CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The expeditious growth in development of technology is increasing day by day, we face

challenges like pollution, natural disaster etc. One of a most deleterious pollution type is air
pollution, because it’s colorless, savorless and odorless. Air is one of key element in our life, but
because of pollution, this polluted air is being inhaled by us who may contain some toxic gases
too, which may cause adverse effects on our health.
Many applications of pollution controlling systems are in industries. The control of the
parameters which causes pollution in the industrial and natural environment pattern is a great
challenge and has received interest from industries especially in paper making industries,
chemical industries, Water treatment industries, Sugar manufacturing industries and grain mills.
The process of industrial quality analysis is an evaluation of the industrial quality in
relation to standard quality set by pollution control board. Peculiar attention is given to factors
which may influence human health and the health of the natural system itself. Industrial quality
monitoring is the collection of information at set locations of different industries and at
systematic intervals in order to provide the data which may be used to elucidate current
conditions, establish trends etc.The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new concept by which the
attention of both academics and industry is attracted. The IoT allows for virtually endless
connections and opportunities to take place, which we may not understand full impact of today.
On a broader scale, the IoT can be applied to things like home appliances, internet, and
transportation networks: "smart cities" which can help us reduce waste and improve efficiency
for things such as energy use; this helping us understand and improve how we work and live.
This project presents the implementation of a simple IOT system within an industry. This
increases the safety level of workers as well as the working area from any hazards. Internet of
Things (Iot) has been implemented as a network of interconnected objects, one of which can be
addressed using unique id and communication is done based on the standard communication
protocols. The sensor nodes are set with gas sensors and they communicate wirelessly huge
number of outputs collected from individual sensors can be compared for a more precise
analysis. Thus, wireless sensor networks suggest powerful new techniques to monitor industrial
environmental pollution quality.
1.1 GENERAL INFORMATON

Nowadays, everything is becoming smarter and everyone wants to do smart things. To

strive in this smarter world everyone has to do daily things in smart way. Industrial automation is
the smart technology with which daily things can be done in a smarter way. Industrial
automation is a field within automation, specializing in the specific automation requirements of
industries and in the application of automation techniques for the comfort and security of its
parts. Industrial automation is based on the embedded system.

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger

mechanical or electrical system often with real time computing constraints. It is embedded as a
part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Since the embedded
system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost
of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Embedded systems are not always
standalone devices. Many embedded system consists of small parts within a larger device that
serves a more general purpose. Communication is the transmission of signal , messages and
data’s of information by wire, radio optical or other electromagnetic system through wirelessly
such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, RF module and GSM.

1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1.2.1 Basics of Embedded System

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger

mechanical or electrical system often with real time computing constraints. Embedded devices
control many device in common use today. Ninety- eight percent of all microprocessors are
manufactured as components of embedded systems. Modern embedded systems are often based
on microcontroller (i.e. CPU’s with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces), since the
embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the
size and cost of the product and increase reliability and performance. Embedded systems are
commonly
found real time operating system such as in consumer, cooking, industrial, automotive, medical,
commercial and military application.

1.2.2 Characteristics

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-
purpose computer for multiple task. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must
be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance
requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. Embedded systems
are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consists of small parts within a
larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Guitar features an embedded
system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Guitar is, of course, to play music.
Similarly, an embedded system is an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of
the car and other vehicles thus by using the embedded technology.

The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware and
are stored in read-only memory or flash memory. They run with limited computer hardware
resources: little memory small or non-memory chips. Systems provides user interface remotely
with the help of a serial (e.g. RS-232, USB, I2C, etc.) or network (e.g. Ethernet) connection.

Embedded processors can be broken into two board categories. Ordinary microprocessors
use separate integrated circuits for memory and peripherals. Microcontrollers have on-chip
peripherals, thus reducing power consumption, size and cost. In contrast to the personal
computer marker, many different basic CPU architectures are used such as Von Neumann
architecture and Harvard architecture. They are used both hardware and software
implementations and to contain the integrated circuits for memory and peripherals. An embedded
system for tuning the strings but the overall purpose of the Guitar’s is constrained.
1.2.3 Applications

Embedded systems are used in different applications like automobiles,

telecommunications, smart cards, missiles, satellites, computer networking and digital consumer
electronics.

Automation in Homes, Industrial, Irrigation.

Embedded Systems in Automobiles and in telecommunications

Wireless communication

Mobile computing and networking

Embedded Systems in Smart cards, Missiles and Satellites

Embedded Systems in Peripheral & Computer Networking, Displays and

Monitors, Network cards and printers

Digital Camera, Set top Boxes, High Definition TVs, DVDs

This is all about the embedded systems, types of embedded systems with their
applications. We all know that these systems are extremely fabulous systems that play a vital role
in many devices, equipment’s, industrial control systems, robotics, manufacturing of the
electronic gadgets, real time home automation using Internet of Things concept, irrigation
automation in industries, home, manufacturing, industrial instrumentation and home automation
irrespective of circuit complexity.
GENERAL INFORMATION

Today’s life rolls around the concept of automation and the things that are automated are
said to be of next generation because they reduce the interference of human beings. Many
accidents due to short circuits, will not allow an ordinary person to enter the accident area so as
to reduce further damage. Such accidents are increasing day-to-day due to lack of awareness,
precautionary measures and ignorance of the workers. This project presents an intelligent
security system useful for most of the industry applications by using some wired techniques.
This system monitored the environmental factors such as temperature, humidity etc., of
the industry. The main body of the prototype contains an Raspberry pi microcontroller connected
to several modules. The design of simple hardware circuit enables every user to use this wired
industrial security system with temperature sensor and humidity sensor at industries. The project
aims to develop and design an Ethernet based monitoring that can be used, together with an
Android phone.

HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a
larger mechanical or electrical system often with real time computing constraints. It is embedded
as a part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Since the
embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the
size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Embedded systems are
not always standalone devices. Many embedded system consists of small parts within a larger
device that serves a more general purpose.
In the industry, server room stores the entire data and it acts as the heart of an industry.
Server room consists of many computing equipment which generates a lot of heat. Therefore,
cooling systems are needed to maintain a lower temperature and ensure the safety of the
machinery. There are acceptable ranges for data center temperature (15oC to 30oC) and humidity
(30% to 60%).
The micro controller on the board uses the Raspberry programming language (based on
wiring) and the Raspberry pi development environment. Raspberry pi projects can be standalone
or they can communicate with software running on a computer. Raspberry pi board designs use a
variety of microprocessors and controllers.
 The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input and output pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards or breadboards and other circuits.The boards features
serial communication interfaces, including USB on some models which are also used for loading
programs or personal computers.

