shall be located approximately on the diagonals of the
rectangle formed by the overall boundaries of the tank. At least 100 mm free
working space shall be provided above and below each draw hole.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
84
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
85
Rollers shall be arranged so that they can be turned through an angle of 90° when
the tank is jacked up clear of the foundation base. Means shall be provided for
locking the swivel movements in positions parallel to and at right angles to the
longitudinal axis of the tank.
18) Conservator Vessels, oils Gauges and Breathers
A conservator complete with sump and drain valve shall be provided in such a
position as not to obstruct the electricity connections to the transformer and having
a capacity between highest and lowest visible levels of not less than 7 1/2 % of the
total cold oil volume in the transformer and cooling equipment. The minimum
indicated oil level shall be with the feed pipe to the main tank covered with not less
than 12 mm depth of oil and the indicated range of oil levels shall correspond to
average oil temperature of from plus 6° C to plus 80 ° C.
If the sump is formed by extending the feed pipe inside the conservator vessel, this
extension shall be for at least 75 mm. The conservator shall be designed so that it
can be completely drained by means of the drain valve provided, when mounted as
in service.
One end of the conservator shall be bolted into position so that it can be removed
for cleaning purposes.
Two oil gauges of approved type shall be provided one at each end of the
conservator. At least one gauge shall be of the direct reading prismatic or reflex
type. Float operated oil gauges shall be of the magnetic type.
Where it is necessary to fit two or more gauges of the prismatic type at one end in
order to cover the full expansion range, they shall be disposed that the oil level is in
view at all parts of the range.
The oil level mark on the gauges shall be to approval. A device shall be fitted to
provide an alarm for low oil level conditions.
Taps on values shall not be fitted to oil gauges.
The oil connection from the transformer tank to the conservator vessel shall be
arranged at a rising angle of from 3-7 degrees to the horizontal and shall consist of
pipes having inside diameters as follows:
- for transformers up to and including 1,000 kVA not less than 25 mm inside
diameter pipes.
- for transformers over 1,000 to 10,000 kVA not less than 50 mm inside diameter
pipes.
- for transformers of over 10,000 kVA not less than 75 mm inside diameter pipes.
A valve shall be provided at the conservator to cut off the oil supply to the
transformer.
Each conservator vessel shall be fitted with a breather in which silica-gel is the
dehydrating agent and designed so that:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
86
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
87
Unless otherwise approved the relief device shall be mounted on the main tank and
if on the cover shall be fitted with a skirt projecting 25mm inside the tank to prevent
gas accumulation.
If a diaphragm is used, it shall be of approved design and material and situated
above maximum oil level.
One of the following methods shall be used for relieving or equalising the pressure
relief device:
- an equaliser pipe connecting the pressure relief device to the conservator, or
- the fitting of a silica-gel breather to the pressure relief device, the breather being
mounted in a suitable position for access at ground level.
22) Earthing Terminal
Earthing terminals shall be adequately dimensioned to receive the earthing
conductors. Provision shall be made at positions close to each of the bottom four
corners of the tank for bolting the earth terminals to the tank structure to suit local
conditions. A similar terminal shall be fitted to the tank cover.
23) Rating and Diagram Plates
The following plates shall be fixed to the transformer tank at an average height,
where possible, of 1.7 metres above ground level:
a) A rating plate bearing the data specified in the relevant standards.
b) A diagram plate showing the internal connections and also the voltage vector
relationship of the several windings and in addition a plan view of the
transformer giving the correct physical relationship of the terminals. When links
are provided for changing the transformer ratio, then means shall be provided
for clearly indicating the ratio for which the transformer is connected. The
transformer ratio shall be indicated for each tap.
The above plates shall be of stainless steel or of other material capable of
withstanding continuous outdoor service, and should all be suitably mounted to
prevent vibration rattling or corrosion.
24) Joints and Gaskets
Unless otherwise approved, oil resisting synthetic rubber gaskets shall not be used,
except where the synthetic rubber is used as a bonding medium for cork or similar
material.
25) Cooling Plant - General
Radiators and coolers shall be designed so that all painted surfaces can be
thoroughly cleaned by hand and subsequently painted on site by suitable brushes or
sprays.
Radiators and coolers shall be so designed as to avoid pockets in which moisture
may collect.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
88
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
89
Galvanised wire-mesh guards with a mesh not greater than 25 mm shall be provided
to prevent accidental contact with the blades. Guards shall be provided over all
moving shafts and couplings.
30) Cooler Control
Each motor or group of motors shall be provided with a three-pole electrically-
operated contactor and with control gear of approved design both for starting and
stopping the motor by hand and also automatically from the contacts on the winding
temperature indicating device. Overload and single-phasing protection shall be
provided but no-volt releases shall not be fitted. This equipment shall be
accommodated in the marshalling kiosk.
Where small motors are connected in groups, the group protection shall be arranged
so that it operates satisfactorily in the event of a fault occurring on a single motor.
The control arrangements shall be such that motors totalling more than 15 kW shall
not be started simultaneously when the cooling plant motors are started
automatically or by hand by means of a single switch operation.
31) Voltage Control
Where specified, each transformer shall be provided with voltage control equipment
of the tap-changing type or other approved apparatus for varying its effective
transformation ration whilst the transformers are on-load and without producing
phase displacement. The voltage control equipment shall be designed so that it may
be easily adapted to operate by automatic control.
Equipment for local and remote electrical and local hand operation shall be
provided and shall comply with the following conditions:
- it shall not be possible to operate the electric drive when the hand-operating
gear is in use.
- it shall not be possible for any two electric control points to be in operation at
the same time.
- operation from the local or remote control switch shall cause one tap movement
only.
- all electrical control switches and the local operating gear shall be clearly
labelled in approved manner to indicate the direction of tap changing.
- the local control switches shall be mounted in the Marshalling Kiosk.
The equipment shall be so arranged as to ensure that when a tap change has been
commenced it shall be completed independently of the operation of the control
relays or switches. If a failure of the auxiliary supply during a tap change or any
other contingency would result in that movement being completed, approved means
shall be provided to safeguard the transformer and its auxiliary equipment.
Apparatus of approved type shall be provided for each transformer:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
90
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
91
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
92
An out-of -step device shall be provided for each transformer which shall be
arranged to prevent further tap-changing if after a definite time interval any
transformer in one group operating on "parallel control" is one tap out of step. The
device shall not operate under any control arrangement other than parallel control.
A device shall also be provided for each transformer to render the automatic voltage
in-operative if the control voltage falls below 80% of the nominal value with
means of restoration of the automatic control with the application of at least 85% of
the normal energising voltage. Unless otherwise specified, the apparatus shall stay
at the tap in use at the instant when the automatic voltage control is rendered
inoperative.
Means shall be provided to indicate at a remote point when the units of a group of
transformers arranged to operate in parallel are operating at a different taps.
Means shall also be provided to indicate at a remote point failure of the voltage
transformer supply to the voltage regulating relay. The alarm shall operate only
when transformer LV circuit breaker is closed and when the tap-changer is on
automatic control. The tap-changer shall remain in the position at which it stands
when the alarm is given, until such time as the control voltage is restored.
33) Temperature Indicating Devices and Alarms
Transformers of 1,500 kVA rating and above shall be fitted with a dial type of oil
temperature thermometer with maximum pointer and two sets of normally open self
re-setting switch contacts which close at a pre-determined setting to initiate an
alarm and to initiate tripping of an associated circuit breaker.
Transformers of 2,000 kVA rating and above shall be provided with devices for
indication of winding hottest-spot temperature, each having a dial type indicator
and pointer to register the maximum temperature reached. These devices shall each
incorporate two normally open self reset electrically separate sets of switch contacts
which close at pre-determined settings, one set of which shall be used to initiate an
alarm and the other pre-set to initiate tripping of an associated circuit breaker.
Transformers having or being suitable for forced cooling, shall have an additional
set of normally open self reset switch contacts on each winding temperature
indicator to control automatically the forced cooling plant.
Means for cooler failure alarm shall be provided on each transformer having or
being suitable for forced cooling.
The capillary connected sensing bulbs shall be positioned in separate oil tight
pockets arranged in the top oil. To simulate indication of the hottest spot
temperature of the winding the temperature indicator heating device shall be fed
from a separate current transformer associated with its loaded winding and mounted
within the tank or bushing turret. The heating device shall be suitable for up to
130% of the transformer rating continuously or 200% for up to 15 minutes. The
temperature indicators and any associated relays and ancillary equipment shall be
housed in the Marshalling Kiosk.
Indication of the winding hottest spot temperature shall be provided on the HV
winding.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
93
The electrically separate alarm and trip switch contacts of winding temperature
indicators and the alarm contacts of oil temperature indicators shall be adjustable to
close between 60° C and 150° C and re-open when the temperature has fallen by
not more than 7° C.
The electrically separate switch contacts used to control cooling plant motors of
mixed cooled transformers shall be adjustable to close between 50° C and 100° C
and re-open when the temperature has fallen by any desired amount between 15° C
and 30° C.
All contacts shall be adjustable on a scale and shall be accessible on removal of the
cover. Alarm and trip circuit contacts shall be suitable for making or breaking 5 A
at 230 V a.c or d.c. Cooler motor control contacts shall be suitable for operating the
cooler motor contactors direct, or, if necessary, through an interposing relay.
The temperature indicators in the Marshalling Kiosk shall be so designed that it
shall not be possible to move the pointers by hand for the purpose of checking the
operation of the contacts and associated equipment.
The working parts of the instrument shall be made visible by the provision of cut-
away dials and glass-fronted covers.
Connections shall be brought from the devices to terminal boards placed inside the
Marshalling Kiosk.
Terminals and links shall be provided in the Marshalling Kiosk for each W.T.I for
checking the output of the current transformer.
A diagram and instruction plate shall be provided in each Marshalling Kiosk.
Information shall be included in the maintenance instructions in the form of either a
graph or table, showing the relationship between current injected into the heater coil
and the corresponding indicator reading for :
- The transformer operating at full rated output and an oil temperature of 60° C.
- The transformer unenergised and an oil temperature of 15° C.
34) Gas and Oil Actuated Relays
Transformers above 1,500 kVA shall be fitted with gas and oil actuated relay
equipment having alarm contacts which close on collection of gas and tripping
contacts which close following oil surge or low level conditions.
Each gas and oil-actuated relay shall be provided with a test cock to take a flexible
pipe connection for checking the operation of the relay.
To allow gas to be collected at ground level, a pipe approximately 5 mm inside
diameter shall be connected to the gas release cock of the gas and oil-actuated relay
and brought down to a point approximately 1.5 metres above ground level, where it
shall be terminated by a cock.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
94
A machined surface shall be provided on the top of each relay to facilitate the
setting of the relays and to check the mounting angle in the expansion pipe and the
cross-level of the relay.
A straight run of pipework shall be provided for a length of five times the internal
diameter of the pipe on the tank side of the gas and oil-actuated relay and three
times the internal diameter of the pipe on the conservator side of the gas and oil
actuated relay.
The surge float contacts shall close at a rate of steady oil flow between the
following limits. As far as possible the limits shall also be met when the relay is
subjected to oil surge conditions produced by rapid opening of a lever operated gate
valve.
Up to 25 700 - 1300
25 - 50 750 - 1400
50 - 75 900 - 1600
The gas collection contacts shall operate within the angle limits specified for tests.
The design of the relay mounting arrangements, the associated pipework and the
cooling plant shall be such that mal-operation of the relays shall not take place
under normal service conditions, including switching on or off cooler equipment.
The pipework shall be so arranged that all gas arising from the transformer shall
pass into the gas and oil-actuated relay. The oil circuit through the relay shall not be
in parallel with any circulation oil pipe, nor shall it be teed into or connected
through the pressure relief vent. Sharp bends in the pipework shall be avoided.
When a transformer is provided with two conservators the gas and oil-actuated
relays shall be arranged as follows:
- If the two conservators are connected to the transformers by a common oil pipe,
one relay shall be installed in the common pipe.
- If the two conservators are piped separately to the transformers two relays shall
be installed, one in each pipe connection.
Connections shall be brought from the relay to terminal boards inside the
Marshalling Kiosk.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
95
Distribution transformers shall be of the sealed and oil-immersed type with natural
cooling, suitable for outdoor installation.
Distribution transformers shall be provided with the following fittings:
oil level indicator
oil filling hole with plug
thermometer pocket
lifting lugs
earthing terminal for tank
drain plug with sampler cock
rating plate
terminal marking plate
off circuit tap changer, housed in the main tank, with 2,5 % and 5 % taps.
Transformers of 150 kVA rating and below shall be designed for:
- single pole mounting provided with base channels,
- pole platform mounting with fixing centers not exceeding 500 mm.
Transformers of rating above 150 kVA shall be designed for ground mounting fitted
with uni-directional rollers.
Transformers of 1,000 kVA and above shall be fitted with a dial type top oil
temperature thermometer with maximum pointer.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
96
Distribution transformers shall comply with the provisions of the specification relating
to power transformers wherever these are applicable. The thickness of the tank plates
shall not be less than 3 mm.
Transformers shall be:
- externally hot dip galvanised
- designed with a bolted cover
Transformers shall be equipped with one of the following terminations on MV and LV
side:
MV side
- there bushings suitable for connection of bare conductors
- three Elastimold plug-in type bushings suitable for the reception of Elastimold
elbow connector
LV side
- four LV terminals on the side of the tank (for single pole mounted transformers
only)
- four bushings each complete with terminal having an undrilled copper palm
of 60 x 60 mm for transformers 250 and 500 kVA
Earthing transformers shall be oil-immersed with natural coling, suitable for outdoor
installation, and shall have a main interconnected star winding.
