FLD 14

O.W.
Andersen
USER’S MANUAL, FLD15

RECTANGULAR CORE TRANSFORMER LEAKAGE FLUX
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
FLD15 is a subprogram of the general purpose magnetic field program FLD8. It consists basically of an
input and an output routine for this program, but everything can now be installed in one directory
(folder). Input and output can be in either metric or English units.
FLD15 is similar to FLD12. It calculates vector potentials as complex numbers, and can be used also
when there are phase shift connections and when the field is influenced by induced eddy currents in
sheet windings. It is applicable both to core type and shell type transformers.
For the straight parts of the coils, calculations are made for flat fields. For the rounded corners, they are
made for axi-symmetric fields. Reactance and eddy current losses are calculated from weighted
averages. However, short circuit forces and stresses are only printed out for the straight parts.
The program can also be used for round core transformers. It will give correct values of reactance and
losses, but if also short circuit forces and stresses are required, FLD12 should be used.
PROGRAM INSTALLATION
FLD15 is transmitted as a zip-file. It is extracted and installed in any directory (folder). The program
can also be installed on a memory stick and run from there.
RUNNING THE DEMO INPUT
Here all the Command Prompt commands and file names will be in capital letters. However, they are
case insensitive, and small letters can also be used.
To run the program with an input file DEMO.INP, enter:
RUN DEMO.INP
After a few seconds, a flux plot with 25 flux lines appears on the screen. It has been drawn on a Visual
Basic Form. If the picture appears to be cropped or too small, adjust the file SIZESCR.FIL. At the same
time a bitmap picture file PLOTFILE.BMP has been produced. Close the form and enter command:
PLOT
–2–
The flux plot now reappears in a standard Windows program. The tic-marks to the left and at the bottom
show the positions of horizontal and vertical finite element grid lines. The conductors are red.
If it is now desired to print the flux plot, crop the picture file first to remove empty space and save it.
Microsoft Office Picture Manager or Microsoft Paint can be used for that. Rather than printing it
directly, it is recommended to transfer the picture file to Microsoft Word. Here it can easily be resized
and comments added before printing.
Output from FLD15 is stored in file OUTPUT. To display it on the screen, enter:
FILE OUTPUT
Batch command FILE starts the standard Windows program NOTEPAD. It will be used here for
viewing, editing and printing text files. The first time it is invoked, it should be set to Courier New size
9, word wrap, and to no top and bottom extra text when printing. The window should always be
maximized.
To display the finite element grid on the screen, enter:
GRID
After the form is closed, the grid also reappears with the command:
PLOT
INPUT
The demo input file can be viewed with the command:
FILE DEMO.INP
What the numbers mean can be found on the input sheets, page 4 and 5. For an explanation of what else
can be done with the input file, copy it first to a new file with the command:
COPY DEMO.INP NEW.INP
Introduce headings with the command:
HEADINGS NEW.INP
-3-
To see how the file now has been modified, enter:
FILE NEW.INP
The abbreviated headings on the input file also explain the numbers. With a little experience, that
explanation suffices to enter new numbers and to make up new input files.
Old input as similar as possible is first copied to a new input file. Then headings are introduced and the
file changed. Numbers always start in columns 1, 11, 21 and so on. They can be entered with or without
decimal point.
Before the new file can be run, the headings must be removed. Do this first with:
CLEANUP NEW.INP
A file without headings can have headings introduced and be viewed at the same time with:
HEADFILE NEW.INP
Headings can also be removed and the file run at the same time with:
CLEANRUN NEW.INP
An input file in a different format is in
INPUT.FIL
It consists of lines with a more detailed explanation, followed by a comma and a value. The comma is
interpreted as a delimiter and must be the only one on the line. INPUT.FIL can be copied to a new file,
where also more terminals, layers and segments can be added in the same format:
COPY INPUT.FIL INPNEW.FIL
Then a standard input file NEW.INP can be created with the command:
INPUT INPNEW.FIL NEW.INP
Input must be entered very carefully, following explanations on the input sheets and instructions
elsewhere in this manual. Small mistakes like a comma instead of a decimal point or a number starting
in the wrong column are not tolerated. Some mistakes are caught by the program and are explained on
the output. Another way to catch mistakes is by giving a command such as:
CHECK NEW.INP
The input must here be in the standard format, without headings. A picture similar to a flux plot, but
without flux lines, will be displayed on the screen. Mistakes with the geometry can be caught this way.
RECTANGULAR CORE TRANSFORMER LEAKAGE FLUX PROGRAM FLD15 INPUT SHEET 2
Additional layer (winding) data Col. Data Line