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version

of the Linux kernel and their open source software and designed primarily for touch screen
mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. Applications, which extend the functionality of
devices, are written using the Android software development kit (SDK) and, often the Java
programming language. Android devices boot to the home screen, the primary navigation and
information “hub” on Android devices, analogous to the desktop found on PC. An all apps
screen lists all installed applications, with the ability for uses to drag an app from the list on the
home screen. A recent screen lets users switch between recently used apps.

1.4 OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this work is to monitor and control level of gases released during
industry process, temperature of the machineries, and other activities affecting the environment
using Internet of Things (IOT).
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Smart Industrial Automation has the greatest scope in future as it reduces human work.
The recent trends in industrial automation mainly involves the automation of the electrical loads
without manual interruption and it leads to wide range of Automation of the automatic turning on
the loads using the sensor as well as monitoring and controlling the industrial applicants using
Android phone.

The existing system of this project is to control the loads only with sensors, it uses Wi-Fi
as wireless protocol as it cost is high as well as it can be hacked easily. The existing process of
implementation is slow and tedious process and it is time consuming process and the process of
operation and the design cost is high and complex.

Automation can be defined as the technology by which a process or procedure is

performed without human assistance. Industrial automation is a complex and mammoth topic
covering areas ranging from simple control systems handling processes and machines, through to
digital manufacturing, the much hybrid “smart factoring” and industries.

Thus, for automation is typically employed in situations where a high degree of accuracy
is needed; where the work is physically demanding or taking place within dangerous
environments; where monotony occurs.

The proposed model of this project uses android smartphones for monitoring the
parameters, it uses Ethernet as a wired protocol, Raspberry pi AtMega 328p as a controller and
DHT11 sensor for monitoring the temperature and the humidity parameters, and store the data in
the database via the Ethernet shield by PC’s IP address. The proposed model is low cost and high
efficiency. This project is mainly focuses on monitoring the Temperature and Humidity
parameters through Android application and it also provided with database connection in the PC.
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

S.NO PAPER FINDINGS & DETAILS

1 “Android Mobile Based A home automation technique based on ARM controller.

Home Security and This technique uses an IR sensor to detect the person. If the
Device Control Using IR sensor detects a person, then the keypad will be
GSM’’ activated to enter the pass code. A SMS will be sent to the
S. Rajadurai, owner for authentication. Depending on the owner’s reply
P.P. Nehru, the door will open. If the person enters a wrong password,
May 2015. an intimation message will be sent to the owner and at the
mean time buzzer will be activated. Android application is
used to control the electrical appliances.

2 “Smart Home – The proposed system is designed for home automation with
Automation and Security some increased functionalities and using Wi-Fi as an
System Based on Sensing Internet connection protocol. The increased functionalities
Mechanism” include Alarm based smart lock, controlling household
Mile Mrinal, Lakade appliances from remote Location, Mosquito sensing, Smart
Priyanka water tank. By making use of the proposed system diseases
April 2016. caused due to mosquitoes can be prevented. Also this
system helps in reducing the human efforts as it is
automated.
3 “Development of Wi-Fi-
based switch control
system for Home
Appliances using Android
phone”
Rionel Belen Caldo,
Derrick Castillo, Joseph T.
Seranilla, Jose Maria T.
Castillo,
December 2015.
4 “Wi-Fi based remotely
operated Smart home
automated System using
the concept of Internet of
things”
SwatiRahul, Gedam,
June, 2016.
An android application is also developed using Basic 4
Android IDE. The proponents add features such as
renaming devices and password security to make a user-
friendly interface. The proponents used the
developmental method and conducted several tests to
determine if the prototype satisfied the scope and
limitations. The proponents tested the prototype to
handle varying number of output devices from two to
seven loads and showed that the prototype can really
automate the switching of simple home appliances and
therefore can further develop for a full home automation
system.
Wi-Fi based automation using IoT technology uses the
Wi-Fi as the wireless communication through the telnet
in the IoT. Raspberry pi Pro mini is used as the
micro
controller and also provided with sensors. The loads can
be controlled by the remotely operated network by using
the Wi-Fi for domestic purpose. It reduces cost and
complexity. Raspberry pi pro mini micro controller has
less
efficiency as compared to ATmega 328p microcontroller.
5 “Home Automation using Automation monitoring using AtMega328p based on Wi-
Fi technology. Raspberry pi AtMega has high bit rate
ATmega 328p” as
compared to the Raspberry pi pro mini. It provides
Prof.K.N.Atrade, the
Sadiquekhan automated switching on the lights by using the passive
Kaushal upadhayay Infra-Red (PIR) sensor as it senses the motion and it has
April,2016. LDR (light detecting and ranging) for the automated light
control. This paper needs to improve power consumption,
economics and also has the relays to turn on the loads and
thus the delay of this circuit is very high with increased
cost and design complexity. The device mainly used for
domestic application.

6 “Embedded based Home Home Automation based on IoT uses manual control of the
automation” various home applicants or load by using the mobile
Dr. K. Fathima, controlled technology. This project uses various sensors,
Sundhar Ganesh. C temperature sensor and flame sensor to activate the loads
May, 2016. such as light, fan. This paper need to rectify as it uses the
Raspberry pi AtMega 328p microcontroller as main
controller
part ant it has the relays for controlling of the various loads
as it increases the power consumption and dissipation of
the form of the heat is more in this circuit and increased
design cost.
7 “Smart Home Automation Home Automation using IoT technology based on
using IoT” fundamental concept of Interfacing the sensor and loads to
Dhakadkunal, the microcontroller through the Internet of Things. The
Dhake Tushar. Internet of Things provides the Server connection
February, 2016. establishment through the use of router which connects the
various Graphical user Interface (GUI) devices to the loads
by sensors. This paper needs to enhance technological
aspects of this model as Internet of Things provides server
access and it can be easily hacked It uses the IIS(Internet
Information Services) server for the server access through
the concept of Internet of Things.