The neutral point of the interconnected star winding shall be brought out of the tank
through a cable box. Provision shall be made for the installation of a current
transformer in the cable box..
Earthing transformers shall be capable of withstanding for a period of five seconds the
application of normal three-phase line voltage to the line terminals of the
interconnected star winding with one line terminal and the neutral terminal connected
solidly to earth.
Earthing transformers shall be provided with the following fittings:
conservator vessel with removable end cover and prismatic oil gauge; the feed pipe
extension into the conservator shall not be less than 40 mm
one thermometer pocket with captive cap
silica-gel breather
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
97
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
98
6 Number of phases 3 3
7 Rated Voltage
HV (kV) 66 66
LV (kV) 22 22
8 Frequency (Hz) 50 50
9 System Highest Voltage
HV (kV) 72.5 72,5
LV (kV) 24.2 24
10 Method of connection
HV Star Star
LV Star Star
11 Vector Group Yyn0 Ynyn0
12 Total range of variation of
transformation ration
Increasing ration plus (%) 6 6
Decreasing ration minus (%) 15 15
Size of steps (%) 1.5 1.5
13 Type of tap changing equipment
required On load
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
99
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
100
All transformers shall be dried out of the manufacturer's works and the transport and
method of erection thereof so arranged that they may be put into service without further
drying out on site.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
101
7.4.2. Transport
All bushing, insulators, conservator vessels and breathers, radiators, wheels or other
external parts may be removed for transportation purposes provided that they can be
replaced on site without necessitating drying out the transformer.
When agreed the transformers shall be shipped to site filled with nitrogen. A sufficient
number of nitrogen tanks shall be shipped with each unit to maintain the unit under
pressure gauge shall be installed on the tank of the transformer and the pressure and
temperature recorded at the time each unit leaves the factory. The recorded data shall
be supplied with transformers so that it can be compared with the readings taken when
the unit is received at site.
7.5. Installation
Handling, filling and eventually oil treatment operations, as well as transformer
assembly and installation, should be carried out strictly according to manufacturers
instructions and recommendations (see section 7.2.4).
Power transformers should be installed on a concrete base constructed according to
specifications of chapter 15.
7.6. Earthing
7.6.1. Power Transformers
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
102
Verification of the technological state, particularly visual check of the finish (paint,
vannes, bushings, accessories) and detection of possible oil leakage.
Verification of MV/LV connections.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
103
Specifications of paragraph 7.7.1 are still valid unless some inconsistency arises.
7.7.4. Testing and commissionning report
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
104
8.1. General
This chapter deals with electromecanic equipment to be found in MT distribution
network. It particularly deals with the following equipment:
breaking and isolating devices,
protective devices against over voltage and over current.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
105
8.3.1.1. Utilisation
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
106
The protective device against phase-to-earth faults shall have a wide range of time-
current settings to ensure selectivity of the recloser with respect to other protective
devices.
The phase-to-phase fault protective device would be:
- either with series trip coils without minimal trip current adjustment,
- or with an outside adjusting device of this minimal setting and of the time-current
characteristics of tripping.
8.3.2. Sectionaliser
8.3.2.1. Utilisation
They are used to detect an over-current passing through them and to automatically
disconnect, from the main feeder, the section of the overhead line where the permanent
fault is found, and that during the dead time of an O-C (Opening-Closing) of a
reclosing cycle of a circuit breaker or an autorecloser located upstream in the network.
See also section 1.7
They are also pole mounted and placed at the beginning of overhead lines; they are
protected by three surge arresters connected to the supply side.
8.3.2.2. Characteristics
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
107
8.3.3.1. Utilisation
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
108
The operating rod shall be of mild steel tube. The operating rod shall be 7.5 m long
and shall be supplied complete with an insulating insert capable of meeting a wet 1
minute withstand voltage of 2.5 times the rated phase-earth voltage of the switch.
The insert shall be positioned so that its lower end is a minimum of 3 m above
ground level when the operating rod is at its lowest operating position.
The operating rod shall be provided with facilities for length adjustment with a
minimum adjustment of 50 mm.
Sufficient number of guides shall be supplied complete with the operating rod.
The operating handle shall normally move upwards to the CLOSED position and
downwards to the OPEN position.
The operating handle shall incorporate an over toggle arrangement to ensure
stability of the switch when the operating handle is in either the open or closed
position.
The operating mechanism shall be of the manual operated type. The mechanism
shall be designed such that the maximum force required at any point of the stroke
does not exceed 320 N.
The mounting height of the handle at its centre line shall be 1.2 m above ground
level, and in any operating position the grip of the handle is between a minimum of
750 mm and a maximum of 1.6 m above ground level.
The operating handle and mechanism shall be manufactured from mild steel.
Provision shall be made for the effective earthing of all metal work in the vicinity
of the handle and for this purpose, a flat surface drilled to accept an M12 nut and
the nut itself shall be provided.
The operating handle and mechanism shall be provided with clear identification of
OPEN and CLOSED positions with facilities of pad locking in either of these
positions.
All ferrous metal parts including fasteners and washers shall be dip galvanised.
A weather-proof nameplate shall be provided on the operating mechanism giving
the following information:
- manufacturer,
- rated voltage,
- rated normal current,
- rated short-time current,
- rated short-circuit making capacity,
- year of manufacture.
All bearings shall be of the long-life type requiring no lubrication after installation.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
109
The above Off-Load ABIS shall have facilities for fitment of a self-contained arc-
extinguishing device thereby converting the Off-load switch into an On-Load one;
facilities shall be provided for the conversion of the manual operating mechanism into a
remote controlled motor operated one.
8.3.4. Fuses and holders
8.3.4.1. Utilisation
Fuses and their holders shall comply with the following characteristics:
Fusing curve: fast, type K (in the NEMA sense).
The stand mounting of fuses shall consist of one or two insulators fitted on a
metallic brace.
The protection tube, preferably of epoxy resin reinforced fibreglass, is guaranteed
against sunshine exposition and against temperature fluxing and remaining at the
same time its watertight.
The fixed and mobile contact areas are of silvered copper. The lateral flanges
pressing against the fixed contacts are of stainless steel.
The spring assuming the automatic movement of the fuse in case of fusion shall be
also of stainless steel.
The removing of fuses on live line can be made by use of an arc-quenching hook
stick, from the upper fixed contacts.
The fixed contacts allow the use of all fuse rating shown in the table below.
In case of fusion, the hammer hits the opening control mechanism with a minimum
of 150% of the minimal force required to cause the opening.
The fuse cartridges are rechargeable.
8.3.4.3. Protection of distribution transformers
The fuse rating depends on the transformer rating to be protected and may be different
from one manufacturer to another. Subject to verification with the manufacturers, for
the primary voltage of 6.6 kV and 22 kV, the fuse rating may be obtained from the
table below with a good approximation.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
110
8.3.5.1. Utilisation
Surge arresters are designed to protect electric equipment against high transient over
voltages that may occur in overhead networks.
They are chosen to resist transient over voltages as a result of operations carried out on
the network or of faults occurring on the network and to limit transient over voltages to
a limit less than the basic insulation level of the equipment and installations.
They are placed as indicated previously in section 1.4.1.3.
8.3.5.2. Characteristics
8.3.6.1. Definition
The term Ring Main Unit (RMU) is used for the overall of different types of compact
equipment indoor or outdoor which forms the MT equipment of a isolating station or of
a distribution station of an insulated cable network.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
111
8.3.6.2. Characteristics
The overall equipment consists therefore of two cells with isolator switch (to which the
feeder cables are connected) and of one or two isolator switch or fuse switch cells,
which are the outgoing(s) (protected or not) towards the distribution transformer(s) or
towards a distribution station in antenna.
The overall equipment is installed in a hermetic metal casing designed for indoor or
outdoor using.
Feeder Switches
Each feeder switch shall be designed for manual and non-automatic operation and
shall be suitable for fault making and load breaking. The switch shall be fitted with
the following:
- a spring operated mechanism to ensure a positive switching action,
- double break contacts,
- operating handle with fully interlocked "ON", "OFF" and "EARTH" position,
- position indicators for "ON", "OFF" and "EARTH" positions,
- padlocking facilities for each of the above three positions,
- provision on the cable circuit for high voltage and injection current testing,
- interlocks to prevent the following operations:
switching to the "EARTH" position when the switch is in the "ON" position
or vice versa,
opening of test access cover, insertion or withdrawal of test device with the
switch other than in the "EARTH" position,
switching to the "ON" position with the test cover open,
- vertical front plug-in type cable termination with bottom entry complete with al
jointing materials/accessories and suitable for one three cores maximum 240 sq.
mm 22 kV aluminium cable XLPE insulated.
Transformer fuse-switch
The fuse-switch shall be designed for manual and automatic three-phase-trip
operation in case of fault. It shall be fitted with the following:
- a spring operated mechanism to ensure a positive switching action,
- double break contacts,
- operating handle with fully interlocked "ON", "OFF" and "EARTH" positions,
- visible means for ensuring that switch fuse contacts are in the "EARTH"
position,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
112
8.4. Installation
8.4.1. General
Reclosers shall be installed on the top of a pole; the pole will be strain fitted with
double horizontal anchoring set, the reclosers being connected in the strap of the
double anchoring set.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
113
Before the end of the work, the following verifications and measurements are carried
out:
Verification of the general technological state.
Verification of the connections to the earth and to the equipment.
Measurement of insulating resistance of equipment.
Functional checks of equipment.
8.6.2. Testing and commissionning report
The verifications, checks, measures and commissioning forms part of an official testing
and commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
114
9.1. General
9.1.1. Typical underground LV distribution network
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
115
For the public distribution, by means of HCR cartridge fuses, as well for the LV
incoming feeder(s) as for the LV outgoing feeders; the protection devices meant for
incoming and outgoing feeders are grouped on the same frame (see section 9.2.4.2).
For the private distribution (one client per outgoing feeder), the general LV
protection is ensured by a circuit breaker (see section 9.2.4.4).
The typical single wire diagrams for distribution transformer stations are given in the
Standard Drawings (Section 7 - Folios 2, 3, 4).
9.2.1.1. General
The typical masonry walls and cabins are given in the Standard Drawings (Section 7 -
Folios 11 to 18); these are dimensioned to allow at least the installation of a distribution
station type (2+2) or (3+1).
9.2.1.2. Construction specifications
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
116
Earthing: all metallic components of the station should be connected to the earthing
system, even the steel in the reinforced concrete.
Lighting equipment and socket:
- normal lighting is made up of waterproof fluorescent tubes of 40 W, equipped
with a translucent cover made of insulating material (makrolon, PVC, …); the
light is controlled by a waterproof two-pole switch;
- a wall mounted socket 16A, two-pole waterproof type, is also installed in the
distribution station;
- the electrical wiring for lighting and socket is provided in PVC pipes fixed to
the wall by means of appropriate fittings;
- the lighting and socket circuit is supplied from the LV distribution board and
protected by a small circuit breaker.
9.2.2. MV Distribution boards
The MV distribution boards are generally of the “Ring Main Unit” type i.e. compact
assembly for internal or external use, depending on the circumstance, as described in
section 8.3.6.
9.2.3. Distribution transformers
See Chapter 7.
9.2.4. LV equipment for distribution stations
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
117
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
118
- Fuse rated current = min. (1,1 x max. current flowing through the feeder)
- Current due to single phase fault at the end of the line > 2,5 fuse rated current
Earthing of the metallic parts of the distribution boards :
All metallic parts usually non-conductive are connected to an earthing collecting bar of
25 x 4mm2 located at the bottom of the distribution board. This earthing bar shall be
connected to the protective earthing system of the station.
9.2.4.3. Metallic cubicles for LV distribution boards
The above frame should be eventually housed in a robust galvanised metal or cast iron
shell suitable for tropical outdoor use and having the following features:
- Degree of protection IP43
- Separate section for the root to enable shell replacement without excavating the
root.
- Removable back panel.
- Facilities for cable jointing from the front by removal of the plinth.
- The lowest cable connection should be at least 300 mm from ground level.
- Double front doors of hinged type with possibility of opening to 180° and having
padlocking facility.
- Permanent earthing terminals.
9.2.4.4. LV circuit breakers
The four-pole 415-volt 50 Hz circuit breaker shall be suitable for the control/protection
of distribution transformer secondary circuits and complying with the following
specifications:
Be designed with the following features:
- temperature compensated thermal overload operation,
- magnetic short-circuit operation,
- fitted with adjustable time delay unit to discriminate from consumer's circuit
breaker on short circuit faults,
- spring - assisted positive operating action,
- adjustable overload and short-circuit settings,
- terminal : vertical copper busbar terminal, with extension if necessary, suitable
for the front reception of cables crimped to bi-metal copper lugs or copper lugs,
- fitted with pole barriers,
- suitable for wall /stand mounting.
Suitable for the control/protection of the following distribution transformers:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
119
These links are usually made by single core cables, AL or Cu, XLPE type, cross-
section according to table 9.2.5.1 below :
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
120
The connections to the LV terminals of the transformer, of the main circuit breaker
(possible) or of the LV distribution board are executed respectively according to
sections 7.2.2, 9.2.4.4 and 9.2.4.2.
9.2.6. MV/LV metering
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
121
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
122
Protective Earthing 10 30
The protective earthing and system earthing can be connected, if together the earthing
resistance value obtained is less than 1 Ohm.