LAYER NUMBER 1
LAST SEGMENT NUMBER (200) 11
MIN. DISTANCE FROM CORE (in x-direction) 21
THICKNESS (in x-direction) 31
TERMINAL NUMBER 1
NUMBER OF PARALLEL GROUPS (usually 1) *1 11
DIRECTION OF CURRENT (-1 or 1) 21
COPPER/ALUMINUM (1 or 2) 31
SPACER BLOCK PITCH ) Between disks. 41
WIDTH ) Zeros if none. 51
For the segment data, use one pair of lines for each segment. Up to 200 segments can be entered, in a sequence starting with the
inner layer, and with increasing y-coordinates within each layer. Empty spaces are not considered as segments.
SEGMENT NUMBER 1
Y - COORDINATE, MINIMUM 11
MAXIMUM 21
NUMBER OF TURNS, TOTAL 31
ACTIVE (always positive) 41
NUMBER OF STRANDS, PER TURN (per group) 1
ACROSS LAYER (for all turns) *2 11
STRAND DIMENSION, HORIZONTALLY 21
VERTICALLLY *3 31
SEGMENT NUMBER 1
MAXIMUM 21
VERTICALLY *3 31
SEGMENT NUMBER 1
MAXIMUM 21
VERTICALLY *3 31
SEGMENT NUMBER 1
MAXIMUM 21
VERTICALLY *3 31
*1: 2 for a normal sheet winding with half the window height calculated, otherwise usually 1.
*2: Used to calculate bearing surface for compressive stress in spacer blocks and in insulation, due to accumulated
vertical forces. With machine transposed cable, where the true number of strands across the layer varies between
a minimum and a maximum, the minimum number should be entered.
*3: For a normal sheet winding with half the window height calculated, half the depth of the sheet.
Sheet winding is assumed, if axial strand dimension  100 mm.
Round wire is assumed, if strand dimensions horizontally and vertically are given equal and  4 mm.
-6-
SPECIFICATION OF INPUT
LINE 1. The identification can consist of up to 80 characters, including blanks. Most combinations of
letters, numbers and special symbols on the keyboard can be used.
LINE 2. The y-coordinate for the lower boundary is usually given as zero. It corresponds to the
horizontal centerline if only half the window height is calculated, and to the lower yoke or beyond if the
full window height is calculated. In some cases it is desired to make a second run with the lower
boundary moved down and the upper boundary moved up, in order to approximate the conditions
outside of the transformer window. The y-coordinate of the lower boundary can then be made negative,
which permits the winding segments to remain in the same positions. However, the output y-coordinates
always refer to the lower boundary.
For round cores, the inner corner radius of the inner winding is given as the inner radius of the inner
winding. Core leg width and length are both given equal to the core diameter.
LINE 3. The distance winding-tank is the horizontal distance from the outer perimeter of the outer
layer. In most cases, more than the true distance would be entered, to approximate average conditions
around the perimeter. However, it is not recommended to make the distance more than about half the
depth of the windings. The value is not very critical for core type transformers, more so for shell type.
If an AL/CU shield is specified, the program puts in a flux line with vector potential zero along the tank
wall. Otherwise, flux lines will be forced perpendicular to the tank. A reference potential zero is then put
in by the program at the tank at the horizontal centerline.
If the optional per unit impedance is not specified (given as zero), the program calculates forces and
stresses for a symmetrical short circuit, using the system impedance (calculated from the system short
circuit GVA) in series with the calculated transformer impedance. Of course, this only makes sense if
windings belonging to only two terminals carry current, because it is only then that the calculated
transformer impedance has any real meaning. If it is desired to get the forces and stresses for a different
current, the optional per unit impedance should be specified as the inverse of "times normal" ac current.
The peak factor is for the maximum dc current component at short circuit. It does not include the 2
factor to get from rms to peak ac current.
LINE 4. If 1 is entered in col. 11, all layers with negative current are displaced in the y-direction by the
amount entered in col. 21. If 2 is entered in col. 11, all layers with negative current are elongated by the
amount entered in col. 21. Y-min is then kept unchanged, and all segments and open spaces belonging to
the layer are elongated in the same ratio. A negative displacement or elongation can also be entered.
It is explained elsewhere how tank, leg and yoke losses are calculated proportional to the factors
specified as input. These factors must be established from tests. They will be different for different sizes
and types of transformers, and for different manufacturers. One difficulty is that distances winding-tank
vary around the perimeter, and there is no fixed ratio between the actual and the calculated flux entering
the different parts. No great accuracy is therefore to be expected from these calculations.
-7-
Loss tests with and without the tank provide a clue about the tank loss, although the other losses will not
be exactly the same in the two cases. A separation of leg and yoke loss can only be done from a
statistical analysis of tests and calculations for several transformers (method of least squares).
Such an analysis for a line of medium size transformers gave the following result:
Tank loss factor: 45

Leg loss factor: 7
Yoke loss factor: 20
In the absence of such a study, it is better to give the loss factors as zero, and not perform this part of the
calculation.
The scale of the flux plot is not used anymore on newer computers.
LINES 5-8. The terminals should be numbered consecutively, usually starting with no. 1 for layer 1. "I"
is the connection for single phase units. For three phase units, the MVA rating is for all the phases and
KV is the line kilovolts. The values must correspond to the calculated load condition and tap position,
and must give balanced ampereturns. MVA can be zero, but never KV. Auto and phase shift connections
require special consideration, and will be dealt with separately (pages 8 and 9).
For single phase units, connection code = 1, except for auto connection. If the windings on two single
phase limbs are in series, number of parallel groups = 1, in parallel = 2 (layer data).
LAYER DATA. A layer in this context is a winding or part of a winding belonging to a certain terminal.
Layers are usually concentric, but can also be above each other and belong to different terminals. If so,
enter the lower layer first. Concentric layers do not have to be separated radially, but normally they are.
If a winding has one or two axial cooling ducts, it can be specified with two or three layers.
If the layer has two parallel paths with a lead connection in the middle, the number of parallel groups is
entered as 2, otherwise usually as 1.
In some rare cases a shell type transformer has a LV winding with several parallel circuits
within a group. In such a case with three circuits the total and active number of turns in a
segment in the group is artificially divided by three and total and active strands per turn
multiplied by three. The design must be made very carefully to ensure equal current distribution
between such circuits. Usually the circuits are identical with the same average vector potential.
To provide uniformity among the users, layers belonging to the inner main winding can be specified as
having a negative current, but this is really immaterial as far as the program is concerned.
The pitch and width of spacer blocks are used to calculate compressive stress in the spacers. If there are
no spacer blocks, pitch and width are given as zero.
SEGMENT DATA. A segment is defined as part of a layer which can be considered uniform in
conductor arrangements and current densities. The number of segments which is specified in the input
should be kept to a minimum, and entering individual disks as segments should be avoided.
When because of symmetry only the upper half of the window height is calculated, the segment data
refer to only that half.
-8-
AUTO CONNECTION
Terminal 1 Terminal 2
N1 turns N1 turns
Terminal 2 Terminal 1
N2 turns N2 turns
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Referring to the figures, in the input N1 is assigned to terminal 1, N2 to terminal 2. If there are also
other terminals which are not auto connected, these are assigned numbers 3 and 4.
Occasionally, there is a variation of auto connection, as shown in Fig. 3.
Terminal 1
N1 turns N3 turns Terminal 3

Terminal 2
N2 turns
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Since part of the winding is not really auto connected in this case, it is necessary to introduce a third
terminal to handle the situation, as indicated in Fig. 4. For terminal 3 the connection should be specified
with code 1, and the MVA should be the difference of the MVAs for terminals 1 and 2. Buck or boost of
terminal 3 is specified with the direction of the current. With buck connection, terminal 2 has the highest
MVA, with boost terminal 1. For auto connection, per unit impedances will be calculated on the basis of
the MVA for terminal 1.
With buck connection:
MVA3 = MVA2 * N3/N2 MVA1 = MVA2 - MVA3
With boost connection:
MVA3 = MVA1 * N3/(N2 + N3) MVA2 = MVA1 - MVA3

-9-
PHASE SHIFT CONNECTIONS
With Z or zig-zag connection, the neutral connected winding is given code 5 and is assigned to one
terminal, and the terminal connected winding is given code 6 and is assigned to another terminal. With P
or polygon connection, codes 7 and 8 are used in a similar way. With ED or extended delta connection,
code 9 is used for the main and 10 for the terminal connected winding. In all cases, MVA is given as the
total for the two windings for both terminals. FLD15 will take into account differences in phase angles,
when calculating these cases. The two phase shift windings should never be put in above each other,
since that will result in excessive horizontal flux.
The rated voltage for each terminal is given as volts per turn times no. of turns for P and ED
connections, and this times 3 for Z-connection.
TANK, LEG AND YOKE LOSSES
For the tank, leg and yoke, losses are set equal to:
Loss = factor * area * (flux/m)2 watts
where for the tank, the area is taken as:
area = 2(core leg length) + (window width) * (vertical depth) mm2
For the core leg:
area = 2(core leg length) + (core leg width) * (vertical depth) mm2
Flux per meter depth:
(flux/m) = Amax - Amin weber/m
Amax and Amin are the maximum and the minimum vector potentials at the tank and the core leg,
respectively.
For each yoke:

area = (core leg length) * (window width) mm 2
(flux/m) = Amax - Amin weber/m
Index min refers to values at the core leg, max to values at the tank.
LOCATIONS OF VERTICAL GRID LINES
Grid density break lines are put in at the core leg, at all layer boundaries and at the tank. They are
assigned numbers so that the maximum grid line spacings do not exceed certain percentages of the
distance between the core leg and the tank.
1. Between the outer layer and the tank: 10%

