.

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la Metamorphism and metamorphic facies

p.,nar; ; ig (vDv,I (1,.;JU;' w"pt,r'. {"r-4yi
\ol , Ant\":y,[ PV.rn[f"+t-t
I +5 -t ttgt^' Metarnorphism thar occurs during heating or burial
is

16.1 INTRODUCttOtt- I metamorphism. Heat can be introduced

called ptogracle
into

Metamorphisnr is the sum of alr changes that take

place in a rhe.crust by bodies of magnra, rvhicli- on cooling'theliberate
rock as a result of changes in the rock,s environment;
that is, their heat content. a'd, on crystalrizing, liberate fromlatent this
changes in temperature, pressure (directed as
rvell as litho- heat of crystallization' Metamorphism resulting is referred to
intrusions
static), and composition of fluids. The changes in the rock heat that is localized around igneous also
(Figs' 6' (A)' 4'45)' Heat can
chemical, or isotopic. These ^s co''tact nelamorphism
I I
may be textural, mineralogical,. rvhen
important be introduced over much larger areas' For example'
changes proceed at varying rates, so tinre is an and
sedirnentary rocks are buried' either thro*gh s'bsidence
factor in metamorphism. Any kind of rock cun be ,r]eta*or-
filling of sedimentary basins onby overthrusting of other
phosed; the starting roct is calied the protolith. Common
crustal rocks' their temperature rises' This is due in
part to
protoliths include the spectrurn of igneous rocks from ultra- part to'the blanketing effect of
mafic to felsic, as well as sedimentary rocks suclr as sand-
the geothermal gradient and in

(perrte)' and carDorri

rations of hear-prod'cing radioactive elements (revierv
stones,alumina-richshale(pelite),andcarbonaterockscrustalrocks'whichnormallyhave^relati:",:::?::::i:l;
ilIil:l*l:"
lli,lil"". Problem r's) rnl metamoryhisln resulting fiom this
type
I

In its broadest sense, metamorphism includes the entire plate

I
I
of buriar ond l",.uting is asiociated u'ith convergent
rangeofchangesthattakepracebehveenthezoneofrveath- therefore
boundaries and develops on a'regional scale; it is
ering and the zone in wlictr melting gives rise to magmas. (Fig' 16'l(8))- I
referred to as regiotwr ntetantorpfirszr
Traditiona'y, howeveq the low-temperature changes uiso"i- associated with rift I
of Furthermore, extensive magmatisn.r I
ated with weathering and the lithification and diagenesis
zones, arcs' areas of lorver crustal delamination' or
mantle
sediments have been omitted tiom the study of metamor-
phism.Typicalmetamorphicreactionstakeplaceattemper-plumescanelevategeothennalgra<lientsoverlargeareasofl
produce regionallv
0c. At the highest temperatures. rhe crust and
atures above r50 to 200
par- :::3*:::;iirllijj-
Regional metamorphisn.r is nonrrally accompanied by
tecton- I|
metamorphism gives rvay to magmatic processes where develop
ism, rvith the result that the metan.rorphic rocks
tial melting produces ntigtnatites,mixed igneous-metamorphic contrast'
slate' schist' 'qneiss' In I
rocks. Average continental ,run, Jrelting und". tuute.- prorninent foliated fabrics -
"'..',r, .C this
at lorv pressures, but most contact rnetamorphic rocks deformed
are not strongly I
saturated conditions around 1000 foliated
lack the
I

temperature decreases with increasing pressure. dropping

to during rnetamorphism, and they therefore
fabric of regionally metamorphosed rocks' Metamorphic l
650 "c at 0.5 Gpa (Fig. I 1.7). The rvarer-saturut.o i"ginn"ing as retro-
changes that develop during copling are referred io
I

of melting of granite rnarks the upper temperature imit o?

the latent heat of grade;theymay affect both contact and regionally metan'lor- I
I

metamorphism in many regions, because

;'tf.:":f.il:-TiTil:il;i"ili::;;"lrffliJ^*"'o'
*::n*jnl:T*,[".:'Jri*[:ln:l*r*m
attained' to determine the conditions tnt,:::':;:"::i:rT:il:: 1

higher metamorphic tenrperatures may be '"0

"'-il:,Hil;til"i',u:" abundant because rnetamorphism phism and
tlien, from these. to deduce the major geologic
textures'
events that have affected a region'-The nrineralogy'
can occur throughout the crust and atlect a broad assortment record importa't infor-
rocks
of protoliths. For example, rnetamorphic ,o.t, ,-,-,uL" up ulou,
and struchrres of rnetamorphic
prevalent during the formation of
60 r'olume percent of the continenrs. Furthennore, the
rvide- nration about the conditions
tasks of metamorphic petrol-
circu- these rocks, and one of the main
spread alteration of,.oceanic crust due to hydrothennal
ogy is to leam hor'l'to read this recorcl we have already
seen'
lation of seawater at mid-ocean spreading ridges is also meumorphosed pelites
for in section r.6, rhat
generally included rvithin the dornain of metamorphism "*a*pl" 'any
(metapelites) contain one or more of the Al2SiO5
poly-
(Figs. 1.2,21.1). Taken together. the metamorphic rocks of yet the calculated
the morphs. andalusite, kyanite. or siilimanire-
the continents and the hydrothermally altered rocks of
steady-state continentai s:":T:l (Fig' l'9) lies
entirely
ocean basins constirute an enorrnous volume of crust'
ivithin the kyanite stabiliry field- N'retamorphic rocks contain-
consequentry, knorvledge of merarnorphirn., is n".ersury
to
and ins andalusite or sillimanite nlust therefore have formed
understand Eartlr's large-scaie geological, geochemical
at temperatures rvell abo'e the steady-state geothen'
ln
geophysical er.olution.