8 “Home Automation Using Home Automation using IoT technology Uses Cloud
Internet of Things” Computing provides the security for access and it uses the
Vinaysagar K N, various sensors such as LDR, temperature sensor, PIR
Kusuma S M, sensors gas sensor to control the loads automatically
June , 2016. without the human interruption. It uses the Intel Gaileo
Board for the microcontroller and this is the main
disadvantages of this project as this controller is slow and
high cost and the design for the circuit is highly complex
and difficult as compared to the Raspberry pi
microcontroller.
9 “Android Based Home Home Automation by BTE (Bluetooth Enable Technology)
Automation System Using as Bluetooth technology is used as it has high security and
Bluetooth & Voice covers in the range up to 20m and it has the voice command
Command” as the input for the microcontroller as it is user friendly and
BhavikPandya, it consumes less power and highly reliable. This project uses
Mihir Mehta the ARM microcontroller and it has less features as
March, 2016. compared to the Raspberry pi is the basic disadvantage, and
there are noise produced during the voice command and the
distortion at the receiver is much more, which tends to be
lower efficient at the receiver side.

10 Home automation Based on Home automation based on Android Technology uses

Android Application” android Application through which the loads can be
Mohana, controlled and the data are monitored by the GSM
Murugasamy, technology. Android application is communicated to
April , 2016. microcontroller using GSM technology and this is the main
advantage of this project. Since the GSM can transmit
through the long range, but the cost is high and
implementation is difficult and complexity of circuit is more
and efficiency is less as compared to other wireless
protocols such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee is the primary
issue of this project.
 CHAPTER III

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

EXISTING SYSTEM

In 2007, Meng designed the architecture and prototype of the IoT system. Here every
consumable device is considered as objects. In 2016, Yang developed an algorithm for air
pollution source estimation which uses Mobile Sensor Networks. In industrialization, especially
the workers have been suffering from some endangering situations, so monitoring and
controlling the parameters which causes pollution is necessary in industrial environment. This
proposed model had introduced the wireless solution, based on GSM network for the monitoring
and controlling of temperature and humidity in industries.
In the existing system, an industrial pollution monitoring system using LABVIEW and
GSM. This method is to form a system for reading and monitoring pollution parameters and to
notify pollution control system when anyone of the factors crosses the threshold value declared
by industry.
Some of the research works are done in order to monitor the pollution parameters for
making the environment smart in that area, different techniques and methods which were used in
the past. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) plays vital role in Smart Environment Monitoring. In
this work they are mainly focusing on making the city environment smart, by deploying WSN all
across the city, public and private transportation systems. By accessing all the dynamic global
sensor networks, environmental behaviors are collected as a streaming data base to identify the
environmental conditions. This methodology gives the managing of data from stationary node
deployed in city to the mobile nodes on public, private transportation.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The IOT is an integrated communication Technology in which the objects are connected
anywhere, anytime, anything, anyhow. IOT uses intelligent interfaces to attach and communicate
with sensors, devices and social contexts. Air pollution has surfaced globally as a result of
eruptive industrial growth. The most endangered global challenges faced today are greenhouse
effect and its impacts on climate with degenerating air quality. This paper presents the design of
a system to give a result for detecting pollutants causing environmental pollution. It may enable
to diminish the pollution level over a certain span of time.
 An efficient monitoring system is required to monitor and estimate the condition by using
Gas and temperature sensors in case of exceeding the prescribed level of pollution parameters,
then automatically the power gets terminated through the transformer and license has been
abandoned by the Government. The computed data can transfer through Android by using IOT.
This method may be integrated as an enabling tool to design intelligent transportation
system for Smart City. The performance and robustness of the pollution can be monitored and
controlled in additional to this, the system can be improved by implementing various type of
sensors for controlling parameters which cause environmental pollution, and thereby we can
enhance the industrial and natural environment.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 INTERFACING GAS SENSOR WITH RASPBERRY PI

INTRFACING LM35 WITH RASPBERRY PI

INTERFACING HUMIDITY SENSOR

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
In this project, we would like to present effective use of Internet of Things to address the
industrial pollution. Continuous monitoring of air quality is obligatory to ascertain level of
pollution and presence of certain harmful pollutants. Various gas sensors may be pressed into
service for this purpose. This system design represents the working flow based on IOT industrial
pollution monitoring and controlling.
This module proposes the use of an Raspberry pi board which collects the temperature
and humidity parameter from the Temperature and humidity sensor, ADC converter, CO2
concentration using MG-811 and the MQ-3 sensor senses smoke level in the atmosphere and
amends output as a result in the form of an analog signal.
The above details are updated into online database. Before data are passed to the
raspberry, it must be converted in to the digital value. The ADC converts the sensor outputted
analog values to corresponding digital values. Then microcontroller does the further processing.
A system will detect the hazardous gases that are emitted by industries across the
particular area. It simultaneously provides data to authority and organization. The main objective
of the work is to design microcontroller based toxic gas detecting and alerting system. The
hazardous gases like LPG and propane were sensed and displayed each and every second on the
LCD display. The temperature and humidity data will be displayed in the database and also in
the mobile app for every 5 minutes. The mobile application will also display the data in graphical
representation. By clicking the Show Data button in the app, the numerical values will be
displayed. The advantage of this automated detection and alerting system over the manual
method is that it offers quick response and accurate detection of an emergency and in turn
leading faster diffusion of the critical situation.
 CHAPTER IV
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

In most of our electronic products or projects we need a power supply for converting mains AC
voltage to a regulated DC voltage. For making a power supply designing of each and every
component is essential. Here I’m going to discuss the designing of regulated 5V Power Supply.

Let’s start with very basic things the choosing of components

Component List :

1. Step down transformer

2. Voltage regulator
3. Capacitors
4. Diodes

Voltage regulator :

As we require a 5V we need LM7805 Voltage Regulator IC.

7805 IC Rating :

 Input voltage range 7V- 35V

 Current rating Ic = 1A
 Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V
LM7805 – Pin Diagram

Operation of Regulated Power Supply

Step Down Transformer

A step down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac mains to the required voltage
level. The turn’s ratio of the transformer is so adjusted such as to obtain the required voltage
value. The output of the transformer is given as an input to the rectifier circuit.

Rectification
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the rectification process.
Rectification is the process of converting an alternating voltage or current into corresponding
direct (dc) quantity. The input to a rectifier is ac whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating dc.
Usually a full wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier is used to rectify both the half cycles of the ac
supply (full wave rectification). Figure below shows a full wave bridge rectifier.