2. Between the core leg and the inner layer, and also between layers: 5%
3. Within layers: 2.5%
In sheet windings, there are two vertical grid lines per turn.
- 10 -
LOCATIONS OF HORIZONTAL GRID LINES

WITH SHEET WINDINGS AND ONE SHEET VERTICALLY
HALF WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED
Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 5% of the

section depth or E1/4, whichever is smaller.
E1
The grid line spacings are determined by E4. Starting from

the top, there are four spacings of 0.5% of E4, then four of
1%, four of 2%, four of 4% and seven of 10%.
E4
Fig. 5
FULL WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED
As above for the upper half of the sheet winding, as a mirror image for the lower half.
- 11 -
LOCATIONS OF RADIAL GRID LINES

WITH SHEET WINDINGS AND TWO SHEETS AXIALLY
HALF WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED

E1
The grid line spacings are determined by E4. Starting from

the top, there are four spacings of 0.5% of E4, then four of
2%, four of 5%, four of 10%, four of 5%, four of 2% and
four of 0.5%.
E4
E2 Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 2.5% of the

Fig. 6
FULL WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED
As above for the upper half of the sheet winding, as a mirror image for the lower half.
- 12 -
LOCATIONS OF RADIAL GRID LINES

IN CALCULATIONS WITH HALF THE WINDOW HEIGHT
AND NO SHEET WINDINGS

E1
If E4 is equal to or greater than 1/3 of the section depth, the

lines will be unequally spaced, as shown. The spacings are
determined by E4. Starting from the top, there are four
spacings of 1% of E4, then two of 1.5%, two of 2%, two of
2.5%, two of 3%, two of 4%, eight of 5% and four of
7.5%.
E4
If E4 is less than 1/3 of the section depth, the lines within

E4 are equally spaced, and with a maximum spacing of
1.5% of the section depth.
Fig. 7
- 13-
LOCATIONS OF HORIZONTAL GRID LINES

IN CALCULATIONS WITH THE FULL WINDOW HEIGHT
AND NO SHEET WINDINGS
Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 2.5% of the

E1
If E4 is equal to or greater than 1/3 of the section depth, the

lines will be unequally spaced, as shown. The spacings are
determined by E4. Starting from the top, there are two
spacings of 0.5% of E4, then two of 1%, two of 1.5%, two
of 2%, four of 3%, and seven of 4%. Then the spacings
repeat in the reverse order.
The lines within E4 are symmetrical about the radial

centerline.
E4
If E4 is less than 1/3 of the section depth, the lines within

E4 are equally spaced, and with a maximum spacing of 1%
of the section depth.
E2
The same rules apply as between the upper boundary and
the windings.
Fig. 8
- 14 -
LIST OF SYMBOLS
AC Complex vector potential at the centroid of a triangle

ACOND Area of one conductor corrected for rounded corners, sq.mm
AL Complex vector potential at node L
AM Complex vector potential at node M
AMAX Maximum vector potential
AMIN Minimum vector potential
AN Complex vector potential at node N
ASEG Area of winding segment, sq.mm
BH Complex flux density, horizontal (radial) component
BHABS Absolute value of BH
BHR Real value of BH
BRLEG Maximum horizontal flux density at core leg
BRTNK Maximum horizontal flux density at tank
BZ Complex flux density, vertical (axial) component
BZABS Absolute value of BZ
BZR Real value of BZ
CD Complex current density
CDABS Absolute value of CD
CDAVG Average value of current density
CDENS Array of complex current densities in triangles
CPOT Array of complex vector potentials at nodes
CRIT Critical stresses and their locations
1 N/sq.mm compressive stress in spacer blocks or insulation due to horizontal forces
2 Location (segment number)
D Twice the area of a triangle, sq.m
DATLN Array containing data for contour lines (applies more to FLD8)
I,1 Relative permeability, contour line (segment) I
2 Average conductivity, m/(ohms*sq.mm)
3 Phase connection. If code 8, 9 or 10, total current.
4 Direction of phase current (0.0, 1.0 or -1.0)
5 Calculation code 0.0 to 10.0 (User's manual FLD8, page 6)
6 Applied voltage number
7 Number of parallel conductors (contour lines)
8 Min. x or r-coordinate, mm
9 Max. x or r-coordinate, mm
10 Min. y or z-coordinate, mm
11 Max. y or z-coordinate, mm
12 Uniform current loss, kW/m or kW/circle
13 Sum of D (twice area), sq.m
14 Sum of D times radius to centroid, cub.m
15 Actual loss, kW/m or kW/circle
DCTOT Total kW dc loss in the transformer section
DISPL Angular displacement for periodicity condition (0.0 in FLD15)
- 15 -
DPEL Displacement = 1.0, elongation or contraction = 2.0

DZ Difference in y or z-coordinates
DZDE Displacement or elongation in mm (can be negative)
E1-16 Temporary storage
EAL Modulus of elasticity for aluminum, 7200*9.81 N/sq.mm
ECU Modulus of elasticity for copper, 13000*9.81 N/sq.mm
EDAX kW/cub.dm eddy current loss due to vertical flux
EDLEG kW eddy current loss due to flux entering the core legs
EDPU Per unit eddy current loss
EDRAD kW/cub.dm eddy current loss due to horizontal flux
EDTNK kW eddy current loss due to flux entering the tank
EDTOT Total kW eddy current loss
EDWND kW eddy current loss in the windings
EDYOK kW eddy current loss due to flux entering the yokes
EMAG Magnetic energy, watts-seconds
FEDDY Factor for eddy current losses (FEDDY*(mm*tesla)**2 = kW/cub.dm)
FLAXI 1.0 = Cartesian coordinate flat field, 2.0 = axi-symmetric field
FLEG Factor for eddy current losses in the core legs
FLXLN Number of flux lines
FPEAK Peak factor for short circuit current (usually 1.8)
FR N/circle or N/m horizontal force on a triangle
FRACT Fraction of window height used in the calculations (0.5 if sheet winding present)
FREQ Frequency
FSC Factor for short circuit forces and stresses
FSUPL Vertical short circuit force, lower support, newton/m
FSUPU Vertical short circuit force, upper support, newton/m
FTANK Factor for eddy current losses in the tank
FYOKE Factor for eddy current losses in the yokes
FZ N/circle or N/m vertical force on a triangle
HORF Array containing first horizontal grid lines, detailed output
HORL Array containing last horizontal grid lines, detailed output
I Index
I1 Temporary storage
I5 Number of triangles
I6 Number of nodes
IBIT Array containing triangle information
IDENT Array containing run identification
IEXIT Branch exit number
ILN Array of last contour point numbers, numbered consecutively
ISHT 1 if sheet winding present, 0 if not
ITRI Function giving node numbers in triangle, counter-clockwise
J Index
J1-2 Temporary storage
K Index
K1 Temporary storage
KEXIT Branch exit number
KLAST Last value of index K
L Index
- 16 -
LAYER Array containing information about layers

