School of Aerospace Engineering

Conservation Equations
• Govern mechanics and thermodynamics of systems
• Control Mass Laws
– mass: can not create or destroy mass (e.g., neglect
nuclear reactions)
– momentum: Newton’s Law, F=ma
– energy: 1st Law of thermodynamics, dE=δQ- δW
– entropy: 2nd Law, dS=δQ/T+δPs
• Propulsion systems generally employ fluid flow
– need to write conservation laws in terms for
Control Volumes
Conservation Equations -1

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(

School of Aerospace Engineering

Reynolds Transport Theorem - RTT

• Provides general form for converting conservation
laws from control mass to control volumes
• Take arbitrary control volume (CV); can be moving
– mass and energy (“heat” Q and work W)
can cross W&
control surface Q& n̂ m& A = ρur ⋅ nˆ
r rel
(CS) boundaries u rel
r
F uCS
– forces also act CV ref. frame
on CS and m&
Closed CS
mass in CV Open CS
r
u rel = velocity of material crossing CS relative to motion of CS
Conservation Equations -2

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(

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 School of Aerospace Engineering

RTT Equation
• Take any extensive property B, that follows a
“conservation” law and its intensive version β (per
mass); can show

r
ρβdV + ∫ ρβ(u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
dB d
= ∫
dt CM dt CV CS
Replace with appropriate Storage term Net flux of property leaving
Control Mass (rate of increase CV, carried by flow
Conservation Law inside CV) (outflow - inflow)
• Always leads to PICO relationship
Production + Input = Change (in time) + Output
Conservation Equations -3

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(

School of Aerospace Engineering

Mass Conservation
• If property of interest dB d( m)
is mass B = m, = = =1
dm dm
r
ρβdV + ∫ ρβ(u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
dB d
• From RTT = ∫
dt CM dt CV CS
r
ρ1 dV + ∫ ρ1(u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
d( m) d
= ∫
dt CM dt CV CS

d(m)
• CM: =0 Integral Control
Volume Form of Mass
dt CM Conservation

r
ρdV + ∫ ρ(u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
d
• CV: 0= ∫
dt CV CS
Conservation Equations -4

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Simplified Mass Conservation

r
ρdV + ∫ ρ(u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
d
0= ∫
dt CV CS

• Uniform flow (at CS) - no variations across flow

r
∫ ρ(u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA = ∑ ρu rel A − ∑ ρu rel A
CS (t ) outlets inlets
= ∑ m& − ∑ m&
outlets inlets
• Add Steady-State
d
∫ ρdV = 0
dt CV
m& 1 m& 3

⇒ ∑ m& = ∑ m& m& 2

outlets inlets m& 1 + m& 2 = m& 3
PI=CO → Input = Output
Conservation Equations -5

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(

School of Aerospace Engineering

Conservation of Momentum
• Linear momentum
r r r r
B = mu , =u
• RTT then gives
r
r r r
ρudV + ∫ ρu (u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
d(mu) d
= ∫
dt CM dt CV CS
• Use Newton’s Law “production”
r of momentum
d(mu ) r r
= ∑ F = Pmomentum
&
total force
acting on fluid dt CM
r r
∑ FCV = Pmomentum = dt ∫ ρudV + ∫ ρu (u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
& d r r r

CV CS
Production = Change + Out - In
Conservation Equations -6

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 School of Aerospace Engineering

Force Terms
• Examine different forces that can act on matter in our
control volume e.g., gravity e.g., pressure,
r r r shear,...
∑ Fon CV = ∑ F body + ∑ Fsurface
on CV on CS
• Body forces
r r r
Fbody = ∫ ρfdV with f = body force/mass,
i.e, acceleration
CV
• Surface forces
– free surfaces: not connected to solid body crossing
control surface
– connected surfaces: solid boundaries where there
are reaction forces
Conservation Equations -7

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(

School of Aerospace Engineering

Surface Forces
• Free surfaces normal stress shear stress σr
r r n̂ n̂
Fsurface = − ∫ pnˆdA + ∫ σ shear dA CV
pA pressure acts in pA
free free
0 if inviscid opposite
direction to n
• Connected solid surfaces
– force on fluid is reaction force r
(inverse) of force on solid body Fon fluid
r r
r
Fon fluid = − Fon solid body Fon strut
• Combine Integral Control Volume Form of Momentum Conservation
r r r r r r
∫ pnˆdA + ∫ σ shear dA + ∫ ρfdV = dt ∫ ρudV + ∫ ρu (u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
d
Fsolid body −
on fluid open open CV CV CS

Conservation Equations -8

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 School of Aerospace Engineering

Conservation of Energy
• Energy: microscopic + macroscopic forms of energy
internal energy
1
B = Eo = E + Ekinetic = E + mu 2
2
u2
energy per mass→ = eo = e +
2
• RTT then gives
d(Etot ) r
ρetot dV + ∫ ρetot (u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
d
=
dt CM dt CV∫
CS

• Use 1st Law Thermodynamics for energy conservation

of control mass
Conservation Equations -9

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(

School of Aerospace Engineering

1st Law of Thermodynamics

• Differential form dE = δQ − δW
CM in out
dE δQin δWout & W&
= − = Qin − W& out Q&
dt CM dt dt
• Into RTT m& CV

ρeo dV + ∫ ρeo (u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA

d r
Q& in − W&out = ∫
dt CV CS

• But work is related to forces (F·x) acting on CV

– already examined some kinds of forces
– let’s relate them to work terms

Conservation Equations -10

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 School of Aerospace Engineering

Work and Forces

• Relationship r
r
dx r r
W& = F ⋅ = F ⋅u
dt Since we let work be
positive when done BY fluid
• Body forces r r
W&body = − ∫ ρf ⋅ u dV
CV
∫ p(u ⋅ nˆ )dA
r
• Fluid forces (stresses) W& press =
“Flow Work” CS open
r r

• Reaction Forces
W& shear =− ∫ σ ⋅ udA
CS open
– lump into “useful” work term, e.g., shaft work
W& shaft
Conservation Equations -11

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(

School of Aerospace Engineering

Energy Conservation
• Combine into RTT result (neglect shear forces)
r r
∫ ρf ⋅ udV − ∫ p(u ⋅ nˆ )dA = dt ∫ ρeodV + ∫ ρeo (u rel ⋅ nˆ )dA
r d r
Q& in − W& shaft +
CV CS CV CS
open Similar Form Stagnation
Enthalpy 2
Combine flow work p  p u
= ρ eo +  = ρho ρeo + ρ ho = h +
and energy flux ρ  ρ  2
r r
Q& in − W& shaft + ∫ ρf ⋅ u dV − ∫ p(u − u rel ) ⋅ nˆ dA = ∫ ρeodV + ∫ ρho (urel ⋅ nˆ )dA
r r d r

CV CS
dt CV CS
open
• For reference frame moving with control volume at
constant velocity and no body forces
∫ ρeo dV + ∫ ρho (u ⋅ nˆ )dA
d r
Q& in − W& shaft =
0 dt CV CS
PI=CO In - Out Change Out - In, of energy in mass
Conservation Equations -12

Copyright © 2001 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. $(