A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes connected in the above shown
manner. In the positive half cycle of the supply the voltage induced across the secondary of the
electrical transformer i.e. VMN is positive. Therefore point E is positive with respect to F.
Hence, diodes D3 and D2 are reversed biased and diodes D1 and D4 are forward biased. The diode
D3 and D2 will act as open switches (practically there is some voltage drop) and diodes D1 andD4
will act as closed switches and will start conducting. Hence a rectified waveform appears at the
output of the rectifier as shown in the first figure. When voltage induced in secondary i.e. VMN
is negative than D3 and D2 are forward biased with the other two reversed biased and a positive
voltage appears at the input of the filter.
DC Filteration
The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating dc voltage having very high ripple content.
But this is not we want, we want a pure ripple free dc waveform. Hence a filter is used. Different
types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC filter, Choke input filter, π type filter. Figure
below shows a capacitor filter connected along the output of the rectifier and the resultant output
waveform.

As the
instantaneous voltage starts increasing the capacitor charges, it charges till the waveform reaches
its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts reducing the capacitor starts discharging
exponentially and slowly through the load (input of the regulator in this case). Hence, an almost
constant dc value having very less ripple content is obtained.

Regulation
This is the last block in a regulated DC power supply. The output voltage or current will change
or fluctuate when there is change in the input from ac mains or due to change in load current at
the output of the regulated power supply or due to other factors like temperature changes. This
problem can be eliminated by using a regulator. A regulator will maintain the output constant
even when changes at the input or any other changes occur. Transistor series regulator, Fixed and
variable IC regulators or a zener diode operated in the zener region can be used depending on
their applications. IC’s like 78XX and 79XX are used to obtained fixed values of voltages at the
output. With IC’s like LM 317 and 723 etc we can adjust the output voltage to a required
constant value. Figure below shows the LM317 voltage regulator. The output voltage can be
adjusted with adjusting the values of resistances R1 and R2. Usually coupling capacitors of values
about 0.01µF to 10µF needs to be connected at the output and input to address input noise and

output transients. Ideally the output voltage is given by

Figure below shows the complete circuit of a regulated +5V DC power supply using
transformer, bridge rectifier, filter (smoothing) and a fixed +5 V voltage regulator. Here we can
use IC 7803(for 3V),7809(for 9 V),7812(for 12V) etc.

Application of Regulated Power Supply

 Regulated power supply is the main component of electrical,electronics and as well as
automation equipment. Mobile phone charger, oscilator, amplifier are needed the regulated
power supply

Understanding 7805 IC Voltage Regulator

A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic devices due to the
semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of current as well as voltage. The
device may get damaged if there is any deviation from the fixed rate. The AC power supply gets
converted into constant DC by this circuit. By the help of a voltage regulator DC, unregulated
output will be fixed to a constant voltage. The circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805
along with capacitors and resistors with bridge rectifier made up from diodes. From giving an
unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output reaches uninterrupted to the
appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle elevated efficient signal conveyal.

As we have previously talked about that regulated power supply is a device that mechanized on
DC voltages and also it can uphold its output accurately at a fixed voltage all the time although
if there is a significant alteration in the DC input voltage.

ICs regulator is mainly used in the circuit to maintain the exact voltage which is followed by the
power supply. A regulator is mainly employed with the capacitor connected in parallel to the
input terminal and the output terminal of the IC regulator. For the checking of gigantic
alterations in the input as well as in the output filter, capacitors are used. While the bypass
capacitors are used to check the small period spikes on the input and output level. Bypass
capacitors are mainly of small values that are used to bypass the small period pulses straightly
into the Earth.

A circuit diagram having regulator IC and all the above discussed components arrangement
revealed in the figure below.
As we have made the whole circuit till now to be operated on the 5V DC supply, so we have to
use an IC regulator for 5V DC. And the most generally used IC regulators get into the market for
5V DC regulation use is 7805. So we are connecting the similar IC in the circuit as U1.

IC 7805 is a DC regulated IC of 5V. This IC is very flexible and is widely employed in all types
of circuit like a voltage regulator. It is a three terminal device and mainly called input , output
and ground. Pin diagram of the IC 7805 is shown in the diagram below.

The output generated from the unregulated DC output is susceptible to the fluctuations of the
input signal.IC voltage regulator is connected with bridge rectifier in series in these project so to
steady the DC output against the variations in the input DC voltage.To obtain a stable output of
5V, IC 7805 is attached with 6-0-6V along with 500mA step down transformer as well as with
rectifier.To suppress the oscillation which might generate in the regulator IC, C2 capacitor of 0.1
uF value is used. When the power supply filter is far away from the regulated IC capacitor C2 is
used.Ripple rejection in the regulator is been improved by C4 capacitor(35uf) by avoiding the
ripple voltage to be amplified at the regulator output.The output voltage is strengthen and
deduction of the output voltage is done capacitor C3(0.1uF). To avoid the chance of the input get
shorted D5 diode is used to save the regulator. If D5 is not presented in the circuit, the output
capacitor can leave its charge immediately during low impedance course inside the regulators.

Relay:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no
moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed
by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Basic Design and Operation:

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core,
an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature,
and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to
the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts.
 It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in
the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is
closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending
on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke.
This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the
circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that
activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or
breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts
was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks
the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched
off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its
relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in
industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage
application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise
generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some automotive
relays include a diode inside the relay case.
 Alternatively, a contact protection network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series
(snubber circuit) may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating
current (AC), a small copper "shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a
small out-of-phase current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC
cycle.[1]

A solid-state relay uses a thyristor or other solid-state switching device, activated by the
control signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. An optocoupler (a light-
emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor) can be used to isolate control and
controlled circuits.
Temperature Sensor:
A temperature sensor is a device that gathers data concerning the temperature from a
source and converts it to a form that can be understood either by an observer or another device.
These sensors come in many different forms and are used for a wide variety of purposes, from
simple home use to extremely accurate and precise scientific use. They play a very important
role almost everywhere that they are applied; knowing the temperature helps people to pick their
clothing before a walk outside just as it helps chemists to understand the data collected from a
complex chemical reaction.

The best known example is the mercury-in-glass thermometer. Mercury expands and
contracts based on changes in temperature; when these volume changes are quantified,
temperature can be measured with a fair degree of accuracy. The outside temperature is the
source of the measurements and the position of the mercury in the glass tube is the observable
quantification of temperature that can be understood by observers. Typically, mercury-in-glass
thermometers are only used for nonscientific purposes because they are not extremely accurate.
In some cases, they can be used in high school or college chemistry labs when a very accurate
measurement of temperature is not important.