J,1 Layer number
2 Last segment number
3 Min. distance from core (in x-direction)
4 Thickness (in x-direction)
5 Terminal number
6 Number of parallel groups
7 Direction of current
8 1.0 = copper, 2.0 = aluminum
9 Spacer block pitch
10 Spacer block width
LCORE Length of core leg (perpendicular to plane)
LIMBS Number of wound limbs
LINC Array containing coordinates for all the contour points, mm
LINTO Total number of contour lines (no. of segments + 1)
LNHOR Number of horizontal grid lines
LNVER Number of vertical grid lines
M Index
MASS Logical unit number for mass storage device
MVAMX Maximum MVA referred to one terminal
N Index
NCOD3 = 0 for codes 3.0 and 9.0, = 1 otherwise
NEWAX N/cub.dm vertical force at peak rated current
NEWRAD N/cub.dm horizontal force at peak rated current
NEXIT Branch exit number
NIO Inverse permeability
NLAY Number of layers
NOCOL Number of columns in the grid (LNVER-1)
NSEG Number of winding segments
NTERM Number of terminals
NVOLT Number of independent voltages U
OUT Logical unit number for output device
PCHH Array containing horizontal grid line numbers, where the grid density changes.
PCHV As above, but for vertical grid lines
PER = 0 in FLD15
PERMO Permeability of free space, 4.0**1.0E-7
PHASE Number of phases
PHCUR Rms phase current
PI 3.1415927
POINT Array containing node numbers for all the contour points
RC Radius or x-coordinate at triangle centroid
RESAL Resistivity of aluminum at 75 deg.C, 3.44E-5 ohms*mm
RESCU Resistivity of copper at 75 deg.C, 2.1E-5 ohms*mm
RL Radius or x-coordinate at point L
RM Radius or x-coordinate at point M
RMIN Minimum radius to left field boundary (core leg)
RN Radius or x-coordinate at point N
RPU Per unit short circuit resistance
RTANK Radius or x-coordinate at tank
S1 Alphanumeric string
SAXMN Minimum accumulated vertical force, newton
- 17 -
SAXMX Maximum accumulated vertical force, newton

SCALE Scale of flux plot
SCGVA Short circuit GVA
SCOND Current density in conductor, A/sq.mm
SEG Array containing information about winding segments.
When SEGMENT.FIL is generated by OUTENG, values are in English units.
I,1 Segment number
2 Minimum y-coordinate
3 Maximum y-coordinate
4 Total number of turns
5 Number of active turns
6 Number of strands per turn
7 Number of strands horizontally across layer
8 Horizontal strand dimension
9 Vertical strand dimension
10 Layer number
11 Minimum x-coordinate
12 Maximum x-coordinate
13 kVA (with sign, indicating direction of current)
14 Total horizontal force, newton
15 Total vertical force, newton
16 Min. N/m/vertical mm, horizontally
17 Max. N/m/vertical mm, horizontally
18 Max. accumulated vertical force within the segment, newton
19 Max. N/cub.cm, vertically
20 Not used in FLD15
21 Not used in FLD15
22 N/sq.mm compressive stress in spacer blocks or insulation due to vertical forces
23 N/sq.mm bending stress due to vertical forces
24 kW/cub.dm gross volume dc loss
25 Total kW dc loss, not including leads and connections
26 kW eddy current loss due to vertical flux
27 kW eddy current loss due to horizontal flux
28 Total kW eddy current loss
29 Average per unit eddy current loss
30 Maximum per unit eddy current loss
31 Fill factor (conductor area/segment area)
32 Force from bottom of layer up to maximum in segment, newton
33 Force from bottom of layer up to top of segment, newton
34 Force from top of layer down to maximum in segment (negative)
35 Force from top of layer down to bottom of segment (negative)
36 X-min for max pu eddy current loss
37 X-max for max pu eddy current loss
38 Y-min for max pu eddy current loss
39 Y-max for max pu eddy current loss
40 Average current density in sheet winding
SHLD 1.0 if aluminum or copper shield, 0.0 if no shield
SQR2 2 = 1.414214
SQR3 3 = 1.732051
STRNG Alphanumeric string
- 18 -
TERM Array containing information about terminals

I,1 Terminal number
2 Connection code, I,Y: 1, D: 2, Auto: 3, Z: 5-6, P: 7-8, ED: 9-10
3 MVA
4 kV
5 Number of active turns in series (negative for negative current)
6 Dimensioning kVA, including correction for auto connection
7 Volts per turn (always positive)
TRI Array containing triangle information
I,1 Relative permeability
2 Conductivity, m/(ohms*sq.mm)
TSTR Array of alphanumeric strings
TWOPI 2.0*3.1415927
UNITS 1 for input in mm, 2 for input in inches
V Array of input data
VERF Array containing first vertical grid lines, detailed output
VERL Array containing last vertical grid lines, detailed output
VERT Array containing data for the nodes (vertices)
I,1 x or r-coordinate, meters (initially mm)
2 y or z-coordinate, meters (initially mm)
VOL Cub.dm volume of triangular element
VTURN Volts per turn
WARN Warning code (refers to format number for message)
WCORE Width of core leg (in x-direction)
WNTNK Horizontal distance between outer winding and tank
WS Magnetic energy in triangle, watts-seconds
XPOS Array containing x or r-positions of vertical grid lines, mm
XPU Per unit short circuit reactance
YPOS Array containing y or z-positions of horizontal grid lines, mm
Z1-4 y or z-coordinate
ZANG Angular displacement, phase shift connection
ZB y or z-coordinate, lower boundary (yoke or radial centerline)
ZC y or z-coordinate of triangle centroid
ZKVN kV for neutral connected winding, phase shift connection
ZKVT kV for terminal connected winding, phase shift connection
ZKVR kV for complete winding, phase shift connection
ZL y or z-coordinate, point L
ZM y or z-coordinate, point M
ZN y or z-coordinate, point N
ZNEW New y or z-coordinate
ZOPT Optional per unit impedance
ZPU Per unit short circuit impedance
ZSGMN Minimum y or z-coordinate for all segments
ZSGMX Maximum y or z-coordinate for all segments
ZSMN Minimum segment y or z-coordinate, meters
ZSMX Maximum segment y or z-coordinate, meters
ZSYST Per unit system short circuit impedance
ZTOT Per unit total impedance (system + transformer)
ZU y or z-coordinate, upper boundary (yoke)
ZUSED Per unit impedance used in calculations of forces and stresses
- 19 -
USER PROGRAMMING
The input and output routines for FLD15 are completely decoupled from the main program, and can be
changed by the program user. The routines are supplied in source code in the files:
INPFLT15.FOR Input routine for calculations with flat fields.

