Facultad: Ciencias Económicas

Carrera: Administración
Cátedra: Ingles IV
Sección: ¨A¨
Catedrática: Kevin Torres
4to. Semestre

TEXTO PARALELO FINAL

Nelson Joel López Orozco

Carné: 16 000 1226

Fecha: 21-10-17
Contenido
SIMPLE PAST TENSE–GRAMMAR RULES..........................................................................................................3
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE.................................................................................................................................5
PAST TIME EXPRESSIONS...................................................................................................................................6
ANTONYMS...........................................................................................................................................................7
WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?....................................................................................................................................8
WEATHER ASKING QUESTIONS AND TYPES OF WEATHER ENGLISH LESSON.........................................12
SIMPLE FUTURE................................................................................................................................................13
FUTURE CONTINUOUS.....................................................................................................................................14
RULERS VERB TO BE.........................................................................................................................................15
SENTENCES........................................................................................................................................................16
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE–GRAMMAR RULES

The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now. Imagine
someone asks what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend.

 Wolfgang entered a hula hoop contest.

 He won the silver medal.

The simple past tense shows that you are talking about something that has already happened. Unlike the past
continuous tense, which is used to talk about past events that happened over a period of time, the simple past
tense emphasizes that the action is finished.

 Wolfgang admired the way the light glinted off his silver medal.

You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such as the way someone felt about
something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or
prepositional phrase.

 Wolfgang was proud of his hula hoop victory.

 The contest was the highlight of his week.

How To Formulate The Simple Past

For regular verbs, add -ed to the root form of the verb (or just -d if the root form already ends in an e):

Play→Played Type→Typed Listen→Listened Push→Pushed Love→Loved

For irregular verbs, things get more complicated. The simple past tense of some irregular verbs looks exactly
like the root form:

Put→Put Cut→Cut Set→Set Cost→Cost Hit→Hit

For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more erratic:
See→Saw Build→Built Go→Went Do→Did Rise→Rose Am/Is/Are→Was/Were

The good news is that verbs in the simple past tense (except for the verb to be) don’t need to agree in number
with their subjects.

 Wolfgang polished his medal. The other winners polished their medals too.

How To Make The Simple Past Negative

Fortunately, there is a formula for making simple past verbs negative, and it’s the same for both regular and
irregular verbs (except for the verb to be). The formula is did not + [root form of verb]. You can also use
the contraction didn’t instead of did not.

 Wolfgang did not brag too much about his hula hoop skills. Wolfgang’s girlfriend didn’t see the
contest.

For the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. When the subject of the sentence is singular, use was
not or wasn’t. When the subject is plural, use were not or weren’t.

The third-place winner was not as happy as Wolfgang. The fourth-place winner wasn’t happy at all. The
onlookers were not ready to leave after the contest ended. The contestants weren’t ready to leave either.

How To Ask A Question

The formula for asking a question in the simple past tense is did + [subject] + [root form of verb].

 Did Wolfgang win the gold medal or the silver medal? Where did Wolfgang go to celebrate? Did the
judges decide fairly, in your opinion?

When asking a question with the verb to be, you don’t need the auxiliary did. The formula is was/were +
[subject].

 Was Wolfgang in a good mood after the contest? Were people taking lots of pictures?

COMMON REGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST TENSE

 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST TENSE

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

FUNCTIONS OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going
on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.

It is used:

Often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the
birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the
trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter
who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."

to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action, e.g. "I was having a beautiful
dream when the alarm clock rang."

to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to get my
homework done instead."

with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."

EXAMPLES

 They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.

 Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.

 When we arrived he was having a bath.

 When the fire started I was watching television.

 Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used.
FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be" (was/were), and the
base of the main verb +ing.

PAST TIME EXPRESSIONS

The expressions of time in the past, help us to structure our best prayers, as they point to the
time in which some action happened. These expressions are common when we say them - Yesterday I
studied English, - Three hours ago I was in the super, A month ago I went to Tajin; Etc.
Using these expressions can give a greater context to our idea. Let's check the following table.
Table 1. Expressions of time in common past.
Last Ago Yesterday
Last night 10 minutes ago Yesterday
Last Sunday An hour ago Yesterday morning
Last weekend Three days ago Yesterday afternoon
Last week A week ago Yesterday evening
 Last month A month ago The day before yesterday
Last year A year ago, two years ago…
In (To indicate a month in the specific year) In 1990.

These expressions can be placed at the beginning and end of my sentence, for example:
Yesterday, I was at the bank.
I left university three years ago.
Three days ago we were in Peru.
I saw it last week.
In 2002 he was in Alaska

If not, when you use your expression of time at the beginning of your sentence, use a comma after it.

ANTONYMS
An antonym is a word that is the opposite meaning of another. It comes from the Greek words
“anti” for opposite and “onym” for name. Since language is complex, people may at times, disagree on
what words are truly opposite in meaning to other words.
Synonyms And Antonyms

A synonym is a word that means the same, or almost the same, as another word. Synonyms and
antonyms are used by teachers, students, writers, editors, poets, and songwriters.

For Example:
Sometimes, an antonym can be easily made by adding a prefix.
Examples of antonyms that were made by adding the prefix “un” are:
 Likely and unlikely
 Able and unable
 Fortunate and unfortunate
 Forgiving and unforgiving

By adding the prefix “non” you can make these pairs:

 Entity and nonentity
 Conformist and nonconformist
 Payment and nonpayment
 Combatant and noncombatant

Lastly, adding the prefix “in” can make the following pairs:
 Tolerant and intolerant
 Decent and indecent
 Discreet and indiscreet
 Excusable and inexcusable

WHAT IS AN ADJECTIVE?
Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and speaking much
more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small, blue, and sharp are descriptive, and
they are all examples of adjectives. Because adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual
people and unique things, they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify.
Some sentences contain multiple adjectives.

Adjective Examples

In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

1. They live in a big, beautiful

2. Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless

3. The mountaintops are covered in sparkling

4. On her birthday, Brenda received an antique vase filled with fragrant

Types of Adjectives

Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words, and you’ll find it much easier to
identify different types of adjectives when you see them.

Articles

There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because they are used to
discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called indefinite articles. For example:

 I’d like a

 Let’s go on an
Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain adventure. Without more
clarification, any banana or adventure will do.

The word the is called the definite article. It’s the only definite article, and it is used to indicate very
specific people or things:

 Please give me a banana. I’d like the one with the green stem.

 Let’s go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds perfect!

 Possessive Adjectives

As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They are:

 My

 Your

 His

 Her

 Its

 Our

 Their

Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate specific people,
animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative adjectives.

 These books belong on that

 This movie is my favorite.

 Please put those cookies on the blue plate.

Coordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after another to
modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day and long and dark night are
coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always
appears before the last one; for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.
Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not coordinate. In the phrase green
delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not separated by a comma because green modifies the
phrase delivery truck. To eliminate confusion when determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is
coordinate, just insert the word and between them. If and works, then the adjectives are coordinate and
need to be separated with a comma.

Numbers Adjectives

When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell that a number is an
adjective when it answers the question “How many?”
 The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six

 He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

Interrogative Adjectives

There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all other types of adjectives,
interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three of these words are used to ask
questions.

 Which option sounds best to you?

 What time should we go?

 Whose socks are those?

Indefinite Adjectives

Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things. You might
recognize them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives
are any, many, no, several, and few.

 Do we have any peanut butter?

 Grandfather has been retired for many

 There are no bananas in the fruit bowl.

 I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it.

 We looked at several cars before deciding on the best one for our family.
Attributive Adjectives

Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words, they are used to
discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive adjectives:

 Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest can indicate
value or talk about subjective measures.

 Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective qualities including specific physical
properties. Some examples include small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow and

 Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as well as general ages. Examples are old,
young, new, five-year-old, and

 Color adjectives are exactly what they sound like – they’re adjectives that indicate color.
Examples include pink, yellow, blue, and

 Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, whether it’s a person, place, animal or thing.
Examples include American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
 Material adjectives denote what something is made of. Some examples include cotton, gold,
wool, and

 Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a noun. They make nouns more specific;
examples include log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover.

Adjectives to Describe a Person

People vary in terms of their physical appearance and personalities, and the words that are usedto
describe them are just as varied. Some words are better suited to describing the physical appearance of
someone, some are best used to describe the person’s style, and others are ideal for describing the
person’s character traits. It is important to have these words in your written and spoken vocabulary
because you may, at some point in your life, face a situation that requires you to describe someone.
Describing People – A Few Examples

Use with verb Be (am, is, are):

Height Weight/Physique

I am short. I am thin.
She is average height. or She is medium height. She is average weight.
They are tall. They are heavy.
He is muscular.
My daughter is three feet two inches.
My husband is six feet.
Personality
She is serious. He is silly.
She is a serious person. He is a silly person.
She is hard-working. He is lazy
She is a hard-working person. He is a lazy person.
She is kind. He is unkind.
She is nice. He is mean.
She is quiet. He is loud.
She is friendly. He is shy.
She is happy. He is unhappy.
They are generous. We are stingy.
They are talkative. We are quiet.
They are helpful. We aren’t helpful.
They are easy-going. We aren’t easy-going.

Use with verb Have (has, have) OR Be (am, is, are):

Eyes
I have green eyes. or My eyes are green.
He has brown eyes. or His eyes are brown.
She has blue eyes. or Her eyes are blue.
They have dark brown eyes. or Their eyes are dark brown.
Hair
I have short, black, straight hair. or My hair is short, black, and straight.
He has medium-length, brown, wavy hair. or His hair is medium-length, brown, and wavy.
She has long, blond, curly hair. or Her hair is long, blond, and curly.
They have no hair. or They are bald.

WEATHER ASKING QUESTIONS AND TYPES OF WEATHER ENGLISH LESSON

Asking questions about weather and the different types?

During this lesson You will learn about the many types of weather using verbs. The next part of the
lesson shows you how adjectives can be used to describe the weather, that we have in the UK. British
people like to talk about the weather so the last part of the lesson shows examples of how to ask
questions and how to answer them.

Describing the weather using verbs.

Below is list of the different types of weather you are most likely to use.
The sun is shining It's drizzling (light rain) The wind is blowing It's raining (The rain is
falling.)

It's hail (hail stones) It's pouring down (The rain is pouring down.) It's snowing (The snow is
falling.) It's thundering and lightening

Describing the weather using adjectives

Sweltering = It's sweltering. or It's a sweltering day. Freezing = It's freezing. or It's a freezing day.

Warm = It's warn. or It's a warm day. Cold = It's cold. or It's a cold day.

Sunny = It's sunny. or It's a sunny day. Cloudy = It's cloudy. or It's a cloudy day.

Clear = It's clear. or It's a clear day. Stormy = It's stormy. or It's a stormy day.

Misty = It's misty. or It's a misty day. Foggy = It's foggy. or It's a foggy day.

Breezy = It's breezy. or It's a breezy day Windy = It's windy. or It's a windy day.

Showery = It's showery. or It's a showery day. Rainy = It's rainy. or It's a rainy day.

Frosty = It's frosty. or It's a frosty day. Snowy = It's snowy. or It's a snowy day.

Icy = It's icy. or It's an icy day. Drizzly = It's drizzly. or It's a drizzly day.

Dry = It's dry. or It's a dry day.

How to ask questions about the weather and how they can be answered.

What's it like outside? It's really cold now.

How's the weather? It's minus ten. (-10 degrees)

Do you have rain? We have not had any rain for many weeks.

What's the temperature in Manchester? Today it is 22 degrees Celsius which is a lot warmer then it
has been.

It's snowing here in Manchester, what's it doing there? It's raining really hard.)

It is a Beautiful day for a walk? We couldn't ask for a better day.

What's the weather forecast for the rest of the week? They're saying we will have blue skies for the
rest of the week.
 SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can
sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different
meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear.
Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

 You will help him later.

 Will you help him later?

 You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

 You are going to meet Jane tonight.

 Are you going to meet Jane tonight?

 You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple
Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Continuous with "Will"

[will be + present participle]

Examples:

 You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

 Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

 You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "

[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]

Examples:

 You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

 Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

 You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with
little difference in meaning.

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter
action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

 I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

 I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

 I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact
me.

 He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather
than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future
tenses in time clauses.

RULERS VERB TO BE

What is the English verb "to be"?

The verb "to be" can be used as the main verb tense or as the auxiliary verb.
The verb to be is used as the main verb tense to state that something or someone exists.
Rules for using the verb tense "to be":
The verb tense "to be" changes form according to the subject when used as both the auxiliary verb and
the main verb.
The verb "to be" changes form according to the subject when used as both the auxiliary verb or as
the main verb.
When the verb tense "to be" is used as a main verb tense it is used in the simple tense only.
When the verb tense "to be" is the only verb, when used as a main verb.
When the verb tense "to be" is used as the main verb tense.

 Negative statements/sentence use the word "not" without "do - does - did". - - - Questions are
formed by putting the verb "to be:" before the subject.

 The verb "to be" is an irregular verb.

 SENTENCES

Going To

1. I am going to eat fish

2. Are you going to talk with her?
3. He is going to read a book
4. She is not going to study
5. They are going to go to the cinema
6. We aren`t going to do the homework
7. I am going to play with my dogs
8. Are you going to study?
9. She isn`t going to go to the park
10. They aren`t going torun

Present Continuous

1. You are learning English now.

2. You are not swimming now.

3. Are you sleeping?

4. I am sitting.

5. I am not standing.

6. Is he sitting or standing?

7. They are reading their books.

8. They are not watching television.

9. What are you doing?

10. Why aren't you doing your homework?

Affirmative With Will

1. She will read the newspaper tomorrow.

2. We will come to school by bus.

3. You will work very hard.

 4. She will like to sit in the sun.

5. We will play in the park next week.

6. He will watch his son in the race.

7. The store will be open until seven o’clock.

8. The plant will die because of lack of sunshine.

9. We will try to arrive on time.

10. He will walk to school.

NegativeWith Will

1. I won’t talk to you again.

2. Laura won’t be angry.
3. I won’t be able to do it.
4. Mary won’t like it.
5. You won’t come to the party.
6. Michael won’t be late.
7. They won’t mind.
8. The dog won’t bark tonight.
9. They won’t be happy.

10. You won’t have time.

Question And Answer With Future Simple

1. Will she do the work of two people? Yes, she will do the work of two people.

2. Will the dog chase the cat all around the house? Yes, the dog will chase the cat all around the
house.

3. Will Mr. Green work with my uncle? Yes, he will work with my uncle.

4. Will they play tennis next Sunday? Yes, they will play tennis next Sunday.

5. Will he study for his English class? Yes, he will study for his English class.

6. Will we eat together tomorrow? No, we won’t eat together tomorrow.

7. Will she attend church next Saturday? No, she won’t attend church next Saturday.
8. Will I speak several foreign languages? No, you won’t speak several foreign languages.

9. Will she eat in the cafeteria today? No, she won’t eat in the cafeteria today.

10. Will she go there twice a week? No, she won’t go there twice a week.