A more complex temperature sensor will generally be computerized for more accurate
results. These, too, are sometimes used in homes for nonscientific purposes; some people keep
sensors outside that wirelessly send the outside temperature to a digital display inside. In a lab, a
digital sensor will typically be calibrated to be far more accurate. These devices typically take
one of two forms: contact sensors measure their own temperatures after they have achieved
thermal equilibrium with their environments, and noncontact sensors measure heat radiation
from their environments within a given area. All heat sensors tend to have some level of error in
their readings, as temperature is quite difficult to measure accurately.

Temperature range: -40 degrees C to 150 degrees C / -40 degrees F to 302 degrees F

Output range: 0.1V (-40 degrees C) to 2.0V (150 degrees C) but accuracy decreases
after 125 degrees C

Power supply: 2.7V to 5.5V only, 0.05 mA current draw.

Humidity Sensor:
Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect
human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water
vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Humidity measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of
the product and the health and safety of the personnel. Hence, humidity sensing is very
important, especially in the control systems for industrial processes and human comfort.
 Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial &
domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be
properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications, humidity
control is required for respiratory equipment’s, sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing,
and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers,
ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production, and food processing. In agriculture,
measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection (dew prevention), soil moisture
monitoring, etc. For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment in
buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many
others, humidity sensors are employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the
environment.

RELEVANT MOISTURE TERMS:

To mention moisture levels, variety of terminologies are used. The study of water vapour
concentration in air as a function of temperature and pressure falls under the area of
psychometrics. Psychometrics deals with the thermodynamic properties of moist gases while the
term “humidity’ simply refers to the presence of water vapour in air or other carrier gas.
Humidity measurement determines the amount of water vapor present in a gas that can be
a mixture, such as air, or a pure gas, such as nitrogen or argon. Various terms used to indicate
moisture levels are tabulated in the table below:

S.No Term Definition Unit

1 Absolute Humidity
(Vapor Concentration)
2 Mixing Ratio OR Mass Ratio of mass(vapour) to mass(dry gas)
Ratio
3 Relative Humidity
4 Specific Humidity
5 Dew Point
6 Frost Point
Ratio of mass(vapour) to volume. grams/m3
grams/m3
Ratio of mass(vapour) to mass(saturated %
vapour) OR ratio of actual vapor pressure to
saturation vapor pressure.
Ratio of mass(vapour) to total mass. %
Temperature(above 0°C) at which the water °C
vapor in a gas condenses to liquid water)
Temperature(below 0°C) at which the water
 vapor in a gas condenses to ice
7 Volume Ratio Ratio of partial pressure(vapour) to partial % by
pressure (dry gas) volume
8 PPM by Volume Ratio of volume(vapour) X 106 to
volume(dry gas) PPMV
9 PPM by Weight PPMV X PPMW

Most commonly used units for humidity measurement are Relative Humidity (RH),
Dew/Frost point (D/F PT) and Parts per Million (PPM). RH is a function of temperature, and
thus it is a relative measurement. Dew/Frost point is a function of the pressure of the gas but is
independent of temperature and is therefore defined as absolute humidity measurement. PPM is
also an absolute measurement.
Dew points and frost points are often used when the dryness of the gas is important. Dew
point is also used as an indicator of water vapor in high temperature processes, such as industrial
drying.
Mixing ratios, volume percent, and specific humidity are usually used when water vapor is either
an impurity or a defined component of a process gas mixture used in manufacturing.

Sensing Principle:
Humidity measurement can be done using dry and wet bulb hygrometers, dew point
hygrometers, and electronic hygrometers. There has been a surge in the demand of electronic
hygrometers, often called humidity sensors.
Electronic type hygrometers or humidity sensors can be broadly divided into two
categories: one employs capacitive sensing principle, while other use resistive effects

Sensors based on capacitive effect:

 Humidity sensors relying on this principle consists of a hygroscopic dielectric material
sandwiched between a pair of electrodes forming a small capacitor. Most capacitive sensors use
a plastic or polymer as the dielectric material, with a typical dielectric constant ranging from 2 to
15. In absence of moisture, the dielectric constant of the hygroscopic dielectric material and the
sensor geometry determine the value of capacitance.
At normal room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapor has a value of about
80, a value much larger than the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Therefore, absorption
of water vapor by the sensor results in an increase in sensor capacitance.
At equilibrium conditions, the amount of moisture present in a hygroscopic material
depends on both the ambient temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure. This is true also
for the hygroscopic dielectric material used on the sensor.

By definition, relative humidity is a function of both the ambient temperature and water
vapor pressure. Therefore there is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of
moisture present in the sensor, and sensor capacitance. This relationship governs the operation of
a capacitive humidity instrument.

On Alumina substrate, lower electrode is formed using gold, platinum or other material.
A polymer layer such as PVA is deposited on the electrode. This layers senses humidity. On top
of this polymer film, gold layer is deposited which acts as top electrode. The top electrode also
allows water vapour to pass through it, into the sensing layer. The vapors enter or leave the
hygroscopic sensing layer until the vapour content is in equilibrium with the ambient air or gas.
Thus capacitive type sensor is basically a capacitor with humidity sensitive polymer film as the
dielectric.
Sensors based on Resistive effect:
Resistive type humidity sensors pick up changes in the resistance value of the sensor
element in response to the change in the humidity. Basic structure of resistive type humidity
sensor from TDK is shown below
 Thick film conductor of precious metals like gold, ruthenium oxide is printed and
calcinated in the shape of the comb to form an electrode. Then a polymeric film is applied on the
electrode; the film acts as a humidity sensing film due to the existence of movable ions. Change
in impedance occurs due to the change in the number of movable ions.

A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area, often as part of a
safety system. This type of equipment is used to detect a gas leak and interface with a control
system so a process can be automatically shut down. A gas detector can sound an alarm to
operators in the area where the leak is occurring, giving them the opportunity to leave. This type
of device is important because there are many gases that can be harmful to organic life, such as
humans or animals.

Gas detectors can be used to detect combustible, flammable and toxic gases,
and oxygen depletion. This type of device is used widely in industry and can be found in
locations, such as on oil rigs, to monitor manufacture processes and emerging technologies such
as photovoltaic. They may be used in firefighting.

Gas leak detection is the process of identifying potentially hazardous gas leaks by
sensors. These sensors usually employ an audible alarm to alert people when a dangerous gas has
been detected. Common sensors include infrared point sensors, ultrasonic
sensors, electrochemical gas sensors, and semiconductor sensors. More recently, infrared
imaging sensors have come into use. All of these sensors are used for a wide range of
applications and can be found in industrial plants, refineries, waste-water treatment facilities,
vehicles, and homes.

Description:

This is a simple-to-use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)sensor, suitable for sensing LPG
(composed of mostly propane and butane) concentrations in the air. The MQ-6 can detect gas
concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm. This sensor has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. The sensor’s output is an analog resistance. The drive circuit is very simple; all
you need to do is power the heater coil with 5V, add a load resistance, and connect the output to
an ADC.

Gas sensors are available in wide specifications depending on the sensitivity levels, type
of gas to be sensed, physical dimensions and numerous other factors. This Insight covers
a methane gas sensor that can sense gases such as ammonia which might get produced from
methane. When a gas interacts with this sensor, it is first ionized into its constituents and is then
adsorbed by the sensing element. This adsorption creates a potential difference on the element
which is conveyed to the processor unit through output pins in form of current

Resistance value of MQ-7 is difference to various kinds and various concentration gases.
So, when using these components, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary. we recommend that
you calibrate the detector for 200ppm CO in air and use value of Load resistance that( RL) about
10 KΩ(5KΩ to 47 KΩ).

When accurately measuring, the proper alarm point for the gas detector should be
determined after considering the temperature and humidity influence. The sensitivity adjusting
program:
a. Connect the sensor to the application circuit.
b. Turn on the power; keep preheating through electricity over 48 hours.
c. Adjust the load resistance RL until you get a signal value which is respond to a certain carbon
monoxide concentration at the end point of 90 seconds.
d. Adjust the another load resistance RL until you get a signal value which is respond to a CO
concentration at the end point of 60 seconds .

FEATURES
* High sensitivity to carbon monoxide
* Stable and long life

APPLICATION
They are used in gas detecting equipment for carbon monoxide(CO) in family and
industry or car.
LCD (liquid crystal display):
LCD stands for liquid crystal display. They come in many sizes 8x1 , 8x2 , 10x2 , 16x1 ,
16x2 , 16x4 , 20x2 , 20x4 ,24x2 , 30x2 , 32x2 , 40x2 etc. Many multinational companies
like Philips Hitachi Panasonic make their own special kind of LCD’s to be used in their products.
All the LCD’s performs the same functions (display characters numbers special
characters ASCII characters etc).Their programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins
(0-13) or 16 pins (0 to 15). Eight (8) of them all are data pins that takes data from the external
unit and display it on the screen. One vcc takes 5 volts to turn on the LCD and GND a ground
and one is contrast (we use it to set the contract colour of the alphabets (with respect to LCD)
that appears on the LCD).
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animationsand so on.
 A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on
the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn
more about internal structure of a LCD.

PIN DIAGRAM:

Circuit diagram:
The renaming three are very important pins RS (register set), RW(read write), and EN(enable
signal).
RS(register set):
Is used to distinguish between commands and data. When it is 1 it means that some data
is coming to LCD (by data i mean some characters or ASCII characters) and when it is 0 it
means that some command is approaching to LCD from external unit (usually a micro
controller) by commands i mean that a instruction for LCD is coming for example move cursor
one step back or forward turn on or off cursor etc.
RW(read-write):
This pin most often remains 0 because when it is 0 it means we are writing to LCD
module writing anything data or command. When it is 1 it means we are reading from LCD.
EN
This enable signal is very important. When it is 1 it provides an extra beem to LCD to
display the character that the data pins are caring. After displaying the character it then comes
back to normal state 0. Two extra pins on some LCD are for background display one pin
represents background display apply 5 volts to turn on background display or 0 volts to turn off
background display.

RASPBERRY PI
Pin Diagram

Raspberry Pi Zero W is the Pi, but at a largely reduced size of only 65mm long by 30mm wide
and at a very economical price. With the addition of wireless LAN and Bluetooth, the Raspberry
Pi Zero W is ideal for making the embedded Internet of Things (IoT) projects. The Pi Zero W
has been designed to be as flexible and compact as possible with mini connectors and an
unpopulated 40-pin GPIO. The heart of the Raspberry Pi Zero W is a 1GHz BCM2835 single-
core processor, the same as the B+ and A+, with 512MB RAM. Raspberry Pi Zero W is about
four times faster than the original Raspberry Pi and is only a fraction of the cost of the current
RPi3.

The Raspberry Pi Zero Case has been designed to fit both the Pi Zero and the Pi Zero W. These
official cases consist of several parts and protect the Raspberry Pi Zero from things like rogue
wires that might short it out while still allowing full access to the board. Simply snap the RPi
into the bottom half of the enclosure, then snap on the desired top. No tools required!

Each case has a standard base featuring a cut-out to allow access to the GPIO, and a choice of
three lids: a standard lid, a GPIO lid (allowing access to the GPIO pins from above) and a
camera lid (which, when used with the short camera cable supplied, allows the Raspberry Pi
camera to be fitted neatly inside it). Additionally, each case includes a 4cm long CSI cable and
four rubber feet.
RASPBERRY PI ZERO FEATURES

 1GHz, single-core CPU

 512MB RAM

 Mini-HDMI port

 Micro-USB On-The-Go port

 Micro-USB power

 Hat-compatible 40-pin header

 Composite video and reset headers

 CSI camera connector

 802.11n Wireless LAN

 Bluetooth 4.0

Raspberry pi

The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature variations
in memory capacity and peripheral-device support.

This block diagram describes Model B and B+; Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero are similar, but
lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an
additional USB port. In Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero, the USB port is connected directly to
the system on a chip (SoC). On the Pi 1 Model B+ and later models the USB/Ethernet chip
contains a five-port USB hub, of which four ports are available, while the Pi 1 Model B only
provides two. On the Pi Zero, the USB port is also connected directly to the SoC, but it uses
a micro USB (OTG) port.

Processor

The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi[20] includes a
700 MHz ARM11 76JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics processing
unit (GPU),[21] and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB and a level 2 (L2) cache of
128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath
the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. The 1176JZ(F)-S is the same CPU used in
the original iPhone,[22] although at a higher clock rate, and mated with a much faster GPU.

The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC with a
900 MHz 32-bit, quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2 cache.[23] The
Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-
core ARM Cortex-A53 processor,[24] the same SoC which is used on the Raspberry Pi 3,
but underclocked (by default) to the same 900 MHz CPU clock speed as the V1.1. The
BCM2836 SoC is no longer in production as of late 2016.

The Raspberry Pi 3+ uses a Broadcom BCM2837B0 SoC with a 1.4 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM
Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache.

Performance

While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi provided a real-
world performance roughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS.[25][26] On the CPU level the
performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium II of 1997–99. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or
1.5 Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing performance.
The graphical capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the performance of
the Xbox of 2001.

Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 included a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU running at 900 MHz and 1 GB
RAM. It was described as 4–6 times more powerful than its predecessor. The GPU was identical
to the original.[23] In parallelised benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 could be up to 14 times
faster than a Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.

The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, is described as having

ten times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1.[28] This was suggested[by whom?]
to be highly
dependent upon task threading and instruction set use.[citation needed]
Benchmarks showed the
Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelised tasks

Overclocking

Most Raspberry Pi systems-on-chip could be overclocked to 800 MHz, and some to

1000 MHz. There are reports the Raspberry Pi 2 can be similarly overclocked, in extreme cases,
even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safety features and over-voltage limitations). In
the Raspbian Linux distro the overclocking options on boot can be done by a software command
running "sudo raspi-config" without voiding the warranty.[30] In those cases the Pi automatically
shuts the overclocking down if the chip temperature reaches 85 °C (185 °F), but it is possible to
override automatic over-voltage and overclocking settings (voiding the warranty); an
appropriately sized heat sink is needed to protect the chip from serious overheating.

Newer versions of the firmware contain the option to choose between five overclock
("turbo") presets that when used, attempt to maximise the performance of the SoC without
impairing the lifetime of the board. This is done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip
and the CPU load, and dynamically adjusting clock speeds and the core voltage. When the
demand is low on the CPU or it is running too hot the performance is throttled, but if the CPU
has much to do and the chip's temperature is acceptable, performance is temporarily increased
with clock speeds of up to 1 GHz, depending on the board version and on which of the turbo
settings is used.

RAM

On the older beta Model B boards, 128 MB was allocated by default to the GPU, leaving
128 MB for the CPU. On the first 256 MB release Model B (and Model A), three different splits
were possible. The default split was 192 MB (RAM for CPU), which should be sufficient for
standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D, but probably not for both together. 224 MB
was for Linux only, with only a 1080p framebuffer, and was likely to fail for any video or 3D.
128 MB was for heavy 3D, possibly also with video decoding (e.g. XBMC). Comparatively
the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV.

For the later Model B with 512 MB RAM, new standard memory split files
(arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf, arm496_start.elf) were initially released for 256 MB,
384 MB and 496 MB CPU RAM (and 256 MB, 128 MB and 16 MB video RAM) respectively.
But a week or so later the RPF released a new version of start.elf that could read a new entry in
config.txt (gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amount of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB
in 8 MB steps) to the GPU, so the older method of memory splits became obsolete, and a single
start.elf worked the same for 256 MB and 512 MB Raspberry Pis. The Raspberry Pi 2 and the
Raspberry Pi 3 have 1 GB of RAM. The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W have 512 MB of RAM.

CHAPTER V
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

RASPBERRY PI

OPERATING SYSTEMS

The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides Raspbian, a Debian-based Linux distribution for

download, as well as third-party Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS, and
specialised media centre distributions.[109] It promotes Python and Scratch as the main
programming languages, with support for many other languages. The default firmware is closed
source, while an unofficial open source is available. Many other operating systems can also run
on the Raspberry Pi, including the formally verified microkernel, seL4. Other third-party
operating systems available via the official website include Ubuntu MATE, Windows 10 IoT
Core, RISC OS and specialised distributions for the Kodi media centre and classroom
management.

 Broadcom VCOS – Proprietary operating system which includes an abstraction layer

designed to integrate with existing kernels, such as ThreadX (which is used on the
VideoCore4 processor), providing drivers and middleware for application development. In
case of Raspberry Pi this includes an application to start the ARM processor(s) and provide
the publicly documented API over a mailbox interface, serving as its firmware. An
incomplete source of a Linux port of VCOS is available as part of the reference graphics
driver published by Broadcom.
 RISC OS Pi (a special cut down version RISC OS Pico, for 16 MB cards and larger for all
models of Pi 1 & 2, has also been made available.)
 FreeBSD
 NetBSD
 OpenBSD (only on 64-bit platforms, such as Raspberry Pi 3)
 Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno (in beta)
 Windows 10 IoT Core – a no-cost edition of Windows 10 offered by Microsoft that runs
natively on the Raspberry Pi 2.
 Haiku – an open source BeOS clone that has been compiled for the Raspberry Pi and several
other ARM boards. Work on Pi 1 began in 2011, but only the Pi 2 will be supported

Android Studio
Android Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for Google's
Android operating system, built on JetBrains' IntelliJ IDEA software and designed specifically
for Android development. It is available for download on Windows, macOS and Linux based
operating systems. It is a replacement for the Eclipse Android Development Tools (ADT) as
primary IDE for native Android application development.
FEATURES:
 The following features are provided in the current stable version:

Gradle-based build support

Android-specific refactoring and quick fixes

Lint tools to catch performance, usability, version compatibility and other

problems
ProGuard integration and app-signing capabilities
Template-based wizards to create common Android designs and components
A rich layout editor that allows users to drag-and-drop UI components, option to
preview layouts on multiple screen configurations
Support for building Android Wear apps
Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform, enabling integration with Firebase
Cloud Messaging (Earlier 'Google Cloud Messaging') and Google App Engine
Android Virtual Device (Emulator) to run and debug apps in the Android studio.
Android Studio supports all the same programming languages of IntelliJ, and PyCharm
e.g.

3.3.3 MySQL

MySQL is an open source relational database management system (RDBMS). The

MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU
General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was
owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned
by Oracle Corporation. For proprietary use, several paid editions are available, and offer
additional functionality.

MySQL is offered under two different editions: the open source MySQL Community
Server and the proprietary Enterprise Server. MySQL Enterprise Server is differentiated by a
series of proprietary extensions which install as server plugins, but otherwise shares the version
numbering system and is built from the same code base.

FEATURES

A broad subset of ANSI SQL 99, as well as extensions.

Cross-platform support.
Stored procedures, using a procedural language that closely adheres to SQL/PSM
Triggers
Cursors
Updatable views
Online DDL when using the InnoDB Storage Engine.
Information schema
Performance Schema that collects and aggregates statistics about server execution
and query performance for monitoring purposes.
A set of SQL Mode options to control runtime behavior, including a strict mode
to better adhere to SQL standards.
X/Open XA distributed transaction processing (DTP) support; two phase commit
as part of this, using the default InnoDB storage engine
Transactions with save points when using the default InnoDB Storage Engine.
The NDB Cluster Storage Engine also supports transactions.
ACID compliance when using InnoDB and NDB Cluster Storage Engines
SSL support
Query caching
Sub-SELECTs (i.e. nested SELECTs)
Built-in replication support (i.e., master-master replication and master-slave
replication) with one master per slave, many slaves per master.
 Multi-master replication is provided in MySQL Cluster, and multi-master support
can be added to unclustered configurations using Galera Cluster.
Full-text indexing and searching
Embedded database library
Unicode support
Partitioned tables with pruning of partitions in optimizer
Shared-nothing clustering through MySQL Cluster
Multiple storage engines, allowing one to choose the one that is most effective for
each table in the application.
Native storage engines InnoDB, MyISAM, Merge, Memory (heap), Federated,
Archive, CSV, Blackhole, NDB Cluster.
Commit grouping, gathering multiple transactions from multiple connections
together to increase the number of commits per second.

The developers release minor updates of the MySQL Server approximately every two
months. The sources can be obtained from MySQL's website or from MySQL 's GitHub
repository, both under the GPL license.

CHAPTER VI
IMPEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT

4.1.1 Software Implementation
The Raspberry pi microcontroller program is done using Raspberry pi IDE software and
at first the Embedded c program is typed and coded, then it is checked and debugged for the
errors and compile it. Then connect the Raspberry pi microcontroller to the computer using the
USB cable and upload the source code to the microcontroller.

STEP 1

Upload the Raspberry pi IDE program to the Raspberry pi board.

STEP 2:

Address Using the PC IP, we can check out the temperature and humidity value in web
browser in offline mode.

STEP 3:

Using python language ( recv.py) , the data from the Raspberry pi board was received
and displayed in command prompt window. The value will be updated for every 5 minutes.
4.1.2 Hardware Implementation

Hardware implementation is done using the hardware components such as Humidity and
Temperature sensor, Raspberry pi Microcontroller, Ethernet Shield is implemented by giving the
A.C power supply and monitors by using the mobile controlled android applications. Connect the
DHT11 sensor in pin A0. Ethernet shield is mounted on the Raspberry pi board. Ethernet shield
is connected to the PC via RJ45 cable
35
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

An IoT based temperature and humidity monitoring system for server room was
designed, implemented and tested. It is quite useful as compared to manual monitoring and
also it is reliable as it is not possible to monitor always the temperature and humidity rise
manually. To check the temperature and humidity measurement and thus we can recover
the system in less time and faults before any uncertain failures thus resulting in significant
cost saving as well as improving system reliability.
REFERENCES

[1] Mile Mrinal and Lakade Priyanka, Mashayak Saniya , Katkar Poonam and A.B. Gavali, ”
Smart Home – Automation and Security System Based on Sensing Mechanism” ISBN- .978-1-
5090-3239-6/17/$31.00©2017IEEE.

[2] Mallesham Yerragolla, Kamalakar pallela, Indira Priyadarshini Gera, “Intelligent Security
System for Residential and Industrial Automation”, 2016 IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section
International

Conference on Electrical, Computer and Electronics Engineering (UPCON) Indian Institute of

Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India, Dec 9-11, 2016.

[3] S. Rajadurai, P. P. Nehru, R. Selvarasu,” Android Mobile Based Home Security and Device

Control Using GSM”, IEEE Sponsored 2nd International Conference on Innovations in

Information,Embedded and Communication systems (ICIIECS)2015.

[4] Rionel Belen Caldo*, Derrick Castillo, Joseph T. Seranilla, Jose Maria T. Castillo, Ivan Carlo
C. Largo, Marie Antonette T. Latayan, Michael Gabat, “DEVELOPMENT OF WI-FI- BASED
SWITCH CONTROL SYSTEM FOR HOME APPLIANCES USING ANDROID PHONE” 8th
IEEE International Conference Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology
Communication and Control, Environment and Management (HNICEM) The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE) – Philippine Section 9-12 December 2015
Water Front Hotel, Cebu, Philippines.

[5] D. Javale, M. Mohsin, S. Nandanwar, and M. Shingate. "Home automation and security
system using android adk." International journal of electronics communication and computer
technology (IJECCT)3, no. 2 (2013): 382-385.

[6] S. I. Azid, and S. Kumar. "Analysis and performance of a low cost sms based home security
system."International Journal of Smart Home5, no. 3 (2011): 15-24.
[7] D.M. Han, and J.H. Lim. "Design and implementation of smart home energy management
systems based on zigbee." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics56, no. 3 (2010): 1417-
1425.

[8] T.L. Chein, K.L. Su, and J.H. Guo. "Intelligent home-automation security system."Int J
Autom Technol3, no. 2 (2009): 123-129.

43
[9] C. Suh, and Y.B. Ko. "Design and implementation of intelligent home control systems based
on active sensor networks." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics54, no. 3 (2008): 1177-
1184.

[10] J. Hou, C. Wu, Z. Yuan, J. Tan, Q. Wang, and Y. Zhou. "Research of intelligent home
security surveillance system based on ZigBee." In Intelligent Information Technology
Application Workshops, 2008. IITAW'08. International Symposium on, pp. 554-557. IEEE,
2008.

[11] Y. Zhao, and Z. Ye. "A low cost GSM/GPRS based wireless home security system."IEEE
Transactions on Consumer Electronics54.2 (2008): 567-572.

[12] P. Harmo, T. Taipalus, J. Knuuttila, J. Vallet, and A. Halme. "Needs and solutions-home
automation and service robots for the elderly and disabled." In2005 IEEE/RSJ international
conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp. 3201-3206. IEEE, 2005.

[13] I. Korhonen, J. Parkka, and M. Van Gils. "Health monitoring in the home of the
future."IEEE Engineering in medicine and biology magazine22, no. 3 (2003): 66-73.