INPAXI15.FOR Input routine for calculations with axi-symmetric fields.
OUTMET.FOR Output routine for metric units.
OUTENG.FOR Output routine for English units.
They can be reprogrammed and recompiled with the free Watcom Fortran 77 compiler.
PROGRAM OUTPUT
If output in English units is desired, change OUTMET to OUTENG in file RUN.BAT. Commands
OUTMET and OUTENG can also be given separately, after a run has been made.
The first part of the output is simply a repetition of the input, except that now "y - lower boundary" is
always zero, and all y-coordinates are with respect to the lower boundary.
The information for each segment includes forces and stresses at peak short circuit current, and dc and
eddy current losses at normal current.
Losses are at 75 deg. C, and do not include losses in leads and connections. Strands are assumed to have
rounded corners, with an area 0.5 mm2 subtracted if width times depth exceeds 15 mm2, otherwise 0.25
mm2 subtracted. If width = depth and not more than 4 mm, round wire is assumed.
KVA is kilovolts times amperes within the segment. For a negative current, the KVA also comes out
negative. If the KVA does not add up to zero for all the segments, the program aborts and prints an error
message.
Horizontal force per unit vertical length is the total across the width of the layer.
Maximum accumulated vertical forces are given both for each segment and for each layer. For a
segment, it is the force accumulated only within that segment. Forces on the supports from the layers are
for one phase.
Most of the forces can come out negative or positive. The signs then refer to negative and positive
directions along the x and y-axes. If a stress comes out negative, it is due to a negative force.
- 20 -
CORE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMERS
Directions of forces in core type transformers:
Max. compressive stress in spacers or insulation normally occurs near the radial centerline. Max.
bending stress between spacer blocks due to vertical forces occurs at the winding ends.
Stresses due to horizontal forces are not in the normal output. They can be calculated by giving
command STRESSES after the program has been run and answering questions on the screen.
Directions of forces in shell type transformers:
LV
HV
LV
In the program, horizontal and vertical directions refer to the picture above, not to directions in the
actual transformer.
Stresses due to horizontal forces are normally not critical.