Protective earthing
If and where feasible, the earthing system comprises of a loop of copper conductor,
cross-section 50mm2; the loop is buried around the station and, at the corners of the
foundation, is connected to two plates or four earth cross-rods or rods with adequate
connection devices (see sections 4.5.3 and 5.6.3); the loop, plates, cross-rods or
rods are buried to a depth of 0.5m.
If a loop is not feasible, the same number of plates or rods shall be used and the
loop shall be replaced by another lying arrangement according to the site
conditions.
Inside the distribution station, all non conductive metallic parts of structures and
MV/LV equipment, as well as the metallic screen, the earth conductor or the
messenger of cables, are connected to an earthing copper collecting bar; the links to
the collecting bar are made of either copper bar or copper conductor of minimum
cross-section 16mm2.
This indoor earthing network should be linked at one point or, if feasible and
preferably, at two different points to the outdoor buried system by means of copper
conductor(s) of the same cross-section of that used for the former; the connections
to the equipment and to the collecting bar are made by means of crimping cable
lugs, while connections between copper cables are made by means of compression
lugs or joints.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
123
Not any switching device may be installed on the indoor earthing network;
however, one or two copper terminal(s) (according to the number of links to the
outdoor earthing network), installed into the distribution station, shall allow the
measurement of the earthing resistance.
The steelwork buried in the raft of the cabin or in the slab foundation shall be also
connected to the earthing network.
System earthing
The LV neutral of the distribution transformers is connected directly to earth; the
earthing system comprises one or several plates, cross-rod or rods, all buried
outside the distribution station at least 10m from any component of the protective
earthing system.
The different components of the system earthing are linked between them by a
copper conductor of 50mm2, while the link between the transformer neutral
terminal and the earthing system is made by 10kV insulated cable, cross-section
50mm2.
The plates or the rods and the conductors are buried to a depth of 0.5m.
Measurement of earthing resistance
The resistance of the protective earthing and of the system earthing are measured
after the construction of the earthing networks according to the specifications
below; if the measured values exceed the specified ones, the earthing systems shall
be improved by adding rods or counter weights (see section 4.5.3).
At the end of the work and before commissioning, the following verifications,
measurements and tests are carried out:
Verification of the general technological state, in particular visual control of
assembly, of finishing, of labelling, etc…
Verification of the connections to the equipment, to their auxiliaries and to the
earthing systems.
Insulation measurement of the overall MV and LV equipment.
Functional tests of all MV and LV equipment.
Testing of current transformers by primary injection.
Testing of voltage transformers by primary injection (380 V a.c.).
Checking of safety and interlocking systems.
Checking of the fuse calibrations.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
124
The measures, tests, checks and verifications, and the commissioning, form part of an
official testing and commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
125
10.1. General
10.1.1. Composition of distribution stations
The pole mounted MV/LV distribution stations, with transformer of 25 up to 250 kVA,
are always installed as branch-off on an overhead network in bare conductors or
insulated cables.
The distribution transformers are always protected on MV side by fuses; the fuses shall
be preferably installed on the branch-off pole, therefore outside the distribution station
structure.
The overhead distribution stations are mounted either on a single pole with a
transformer of 150 kVA maximum, or on two different supports (H pole or gantry),
designed for the supporting of a transformer of 250 kVA maximum.
An overhead distribution station consists of the following equipment:
one or two concrete pole(s),
a set of three surge arresters (in case of bare network only),
a set of three MV fuses (if the fuses are installed on the distribution station structure
- see below),
the transformer,
the LV protection fuses,
the supporting devices for the transformer, the surge arresters and the MV and LV
fuses,
the MV/LV links and connections,
the earthing system,
all the necessary insulating and fixing accessories.
10.1.2. Standards and recommendations
The standards and reference documents are the NFC 11-200 and the IEC
recommendations.
The typical configurations of pole mounted distribution stations are given in the
Standard Drawings (Section 6).
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
126
See Chapter 7.
10.2.6. Protection of LV feeders
10.2.6.1. General
General specifications
- suitable for control of the low voltage side 22000/415V outdoor pole mounted
distribution transformers,
- operated by means of hook stick at ground level,
- the fuse carrier shall be removable from switch base by means of hook sticks for
replacement of fuse link,
- suitable for mounting on square wooden cross arm 100x100mm,
- the fuse carrier shall be suitable for HRC fuse link of 11mm fixing centre with
bolted section,
- the terminals shall be of the palm type each drilled with a hole for connection of
copper cable lugs with M12x40mm stainless steel bolt and suit.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
127
Technical Specifications
- Nominal system voltage 240v
- Frequency 50Hz
- Minimum breaking capacity 6kA
- Number of pole 1
- Nominal current 400A
Standards
The LV switch fuses shall comply with the following standard
- BS88 Specifications for cartridge fuses for voltages up to and
including 1000Va.c and 1500V d.c
- IEC 269 Low voltage fuses
Calibration of fuses for LV outgoing feeders
The following ratings have been standardised:
- HRC Fuse LV 111mm FC 80 – 160 – 200 – 355 A
For each LV outgoing feeder, the calibration of fuses is chosen in the above range
according to the state of the feeder load and to the cross-section and the length of
the feeder cable.
The selection criteria are the same as those reviewed in section 9.2.4.2, i.e:
- Fuse rated current = min. (1,1 x max. current flowing through the feeder)
- Current due to single phase fault at the end of the line > 2,5 fuse rated current
10.2.7. MV/LV cable links
MV links
The links are made as indicated in the Standard Drawings (Section … Folios…) by
means of bare cable AAAC and/or round copper bars, in case of overhead bare
network, and by means of insulated cables, in case of overhead insulated network.
LV links
The LV links between transformer and the LV protection devices are made by
insulated cables, cross-section according to the table 10.2.1 below.
Along the pole(s) of the station, the LV cables shall be installed according to the
recommendations of sections 4.8.5 and 5.9.2 , and also of Chapter 13.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
128
80 1 x 50 1 x 54,6
160 1 x 70 1 x 54,6
200 2 x 50 1 x 54,6
355 2 x 70 2 x 54,6
The pole mounted distribution stations consist mainly of equipment which are subject
to installation specifications already given in previous chapters, namely:
Installation of MV line in Chapter 4.
Installation of LV line in Chapter 5.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
129
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
130
At the end of the work and before commissioning, the following verifications,
measurements and tests are carried out:
Verification of the general technological state, in particular visual control of
assembly, of finishing, of labelling, etc…
Verification of the connections to the equipment, to their auxiliaries and to the
earthing systems.
Insulation measurement of the overall MV and LV equipment.
Checking of the fuse calibrations.
Measurement of the protective and system earthing resistances.
10.6.2. Testing and commissionning report
The measures, tests, checks and verifications, and the commissioning, form part of an
official testing and commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
131
11.1. General
This current chapter deals with the connection of customers to the public distribution
network either overhead or underground. This connection can be overhead,
overhead/underground or underground, single-phase (2 wires), or three-phase (4 wires).
It is called “service line” when it is overhead and “underground service cable” when it
is underground.
The principles for the branching installations are given in the Standard Drawings
(Section 8).
11.2. Composition
11.2.1. Overhead service line from overhead network
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
132
The branching installations from underground network are executed according to the
following principles:
- The connections are realised by means of insulated twisted cables fixed up on
façades or overhead and connected, on one hand, to a LV distribution box and, on
the other hand, to the meters of the consumers.
- The LV distribution boxes, equipped with a bus bar, are installed on façades or on
service poles and are supplied by an underground XLPE cable, coming from a LV
distribution pillar.
Refer also to the underground network diagram in the Standard Drawings (Section 7 -
Folio 1).
The branching installations from the underground network comprise mainly:
one XLPE supplying cable 4x95mm2 installed partially underground and partially
on façade or along a pole,
accessories for the protection and the fixing of this cable in the ground, on pole(s)
and/or on façade,
one (possible) service pole,
one LV distribution box completely equipped for the connection of the supplying
cable and ten branching cables,
the branching cables consisting of one or two insulated twisted cables 2x16mm2 or
2x25mm2,
accessories for protection and fixing of the branching cables on façades and/or on
service poles.
the meters and their protective boxes,
the general circuit breakers for the limitation and the protection of the customers‟
installations,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
133
The characteristics of the major part of equipment for the installation of overhead or
underground service lines or cables are detailed in previous chapters, namely:
Service pole section 3.1
LV twisted cables section 3.5
Accessories for LV lines section 3.7.2
Underground cables section 6.1
11.3.2. Energy meters
The circuit breakers are intended for protection against over currents and short circuits
of wiring installation in domestic premises and of mixed circuit consisting of general
small commercial and industrial equipment. They are to be used indoors but in a
tropical climate.
The circuit breakers shall generally conform to IEC 947-2 or to other equivalent
standard.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
134
The circuit breakers shall be of air-break type, single pole and preferably operating on
the hydraulic magnetic principle. They shall to be used on a 230 ± 6% volts, 50Hz
system and shall have a minimum rated short-circuit capacity of 5KA. Each unit shall
have a fixed current rating and shall have a standard range of tripping equivalent to
type C of IEC specifications.
The circuit breakers shall be designed to surface mounting using non-metallic mounting
attachment that can be fixed with wood screws. The protective cover shall incorporate
means for sealing the unit to avoid access to the terminal whilst leaving the handle free
for operating. The letters “CEB” shall be indelibly marked on a mobile part of either
the cover or the enclosure of the unit.
Standardised circuit breaker current ratings: 5A - 20A - 30A - 40A - 50A - 60A
After completion of the works and before commissioning, the following measurements
and verifications are carried out:
Verification of the general technological state, in particular visual control of
assembly, of finishing, etc…
Verification of the connections to the equipment.
Insulation measurement of the whole branching installation, including the
customer‟s installation.
Checking of the electrical continuity.
Checking of fuse and circuit breakers calibrations.
Functional tests of the meters and circuit breakers.
Checking and measurement of the earthing resistance of the customer‟s installation.
11.5.2. Commissioning report
The measures, tests, checks and verifications, and the commissioning, form part of an
official commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
135
The equipment should comply with the following standards and recommendations:
Bus bars
- IEC 114 Aluminium alloy thermally treated for busbars,
of type Al - Mg- Si
Conductors See paragraph 3.2
Post insulators
- IEC 273 Characteristics of indoor and outdoor supports
- BS 3297 Post insulators of ceramic material or glass for
nominal voltages greater than 1000 V.
Ball and socket insulators See paragraph 3.7.1.2
Steel framework
Framework calculation will be done according to local regulations which are in
practice, or according to the following standards:
- AISC - 1978 (American Institute of Steel Constructors): Manual for Steel
Construction .
- CECM (Convention Européenne de la Construction Métallique)
European recommendations for metallic construction ECCS-EG-77-2E
European recommendations for the bolted assembly in the metallic
framework (1985)
- Euronorm 25 - "Steel construction for general use"
12.1.2. Design and manufacture
a) Calculations
For gantry and framework calculations, the following loads should be taken into
consideration:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
136
a) General
The characteristics of the conductors, busbars and branches are determined by:
- rated current,
- short-circuit withstand,
- limitation of tube sag to 1/150th of the span.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
137
All precautions should be taken to prevent vibration of the tubes under wind
pressure.
b) Installation and connection of conductors
Soft linking up conductors of high-tension equipment should not exert any
permanent traction effort on the former.
Tubular conductors set on the equipment and insulating support with zero
embedding moment; the design of the connections is thus chosen accordingly.
c) Fitting
Fitting should be of type and robustness according to the working conditions.
d) Connections
The connectors are made with aluminium alloy; for the connection of aluminium
and copper parts, the design of the connector should be such that bimetallic joints
are obsolete (sufficient contact surface).
Connections of soft cables to equipment are made with a compression connector on
the cable side and bolt-tightened connector, with a security washer, on the
equipment side.
e) Insulators
Types and dimension of column supports (post insulators) should be as far as
possible standardised to a maximum; thus column supports of bus bars and isolating
switches should be identical.
The mechanical characteristics of the column support are determined according to
the following stresses.
- permanent efforts due to wind (dynamic pressure according to 2.7.2) and to
permanent three-phase short circuit; the safety factor should be at least 3,
- dynamic effort due to short-circuits and due to wind; the safety factor should be
at least 1,5.
For ball and socket insulators, refer to section 3.7.1.2.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
138
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
139
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
140
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
141
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
142
Refer to sections 8.3.3.2 and 8.3.3.3 above, except that the ABIS shall have a rated
current of 800 A.
12.2.2.4. Current transformers
The current transformers should be of the single-phase type and of the following
design:
dry type having an inner epoxy resin insulation and an outer porcelain insulation,
wound primary type with two secondary coils suitable for outdoor installation,
or:
oil cooled wound primary type with two secondary coils suitable for outdoor
installation.
The current transformers shall have the following electrical characteristics:
Class to BS 3938
- Protection 5P
- Metering/instruments 1
VA rating 15
Rated accuracy limit factor
- Protection 10
- Metering/instrument -
Short time current factor 100 for 1 sec.
12.2.2.5. Voltage transformers
The voltage transformers should be of the single-phase type, and of the following
design:
oil cooled type, suitable for outdoor insulation,
or:
dry type having an inner epoxy resin insulation and on outer porcelain insulation.
The voltage transformers shall have the following electrical characteristics:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
143
The solid earthing resistance shall be of the unbreakable, jointless and rustless grid
type assembled in angle-iron framework enclosed by louvred ventilating screens on
vertical faces and flush fitting sheet steel drip proof top canopy and small mesh
base screens on underside.
The unit shall be provided with lifting gear and mounted on base channels.
The enclosure shall be galvanised and the enclosing covers/screens be zinc sprayed
prior to final painting.
The grid banks incorporating both primary insulation and secondary insulation, the
former of Micanite/Porcelain and the latter entirely of porcelain shall be made from
high-grade silicon steel alloy.
The High Voltage termination shall consist of one cable box suitable for the
reception of 95 sq. mm Aluminium XLPE cable and the low voltage termination
shall consist of a bushed stem complete with connector clamps suitable for the
reception of 130 sq. mm copper cable.
The resistor shall be equipped with a current transformer, ratio 100/1, class 5P10 on
the LV side and a temperature indicator equipped with two pairs of voltage free
contacts.
The earthing resistance shall have the following electrical characteristics:
- System voltage 22 kV
- Resistance 40 Ohms
- Rating 300 amps for 25 sec.
- Insulation voltage 12 700 volts between phase and neutral
12.2.2.8. Outdoor capacitor banks
a) General
The outdoor 15 MVAr capacitor bank shall be sub-divided into 5 switched steps of
3 MVAr each. The bank should be complete with the following ancillary
equipment:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
144
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
145
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
146
- date of manufacture,
- value of internal discharge resistor.
- serial number,
- identification number or type.
The bank set-up
The bank shall consist of five steps of 3 MVAr each. Each step shall be arranged
for earthed neutral operation.
The mounting rack
The capacitor units should be mounted on open type hot dip galvanised steel
racks, factory assembled complete with busbars, damping reactors and base
insulators.
Assembly hardware such as bolts, nuts, washers etc., shall be hot dip galvanised
steel or stainless steel.
A parallel-groove type earthing connector shall be provided on the mounting
racks. The earthing connector shall be suitable for 15 mm diameter stranded
aluminium conductor.
c) 22 kV 3-phase switch
The 22 kV 3-phase SF6 switch controlling each of the 3 MVAr banks should have
the following characteristics:
Type outdoor
Voltage ratings
- nominal operating voltage 22 kV
- max. design voltage 24 kV
- impulse withstand voltage 125 kV
Current ratings
- Continuous current 200 A
- Max. 50 Hz capacitive switching current 150 A
- Rated making current 9 kA (peak)
- Contact arrangement double break
Operations
1. Electrical closing and tripping by 110 V a.c.
2. Manual by hookstick at ground level
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
147
Design features
The oil switch shall be housed in a hot dip galvanised steel tank and shall be
equipped with the following accessories/parts:
- two porcelain bushing per phase,
- lifting lugs,
- oil level indicator,
- OPEN and CLOSED indicators,
- top cover,
- LV terminal box with cover for control circuit,
- operation counter.
d) 22 kV 3-phase SF6 main circuit breaker
The 22 kV 3-phase SF6 main circuit breaker controlling and protecting the whole
bank shall have the following characteristics:
Type outdoor
Voltage ratings
- nominal operating voltage 22 kV
- max. design voltage 24 kV
- impulse withstand voltage 125 kV
Current ratings
- Continuous current 630 A
- Max. 50 Hz capacitive switching current 560 A
- Rated breaking capacity 20 kA (peak)
Auxiliary supply data
- voltage of closing oil 230 V d.c
- voltage of spring charging motor 230 V d.c
- voltage of trip coil 30 V d.c
- voltage of indicating circuit 230 V a.c/d.c
e) 22 kV single phase voltage transformer
The 22 kV single-phase voltage transformer shall have the following
characteristics:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
148
Inductance 50 H
Reactance at 50 Hz short circuit rating for 1 sec. 15 kA r.m.s.
37 kA peak
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
149
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
150
This specification covers 6.6 kV and 22 kV single busbar indoor metalclad switchgears.
The equipment to be provided shall meet the following main requirements:
- ensure service continuity and operating staff safety,
- allow easy and minimum maintenance,
- ensure easy installation and simplified civil works,
- be easily adaptable to future arrangement and extensions.
The switchgear unit shall be laid out in the form of aligned switchboard.
12.3.2. Standards
The required switchgear shall comply with the latest issue of IEC standards, namely:
298 and 694 Switchgear assemblies
56 Circuit breakers
470 Contactors
185 Current transformers
186 Voltage transformers
255 Relays
695 LV wires
51 Measuring apparatus
129 A.C and earthing switch
12.3.3.1. Introduction
The switchgear shall be of the indoor type. The panel shall be metalclad according to
IEC 298 standard chapter 3.102.1, 1981 issue.
Particularly, the circuit breaker, current transformer and HV cable connection, busbar
LV devices shall be arranged inside four different compartments fully segregated by
metallic partitions.
Insulating bushing through the partitions shall allow:
- on one side electrical connection between circuit breaker and HV circuit
compartment and on the other side between circuit breaker and busbar
compartment,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
151
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
152
The circuit breaker compartment shall be separated from cable and busbar
compartments by metallic shutters.
Resin cast shutters with a metallic earthed frame are nor permitted.
It shall not be possible to open shutters without use of a tool. Busbar and cable circuit
shutters shall be operable individually.
Swtichgear operation shall be made from the front.
12.3.3.3. Earthing of metal parts
All panels shall be interconnected with a copper earth bus running the full length of the
switchboard.
The cross section of this copper bus shall be designed to withstand the rated short
circuit current of the switchgear in compliance with the IEC 298 rules.
The withdrawable circuit breaker truck shall be fitted with a sliding contact to earth
framework in any position. The sliding contacts and the sliding ground shoe contact
shall be made of copper.
In addition, LV auxiliary control connector must also be provided with an earth plug.
12.3.3.4. Circuit Earthing
Provisions shall be made for cable earthing by means of an integral earthing switch of
the quick make type, able to earth the cables when the circuit breaker is in disconnected
position.
In order to shorten maintenance period, it shall be possible to earth simultaneously
different cables.
The earthing switch shall be located in the cable compartment and shall be operated
from the front of the cubicle and be independent of the action of the operator. This
earthing device shall be able to close against the rated short circuit current. Padlocking
facilities shall be fitted to enable the earthing switch to be locked in both positions.
The position of the integral earthing switch shall be clearly visible from the front of the
switchboard.
Mechanical interlocks shall be provided to prevent any maloperation such as:
- closing of earthing switch when the breaker is in service position,
- moving breaker to service position when the earthing switch is in closed position.
Use of keylocks or electrical locks to perform above interlocks is not permitted.
Integral earthing of the breaker transfer type is not acceptable.
Cable insulators shall be of capacitor divider type, connected to neon indicators located
on the panel front (one per phase). Neon indicators will be pluggable type for easy
replacement / maintenance.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
153
When specified, busbar earthing will be achieved using a dedicated truck equipped with
earthing switch having the same feature as cable earthing switch. One busbar earthing
truck shall be provided for each substation.
Interlocking facilities shall be provided to prevent:
- insertion of the earthing truck when earthing switch is in closed position,
- removal of the earthing truck when earthing switch is in closed position,
- earthing of live busbars.
In addition, padlocking facilities shall be provided on the truck and earthing switch.
A set of three neon lamps located on the front of the truck shall indicate whether the
busbar is energised or not.
Busbar earthing by circuit breaker transfer is not permitted.
12.3.3.6. Isolating facilities
The circuit breaker shall be withdrawable and shall ensure isolation between busbars
and circuits when disconnected.
In order to prevent access to the live fixed contacts, a set of two safety metallic shutters
shall be positively driven by the circuit breaker during withdrawal, i.e. without any
spring or any effect of gravitation. These shutters shall cover each three-phase group of
fixed contacts on the busbar and circuit side, when the circuit breaker is removed.
They shall be coloured red.
Padlocking facilities shall enable locking of the two shutters in the closed position. The
two shutters shall be labelled with suitable warning symbols.
Shutter design shall be such as not to be operable without use of tools or testing
equipment. However, in order to perform primary injection for the cable tests, access
to the cable fixed contacts shall be possible through a special truck (see paragraph
12.4.3.8 hereafter)
12.3.3.7. Degree of protection
The truck used for busbars earthing paragraph 12.4.3.5 shall also serve as testing
equipment, truck contact terminals being transferred from lower side to upper side.
A door located on the front plate of the truck shall provide access to the cable contacts.
This door shall be suitably interlocked in order to prevent the door being opened when
the cable earthing switch located on the truck is in open position. A set of three lamps
fitted on the truck shall be indicate whether the cables are energised or not.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
154
The circuit breaker shall have a test position between the service and the disconnected
positions. When in test position, the circuit breaker contacts shall be disconnected from
the circuit and busbar contacts while auxiliary LV control circuit shall remain
operative.
12.3.3.10. Circuit Breaker
Circuit breakers shall be of the SF6 type. They shall require minimum maintenance and
shall have a high electrical type and rating shall be interchangeable. Circuit breakers
shall be of the horizontal withdrawable type and the withdrawable position clearly
visible.
Circuit breaker shall be four wheels truck mounted designed for horizontal withdrawal
and direct on-floor rolling. Use of handling gear or trolley to move circuit breaker is not
acceptable. Design base on vertical withdrawal is rejected. Circuit breaker withdrawal
or insertion shall be as simple and easy as possible, just by pulling breaker out or
pushing breaker in. Use of crank or gear is not acceptable.
Circuit breaker shall be securely fastened in both service and disconnected positions.
Handle used to unfasten circuit breaker shall also be used to perform hand spring
charging. Circuit breaker relative position in regard of switchboard alignment shall
evidence whether circuit is in service or disconnected position.
The circuit breaker shall be of the mechanical and electrical trip-free type. Built-in
interlocks shall prevent any mishandling and provision for keylocking shall be made.
It shall be impossible to:
- insert or withdraw the circuit breaker when it is in closed position,
- close the circuit breaker unless it is located in service or test position.
In addition circuit breaker shall be mechanically interlocked with circuit earth switch.
The enclosures of poles shall be of the sealed for life type, (type 3) as defined in IEC
56, with a permissible rate of leakage less than 0.1 % per year. The life expectancy
shall be at least 20 years. The enclosures shall be made of moulded epoxy resin.
Metallic enclosures are not permitted.
Circuit breaker poles shall be vertically laid.
The poles will be factory assembled and checked in strict conformity with IEC
regulations (accumulation leakage measurement).
By construction gas tightness should be factory checked and enclosure should not be
opened during life expectancy.
Charging mechanism lubrication shall be performed at least every 5000 cycles or five
years, whichever comes first.
The design of circuit breakers shall be enable checking the wear of arcing contacts
without opening the breaker poles.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
155
The electrical tripping and closing devices shall be suitable for operation from a power
supply of 30 V d.c. and 230 V d.c. respectively, but shall operate satisfactorily over a
voltage range of 80% to 110% of nominal voltage for the closing circuit and between
50% to 120% for the tripping circuit, and under battery boost charge conditions.
12.3.3.12. Busbars
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
156
Busbar design shall be such as to limit the number of bar interconnections and
bushings. Bars should be integral one piece from one panel to adjacent panel and
busbar interconnections should be made on circuit breaker bushing.
Provision shall be made to allow for thermal expansion of the conductors due to the
normal load and short circuit currents.
Busbar inter-panel bushings are not allowed.
12.3.3.13. Cable termination facilities
The switchgear shall be designed so as to connect the cables at the rear of the
switchboard; provision shall be made for a passage of at least 500 mm in width, in
order to facilitate cable and jointing operation. In addition, the connection point shall be
located at 1 000 mm above the floor level so that cable jointers can easily carry out
cable terminations.
The bottom of this compartment shall be metallic and shall be fitted with a bottom plate
suitable for receiving cables and cable terminations of the specified types. This bottom
plate shall be equipped with conical rubber glands and cable clamps.
It shall be possible to gain access to the cable termination once the back plate of the
cable comportment has been removed. Should this be the case, a mechanical flag
located at the rear of the cubicle shall indicate whether the circuit earthing switch is
closed or not. In addition, after removal of the back plate, the position of the earthing
switch shall be clearly visible.
12.3.3.14. Current transformers
As far as the rated primary short circuit current and more generally the primary
electrical characteristics of the circuit are concerned, the current transformers shall
withstand the same current and voltage as the relevant switchgear. Shorter duration is
acceptable for low rated normal current. The current transformers shall be fitted on the
circuit side for feeder panels and inside bus riser for bus section panel.
Current transformers shall be resin cast type and shall comply with the specified ratio.
The accuracy class and the output to each current transformer shall be selected so as to
ensure a satisfactory operation of the associated relays, instruments and meters.
The current transformers shall be labelled individually.
12.3.3.15. Voltage transformers
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
157
Each cubicle shall be fitted with a low voltage compartment to accommodate all low
voltage equipment. All protective relays, instruments, meters shall be located in this
compartment and, when necessary, indication shall be visible from the front. The
circuit breaker truck shall have a test position in which it shall be possible for the
protective relays to operate the breaker. Interlocking facilities shall be provided to
prevent insertion of the breaker if the low voltage connector has not been plugged in.
On front of the panel, indication and control devices shall be provided as follows:
Circuit breaker control switch.
Local/remote selector switch (when required).
Test terminal blocks on relaying circuits; these test terminal blocks shall be provided
to check that the protective relays are operating correctly. When testing the relays, a
special plug shall be provided to short circuit the CT secondary circuit or to open the
VT secondary circuit. As many test terminal blocks as CT's and VT's set shall be
provided for relaying circuits only.
All panels shall be fitted with a set of three voltage indicating neon lamps; these
indicators shall be located at the front of the cubicle and shall clearly show whether
the circuits are live or not. These indicators shall be actuated by capacitive dividers
located in the cable compartment.
Indicating lamps for the position of the breaker:
- red light for close.
- green light for opened.
Terminal rows on top of each cubicle to accommodate external cable connections
and inter-panel bus wiring.
In addition, panels shall be fitted with heating resistors wired for 230 V a.c. operation.
Small wiring, used inside the low voltage compartment for connections of auxiliary
devices shall have a cross section of not less than:
- 2,5 square mm for circuit connected to current transformer,
- 1,5 square mm for other circuits.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
158
Low voltage wiring shall be self-extinguishable, insulted with black PVC, 1 000 V
grade, according to IEC 695 2-1.
Small wiring shall be suitably labelled at each end so that maintenance checks made on
wiring can be carried out easily. Marking shall be both ends depending in accordance
with IEC 391 paragraph 8.1.2.B.
12.3.3.17. Circuit Labels
Each cubicle shall be fitted with a circuit label of a suitable size, which shall clearly
indicate the function of the panel.
Cubicle labels shall be installed at top front and rear of each cubicle.
12.3.3.18. Paint
All metal parts shall be suitably protected against corrosion. A final coat of heavy duty
finishing paint shall cover the whole of the external part of the switchboard. Colour
shall be Grey RAL 7030.
12.3.3.19. Ratings Plate
A rating plate, which shall be fixed inside the L.V. compartment, shall have the
following information:
- rated nominal voltage,
- rated service voltage,
- rated normal current,
- rated frequency,
- rated short circuit current,
- rated making current,
- short time withstand current,
- power frequency withstand voltage,
- rated control voltage.
12.3.4. Particular Panel Arrangements and Electrical Characteristics.
a) Each Panel shall be floor-mounted, metal clad cubicle pattern complete with:
1. One triple pole 630 amp horizontal draw out SF6 circuit breaker with
individually sealed pole and designed for 1 22 kV 3-phase 3 wire 50 Hz
effectively earthed system, having a rupturing capacity of 25 kA and fitted with:
2. One mechanical ON/OFF indicator
3. One 230 V d.c. motor charged spring closing mechanism
4. One 230 V d.c. closing coil
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
159
d) One two-phase voltage ratio 22.000/ 3 //110/ 3 Volts class 1 rated output 50 VA
for indication.
The voltage transformer is to be connected on the cable side of the circuit breaker.
e) One triple pole static type Inverse/Definite non-directional Over-current and Earth
fault relay fitted with instantaneous high set elements.
f) One static type sensitive earth fault relay. The relay shall be of the definite time
type.
g) One master tripping relay.
h) One 96 mm dial flush pattern moving Iron Ammeter scaled 0 - 400 amp and one
ammeter selector switch.
i) One 96 mm dial flush pattern moving iron Voltmeter scaled 0 - 25 kV.
j) One maximum Demand Indicating meter scaled (0 - 15 MVA) C.T. ratio 300/1 amp
and V.T ratio 22.000/ 3 //110/ 3 Volts.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
160
Each panel shall be floor-mounted, metal clad, cubicle pattern complete with:
a) One triple pole 1200 amp horizontal draw out SF6 circuit breaker with individually
sealed pole and designed for a 22 kV 3-phase 3 wire 50 Hz effectively earthed
system, having a rupturing capacity of 25 kA and fitted with:
1. One mechanical ON/OFF indicator
2. One 230 V d.c. motor charged spring closing mechanism
3. One 230 V d.c. closing coil
4. One 30 V d.c. shunt trip coil
5. One close/trip control switch
6. Not required
7. One set of red/green/amber indicating lamps rated 230V a.c/d.c. for
ON/OFF/Auto-trip indications complete with labels.
8. One set of neon lamps for the indication of live cable to be situated near the
cable compartment.
9. One push button for indicating lamp test.
b) One set insulated busbars rated at 1 200 amps.
c) Three current transformers ratio 400-800/1 amps class 5P10 accuracy 15 VA burden
for protection with additional secondary of class 1 accuracy 15 VA burden for
metering.
d) One two-phase voltage transformer ratio 22.000/ 3 //110/ 3 class 1 rated output
50 VA for indication.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
161
The voltage transformer is to be connected on the cable side of the circuit breaker.
e) One triple pole static type Inverse/Definite non-directional Over-current and Earth
Fault Relay fitted with instantaneous high set elements.
f) One static type Transformer Tank Leakage Relay. The relay shall be of the
instantaneous type.
g) One six pole auxiliary relay for transformer protection. (Buccholz alarm and trip,
winding temperature alarm and trip, oil temperature alarm and trip).
h) One master tripping relay.
i) One 96 mm dial flush pattern moving Iron Ammeter scaled 0 - 1000 amps and one
ammeter selector switch.
j) One 96 mm dial flush pattern moving iron Voltmeter scaled 0 - 25 kV.
k) One Maximum Demand Indicating meter scaled (0 - 30 MVA) C.T ratio 800/1 amp
and V.T ratio 22.000/ 3 //110/ 3 Volts.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
162
Each panel shall be floor-mounted, metal clad and cubicle pattern complete with:
a) One triple pole 1200 amp horizontal draw out SF6 circuit breaker with individually
sealed pole and designed for a 22 kV 3-phase 3 wire 50 Hz effectively earthed
system, having a rupturing capacity of 25 kA and fitted with:
1. One mechanical ON/OFF indicator
2. One 230 V d.c. motor charged spring closing mechanism
3. One 230 V d.c. closing coil
4. One 30 V d.c. shunt trip coil
5. One close/trip control switch
6. One set of red/green/amber indicating lamps rated 230V a.c./d.c. for ON/OFF
Auto-trip indications complete with labels.
7. One push button for indicating lamp test.
b) One set of insulated busbars rated at 1 200 amps.
c) Three current transformers ratio 1200/1 amps class 5P10 accuracy 15 VA burden
for protection.
d) Two three-phase voltage transformers ratio 22.000/ 3 //110/ 3 volts class 1 rated
output 50 VA for metering and indication.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
163
The voltage transformers are to be connected one on each side of the circuit
breaker.
e) One triple pole static type Inverse/Definite non-directional Over-current and Earth
Fault Relay fitted with instantaneous high set elements.
f) One master tripping relay.
g) Two 96 mm dial flush pattern moving iron Voltmeters scales 0-25 kV and one
voltmeter selector switch.
h) Two test terminal blocks.
i) One set of instrument fuses.
j) Identification label on each supervisory cable at each connection point.
12.3.4.8. Inter Switchboard Coupler Panel
Each panel shall be floor-mounted, metal clad and cubicle pattern. The Inter
Switchboard Coupler panel shall be linked to the off-load Isolating Link Panel (see next
section) by means of cables.
The inter swithboard Coupler panel shall be complete with:
a) One triple pole 1200 amp horizontal draw out SF6 circuit breaker with individually
sealed pole and designed for a 22 kV 3-phase 3 wire 50 Hz effectively earthed
system, having a rupturing capacity of 25 kA and fitted with:
1. One mechanical ON/OFF indicator
2. One 230 V d.c. motor charged spring closing mechanism
3. One 230 V d.c. closing coil
4. One 30 V d.c. shunt trip coil
5. One close/trip control switch
6. One set of red/green/amber indicating lamps rated 230V a.c./d.c. for ON/OFF
Auto-trip indications complete with labels.
7. One set of neon lamps for the indication of live cable to be situated near the
cable compartment.
8. One push button for indicating lamp test.
b) One set of insulated busbars rated at 1 200 amps.
c) Three current transformers ratio 1200/1 amp class 5P10 accuracy 15 VA burden for
protection.
d) One three-phase voltage transformers ratio 22.000/ 3 //110/ 3 Volts class 1 rated
output 50 VA for metering and indication.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
164
e) One triple pole static type Inverse/Definite non-directional Over-current and Earth
Fault Relay fitted with instantaneous high set elements.
f) One master tripping relay.
g) Two test terminal blocks
h) One set of instrument fuses.
i) Identification label on each supervisory cable at each connection point.
j) One vertical rear cable chamber with bottom entry complete with terminals and
cable glands for the reception of three single core 300 sq. mm copper XLPE
insulated cable to IEC 502 per phase. The cable terminations complete with jointing
instructions should be supplied.
There shall be interlocking between the Inter Switchboard Coupler panel and the off-
load Isolating Link Panel. (see next section)
12.3.4.9. Off-load Isolating Link Panel
Each panel shall be floor-mounted, metalclad and cubicle pattern. The Off-load
Isolating Link Panel shall be linked to the Inter Switchboard Coupler Panel (see
previous section) by means of cables.
The Off-load Isolating Link Panel shall be complete with:
a) An off-load 1200A isolating link on a horizontal four-wheel withdrawable truck
designed for direct on-floor rolling.
b) One set of insulated busbars rated at 1200 amps.
c) One set of neon lamps for the indication of live cable to be situated near the cable
compartment.
d) One vertical rear cable chamber with bottom entry complete with terminals and
cable glands for the reception of three single-core 300 sq. mm copper XLPE
insulated cable to IEC 502 per phase. The cable terminations complete with jointing
instructions should be supplied.
There shall be interlocking between the Off-load Isolating Link Panel and the Inter
Switchboard Coupler Panel. (see previous section).
12.3.5. Protection Relays
12.3.5.1. General
The relay shall be suitable for horizontal mounting, horizontal draw out in flush
mounting case finished in eggshell black and tropicalised.
12.3.5.2. Static definite time, non directional, over-current and earth fault relay
The relay shall be of the static definite time non directional with two poles arranged for
over-current protection and one pole arranged for earth fault protection, each pole
incorporating its own timer element. If required, the relay shall also be fitted with an
instantaneous high set over-current element.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
165
The relay shall be of the static inverse/definite time non-directional with two poles
arranged for over-current protection and one pole arranged for earth fault protection,
each pole incorporating its own time element If required, the relay shall also be fitted
with instantaneous high set elements.
The relay shall be suitable for the following:
Choice of standard/long time inverse time curves and definite time ranges by
switched selection.
Over-current 50% to 240%
Earth Fault 5% to 40%
Definite Time Range 0.1 - 3.00 sec - (in steps of 0.05 sec)
Inverse time multiplier range 10% to 100%
Instantaneous element (if required) 100% to 100%
Auxiliary contacts
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
166
The relay shall be of the static definite time directional with two poles arranged for
over-current protection and one pole arranged for earth fault protection, each pole
incorporating its own timer element.
The relay shall be suitable for the following:
Current setting range
- Over-current 50 % to 200 %
- Earth Fault 10 % to 40 %
- Time settings 0.1 - 3.00 seconds
- Rating Current 1 amp
Auxiliary contacts
- Type self reset
- Number required 2 pairs of normally open
- Rating 5 amps at 30V d.c.
- Indication hand reset flag indicator
Auxiliary supplies available
- Tripping 30 V d.c.
- Alarm 230 V a.c.
- Indication 230 V a.c./d.c.
12.3.5.5. Static tank leakage relay
The tank leakage relay shall be of the static instantaneous type. The relay shall be
suitable for the following:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
167
The master tripping relay shall be of the instantaneous type and shall be suitable for the
following:
Rated Voltage 30 V d.c.
Auxiliary Contacts
- Type self reset or hand reset (as required)
- Number
normally open four or eight pairs (as required)
normally closed two pairs
- Rating 5 amps at 30 V d.c.
12.3.5.7. Static six pole auxiliary relay
The six pole auxiliary relay shall be of the instantaneous type for transformer control:
Buccholz alarm and trip, winding temperature alarm and trip, oil temperature alarm and
trip.
The relay shall be suitable for the following:
Rated Voltage 230V
Number of poles 6
Auxiliary contacts per pole
- Type self reset
- Number 2 or 4 pairs normally open (as required)
- Indication hand reset flag indicator
Auxiliary supplies available
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
168
All metallic structures are assembled with threaded bolts and nuts, blocking washer and
galvanised nuts; the structures are supplied shaped, holed, chambered etc…; no
machine finishing, which may destroy the galvanisation, are allowed on site.
For the installation itself, plans and notices for assembling should be strictly followed.
All the metallic parts should be maintained during the assembly in such a position that
no stress is made to the fixing bolt.
After assembly the stem of the bolts should extend beyond the nut of a distance
corresponding to at least two threads.
All the structures after assembly should have no sign of assembly such as galvanisation
scratch, torsion, bending; any part showing such signs of defectiveness should be
systematically replaced.
Adjustment of the main framework shall be made by proper means, such as levels,
theodolite, etc …, by respecting the data given in the assembly plans and notices.
The foundations are made according to general specifications of the Civil Engineering
(Chapter 15).
12.4.2. Installation of MV conductors
Bare conductors and their fittings, consisting of MV busbars, are assembled according
to the prescriptions of section 4.7 and 4.8, unless any contradictions arises.
Soft conductors linked to MV equipment are placed such that they do not exert any
permanent traction effort on the former.
Tubular conductors are set up with zero embedding moment on the equipment and
isolating support and such as to prevent vibrations in winds.
12.4.3. Installation of electromechanical equipment
After the installation, metallic structures which are not galvanised should be painted;
live parts and earthed parts of the MV equipment should also be painted to
conventional colours.
Signal plates of high lifetime materials will be used for identification:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
169
The equipment and installations should comply with the following standards and
recommendations:
IEC recommendations
VDE 0141 Limit values of touch and step voltage
BS - CP 1013 Code and Practice for grounding
Calculations of earthing grid will be made according to the methods recommended in
ANSI/IEEE - Standard 80 - 1986 (IEEE guide for safety in AC Substation grounding).
12.5.2. General design
The earth grid will be designed to ensure an effective protection of the personnel
against electric chocks and over-voltages:
the total earthing resistance should be less than 1 Ohm, anywhere in the earthing
network and in every season,
the earth grid will be designed for an earth fault current of 300A-10 seconds,
the step and touch voltages, corresponding to a maximum fault current, should not
be more than 125 V, anywhere in the earthing network,
after the earth fault current had flown to earth during the time period mentioned
above, the maximum temperature of the copper earth conductors should not be
more than:
- 300º C for buried network,
- 200º C for the connections of equipment to the internal loops.
12.5.3. Composition
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
170
The laying depth should be at least 1 m; backfilling shall be carried out using
excavated material in layers 15 cm thickness, each layer being well compacted, and
all the necessary reinstate woks shall be carried out at the soil surface.
The base network will be made with buried bare stranded copper conductor, of at
least 50 mm² cross-section.
The network will be meshed, with a maximum distance between mesh of 10 m, and
will be uniformly spread on the station area.
The network will be connected at some places to earth electrodes, to achieve the
required value of earthing resistance.
The connection to the earth loops will be made around every 20 m.
12.5.3.2. Internal and external loops (protective network)
For the connection of indoor and outdoor equipment to the base network, separate earth
loops shall be made; all metallic parts of the structures and equipment will be
connected to these earth loops.
Internal loops: they should be of bare stranded copper conductor, connected to at
least two points to the base network, and laid on the perimeter of the buildings; the
minimum cross-section of the conductors would be 95 mm².
Outdoor loop: they should be made of buried bare stranded copper conductor, also
connected to at least two points of the base network; the minimum cross-section of
the conductors should be 50 mm² and the laying depth should be at least 1, similar
to the base network.
Connections:
Connections to the earth loop of all non-conducting parts of the substation should
be made with bare stranded copper conductor; the minimum cross-sections of
which will be:
- for HV/MV equipment 95 mm²
- for power transformers 95 mm²
- for LV switchboard and other metallic enclosures 25 mm²
- for cable trays, wiring boxes, protective conductor of LV cables 16 mm²
- for doors, fencing and all other metallic parts 50 mm²
The connection of surge arresters, of the neutral point of the transformers and of the
earthing transformers to the earth loops are made with insulated cables; the
following minimum sections and insulating level should be taken into
consideration:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
171
A buried earthing network of stranded copper conductor shall be made near HV/MV
outdoor equipment, in order to reduce the step voltage to 125 V during the maximum
short-circuit current occurrence; the minimum cross-section of the conductor should be
95 mm². This network will be connected to the buried earth network.
12.5.3.4. Particular location of earth electrodes
Buried connections shall be made with crimped joints (hydraulic press crimped.
Connections to the earth loops shall be made with compression joints.
Connections to the framework and equipment supports shall be made by looping of
cables of the external network (external loops), by means of compression joints,
allowing also the connection of protective earthing conductors of electromechanical
equipment.
Connection to equipment with crimped cable lugs.
12.5.5. Measuring terminal
Easily accessible terminals allowing measurement of the resistance of the earth grid shall
be installed at different places into the substation.
12.5.6. Fencing
The metallic fencing, inside and around the substation, will be connected to the buried
earthing network about every 15 m, at every corners and access doors.
An additional conductor should be buried outside the fencing, at a depth of 0,5 m and at
least 1m from the former, in order to limit the step voltage.
The access doors will be connected to the fencing by stranded copper flexible
connections.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
172
At the end of the work and before commissioning, the following verifications,
measurements and tests are carried out:
Verification of the general technological state, in particular visual control of
assembly, of finishing, of labelling, etc…
Verification of the connections to the equipment, to their auxiliaries and to the
earthing system.
Verification of control and protection wiring.
Insulation measurement of the overall MV and LV equipment.
Functional tests of all MV and LV equipment, namely:
- testing of local control and remote control,
- testing and recording of opening and closing time of MV circuit breaker, per
pole,
- checking of synchronism of the poles for MV isolating switches, load switches
and circuit breakers.
Checking of security system, interlocking and signalling.
Testing of current transformers by primary injection.
Testing of voltage transformers by primary injection (380 V a.c.).
Functional tests of protections, alarms, indicating apparatus, measuring instruments
and associated automatisms.
Setting of protections.
General verification of the connections to the earthing system.
Checking of continuity of the earthing circuits.
Measurement of the global earthing resistance at different places of the substation.
Measurement of step and touch voltages at different places of the substation.
12.6.2. Testing and commissionning report
The measures, tests, checks and verifications, and the commissioning, form part of an
official testing and commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
173
13.1. General
The present chapter deals with power, control and sign cables installed particularly in
substations and distribution stations.
The maximum permanent admissible current and the cross-section of the conductors of
each cable will be determined taking into account the maximum power to be
transported, the ambient temperature and the laying conditions, such as proximity with
other cables, temperature and soil resistivity.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
174
The cross-section of the cables should be such that the maximum short-circuit current
may travel through the cables without damage, during the operation time of the
upstream protections set up to protect the cables and associated loads.
The minimum short-circuit period is of 1 sec.
The same prescriptions are still valid for cable protective screens during earth faults.
13.3.4. Volt drop
The cross-section of the cables should be such that the voltage at the loaded end of the
cable should not be below the fixed limits during the transit of the maximum charge or
during the start up of motors.
13.3.5. Nominal voltage
For evident reasons of standardisation, different types of cables and different conductor
cross-sections should be reduced to a minimum.
Power cables may be used in parallel to satisfy this condition (a maximum of three
cables are authorised).
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
175
Control and sign cables shall be multi-core stranding, copper conductor, PV insulated,
PVC sheathed, armoured with a single layer of galvanised steel wires and black PVC
sheathed overall.
The cable will comply with BS 6346.
13.4.4. Outside cover, cable identification and conductor marking
The external sheath of all types of cables shall contain additives that repel rodents; the
name of the manufacturer, the allowable voltage, the cross-section, the number of
conductors and the date of manufacture shall be indicated along the whole length on the
external sheath of the cable.
The letters and characters shall be engraved in relief. The distance between the marking
shall not exceed 200 mm.
The insulation of the three-core cables should be differentiated by colours along their
whole length; in the case where a neutral conductor is foreseen, it shall be of blue
colour.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
176
The external insulation sheath of the protective earthing wire (if foreseen) shall be
yellow/green according to IEC 446.
13.4.5. Transport and handling
The cable ends shall be impervious to water, dust and insects and the ends coming out
of cable drums shall be fixed and protected against mechanical shocks while handling.
The cables shall be coiled in timber drums (treated against termites) or metal drums
(treated to prevent corrosion) so as to obtain maximum possible length. However, the
drums shall have a maximum diameter of 2 400 mm and a maximum weight of
5 000 kg.
All the specifications relative to chapter 6 are valid; inside substations, cables shall
always be mechanically protected by concrete slabs.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
177
Conduits will be dimensioned such as to have 20% spare after installation of cable trays
and/or laying of cables.
They are generally recovered with concrete slabs or striated metal plates.
They are to be made according to Civil Engineering general recommendations in
Chapter 15 hereafter.
13.5.1.4. Underground pipe network
It will consist of tarred galvanised metallic pipes, concrete pipes or PVC pipes, fitted
with adequate joints; the pipe network will be made according to chapter 6.
As general rule, the cables are laid in pipes for road crossings.
If necessary, draw / inspection pits would be built along the pipe network; they will be
also made according to chapter 15.
13.5.1.5. Cable trays
Cable trays will consist of metal sheets or of sectional steel; they will be of "ladder"
type or "perforated duct" type and will have a maximum width of 600 mm, an
admissible charge of 2000 N/m and a support spacing limited to 1500 mm.
They would be sufficiently rigid and will be dimensioned to support the weight of a
layer of power cables, or of two layers of control cables, plus 25% of the maximum
cable weight to be placed. Furthermore, the cable trays will be dimensioned such as to
support, in all security and without permanent buckling, the weight of the assembling
personnel during the laying up of the cables. In normal situations, the sag should not
exceed 3 mm.
All the cable trays, supports, consoles, wedges and other accessories, will be hot
galvanised and covered with a translucent coating. All bolts and nuts will be hot
galvanised. The cuts will be carefully burned and coated with two layers of paint
compatible with the initial protection.
Cable trays of the "ladder" type will be used in closed rooms, may be in cable trenches
or in outdoor zones not prone to high degrees of pollution or to direct sunlight; they
will consist of riveted metallic extrusions and the gap between the bars will be at least
300 mm.
Cable trays of "perforated duct" type will be placed everywhere the ladder type is
proscribed; the thickness of the metal before galvanisation will not be less than 1,5 mm;
vertical linings will be of a maximum height of 45 mm and will be fitted with a border
along the higher part; they will be fitted with rigid metal sheet covers, fixed by ad-hoc
locks.
All cable trays will be fixed rigidly on steel supports or frames; cable trays placed on
above the other will have a maximum spacing of half their width, but at least of
150 mm. Vertical layouts will be made with perforated cable trays fitted with covers or
with sectional steel, horizontally laid and distanced at least 500 mm between them.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
178
Generally, single-core cables will be fixed to the trays with isolated ties, distanced
according to cable manufacturer recommendations; they will be fixed such as to resist
short-circuit electrodynamics stresses.
Cable trays will consist of modular elements having all the accessories and pieces to
change direction, level and width.
13.5.2. Connection of cables
MV cables are connected to equipment via terminals, designed for indoor or outdoor
use, as detailed in appendix A 3.4/1.
The terminals will be executed very carefully by specialist staff according to the
manufacturer instructions.
Cable screening will be directly earthed at both extremities.
13.5.2.2. Terminals for LV cables
All outer connections should be watertight (IP55); thus appropriate sealing methods
should be used to satisfy this condition.
Generally, each cable entry in outdoor panel or switchboard will be fitted with a cable
gland of conic tightening and with joint; only cable glands of stainless steel are
accepted for metallic enclosures.
13.5.3. Cables exit from ground - wall crossing
For cables exit from the ground, specifications as given in section 6.3.7 are to be
applied.
Wall, partitions, ceiling crossings, etc … will be done with tubes or cuffs sealed in the
wall, according to the number of cables to be laid.
Openings will be closed such that it is airtight, dust tight, watertight and fire resistant.
13.5.4. Identifying of cables and conductors
Cables will be fitted at each end and every 20m with an identification plate indicating
the cable number as per the list of cables; the plates are manufactured with a long
lasting material.
Each conductor of control cables will be identify according to IEC 391
recommendation; the marking will be heat resistant (802) and will be readable during
their probable life time of 30 years; self-adhesive labels are not allowed.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
179
After completion of the works and before commissioning, the following measurements,
tests and verifications are carried out:
verification of the connections to the equipment,
verification of the general technological state, particularly visual check of
installation, fixations, protections, identifying, etc…,
pressure tests and insulation measurements for HT/MT cables after execution of
terminals at both ends,
insulation measurements of LV cables after execution of terminals.
13.6.2. Testing and commissionning report
The measurements, tests and verifications, and the commissioning, forms part of an
official testing and commissioning report.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
180
14.1. General
The present recommendations are to be applied for verifications, tests and
measurements on every electrical and electromechanical parts of MV/LV distribution
network, MV/LV distribution station and HV/MV substation, during and after the
installation of the equipment.
They are not restrictive and confirm or complete the recommendations of the former
chapters.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
181
Equipment to be used :
220/400 V 500 V
6.6 kV 2500 V
22 kV 5000 V
Minimal insulating values to be measured with the megger for different equipment:
Minimal Resistance M
Rated Voltage
Transformer
Cubicle Cables
(at 40 C)
400 V 100 M 10 M
R insulation (M)
10 x voltage (kV)
6.6 kV 100 M 50 M Length (km)
22 kV 200 M 200 M
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
182
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
183
15.1. General
The present specifications are applicable to all Civil Engineering works associated in
the construction of electromechanical materials and also for the construction of small
buildings like masonry walls or cabins for MV/LV distribution stations.
These specifications are complementary to those of chapters 4 and 5 pertaining to the
foundation construction for MV/LV line poles and of chapter 9 pertaining to the
construction of masonry walls or cabins. However, in case of any contradiction the
specifications of chapter 4, 5 or 9 will take precedence on the present specifications.
For the execution of civil engineering works, reference shall be made to British
Standard Specifications.
However, the following norms can also be considered:
Belgian Norms (N.B.N.), specially recommended for the preparation and use of
concrete.
American Standards Association (A.S.A.)
French Standards edited by l'AFNOR (N.F).
German Norms (D.I.N).
Italian Norms (U.N.I).
All the standards should equally satisfy the safety norms in force in Mauritius.
15.2.2. Quality and workmanship
The construction materials shall be of good quality and shall satisfy the latest standards.
They should not, in any case, show shortages/defects that will affect the stability, life
span or appearance of construction. They shall be used efficiently and as per standards
in force.
15.3.1.1. General
All debris and wastes, vegetation and topsoil found on the site shall be removed and
carted away.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
184
All the roots in a radius of 2m from the axis of trees to be cut shall be removed up to
the depth required and carted away.
The spot levels shall be obtained with the help of a 3 m staff with a tolerance of
more or less 3 cm.
In the event where backfilling is required, the backfilling material shall be non-
clayey 0/5 sand and free of organic matter.
15.3.1.2. Compaction
All slopes shall be shaped according to plans and topped with a minimum layer of
15 cm thick of fertile soil.
This topsoil shall be obtained from the site to be levelled or brought from elsewhere in
case of scarcity.
In the inclined plane, topping with fertile soil shall be carried out as follows:
50 cm wide horizontally at the foot of slope;
50 cm wide horizontally at the top of slope;
If required, the fertile soil shall be held in position immediately by laying strips of turf
(25% of surface area) and by planting grass (75 % of surface area).
15.3.2. Demolition
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
185
Before start of works, calculation notes including working plans and other necessary
details for the completion of the works shall be established.
Thus, for substations, the following plans and documents shall be established (but not
limited to):
topographical survey of the site,
general layout,
foundation and cable duct layout (scale : 1:100),
plan view, sections and details of foundation for structures, frames and bases for
equipment;
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
186
If the nature of the ground is unknown, all necessary soil tests shall be carried out
(by specialised and well-known firms) to determine the foundation design and
shape, and also to determine the type of concrete and cement to be used.
The soil investigation/tests comprise at least:
- Static cone penetration tests (minimum of 3 tests per site and a minimum of one
test for every 600 m2);
- Chemical analysis of underground water and natural soil.
In clayey soils, oedometer tests shall be carried out to evaluate the degree of
consolidation.
The bearing capacity of soil depends on the admissible degree of consolidation.
The factor of safety against soil failure shall be taken as not less than 3.
The soil stresses to be considered for calculations and working plans shall be
indicated in each working plan.
15.4.4. Measurement of water table depth
To determine the level of water table in the soil, as well as its variation, a vertical pipe
should be placed in the soil to a minimum depth of 5 m.
The methodology of the water level measurement shall be such that it will allow
recording of the variations for a given period.
15.4.5. Types of foundation
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
187
Setting out
The setting out of each construction shall be based on reference axes of the platform
given in plans and on the two major axes of the foundation.
The levels of each construction given in the plans have to be respected.
On no account shall any setting out be started from a fence/boundary wall or any
unfixed feature.
Permanence of reference marks:
The permanence of reference marks for alignment and for the levels of principal
reference axes of the platform and of each construction shall be ascertained during
the whole duration of the works.
The reference marks of each construction shall be fixed outside the latter; these
reference marks shall be brought inside each construction as soon as possible on
metallic plates fixed in the concrete.
The corner stones for reference axis shall be made in reinforced concrete, a
minimum of four numbers with 20 x 20 cm at the top, a pad foundation and to a
depth depending on existing soil type to give a permanent stability (minimum
0,80 m).
At the top of the concrete block, a stainless steel plate 10 x 10 cm x 5 mm thick shall
be fixed.
15.4.8. Earthworks
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
188
Before start of excavation works, information about the presence/existence and location
of pipe networks, cables or underground construction shall be obtained.
Excavation works for foundations:
- the works comprise timbering/strutting, propping, shoring drainage, loading,
transporting , unloading and tipping,
- excavated materials to be eventually used for backfilling shall be stacked on site
in such a way so as not to impede progress of other activities,
- construction encountered in excavations shall be demolished and the debris
carted away,
- underground pipes shall be localised manually and the excavation works in
proximity of such pipes shall also be carried out manually,
- no pipe shall be isolated, diverted or interrupted without prior approval of
concerned Authorities,
- excavation works carried out mechanically shall be stopped 20 cm above the
level indicated on the plan and the last layer shall be removed manually,
- over-excavation works carried out by error shall be backfilled with lean
concrete and in no case with excavated soil.
Excavation works for underground pipes and cables lying.
- all the prescriptions for excavation works for foundation are applicable,
- the trench width shall be wide enough to allow easy placing and assembly of the
pipes or cables,
- the hard materials such as stones or rocks edges etc… shall be removed before
placing of pipes or cables,
- if for any reason whatsoever, the level inside the excavation is required to be
raised, the raising can be done with sand compacted at 95% modified Proctor.
15.4.8.3. Backfilling and compaction
General :
Materials used for backfilling purposes shall be free from stones, clay and organic
matter or putrescibles. The soil used shall not contain materials bigger than 6.5 cm
in excess of 15%; fertile soil, turf, etc… cannot be used for backfilling. After
backfilling, the backfilled zones shall be clean evenly and their level shall not
exceed by 6 cm with reference to levels shown in plans.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
189
15.4.9.1. General
If the concrete is mixed on site, a mixer, a material stacking bin, batching and
mixing plant shall be provided on the site. Manual mixing is strictly prohibited.
The concrete prepared in the central plant shall be placed not later than 30 minutes
after conveying and not later than 100 minutes it has left the central plant.
All the materials shall conform to the requirements of the standards in force.
The present recommendations are applicable to all type of concrete with normal
grading (normal aggregates) that are used on site, i.e.:
- reinforced concrete,
- mass concrete including blinding layer.
The present recommendations are applicable for both in-situ concrete and premixed
concrete. The recommendations are not applicable for concrete for road
works/resurfacing of roads.
Concrete design is carried out as per applicable standard.
15.4.9.2. Materials used in concrete - quality criteria
a) Cement
The following cements can be used, and they shall satisfy the compositions and
quality criteria of the corresponding standards:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
190
Denomination Grade
Full Abbr. 30 40 50
Portland Cement P P 30 P 40 P 50
Per-metallurgic Cement LK LK 30
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
191
- Frequency of quality control: 1 series of tests per 1000 tons and at each
delivery.
b) Sands
Both natural and artificial sand can be used provided that the prescriptions of
applicable standards are complied with.
Sand of special quality or source can also be utilised to obtain architectural
finishes on concrete surface (for e.g. white sand).
Quality control:
- It is recommended to carry out conformity tests; these tests are carried out in
accordance with the applicable standards and can include:
carrying out sieve analysis,
determination of fineness modules,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
192
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
193
General stipulations:
The concrete mix proportions are defined taking into account the quality of concrete
required, the minimal prescriptions imposed here after, the chemical composition of
water table and the characteristics of sand and aggregates used for the preparation
of concrete.
Mix proportion of reinforced concrete:
- The compaction of concrete achieved shall be the highest possible.
Water W
- The ratio should be a minimum and in all cases a minimum of
Cement C
0,5 shall be considered.
- The crushing strength at 28 days is very important: it must attain 250 kg/cm2 on
a cube 20 x 20 x 20 cm at 28 days.
- The minimum cement content is 350 kg/m3.
- The maximum cement content is 380 kg/ m3.
- The mix proportion per m3 of concrete for reinforced concrete is not fixed in
advance; its mix approaches as far as possible the following:
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
194
The installation for the preparation of concrete shall be conceived to allow batching
by weight of aggregates, water and cement. After batching, the materials are
thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous mix with prescribed consistency is
obtained.
The fresh concrete shall be transported/delivered without excessive shocks in
watertight containers. It shall not be poured for a height not exceeding 1m . The
concrete shall be placed not later than 30 minutes after its mixing (site preparation)
or 30 minutes after delivery (preparation in central plant). If the transportation lasts
more than 15 minutes, lorry-mixers shall be used or special transport fitted with
mixing devices. In cases where premixed concrete is used, the time taken between
the departure from the central plant until completion of its placing shall not exceed
100 minutes.
The concrete shall not be allowed to be placed when,
- the time between mixing and placing is exceeded,
- the setting has started,
- the homogeneity has been lost during transportation,
- the consistency exceeds imposed limits.
Placing of concrete shall be carried out rapidly without interruption.
The concrete shall be vibrated in the formwork by means of internal vibrators
whose frequency shall be at least 7000 cycles per minute.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
195
A concrete pump can be used; in this case, a larger proportion of sand and cement
or incorporation of special product may be necessary.
The fresh concrete shall be protected from the sun and rainfall. In hot climate, it
should be kept wet for one week.
After striking of formwork, ties or nails shall be cut at 2 cm below the concrete
surface and the holes filled up with mortar.
Finish of fresh concrete:
- If no cover or surface dressing is foreseen, the surfaces of horizontal concrete
slabs and the likes shall be simply smoothed.
- If a cover or topping is foreseen, the surfaces shall be roughened with a wire
brush or by engraving criss-cross lines.
Post-treatment of fresh concrete:
- The prescriptions of applicable standards shall be complied with.
- To protect fresh concrete, the following methods can be used:
water proofing membrane (PVC films),
hessian bags kept moist,
curing compound.
- During the use of curing products, the recommendations of applicable standards
and those of the manufacturer and supplier shall be strictly complied with.
Testing
- Nine metallic well-planed 20 x 20 x 20 cm moulds, together with their lids,
shall be available on site.
The internal sides of the moulds should be slightly oiled/greased; it is filled with
concrete in four layers; after its complete filling the concrete is stricken off
flush with a trowel and the cover plate is placed on the mould.
Compression tests are carried out at 7 days on 3 cubes and at 28 days on three
other cubes; the 3 remaining cubes are kept on site under the same conditions
the concrete is placed on site.
- To control the consistency of concrete, an Abrams' cone, vibrating table, etc …
shall be made available on site.
- In principle, a set of 9 cubes shall be made for every 30 m3 of concrete placed.
15.4.9.5. Inadequate concrete quality - Remedial action to be taken
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
196
15.4.10.1. General
The type of formwork is determined by the required appearance, coating and/or the
finishing to be applied later. Unless stated, all apparent concrete surface shall have
smooth finish.
The calculations for the stability of the formwork and its supports are carried out
taking the prescriptions of applicable standards in force into consideration.
It is to be observed that, during stability calculations, not only profile, and thickness
are determined but also, the connections/joints and fixing positions (bolt, nuts, etc)
should equally be calculated.
The construction of formwork include the supply of timber metal or other materials
and accessories, but also preparation, propping, scafolding, fixing, adjustment and
striking works.
The formwork set up should be able to resist deformations or damage during
placing of reinforcement, concreting and its tightening.
The formwork shall be watertight to avoid loss of laitance.
15.4.10.2. Materials for formwork
The formwork shall be constructed in such a way that the contact surface with the
concrete is regular, clean and watertight.
In general, unless indicated, the apparent concrete shall have smooth surface, and
non-visible concrete shall have normal finish. The joints shall be well prepared.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
197
The formwork is placed according to plans. They shall be firmly propped, braced
and anchored.
To facilitate placing of concrete, the clamping and its control, necessary openings in
sufficient numbers are made in the main formwork.
At the bottom of the member to be cast, temporary openings are made for cleaning
purposes before concreting.
Releasing agent:
These products are applied before placing any reinforcement in the formwork.
The ultimate surface finishes shall have to be considered (in compatibility of
product with their finishes like paints, tiling etc…)
Before concreting, the constructed formwork shall be cleared completely of all
extraneous materials. (sawn wood, nails, binding wires etc….). Bottom surfaces
shall be cleaned through temporary openings made for that purpose.
Propping, as well as the form and adjustment of the formwork are verified.
Accuracy of fixing and placing of reinforcement with reference to the surface of
formwork are also verified.
Stripping formwork:
Formwork shall be removed carefully and in such a way so as not to put the security
of structure at stake and to prevent damage to the concrete.
No props shall be removed before the concrete achieves sufficient strength to
support all dead loads and any other loads that can be imposed taking factor of
safety into consideration.
After stripping, the concrete surface to which any formwork materials have adhered
shall be cleaned.
All the assembly set up or binding wires shall be cut to a minimum depth of 2 cm;
the holes or honeycombing shall be filled and rendered with a cement rich mortar
and an epoxy or resin.
15.4.11. Reinforcement
15.4.11.1. General
By "reinforcement" it is meant all the reinforcing rods and/or binding wires with
accessories and spacers as installed in the formwork before concreting.
15.4.11.2. Reinforcement materials
The steel bars for reinforcement shall comply with the applicable standards; unless
indicated, the steel bars to be used shall be:
- Plain mild steel bars BE 22
- Yield deformed steel bars BE 22 - BE 40 - BE 50
- Steel fabric reinforcement BE 50
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
198
The reinforcement shall be placed on secured supports, away from the ground
surface. All necessary precautions shall be taken to avoid damage to the rods and to
prevent accumulation of substances that can affect the adhesion of concrete to the
reinforcement bars.
The reinforcement shall be clean. It is not necessary to remove the rusts, but it
should be brushed and cleaned carefully before fixing, in such a way to remove all
traces of soil or surface rust and particularly oil or grease.
All the bars shall be cut and bent cold.
The reinforcement shall be worked according to shapes and dimensions as per
drawings; they shall be secured against displacement and kept in position during
concreting.
Lapping of rods shall be executed with a lap length enough to obtain the required
strength.
Lap length of adjacent bars shall be equal to at least 40 times the diameter.
The bars shall be fixed by means of binding wires tightly tied at intersections;
assembly by welding is not allowed.
The reinforcement shall be kept apart from the formwork by using appropriate
mortar, asbestos cement or plastic spacers (timber and steel are excluded).
The spacers shall be fixed on the reinforcement such that they are kept in position
during concreting.
The number and distribution of spacers depend on their strength and on importance
of the reinforcement itself; however a minimum of one spacers per m2 of formwork
or per linear metre of lateral side of a column or beam has to be placed.
The minimum distance (unless indicated in plans) between the end of reinforcement
and the formwork shall be at least equal to the bigger of the following dimensions:
- the diameter of the biggest bar,
- the larger nominal size of aggregate in the concrete,
- in all case, a minimum cover of 25 mm shall be used.
These distances or concrete covers shall be equally respected for both top and
bottom surfaces of the concrete members.
After fixing and before concreting, the reinforcement shall be cleared and kept free
of deleterious materials.
During concreting, care should be taken not to displace the reinforcement by
contact with equipment used for supplying or for compacting the concrete (for e.g.
vibration pokers, funnel, hopper etc….)
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
199
Two coats of cold bituminous paint shall be applied to concrete surfaces in contact
with soil.
Two coats of cold bituminous paint shall be applied to masonry works which are in
contact with soil, after rendering with a hydro phobic cement screed of thickness
2 cm.
The mix for the mortar for rendering shall be 1000 l sand + 350 kg cement.
The coatings of bituminous paint shall be applied with a brush; the second coat is
applied after the drying of the first coat, the final quantity of bitumen shall be a
minimum of 500 gm/m2.
Rendering works can only be carried out if the following preparation works on the
supports are carried out:
- carting away and replacing of efflorescent bricks,
- removal of impurities (grease, dusts, soot, etc…),
- removal of nail, wrongly fixed features, etc…
The works that are in progress or just completed shall be protected from sun rays
and wind.
15.4.13. Pocket bases
15.4.13.1. Implantation
During concreting, all the pocket bases shall be fixed according to plans. They shall
be fixed rigidly to prevent any displacement.
The position of pocket bases is verified before concreting is carried out.
15.4.13.2. Construction of pocket bases
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
200
Preparation: if necessary, the top surface of the foundation shall be cleared; the
pocket bases shall be cleaned and completely emptied.
Filling of pocket bases:
- all the pocket bases shall be filled; the mortar shall be compacted by means of a
flat-ended steel rod. .
- the anchor bolts shall be tightened after hardening of the mortar and the level of
equipment verified; if necessary, readjustment shall be carried out.
- unless mentioned otherwise, the filling shall be carried out with mortar rich
concrete 0/10 or 0/20 with a cement content of 350 kg/m3 or with a cement
mortar with a ratio cement/sand = 1/3 and/or even by means of a non-shrinking
mortar.
- during filling, it shall be ensured that the space for adjusting is clean and allows
free movement.
Sealing:
After adjustment of the structures or equipment, the empty space between the
supporting plate and the foundation bottom shall be filled up with mortar similar to
the one used for the filling here above.
15.4.13.4. Placing and sealing of metallic accessories
The metallic or plastic accessories, such as anchor bolts, rails, angle irons, plates,
nosing, sleeves, etc… shall be embedded in concrete.
They shall be rigidly fixed in formworks and should not be displaced during concreting.
After removal of formwork, the apparent surfaces shall be cleared and shall be free of
all concrete or laitance.
15.4.14. Diamond shapes
After fixing of the support structures, the top surface of the base shall be diamond
shaped. To facilitate flow of water, the top surfaces shall be constructed to a slope of at
least 10 %.
Cross-falls shall be provided at the foot of uprights to prevent accumulation of water.
The height above ground level shall be equal to or greater than 10 cm; the formwork
shall be smooth.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
201
In all the cases, the adjusting parts of the support structures shall have a minimum
concrete cover of 3 cm.
The diamond shapes shall have the same dimensions that the top surface of the concrete
base. The height and dimension of the diamond shapes shall be identical for similar
supports.
The concrete used to construct the diamond points shall have cement (230/325) content
of 350 kg/m3 and coarse aggregates passing the 26 mm sieve.
15.4.15. Foundation for power transformers
15.4.15.1. General
The layout to be adopted for the construction of bases for power transformers or similar
equipment depends on the handling mode envisaged and on the construction
arrangements of equipment.
The construction arrangements can be the following:
The transformers do not possess rollers but a sash that can also slide on the concrete
base.
The transformers are equipped with variable number of flanged rollers depending
on the weight. In this case, the load beams are equipped with fixed rails, which
possibly run along the whole length of the access road.
The plans and documents from Manufacturer shall indicate the layout to be
adopted, order and load distribution to enable design works.
15.4.15.2. Longitudinal concrete beam
Depending on whether the equipment possess or do not possess rollers, the top level of
the longitudinal concrete beam is different.
In the first case, the top level of the rails is at the level of:
a) the borders of the access road + 10 cm, if the rails do not continue along this route.
b) the borders if the rails continue along the access road.
In the second case (without rollers), the top level of the beams is the same as the level
of the borders of the access road + 2cm.
The rails, if any, are of the type 36, 46 or 50 kg/m. They should be chosen in good
working condition and, after fixing, shall be coated with bituminous paint.
15.4.15.3. Oil retaining structure
The dimensions of the oil retaining structure depend on the volume of oil in the
transformer.
The structure is enclosed by a low reinforced concrete or masonry wall.
The enclosure shall be completely impervious to oil and the bottom shall be filled with
6/8 cm hardcore filling.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
202
A suitable system to evacuate water or oil has to be provided (screen, slope, sump).
15.4.15.4. Firewall
The main aim of this protection is to prevent propagation of a possible fire outbreak
from a transformer to the neighbouring equipment and also to enable fire-fighters
team to come closer to the source of fire.
Moreover, it is intended to prevent the projection of inflamed matter or flying
objects, due to a bushing explosion for example, on the neighbouring high voltage
bay.
In principle, these walls contribute to abate sound propagation resulting from the
operation of transformers installed in proximity of inhabited areas, operation that
can provoke an unacceptable discomfort for the people who live in the vicinity.
The walls can be realised in the following ways:
- in reinforced concrete cast in-situ,
- in reinforced concrete frame, filled with masonry,
- pre-cast, concrete column with sliding grooves + pre-cast slabs sliding between
the columns (maximum weight per slab 200 kg); metallic frame can not be
considered.
In general, the flat surfaces shall be covered with turf (if nature of the ground allows) or
left simply clean, levelled and covered with stones obtained locally.
15.5.2. Sewer network
15.5.2.1. General
The present recommendations are also applicable for the construction of a new
network in addition to up grading or extension of an existing network.
The sewer network shall be constructed according to plans approved by the
concerned Authorities and shall conform to the regulations in force.
Any existing pipeline cannot be deviated, cut, interrupted or demolished without
prior authorisation from concerned Authorities.
During earthworks for sewer network, damage to existing works shall be avoided.
The connection works with main sewer line shall conform to prescriptions in force.
15.5.2.2. Earthworks
Excavation works, backfilling and earthworks shall be carried out in conformity with
prescriptions given earlier.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
203
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
204
The surface drainage of a station is carried out by means of drainpipes placed below
cable ducts and linked with the sewer network. The switchyard of the station shall have
a slope (max. 2 cm) outward. An open concrete drain shall be constructed around the
station to connect and evacuate the water outside the station switchyard, possibly to
absorption pit.
15.5.4. Cable ducts
15.5.4.1. Purpose
Generally in a substation, power supply and system control cables are most of the times
placed in preferential passages called "cable ducts". These passages, which are partially
underground, allow grouping of cables linking the different equipment and possibly
different buildings among themselves. The present specifications concern the
construction of these cable ducts.
The different types of cable ducts that can be considered are:
pre-cast reinforced concrete cable ducts,
cable ducts in block work with the slab and cover slab in reinforced concrete,
Concrete cable ducts cast in-situ.
The cable duct network can possibly be completed by particular works like crossing
sleeves, draw pits, and entries in buildings, diversions, etc…
15.5.4.2. General
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
205
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
206
15.5.5.1. General
The fencing comprise pre-cast reinforced concrete posts holding plasticised wire mesh
and a smooth finish ground beam between the posts. The wire mesh fencing is held
tight by means of straining wires. The fencing, if required, may incorporate a double
leaf metallic gate including a small service door (1m wide).
15.5.5.2. Description of materials and installation
Posts:
The reinforced concrete posts shall be of a minimum height of 2.7 m above the
ground level (anchorage in foundation: 50 cm; minimum foundation dimensions: 40
x 40 x 60 cm or diameter of 45 cm and depth of 60 cm). Each angle post shall be
propped by 2 braces 2.2 m long inclined at 45 C.
The distance between the posts is 3 m. The ordinary posts have a x-section of 12 x
12 cm, angle and reinforcing posts shall have a minimum cross-section of 13 x 13
cm.
Reinforcing posts are placed in alignment at a minimum spacing of 50 m. They are
placed at equal distance between the different angle post and propped by two
bracings. The angle posts (even for obtuse angles) are propped by 2 bracings (13 x
13 cm). The braces are fixed in notches provided in the angle posts or reinforcing
posts and are embedded with cement mortar.
The holes for the passage of straining wires in the concrete posts shall be fitted with
plastic pipes.
Wire mesh:
The height of the wire mesh fencing shall be at least 2.00 m; it is placed
continuously on the external face of the posts.
The galvanisation of the wire mesh fencing shall be in pure zinc with a minimum
coating of 250g/m2. The wire mesh shall be in diamond form 5 cm mesh size and
plasticised. Its approximate weight shall be 2.25 kg/m2.
The tightening of the fencing is carried out carefully and the number of straining
wires is 4; unless specified by the suppliers, their thickness is 3 mm diameter and
they are plasticised. The fencing is tied with plasticised wires of minimum diameter
1.8 mm.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
207
At least one barbed wire shall be placed on top of the fencing. It shall be galvanised
and plasticised.
Gate:
The fencing is incorporated, if necessary, with a metallic double leaf gate, which is
made up of a reinforced square hollow section (60 x 60 mm - thickness 2-3 mm
depending on width of gate) metallic frame and bars of square hollow section (30 x
30 mm - 1.5 mm thickness), fixed at 15 cm centre to centre.
The gate is provide with clamping/locking devices in open/closed positions; the
doors are fixed to the reinforced concrete pillars or to the metallic uprights, firmly
anchored to the soil, in order to avoid any overturning; devices shall be provided in
the pillars/posts to enable horizontal adjustment.
The gate shall be supplied with all the fittings. All the metallic parts shall be
galvanised and painted with one coat of zinc chromate and two coats of finish paint.
Each door shall be fixed to the pillar through copper hinges (minimum 100mm²)
fixed by bolts.
Concrete ground beam:
A ground beam 40 cm high (out of which 10 cm is in the ground), at least 5 cm
thick and approximately 1.5 m long is placed at the bottom of the fencing. These
ground beams are interconnected by small posts, cast in the ground with lean
concrete.
The plans and documents necessary to carry out the works consist of:
the topographic layout,
the plan of façades,
the plan view and the sections (scale 1:50) showing clearly all the installations,
the plan view and the sections of cable ducts,
the roof plan of slab,
the calculation note for foundations,
the calculation note for concrete superstructure,
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
208
the plan view and the sections for formwork and reinforcement for foundations and
ground floor slab,
the plans of doors and other openings,
the layout plan and schematic drawings of electric installations (lighting/switch).
15.6.3. Walls
The materials used for the construction of walls shall be incombustible; the walls shall
be construction as follows:
in masonry blockwork / solid bricks,
in reinforced concrete,
in concrete,
in pre-cast concrete,
with concrete superstructure fill with blockwork / solid bricks.
The wall shall have a minimum thickness, excluding rendering, as follows:
station in masonry solid bricks 22 cm
station in masonry block 20 cm
station in reinforced concrete 8 cm
station in pre-cast concrete 20 cm
station with concrete superstructure fill with solid bricks 11 cm
station with concrete superstructure fill with blockwork 15 cm
The masonry shall be carried out in conformity with the specifications of the most
recent standards.
The bricks are plastered with mortar of cement content 250 kg; if necessary, a damp
proof course sheeting to prevent rising of humidity shall be placed above ground level.
15.6.4. Wall finishes
External rendering:
All external walls shall be rendered with hydrophobic cement.
Internal rendering :
Some internal walls shall receive mortar with smooth finish. The minimum
thickness acceptable is:
- 15 mm for vertical surfaces,
- 10 mm for horizontal surfaces.
They shall be carried out with mortar and in two stages.
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
209
15.6.5. Paint
General:
Painting shall be applied in three coats. Each coat shall be uniformly painted with
brush and possibly sealing and pumicing between each coating for non-rendered
surfaces.
All necessary surface preparation shall be carried out. All paint and rendering shall
be applied in coatings. Each paint coat shall be of minimum thickness of 30
microns after drying.
Materials, works and applications
- Masonry, concrete and internal or external rendering:
o brushing and dust removal on dry surface,
o polishing of pronounced surface roughness, fins and other concrete
projections.
o filling of noticeable cavities with cement and/or plaster and possible
pumicing,
o application of a latex insulating coat whose characteristics shall be in
conformity with finishing paint coat; this insulating coat shall be chemically
neutral,
o application of one coat of latex paint or similar paint diluted with 10% water,
o application of a second coat of latex paint or similar paint diluted with 5%
water.
- Steel structures:
o cleaning of supporting metalwork, including metallic wire brushing to
removal rust,
o pumicing with sand paper or steel wool,
o rubbing down with hard brush or cloth,
o washing with white spirit followed by drying with cloth,
o pumicing down the protection paint coat initially applied in the workshop
and retouching damaged areas with the same paint used in the workshop,
o if no antirust paint exists, application of two coats of anti rust primer of 80
microns thickness,
o application of 1 coat of under coat of 40 microns thickness (measured after
drying),
o application of 1 coat of gloss enamel finish of 40 microns thickness
(measured after drying).
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19
210
- Metallic doors and sash frames (external and internal surface of windows, doors and
frames):
o cleaning with white spirit,
o retouching with based paint,
o filling and pumicing,
o application of 1 coat of under coat,
o pumicing,
o application of 1 coat of matt enamel finish and 1 coat of gloss enamel finish.
Thickness of each coat measured after drying shall not be less than 40 microns.
15.6.6. Roof slab
JMED/4NT/3210/000/01/CM
Final Ed. 01-12-19