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DESIGN OF BIOLOGICAL LEACHATE TREATMENT FACILITY OF WASTE


DISPOSAL SITE IN BRGY. FELISA, BACOLOD CITY

A Project Study Presented to


The Faculty of the Graduate School
University of St. La Salle
Bacolod City

In Partial Fulfilment
Of the requirements for the Degree
Master in Environmental Engineering

GEREMAE B. MAGBANUA

March 2, 2019
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The current waste disposal facility of Bacolod City has a maximum capacity of

900MT/day covering a total land area of 7.11 hectares occupied by landfill facilities,

buffer zone and internal access road. The disposal facility is located in Brgy. Felisa,

southeastern part of Bacolod City. It is bounded on the north by Brgy. Mansilingan, on

the west by Brgys. Handumanan and Cabug, on the south by the City of Bago, and on the

east by Municipality of Murcia. (reference?)

Local government of Bacolod City established a sanitary landfill (SLF) on April

19, 2013 to cater the solid waste within its jurisdiction and also in compliance with

Republic Act 9003 (RA 9003), otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000. However, in 2015, the landfill was turned to an open dumpsite.

( evidence/ source of info?)

Based on the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) documentation, the nearest

body of water to the disposal facility is a southward draining Cabura Creek that traverses

adjacent to the facility. Also, the nearest wells identified in the area are the ones drilled in

Mansilingan-Felisa boundary for Bacolod City Water District (BACIWA), some more

than 3 km northwest of the disposal facility.

In the operation of a waste disposal facility, one of the identified impacts to the

environment and public health is the leachate contamination. Leachate is a contaminated

liquid that may migrate through the underlying soil and contaminate the groundwater
(NSWMC and JICA, 2010). The qualities of leachate discharged from sanitary landfill

system are basically covered by the Republic Act 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act and

DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08 or the Water Quality Guidelines and General

Effluent Standards of 2016.

Currently, the disposal facility of Bacolod is utilizing a leachate pond as storage

for collected leachate and recirculate it back to the waste disposal area.(pls don’t include

this gru beb/ what is your source of info (must be a reliable person/ or person in charge/

PCO)) Leachate recirculation is a method using the landfill site itself as bioreactor.

However, it is hard to control the chemical reaction in the landfill site and leachate

recirculation system cannot guarantee the expected quality of treated leachate. For this

reason, it is also desirable to implement biological treatment of leachate (Yachiyo

Engineering Co., Ltd., 2004)

Leachate from the landfill site may be harmful and contaminate the water sources

if it discharged without treatment. Adequate and effective leachate treatment system must

be provided with sufficient treatment and retention capacity to handle the leachate

quantity. Thus, this study aims to design a biological leachate treatment facility for the

waste disposal site in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to design a biological leachate treatment facility of waste disposal

site in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City.

More specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the maximum leachate generation of the waste disposal site?

( paano mo ni kwaon? Delete na lng ni gru beb )


2. What is the water quality of the leachate at the waste disposal site in terms of the

following:

a. pH,

b. Temperature

c. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

d. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

e. Ammonia as NH3-N

f. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

3. Compare the water quality results obtained from the leachate generated from the

Bacolod SLF to the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of

2016 (DENR Administrative Order 2016-08).

4. Design a biological treatment facility using activated sludge treatment process.

(hnd lng gru dnai pg.e.specify ang biological treatment)

5. Ano nga criteria imo knanglan para mka decide ka kng ano nga biological

treatment? Dpat mai set of criteria nga kng ma.meet ya na, that’s the time nga

ma.design kna sng specific nga boiligical treatment

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study discusses the process steps of determining

the applicable biological leachate treatment facility of the waste disposal site in Brgy.

Felisa, Bacolod City.


Input Process Output

 Collection of  Conduct of  Design of


secondary data laboratory analysis biological
 Conduct of ocular  Assessment of leachate
inspection leachate quality treatment facility
 Conduct of water
sampling activity

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the conceptual framework of the study.

Secondary data collection will be performed in order to acquire previous data on

the leachate quality of the disposal site, if there is any. The ocular inspection of the

project area will help in locating the leachate pond as the sampling area. Water sampling

activity will be conducted to determine the leachate quality of the disposal area. Samples

will then be delivered in the laboratory for analysis. The process includes the conduct of

laboratory analysis to determine the parameters such as Color, pH, Temperature,

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended

Solids (TSS) and Ammonia as NH3-N. Laboratory results will then be assessed in order to

identify an applicable biological leachate treatment facility and compare the current

leachate quality with Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016

(DENR Administrative Order 2016-08). The output will be the biological treatment

facility using activated sludge treatment method for the waste disposal site in Brgy.

Felisa, Bacolod City.

Scope and Limitation

The study is limited only in designing a biological leachate treatment facility

using activated sludge treatment process (dpat wla pa gru na.mention ang treatment) for
the waste disposal area in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. Basis of the design is the water

quality of the leachate collected from the leachate pond inlet. The parameters to be

analysed will be Color, pH, Temperature, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological

Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Ammonia as NH3-N.

Efficiency of the biological treatment used will be based on the percentage removal of

COD, BOD, TSS and Ammonia as NH3-N only. Laboratory results of leachate quality

will be compared to the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of

2016 (DENR Administrative Order 2016-08).

Significance of the Study

The study will be beneficial to the following:

Local Government of Bacolod City. The result of the study will help the

officials of Bacolod City in complying with the provisions of RA 9275 (Clean Water

Act), RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act) and with the conditions

stipulated in their Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) under PD 1586

(Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System). It will also aid as a guide in the

planning process for the construction of a sanitary landfill in the future. Moreover, it is

beneficial in the formulation of policies for local waste management and health

prevention in their jurisdiction and raising awareness of the inhabitants on waste disposal

and hygiene.

Environment. Leachate from the landfill site may be harmful and contaminate

the water sources if it discharged without treatment as it may percolate through soil

reaching water aquifers. This study presents the importance of a biological leachate
treatment facility in order to avoid leachate contamination of the ground water and

surface water.

Community. The study may give the community an idea or awareness on the

importance of a leachate treatment facility effluent discharge to water ways, stream or

any body of water that might affect the living community that are in the stream such as

the fauna and flora or to the environment.

Academe. This study maybe archive and maybe later use as source or reference

by the future member of the academic organization whom searching for a topic to be

research relative to what he or she embarks on.

Future researchers. The study may give a baseline data to the future researchers

in order for them to design an overall leachate treatment facility of a landfill or a waste

disposal site.

Definition of Terms

For the purpose of this study, the following terms shall have the following

meanings:

Activated Sludge Method shall refer to the process in which sludge, the

accumulated, bacteria-rich deposits of settling tanks and basins, is seeded into incoming

waste water and the mixture agitated for several hours in the presence of an ample air

supply.

Biological Treatment shall refer to the process of removing the suspended solids

and other oranic loads from the system using microbial population.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) shall refer to the measure of the capacity of

water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation

of inorganic chemicals such as ammonia and nitrate.

Contamination means the introduction of substances not found in the natural

composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use. (DENR

Administrative Order 2001-34, 2001)

DAO 2016-08 shall refer to the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent

Standards of 2016.

Effluent shall refer to the discharges from known source which is passed into a

body of water or land, or wastewater flowing out of a manufacturing plant, industrial

plant including domestic, commercial and recreational facilities (DENR Administrative

Order 2005-10, 2004).

Landfill shall refer to an old and easiest method of waste disposal that involves

burying the waste in specially constructed sites.

Leachate shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition,

and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition. It is

contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials (RA 9003).

Parameters shall refer to the required minimum water quality parameters to be

monitored for each sample.

Pollution shall refer to any alteration of the physical, chemical or biological or

radiological properties of water body resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.

Sanitary landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed,

operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant
potential environment impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility

(RA 9003)

Water Sample shall refer to a single water sample collected at one time from a

water body.

Water Quality refer to the characteristics of water which define its use in terms

of physical, chemical, biological, bacteriological or radiological characteristics by which

the acceptability of water is evaluated. (DENR Administrative Order 2005-10, 2004)

Review of Related Literature

This section includes the ideas, articles, conclusions, generalizations and


methodologies from previous studies which will provide the framework of the proposed
study.

Leachate Characteristics

Leachate is formed by the percolation of rainwater through refuses. Generally,

leachates are known as liquid effluents with dark color and strong odor (Levy & Cabeças,

2006 cited in Porto, 2012). Bacterial degradation starts under aerobic conditions as soon

as the wastes are deposited in the landfill, generating high temperatures. The system
becomes anaerobic following rapid depletion of oxygen, much cooler and far less

reactive (Rowe et al., 1997 cited in Pouliot, 1999).

Leachate consists of water, organic, inorganic and bacterial compounds together

with solid. Definition of all the compositions in leachate is difficult, complex, expensive

and time-consuming. The compositions of leachate can be divided into four parts of

pollutants. Organic matter such as: COD (chemical oxygen demand) and TOC (total

organic carbon); specific organic compounds, inorganic compounds and heavy metals.

However, the organic content of leachates is often measured through analyzing sum of

parameters such as COD, BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and TOC and dissolved

organic carbon (Rong, 2009).

The composition of landfill leachate is complexity, high concentration of

pollutants and variation. The water quality and water quantity of leachate relate to main

factors: composition of solid waste, local climate, age of landfill and method of

landfilling. Due to many of factors connect with the different site of landfills and the

different time of landfills, and factors brought the numerous variation of leachate water

quality and quantity (Christensen, et al., 1992, p. 10, cited in Tampere, 2009).

Its composition is therefore site- and time-specific, based on the characteristics of

deposited solid wastes, physico-chemical conditions, rainfall regime that regulates

moisture level, and landfill age (Gotvajn & Pavko, 2015).

Table 1
Concentration ranges, in mg/L (except for pH), of leachate from new and mature landfill
(Tchobanoglous et al., 1993) (Kurniawan et al., 2010)

The BOD/COD ratio can be considered as a measure of the biodegradability of

the organic matter, and hence of the maturity of the leachate and the landfill, which

typically decreases with time (Quasim, et al., 1994 as cited in El-Fadel, Bou-Zeid, &

Chahine, 2003). A BOD/COD ratio greater than 0.5 indicates a young landfill, whereas

when the ratio is less than 0.1, the landfill can be considered old and stable (SWANA,

1997 as cited in El-Fadel, Bou-Zeid, & Chahine, 2003). Other useful leachate parameters

include pH, an indicator of the aggressiveness of the leachate and aerobic versus

anaerobic conditions in the refuse. NH4-N seems to be the constituent that lasts longer in

landfill leachate and may be used to determine the remaining pollution potential in the

landfill and the required after-care period (I. Kruempelbeck & H.J. Ehrig, 1999, cited in

El-Fadel et al., 2003).

Water Quality Indicators


There are a number of common properties that are used to evaluate the quality of

a wastewater. These properties are usually determined in a laboratory using standardized

test methods. They are generally used to analyze the wastewater before and after

treatment, and the findings can be used to determine the effectiveness of the treatment

system in question. Some important properties of a wastewater that are commonly

analyzed include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand

(COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total nitrogen (N) content.

pH

The pH of a water is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions present

in a water (Droste, 2014, cited in Cerruti, et al., 2016). It is significant to treatment

because free hydrogen ions are both directly and indirectly involved in many reactions,

and therefore directly affect the stability of a water. The pH of water is also significant

because it determines whether the water being tested is acidic or basic. This is something

that is monitored closely, because if the treated effluent has too acidic or too basic of a

pH, the discharged water could alter the concentration of free hydrogen ions in natural

waters (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003).

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Chemical oxygen demand is used to evaluate the organic strength of domestic and

industrial wastewaters. It measures the amount of oxygen necessary to completely

oxidize all organic matter. One limitation of the test is that it does not differentiate

between biologically oxidizable and biologically inert organic matter, neither does it

indicate the rate at which the biologically active material would be oxidized under natural
conditions. However, COD can be measured rapidly (3 hours) and this is why it is often

used instead of the BOD5 test (Pouliot, 1999).

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is defined as the quantity of oxygen required

by bacteria while stabilizing decomposable organic matter under aerobic conditions, i.e.

organic material is used as food by the bacteria. Energy is derived from oxidation

reactions, producing carbon dioxïde, water and ammonia. The BOD test is used to

determine how polluted a domestic or industrial waste is, in terms of the amount of

oxygen it will require if it is discharged in a natural watercourse (Droste, 1997 as cited in

Pouliot, 1999).

BOD results are now used (1) to determine the approximate quantity of oxygen

that will be required to biologically stabilize the organic matter present, (2) to determine

the size of waste treatment facilities, (3) to measure efficiency of some treatment

processes, and (4) to determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits (Metcalf

& Eddy, 1991).

A quantitative relationship exists between the oxygen needed to convert organic

compounds into CO2, H20 and NH3, (Sawyer et al., 1994):

Suspended Solids

There are three types of solids that are typically evaluated in a wastewater sample:

dissolved solids, colloidal solids, and suspended solids. Of these three, suspended solids
are the main parameter of concern in assessing a wastewater. This is because suspended

solids are directly correlated with the turbidity of a wastewater (Droste, 2014). Suspended

solids can also be classified as whether they are settleable or not. Solids concentration is

an important wastewater quality parameter, in that it determines aesthetic quality of the

water. These solids are removed throughout the treatment process (Cerruti, et al., 2016).

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is present in many different forms in water and wastewater. Nitrate

(NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH3) and organic nitrogen (N) can be found and all of

them are interconvertible (Pouliot, 1999). The nitrogen compounds are leached slowly

from the breakdown of protein and other nitrogen-containing organic compounds. They

are biologically interchangeable depending on ambient conditions. Ammoniacal-nitrogen

is of utmost concern to environmentalists. Ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH3-N) is identified as

the major contaminant that remains in mature landfill leachate and has adverse impacts

on living organisms (EPA 2000; Kjeldsen et al. 2002; Slack et al. 2005)

Leachate Treatment Facility

The main function of leachate treatment facility at the landfill site is to purify the

leachate collected so that the leachate will not pollute the surrounding water bodies or

underground water when it is discharged into the environment (NSWMC & JICA, 2010).

It is important to note that leachate generation continues for a long period not only

during the landfilling work, but also after the landfill completion. Since quantity and

quality of leachate fluctuate depending on rainfall, waste composition, landfilling work

etc., leachate treatment facility shall be planned and designed properly so that effective

treatment can be achieved (NSWMC & JICA, 2010).


According to The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and

Operation Manual by JICA on 2014, the following factors shall be considered for

effective leachate treatment system.

1. Selection of Leachate Treatment Process

A rational leachate treatment process shall be selected based on the

requirement that the quality of leachate discharged is a factor that has to be

considered while designing the facility.

2. Countermeasures for Leachate Quality Fluctuations

Careful consideration such as the original typical leachate quality assumed

for all stages of landfilling shall be given when selecting the leachate

treatment method.

3. Countermeasures for Leachate Volume Fluctuations

Basically, volume of leachate changes with the amount of rainfall and

there is usually a limit to the treatment capacity of the facility. Thus, in order

to operate the facility effectively throughout the year, the leachate volume

control is required.

Biological Treatment Method

Traditionally, biological treatment is the most widely-used treatment strategy for

wastewaters, mostly because of its low operational costs and complete as well as rapid

destruction of pollution (Renou, S. et al., 2008 as cited in Gotvajn & Pavko, 2015).
The overall objectives of the biological treatment is to remove or reduce the

concentration of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater (Metcalf & Eddy,

2003). Biological treatment is reliable, simple, highly cost-effective, and provides many

advantages in terms of biodegradable and nitrogen and phosphorous compounds removal.

It can be accomplished with microorganisms in different types of reactors, in aerobic and

anaerobic conditions (Gotvajn & Pavko, 2015).

The Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation Manual by Ministry of

Housing and Local Government of Malaysia cited that parameters to be treated through

the biological treatment process are such as BOD, COD and Nitrogen etc. Principal

methods for biological treatment are aeration lagoon, activated sludge, contact aeration,

rotary disk contact process, trickling filter etc. Type of methods to be used is determined

in consideration of economical efficiency, treatment function, operation and maintenance,

and other aspects.

It is well recognized that the selection of appropriate treatment method is strictly

dependent upon the leachate characteristics and composition. However, the discussion on

the selection of the treatment method is based on the knowledge on wastewater quantity

and quality, as well as the required effluent quality.

Activated Sludge

The activated sludge process was developed in England in 1914 (Metcalf and

Eddy, 2003) and it is one of the most common wastewater treatment processes. Organic

material in the waste is converted to microbial mass and carbon dioxide by


microorganisms. A fraction of the biomass is recycled from secondary sedimentation tank

sludge and retuned to an aeration tank to maintain a high biomass concentration (Pouliot,

1999).

Activated sludge usually requires addition of nutrients and might be affected by

seasonal variations in the leachate composition. However, as demonstrated at a treatment

plant in Sarnia, Ontario (Lagowski and Poisson, 1990), use of activated sludge is an

effective way of treating leachate, even when it contains high concentrations of refractory

organics.

Activated sludge method is the treatment of floating biological treatment process.

It consists of aeration basin and sedimentation basin. Generally, it is expected that high

removal rate of organic matters will be achieved by long hours of aeration (NSWMC &

JICA, 2010).

The main components of an activated sludge process are: the reactor that can be a

tank, lagoon or ditch; the sludge, flocculant suspension consisting of microbial biomass,

essentially bacteria; the aeration system, either surface aeration or diffused air is used; the

sedimentation tank, where the separation between microbial biomass and treated effluent

occurs; the returned sludge, recycled back to the reactor after settling in the sedimentation

tank (Gray, 2004, cited in de Oliveira, 2012). Activated sludge process is shown in Figure

Figure 2. Schematic flow diagram of complete-mix process and view of complete-mix

activated-sludge reactor (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003).


Figure 2. Schematic flow diagram of complete-mix process and view of complete-mix
activated-sludge reactor (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003)

In the aeration stage, atmospheric oxygen is mixed into the wastewater typically

through mechanical means such as surface aerators or air diffusers. After the wastewater

enters the aeration basin, it is usually referred to as mixed liquor (ML). ML is a

composition of the influent wastewater, microorganisms, and nutrients (Droste, 2014).

The diffusers, and sometimes other mechanical equipment, are used as a means of

providing mixing to the ML (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). The ML is aerated for a specified

amount of time, commonly referred to as the hydraulic detention time (HDT), before

moving on to the clarifier. This settling stage is where the solids in the mixed liquor are

allowed to settle and thicken at the bottom of the clarifier. The clarified wastewater in the

top portion of the tank is able to then exit the clarifier to either be discharged or to

undergo further treatment. The solids that accumulate at the bottom of the tank exit the

clarifier to either be discarded or used as return sludge. These returned solids are the

actual “activated sludge” that the treatment process is named after. They are an activated
biomass that is used to stabilize waste and continue degradation of the organics in the

wastewater in the aeration tank (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003).

The activated sludge process can be implemented for a number of different uses,

depending on what type of wastewater is being treated. For all wastewater sources

(domestic, industrial, and agricultural), the process is frequently used for the removal of

organics. Activated sludge is also used to remove the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus

(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). It is a very common system used for the treatment of

agricultural wastewater that is used for irrigation return, because the removal of nitrogen

and phosphorus are known to be detrimental to the growth of aquatic plants (Metcalf and

Eddy, 2003).

According to Metcalf & Eddy (2003), an important feature of the activated-sludge

process is the formation of flocculent settleable solids that can be removed by gravity

setting in sedimentation tanks. Activated sludge process is usually incorporated with

physical and chemical processes that are used for the preliminary and primary treatment

of wastewater, and posttreatment, including disinfection and possibly filtration.

Conventional activated sludge systems, when they started to be designed and until

the late 1970s, aimed at BOD removal. However, with interest in biological nutrient

removal, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, a series of complete mixed reactors have

been developed, some of them including anaerobic or anoxic stages (de Oliveira, 2012).

General results of activated sludge treatments were reported by Kurniawan et al.

(2010). 95% COD removal could be obtained for raw leachates with concentrations

ranging from 1000-24000 mg/L. For NH3-N it was also effective, with 90% removal for
115-800 mg/L. These performances were obtained with a pH suitable for aerobic

microorganism’s activity, between 6 and 7.5 (Wiszniowski et al., 2006).

Lo (1996) studied the ability of activated sludge process to remove contaminants

from leachates in Hong Kong. For a 6 year old leachate, from an active landfill site,

ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiencies of 99.80% and 99.99% were obtained for 20 d

and 40 d HRTs. The rate of conversion to nitrate-nitrogen was 93% and 71%,

respectively. For another leachate, with 40% of the strength, due to coming from a 12

year old closed landfill site, 20 d retention time resulted in a NH3-N removal efficiency

more than 99.8%, 80% of which was converted to nitrate-nitrogen.

According to Gotvajn & Pavko (2015), the most often applied processes for

biological treatment are aerobic. In an aerobic environment (concentration of dissolved

oxygen >2 mg L-1), organic matter is used as a food source for microorganisms. The

suspended organics are removed by entrapment in the biological activated sludge flocks.

The colloidal organics and a small amount of soluble organics are also partially adsorbed

and entrapped by the sludge flocks. Therefore, approximately up to 85% removal of the

total COD can be achieved after 10 min to 15 min of retention time. The remaining

degradable soluble organic fraction undergoes biological reactions.

Design of an Activated Sludge System


There are a series of parameters that need to be calculated in order to evaluate and

effectively design any wastewater treatment system. Activated sludge systems in

particular have specific parameters that need to be calculated in order to ensure the

requirements of the system are met through proper design. The following equations are

cited by Cerruti, et al. (2016) on their study on “ Design Improvements For The Activated

Sludge Wastewater Treatment System At The American Farm School In Thessaloniki, Greece”.

Flowrate

One of the important parameters that need to be determined for any type of

wastewater treatment system is the influent flowrate to the system. Information on

flowrate of leachate going to the leachate pond can be requested to the staff operating the

disposal area, if there is any.

Activated Sludge Analysis Calculations

Once the influent flowrate of the system is determined, the hydraulic detention time for

the aeration tank can be calculated using Equation 1.

V
θd = Equation 1
Q

Where θd is the hydraulic detention time (HRT), V is the volume of the aeration tank, and

Q is the flowrate. The HRT is the amount of time that the water will undergo treatment in

the aeration tank before it exits to move on to the settling stage. Another parameter in

assessing aeration treatment is the rate of oxygen utilization, which can be calculated as

shown in Equation 2.

L=Q( S o−Se ) Equation 2


Where L is the rate of oxygen utilization, Q is the flowrate through the system, S0 is the

influent substrate (organic) concentration, and Se is the effluent substrate (organic)

concentration. From the rate of oxygen utilization, the volumetric rate of air supply can

be calculated using Equation 3.

L
θa = Equation 3
E

Where Qa is the volumetric rate of air supply and E is the oxygen transfer efficiency. In

an activated sludge system, the water travels from the aeration tank to the settling tank.

An important parameter for the settling stage is the overflow rate of the clarifier. This is

solved for using Equation 4.

Q
v ¿= Equation 4
A

Where v ¿ is the overflow rate of the clarifier, Q is the flowrate from the aeration tank

into the clarifier, and A is the surface area of the top of the clarifier. In order to calculate

food to microorganism ratio, Equation 5 was used.

F QSo
= +V Equation 5
M MLSS

Where F/M is food-to-microorganism ratio, Q is the flowrate through the system, So is the

influent substrate concentration, and V is the volume of the aeration tank.

Activated Sludge System with Sludge Recycle

For an activated sludge system that does incorporate the use of sludge recycle, the

effluent substrate concentration and the suspended solids concentration in the aeration

tank are calculated taking into consideration the use of return sludge. The time that the
sludge stays in the system before it is wasted or recycled out is known as the mean cell

residence time, which can be solved using Equation 6.

V + MLSS
θ x= Equation 6
r ES +Q+ SO

Where θX is the mean cell residence time (SRT), V is the volume of the aeration tank,

MLSS is the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, rES is the excess sludge ratio, Q

is the flowrate of the wastewater through the system, and S0 is the influent substrate

concentration. To solve for the effluent substrate concentration for this configuration,

Equation 7 can be used.

K (1+θ x k e )
Se= Equation 7
θx ( kY −k e )−1

Where Se is the effluent substrate concentration, K is the half-velocity constant, θX is the

SRT, ke is the endogenous decay rate coefficient, k is the maximum rate constant, and Y is

the yield. The volatile suspended solids concentration, taking the return sludge into

consideration, can be solved for using Equation 8.

θ x Y (S o−S e )
X v= Equation 8
θd (1+θ x k e )

Where X v is the volatile suspended solids in the aeration tank, θX is the SRT, θd is the

HRT, Y is the yield, S0 is the influent substrate concentration, Se is the effluent substrate

concentration, and ke is the endogenous decay rate coefficient. There are differing desired

ranges for each of these parameters depending on many factors, including the degree of
treatment required, the nature of the wastewater, and the desired use for the treated

effluent.

According to Aldon (2013) on his compilation on Selecting and Designing

Equipment, the following design consideration for activated sludge can be followed:

Normal air requirement may be taken as 65 m3 per kilogram of BOD5 removed.

Aeration equipment should be designed for 150% of normal requirements. Normal

loading rate is around 0.3 to 0.6 kg BOD5 / day.m3 using diffused air system.

(Approximately 8 m3 air/m3 wastewater.)

Volume of returned sludge to volume of raw wastewater has a ratio of 1:5 to 1:1.

This is equivalent to 16.7 to 50% of returned sludge in mixed liquor. The amount of

activated sludge in the mixed liquor is usually maintained between 1,500 to 3,000

mg/liter of suspended solids in diffused air system. BOD reduction ranges from 85 to

95% with an aeration time of 6 hours for conventional system.

Sa RRL hnd lng danay pg.e.include ang activated sludge treatment beb. Mkwa kpa data

kg dra kpa mka.decide kng ano nga biological method. Kwa ka lng RRL tne which uses

diff biological method for leachate


METHODS

This section discusses the method to be used in order to meet the objective of the

study that is to design a biological leachate treatment facility of the waste disposal site in

Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. It describes the components of the study which relate to

research methodology such as the research design, data gathering procedure, study area,

ocular inspection, sampling station, laboratory and sampling analysis, and data analysis.

Research Design

An action research design will be utilized in this study, where it involves the

application of scientific method to analyse data in order to design a biological leachate

treatment facility of the waste disposal site in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. The research

design includes the collection of secondary data about the waste disposal facility in Brgy.

Felisa, Bacolod City, conduct of ocular inspection, sample collection and laboratory

analysis of the water quality of leachate. (ano ang specific research design beb?/ specify/

kng simple lng, dpat e.mention mu nga mgamit ka “mean/average”, )


Data Gathering Procedure

A letter request will be submitted to LGU Bacolod to have a close coordination

with the Department of Public Services (DPS), the managing office of the disposal

facility. Secondary data such as baseline quality of leachate, volume of leachate pond,

leachate generation, flowrate of leachate going to the leachate pond, landfill age and area

and capacity of the disposal site will then be gathered as per the record of the department.

Study Area

The study area is the waste disposal facility located at Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City,

Negros Occidental that caters the solid waste within Bacolod City. The landfill ha a

maximum capacity of 900 MT/day covering a total land area of 7.11 hectares occupied by

landfill facilities, buffer zone and internal access road. Based on the Environmental

Compliance Certificate issued by Environmental Management Bureau Region 6 on

December 6, 2010, it is geographically located at 10° 35' 5.64", 10° 35' 13.92", 10° 35'

17.88", 10° 35' 14.28", 10° 35' 10.68", North Latitude and 122° 58' 48", 122° 59' 13.92",

122° 59' 13.92", 122° 59' 3.12", 122° 59' 7.08", East Longitude.

Ocular Inspection

Familiarization with the physical conditions of the monitoring site will make

planning and execution of sampling activity easier. Initial analysis and familiarization

with the secondary data available such as the predetermined geographical coordinates

will enable identification of information gaps that may later be filled in during the

primary data collection.


Sampling Station

Leachate sample will be collected at the current inlet pipe of the leachate pond

Laboratory and Sampling Analysis

Samples collected will be conveyed to a private laboratory for analysis.

Parameters to be analysed are shown in Table 2 for water quality of leachate and the

methods of analysis to be undertaken is based on EMB Memorandum Circular No. 012

Series of 2016.

Table 2

Parameters for Analyses of Water Quality of Leachate

Parameters and Units Analytical Methods


pH Electrometric Method
Temperature, oC Use of Laboratory Method
Open Reflux Method/ Closed Reflux
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), mg/L Method, Titrimetric Method/ Closed
Reflux, Colorimetric Method
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),
5-Day BOD Test
mg/L
Total Suspended Solids, mg/L Gravimetric, Dried at 103-105oC
Ammonia-Selective Electrode Method/
Ammonia as NH3-N, mg/L Phenate Method/ Automated Phenate
Method

Appropriate methods of collecting water samples will be applied. After sampling,

the containers of each sample will be properly labelled/coded to identify the location,

date and time of sampling. As a general rule, sampling should be done between 9:00 AM

to 4:00 PM (reference?). Standard volume of samples, types of containers will be strictly

followed. (wla na mention kng pila ka samples)


The required storage or preservation time of samples, which normally depends on

the transportation time to the laboratory, will be strictly followed. Generally, for samples

stored in ice-cooler, storage time required, particularly for coliform and COD analysis, is

12 hours from the time of sampling. (how about the temperature? How to measure the

temperature? During sampling? Or once nahatag na ang sample sa lab?)

Data Analysis

Design of a biological treatment facility using activated sludge treatment process

will be based on the result of the laboratory analysis and assumptions in designing an

activated sludge process. Included in the design will be the computation of the capacity

of aeration tank, F/M ratio, oxygen requirement, aeration facilities and sludge recycle.

(criteria/ reference)

REFERENCES

Biological Treatment of Landfill Leachate. (1999). Retrieved from


https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0005/MQ42192.pdf

Evaluation of different biological landfill leachate treatment systems for facilities in Portugal.
(2012). Retrieved February 24, 2019, from https://repositorio-
aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68211/1/000154639.pdf

Gotvajn, A. Ž., & Pavko, A. (2015). Perspectives on Biological Treatment of Sanitary Landfill
Leachate. Wastewater Treatment Engineering. https://doi.org/10.5772/60924

Kamaruddin, M. A., Yusoff, M. S., Rui, L. M., Isa, A. M., Zawawi, M. H., & Alrozi, R. (2017).
An overview of municipal solid waste management and landfill leachate treatment:
Malaysia and Asian perspectives. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(35),
26988–27020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0303-9

Landfill Leachate Treatment Methods: A Review. (n.d.). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-005-


0016-z
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226736557_Landfill_Leachate_Treatment_Met
hods_A_Review

M.B, M., L.E, N., & D.A, V. (2017). Groundwater and leachate quality assessment in balaoan
sanitary landfill in la union, northern philippines. Chemical Engineering Transactions,
247–252. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1756042

Management of Landfill Leachate. (2009). Retrieved February 23, 2019, from


https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/8413/Rong.Li.pdf?sequence=2

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (2003). Wastewater engineering : treatment, disposal, and reuse. 4 th
Ediion,McGraw-Hill, New York

Payandeh, P. E., Mehrdadi, N., & Dadgar, P. (2017). Study of Biological Methods in Landfill
Leachate Treatment. Open Journal of Ecology, 07(09), 568–580.
https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2017.79038

Pelivanoski, P., Donevska, K., & Sofronievska, D. (n.d.). Wastewater and Landfill Leachate
Treatment Plant for the Municipality of Centar Župa, 12.

Technical Guidebook on Solid Wastes Disposal Design, Operation & Management. (2010).
Retrieved February 23, 2019, from https://nswmc.emb.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2017/09/Guidebook-SLF-Plan-Design-Proof.pdf

The Technical Guidelines for Sanitary Landfill Designs and Operation. (2004). Retrieved
February 22, 2019, from http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/resources/ index/user_1/Sumber
Rujukan/garis panduan jpspn
THE_TECHNICAL_GUIDELINES_FOR_SANITARY_LANDFILL_DESIGN_AND_O
PERATION.pdf

Typical constituents of leachate from MSW landfills | Download Table. (n.d.). Retrieved
February 22, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Typical-constituents-of-
leachate-from-MSW-landfills_tbl1_304148141

Wang, K., Li, L., Tan, F., & Wu, D. (2018). Treatment of Landfill Leachate Using Activated
Sludge Technology: A Review [Research article]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1039453
GANTT CHART

January February March April May June


Activities
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1. Research case studies
2. Formulate and consolidate chosen
topics/titles
3. Review literatures related to the
topics/titles chosen
4. Formulate objectives
5. Formulate research strategy,
research design and select methods
6. Write research proposal
7. Submit research proposal
8. Project Proposal Defense
9. Ocular Inspection
10. Sampling Activity and Laboratory
Analysis
11. Gathering of Laboratory Analysis
Result
12. Data Analysis and Interpretation
13. Write first draft
14. Final defense
15. Revise document
16. Submit final document
Legend ONE WEEK
Budget of the Study

ACTIVITY BUDGET

Direct Cost

Logistics Php 500.00

Transportation (Sample and Data Collection) Php 1,000.00

Laboratory Analysis Php 10,000.00

Printing and Documentation Php 2,000.00

Miscellaneous Expenses Php 500.00

Indirect Cost

Honorarium Php 2,000.00

TOTAL PROJECT COST Php 16,000.00

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