- 21 -
POST PROCESSING
After the main program has been run, the run identification and all the essential calculated and input
information are in file FOR.FIL, and can be retrieved for further processing. This includes all the vector
potentials (as calculated for flat fields), current densities and node and contour line coordinates.
A particularly useful post processor determines ideal locations of crossover points. If the calculations
involve a disk or helical winding with N parallel conductors, there will be N-1 crossover points in the
winding, where the conductors change positions. Some manufacturers make these crossover points
evenly spaced, but since the vertical flux density is not uniform, this can lead to quite high losses due to
circulating currents. Ideally, spacings should be inversely proportional to average vertical flux density,
which again is proportional to differences between vector potentials at the outer and inner perimeters of
the winding. Before ideal locations can be determined, the main program must have been run with the
upper boundary approximately twice the yoke distance from the winding ends, to make the leakage field
a weighted average of conditions under and outside of the yoke. The winding must belong to only one
layer in this case. Ideal locations can be calculated simply by giving the command:
LOCATIONS
This should be done after the output from the main program has been printed, because the file OUTPUT
is also used by the post processor. Some questions about the winding will appear on the screen, and it is
useful to have the output from the main program available, in order to answer the questions.
Another post processor is for drawing a graph on the printer, plotter or screen of current density
distribution in individual turns in sheet windings. It is started with the command:
GRAPH
Here also, it is advisable to have the output from the main program available, in order to answer the
questions on the screen. Followed by the command PLOT, the graph can be printed in the same way as
explained earlier for flux plots and grids.
FLD15 also generates an output file SEGMENT.FIL, which contains all the 40 input and output items
for each segment, listed on page 17. They are in metric units if written by Fortran subprogram
OUTMET, in English units if written by OUTENG. The format specification is FORMAT(40(F14.4)).
- 22 -
THREE WINDING TRANSFORMERS
Only one reactance is calculated each time FLD15 is run, based on the magnetic energy. This is not
sufficient to determine short circuit currents and forces in three winding transformers when all the
windings carry current.
A three winding transformer has an equivalent circuit with three reactances, which can be determined
from three FLD15 calculations, each time with currents in only two windings. In per unit, they must all
relate to the same base MVA. The theory behind this is presumed to be known to the FLD15 user and
will not be gone into here.
From this equivalent circuit, currents can be calculated for different loads or short circuit conditions.
Having done that, a final calculation with FLD15 can have the "optional per unit impedance" on input
line 3 specified different from zero, as the inverse of "times normal" ac current, if short circuit forces are
required.
REGULATING WINDING CONNECTED THROUGH SERIES TRANSFORMER
Sometimes a regulating winding is connected through a series transformer to reduce the current in the
on load tap changer. The regulating winding can be connected in boost or buck position.
The main winding and the regulating winding are assigned to two separate terminals. In boost
connection both MVAs are positive and add up to the base MVA for the transformer. In buck connection
the main winding has positive MVA and the regulating winding negative MVA. Again, the sum is equal
to the base MVA. The specified kV always agrees with the number of active turns.
The impedance in the series transformer should be taken into account in the calculation of forces and
stresses. This can be done by specifying the “optional impedance” in the input different from zero.
- 23 -
IMPEDANCE BETWEEN WINDINGS ABOVE EACH OTHER
Below, in the flux plot to the left, the calculated leakage flux flows radially and enters the outer
boundary at right angles. In reality, this outer boundary usually consists of a tank around at least part of
the perimeter, where the radial leakage flux is counteracted by strong eddy currents, which are here not
taken into account in the calculations and would cause excessive losses in a normal transformer. A
normal transformer can therefore simply not be built like that. Nevertheless, the arrangement is
sometimes used in transformers for short intermittent duty. Due to the neglect of eddy currents in the
tank, the calculated impedance will be much too high, if it is done this way.
If a code=1 is put in for the AL/CU SHIELD in the FLD15 input, it changes the boundary condition for
the outer boundary into something which is probably more realistic in this case, as shown in the flux
plot to the right. However, the calculated short circuit impedance will be strongly dependent upon the
specified distance between the winding and the outer boundary and will be impossible to estimate
accurately without access to tests and calculations for similar transformers.
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
Sequence impedances will first be discussed with reference to rotating machines.
Positive sequence current produces an MMF, which rotates in the same direction as the rotor. In a
synchronous machine, the resulting flux is dc with respect to the rotor. In an induction machine, the
frequency is very low. Negative sequence current sets up an MMF, which rotates opposite to the rotor
and produces large opposing induced currents. Zero sequence current sets up essentially zero MMF in
the air gap. The differences are profound and produce very different positive, negative and zero
sequence reactances.
- 24-
In a transformer, there is no difference in reactance for positive and negative sequence. However, zero
sequence reactance is usually different.
Zero sequence current flows simultaneously without the usual 120 degree phase shift in the different
phases. It can only flow from the outside into a Y, Z or auto connected winding with the neutral
connected, so that the current has a return path. If the transformer also has a delta connected winding, it
will always act as if short circuited. Induced zero sequence current flows in a closed loop within the
delta.
If zero sequence current flows into a winding and there is no possibility of ampereturn balance with
induced current in another winding, the zero sequence reactance depends on the type of core. In a five
legged core and in single phase units, zero sequence flux has a return path through the core, and zero
sequence reactance will assume the very high value of a magnetizing reactance. In a three legged core,
the flux has no return path through the core and must find its way elsewhere, usually through oil,
structural parts and tank. In the tank and core clamps there will be induced currents, which lower the
reactance. The reactance will be much lower than a magnetizing reactance, but still very much higher
than a short circuit reactance. Without ampereturn balance, the reactance can not be calculated with
FLD15.
In the discussion which follows, zero sequence current is assumed to flow into a winding, where
ampereturn balance results from induced currents in other windings.
In a two winding transformer with Y-Y or Y-D connection, the zero sequence reactance will tend to be
the same as the positive and negative sequence reactance, also in a transformer with auto connection
without tertiary winding. With a three legged core, induced currents in tank and core clamps will lower
the reactance slightly.
Since a delta connected tertiary winding acts as if short circuited, its presence always influences the
reactance between the main windings.
As an example, say from the inside the transformer has a delta connected tertiary, a secondary and a
primary winding, where zero sequence current is fed into the outer primary. The secondary is shorted,
and the inner tertiary acts as if shorted. The current sharing between secondary and tertiary can be found
as explained on page 23. Say 100 MVA is specified for the primary, then perhaps 120 MVA for the
secondary and –20 MVA for the tertiary will be about right.
Phase shift connections also require special treatment. In extended delta connection, the main delta
connected winding acts as if short circuited, whereas the series winding is open. In zig-zag (Z) and
polygon (P) connections, the two winding parts on one core leg carry currents of the same phase in
opposite directions. Ampereturns are balanced within the same winding if the two parts have the same
number of turns. In calculations with FLD15, the two parts can be considered belonging to two separate
terminals. The Z-connection can be replaced by Y and the P by D.
- 25 -
UNSYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUITS
Short circuit currents are found by the method of symmetrical components, which is presumed to be
known.
Unsymmetrical short circuits must be calculated for single phase and one limb with code 1 for all the
terminals. Voltages are volts/turn times number of turns. It is recommended to specify MVAs at short
circuit divided by 10 to make them more reasonable for calculation of losses. Optional per unit
impedance should then be 0.1 to make forces and stresses come out right.
LINE TO LINE
The transformer is presumed to be unloaded when the fault occurs. The figure shows a wye connected
winding, but the result is the same also for other connections.
I b1
<
a Ia = 0 Positive sequence
^ I b1 = Ib2
Z1 = Ib/2
I b2
<
c b
Ib = -Ic Z2 Negative sequence
Since the sum of the three phase currents is zero, there is no zero sequence current in this case. The
sequence equivalent network is drawn for phase b. Positive sequence current I b1 is equal to negative
sequence current Ib2, both of them equal to half the phase current I b. As noted earlier, positive and
negative sequence impedances Z1 and Z2 are the same as the three phase short circuit impedance.
A driving voltage is only present for the positive sequence.
The resultant short circuit current will be the same as for a symmetrical three phase short circuit.
- 26 -
LINE TO NEUTRAL
I a1
<
a
Positive sequence
Ia Z1
^ I a1 = Ia2
= I a0 = Ia/3
<
c b I a2
Z2 Negative sequence
<
I a0 Zero sequence
Z0
Again, the transformer is presumed to be unloaded before the fault, so that I b=Ic=0. Positive, negative
and zero sequence currents are all the same in this case, equal to one third of the phase current I a. Z1 and
Z2 are equal to the three phase short circuit impedance, as before, but now zero sequence impedance Z 0
also enters into the sequence network. If Z 0 is also the same as Z1 and Z2, the short circuit current will
again be the same as for a three phase symmetrical short circuit. That is approximately true for a two
winding transformer with the other winding either delta connected, or wye connected with the neutral
grounded. Another case will now be discussed.
A three winding transformer has a primary high voltage winding with isolated neutral, a delta connected
stabilizing (tertiary) winding and a secondary wye connected winding with a line to neutral fault
through an external impedance Ze.
The figure shows the three windings. Phase windings which are drawn above each other are on the same
core leg. For a one per unit fault current, the principle of balanced ampereturns on each core leg gives
other per unit currents, as shown.
- 27 -
I=2/3 1/3 H
I=1/3 T
I=1 Ze L
a b c
The critical phase is phase a, where the fault occurs. With I La=1, IHa=2/3 and ITa=1/3, MVAs for the three
windings must be specified accordingly, and an optional per unit impedance as the inverse of the per
unit short circuit current, calculated from the sequence network. Zero sequence impedance Z 0 is
approximately equal to the short circuit impedance ZLT between secondary and tertiary windings. With
the short circuit through an external impedance Ze, Z0 in the sequence network on the previous page
must be replaced by Z0+3Ze.
- 28 -
THE COMMAND PROMPT ENVIRONMENT
The Command Prompt window should be maximized and the size adjusted to fill the screen after right
clicking the top title bar. Cursor size small and letter size 12x16 pixels are recommended. If Command
Prompt goes into full screen mode by an application, it can be brought back with Alt-Enter.
Since many PC users are not familiar with Command Prompt, here are some hints and frequently used
commands. The commands are examples and may be modified in obvious manners. Large and small
letters are interchangeable.
Commands given once on startup, perhaps in a STARTUP.BAT file:

SET COPYCMD=/Y Deactivates warning on overwriting existing files.
PATH=C:\SYSTEM;C:\QBASIC Specifies search paths for executable files.
SUBST P: C:\DRIVEP Substitutes drive P for directory (or folder) C:\DRIVEP making P a virtual
drive (or unit).
Other commands:
C: Moves to unit C or another unit.
CD\ Changes to base directory.
MD GRAPHICS Makes directory GRAPHICS.
CD\GRAPHICS Changes directory to GRAPHICS, just below the base directory.
COPY OLD.INP NEW.INP Copies old file OLD.INP to a new file NEW.INP.
COPY /? Explains options available for command COPY.
REN OLD.INP NEW.INP Renames OLD.INP as NEW.INP.
DEL OLD.INP Deletes OLD.INP.
DIR *.INP Lists all files in the directory with extension INP.
DIR *.I?? Lists all files in the directory with three letter extension starting with I.
START NOTEPAD OUTPUT Invokes Windows program NOTEPAD with file OUTPUT.
START PLOTFILE.BMP Starts a standard Windows program to process the bitmap file.
PROGRAM FLD15 RECTANGULAR CORE TRANSFORMER LEAKAGE FLUX
SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER
NUMBER OF PHASES 3.0 SYSTEM SHORT CIRCUIT GVA 0.000

FREQUENCY 50.00 OPTIONAL PU IMPEDANCE 0.0000
NUMBER OF WOUND LIMBS 3.0 PEAK FACTOR 1.800
FRACTION OF WINDOW HEIGHT CALC. 1.0 LOSS FACTORS
Y - LOWER BOUNDARY 0.0 TANK 0.00
Y - UPPER BOUNDARY 540.0 LEG 0.00
INNER CORNER RADIUS, INNER WDG. 18.0 YOKE 0.00
CORE LEG WIDTH 500.0 SCALE, FLUX PLOT 0.350
LENGTH 390.6 NO. OF FLUX LINES 25.0
DISTANCE WINDING-TANK 200.0
AL/CU SHIELD 0.0
TERMINAL NUMBER 1.0 2.0

CONNECTION D Y
MVA 25.000 25.000
KV 6.400 50.000
LAYER LAST DIST. THICK- TERM. PAR. DIR. CU/AL SPACER BLOCKS
NO. SEGM. CORE NESS NO. GROUPS CUR. PITCH WIDTH
1.0 1.0 18.0 500.0 1.0 1.0 -1.0 CU 103.0 40.0
2.0 2.0 18.0 500.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 CU 103.0 40.0
3.0 3.0 18.0 500.0 1.0 1.0 -1.0 CU 103.0 40.0
SEGM. LAYER Y-COORDINATE NO. OF TURNS NUMBER OF STRANDS STRAND DIMENS.

NO. NO. MIN. MAX. TOTAL ACTIVE PER TURN ACROSS HORIZ VERTICAL
1.0 1.0 40.0 140.0 43.0 43.0 16.0 160.0 2.90 8.30
2.0 2.0 170.0 370.0 388.0 388.0 5.0 350.0 1.80 12.20
3.0 3.0 400.0 500.0 43.0 43.0 16.0 160.0 2.90 8.30
POSITIONS, VERTICAL GRID LINES

1-10 0.0 18.0 35.9 53.7 71.6 89.4 107.3 125.1 143.0 160.9
11-20 178.7 196.6 214.4 232.3 250.1 268.0 285.9 303.7 321.6 339.4
21-30 357.3 375.1 393.0 410.9 428.7 446.6 464.4 482.3 500.1 518.0
31-33 584.7 651.3 718.0
POSITIONS, HORIZONTAL GRID LINES

1-10 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 42.3 44.6 49.2 53.8 60.7
11-20 67.6 76.8 86.0 99.8 113.6 127.4 141.2 159.6 178.0 196.4
21-30 214.8 233.2 251.6 270.0 288.4 306.8 325.2 343.6 362.0 380.4
31-40 398.8 400.0 413.5 427.0 440.5 454.0 463.2 472.4 479.3 486.2
41-48 490.8 495.4 497.7 500.0 510.0 520.0 530.0 540.0
THE FIELD IS ASSUMED TO BE FLAT ALONG THE STRAIGHT PARTS OF THE COILS,
AXI-SYMMETRIC AROUND THE CORNERS. REACTANCE AND EDDY CURRENT LOSSES ARE
CALCULATED FROM WEIGHTED AVERAGES. HOWEVER, FORCES ARE ONLY CALCULATED FOR THE
STRAIGHT PARTS AS NEWTON PER METER LENGTH PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE.
THE COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN THE SPACER BLOCKS IS CALCULATED DUE TO ACCUMULATED

VERTICAL FORCES WITHIN AND OUTSIDE OF THE WINDING SEGMENT. IF THERE ARE NO
SPACERS, THE COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN THE INSULATION IS CALCULATED IN THE SAME
WAY. IN BOTH CASES, THE PROGRAM ASSUMES A LENGTH OF CONTACT IN THE X-DIRECTION
EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE STRAND THICKNESSES ACROSS THE LAYER.
BENDING STRESS DUE TO 'MAX. N/CUB.DM VERTICALLY' IS CALCULATED FOR A BUILT-IN

BEAM WITH A LENGTH EQUAL TO THE SPACER PITCH MINUS HALF THE SPACER WIDTH.
IT IS CALCULATED TOO HIGH FOR BONDED CTC, BECAUSE NO BONDING IS ASSUMED IN THE
CALCULATIONS.
AMPERETURNS -55989.6 NEWTON/METER AT PEAK SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
KVA -4166.67 TOTAL FORCE HORIZONTALLY -48020.5
DC LOSS TOTAL FORCE VERTICALLY -841540.8
KW/CUB.DM GROSS VOLUME 0.0812 MIN. PER VERTICAL MM, HORIZONTALLY -102.7
KW TOTAL 14.067 MAX. PER VERTICAL MM, HORIZONTALLY -740.3
EDDY CURRENT LOSS MAX. ACCUMULATED VERTICALLY -841997.6
KW DUE TO VERTICAL FLUX 0.065 MAX. N/CUB.CM, VERTICALLY -35.29
KW DUE TO HORIZONTAL FLUX 6.631 DUE TO VERTICAL FORCES
KW TOTAL 6.697 N/SQ.MM IN SPACER BLOCKS 4.68
PER UNIT, AVERAGE 0.4760 N/SQ.MM BENDING STRESS 44.22
PER UNIT, MAXIMUM 1.7701
OCCURS BETWEEN
X-MIN X-MAX Y-MIN Y-MAX
196.6 214.4 127.4 140.0
SEGMENT NUMBER 2.0

AMPERETURNS 111979.2 NEWTON/METER AT PEAK SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
KVA 8333.33 TOTAL FORCE HORIZONTALLY -149270.8
DC LOSS TOTAL FORCE VERTICALLY -717.1
EDDY CURRENT LOSS MAX. ACCUMULATED VERTICALLY -859386.6
KW DUE TO VERTICAL FLUX 0.128 MAX. N/CUB.CM, VERTICALLY -32.75
KW DUE TO HORIZONTAL FLUX38.063 DUE TO VERTICAL FORCES
OCCURS BETWEEN
196.6 214.4 343.6 370.0
SEGMENT NUMBER 3.0

AMPERETURNS -55989.6 NEWTON/METER AT PEAK SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT
KVA -4166.67 TOTAL FORCE HORIZONTALLY -49130.4
DC LOSS TOTAL FORCE VERTICALLY 841193.4
EDDY CURRENT LOSS MAX. ACCUMULATED VERTICALLY 841794.9
KW DUE TO VERTICAL FLUX 0.066 MAX. N/CUB.CM, VERTICALLY 35.12
KW DUE TO HORIZONTAL FLUX 6.613 DUE TO VERTICAL FORCES
OCCURS BETWEEN
196.6 214.4 400.0 413.5
CRITICAL STRESS AT PEAK SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT:

DUE TO VERTICAL FORCES SEGMENT NO.
N/SQ.MM IN SPACER BLOCKS OR INSULATION 4.68 1.0
VOLTS PER TURN 74.419

MAX. HORIZONTAL FLUX DENSITY AT TANK (PEAK, TESLA) 0.0160
MAX. HORIZONTAL FLUX DENSITY AT CORE LEG 0.1521
BASED ON MAGNETIC ENERGY AND TOTAL LOSSES, WITH BASE MVA 25.000
PU TRANSFORMER SHORT CIRCUIT REACTANCE 0.1618607
RESISTANCE 0.0122
IMPEDANCE 0.1623
PU SYSTEM IMPEDANCE 0.0000
PU TOTAL IMPEDANCE 0.1623
PU IMPEDANCE USED IN CALCULATIONS OF FORCES AND STRESSES 0.1623
FOR THE WHOLE TRANSFORMER

EDDY CURRENT LOSS
KW WINDINGS 154.698
KW TANK 0.000
KW LEG 0.000
KW YOKE 0.000
KW TOTAL 154.698
PER UNIT, TOTAL 1.0302
DC LOSS, KW TOTAL 150.156
LOSSES REFERRED TO LAYERS ARE FOR ONE LIMB, REFERRED TO TERMINALS FOR THE
WHOLE TRANSFORMER.
LAYER NUMBER 1
DC LOSS, KW 14.067
EDDY CURRENT LOSS
KW DUE TO VERTICAL FLUX 0.065
KW DUE TO HORIZONTAL FLUX 6.631
KW TOTAL 6.697
PER UNIT, AVERAGE 0.4760
OCCURS BETWEEN
196.6 214.4 127.4 140.0
FORCES AT PEAK SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT, NEWTON/METER
MAX. ACCUMULATED VERTICALLY 842715.2
OCCURS IN SEGMENT NO. 1
ON UPPER SUPPORT 0.0
ON LOWER SUPPORT 842258.9
FLUX LINKAGE, WB/M REFERRED TO ONE TURN -0.00821302
LAYER NUMBER 3
DC LOSS, KW 14.067
EDDY CURRENT LOSS
KW TOTAL 6.678
OCCURS BETWEEN
196.6 214.4 400.0 413.5
FLUX LINKAGE, WB/M REFERRED TO ONE TURN -0.00821637
TERMINAL NUMBER 1
DC LOSS, KW 84.404
EDDY CURRENT LOSS, KW 40.124
PER UNIT 0.4754
PERCENT DEVIATION, VOLTS/TURN 0.000
LAYER NUMBER 2
DC LOSS, KW 21.917
EDDY CURRENT LOSS
KW TOTAL 38.191
OCCURS BETWEEN
196.6 214.4 343.6 370.0
FLUX LINKAGE, WB/M REFERRED TO ONE TURN 0.00876709
TERMINAL NUMBER 2
DC LOSS, KW 65.752
EDDY CURRENT LOSS, KW 114.573
PER UNIT 1.7425
PERCENT DEVIATION, VOLTS/TURN -0.024

FLD 14

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O.W.

USER’S MANUAL, FLD15

RUNNING THE DEMO INPUT

To run the program with an input file DEMO.INP, enter:

To display the finite element grid on the screen, enter:

The demo input file can be viewed with the command:

COPY DEMO.INP NEW.INP

Introduce headings with the command:

To see how the file now has been modified, enter:

An input file in a different format is in

COPY INPUT.FIL INPNEW.FIL

INPUT INPNEW.FIL NEW.INP

Additional layer (winding) data Col. Data Line

Tank loss factor: 45

Occasionally, there is a variation of auto connection, as shown in Fig. 3.

N1 turns N3 turns Terminal 3

With buck connection:

MVA3 = MVA2 * N3/N2 MVA1 = MVA2 - MVA3

With boost connection:

MVA3 = MVA1 * N3/(N2 + N3) MVA2 = MVA1 - MVA3

PHASE SHIFT CONNECTIONS

TANK, LEG AND YOKE LOSSES

For each yoke:

LOCATIONS OF VERTICAL GRID LINES

1. Between the outer layer and the tank: 10%

LOCATIONS OF HORIZONTAL GRID LINES

HALF WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED

Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 5% of the

The grid line spacings are determined by E4. Starting from

FULL WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED

LOCATIONS OF RADIAL GRID LINES

HALF WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED

Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 5% of the

The grid line spacings are determined by E4. Starting from

E2 Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 2.5% of the

FULL WINDOW HEIGHT CALCULATED

LOCATIONS OF RADIAL GRID LINES

Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 5% of the

If E4 is equal to or greater than 1/3 of the section depth, the

If E4 is less than 1/3 of the section depth, the lines within

LOCATIONS OF HORIZONTAL GRID LINES

Equally spaced lines, with maximum spacing 2.5% of the

If E4 is equal to or greater than 1/3 of the section depth, the

The lines within E4 are symmetrical about the radial

If E4 is less than 1/3 of the section depth, the lines within

AC Complex vector potential at the centroid of a triangle

DPEL Displacement = 1.0, elongation or contraction = 2.0

LAYER Array containing information about layers

SAXMX Maximum accumulated vertical force, newton

TERM Array containing information about terminals

INPFLT15.FOR Input routine for calculations with flat fields.

CORE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMERS

Directions of forces in core type transformers:

Directions of forces in shell type transformers:

Stresses due to horizontal forces are normally not critical.

THREE WINDING TRANSFORMERS

REGULATING WINDING CONNECTED THROUGH SERIES TRANSFORMER

IMPEDANCE BETWEEN WINDINGS ABOVE EACH OTHER

Sequence impedances will first be discussed with reference to rotating machines.

UNSYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUITS

THE COMMAND PROMPT ENVIRONMENT

Commands given once on startup, perhaps in a STARTUP.BAT file:

SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER