Professional Documents
Culture Documents
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the requirements for the Degree
Master in Environmental Engineering
GEREMAE B. MAGBANUA
March 2, 2019
INTRODUCTION
The current waste disposal facility of Bacolod City has a maximum capacity of
900MT/day covering a total land area of 7.11 hectares occupied by landfill facilities,
buffer zone and internal access road. The disposal facility is located in Brgy. Felisa,
the west by Brgys. Handumanan and Cabug, on the south by the City of Bago, and on the
19, 2013 to cater the solid waste within its jurisdiction and also in compliance with
Republic Act 9003 (RA 9003), otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000. However, in 2015, the landfill was turned to an open dumpsite.
body of water to the disposal facility is a southward draining Cabura Creek that traverses
adjacent to the facility. Also, the nearest wells identified in the area are the ones drilled in
Mansilingan-Felisa boundary for Bacolod City Water District (BACIWA), some more
In the operation of a waste disposal facility, one of the identified impacts to the
liquid that may migrate through the underlying soil and contaminate the groundwater
(NSWMC and JICA, 2010). The qualities of leachate discharged from sanitary landfill
system are basically covered by the Republic Act 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act and
DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08 or the Water Quality Guidelines and General
for collected leachate and recirculate it back to the waste disposal area.(pls don’t include
this gru beb/ what is your source of info (must be a reliable person/ or person in charge/
PCO)) Leachate recirculation is a method using the landfill site itself as bioreactor.
However, it is hard to control the chemical reaction in the landfill site and leachate
recirculation system cannot guarantee the expected quality of treated leachate. For this
Leachate from the landfill site may be harmful and contaminate the water sources
if it discharged without treatment. Adequate and effective leachate treatment system must
be provided with sufficient treatment and retention capacity to handle the leachate
quantity. Thus, this study aims to design a biological leachate treatment facility for the
The study aims to design a biological leachate treatment facility of waste disposal
following:
a. pH,
b. Temperature
e. Ammonia as NH3-N
3. Compare the water quality results obtained from the leachate generated from the
Bacolod SLF to the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of
5. Ano nga criteria imo knanglan para mka decide ka kng ano nga biological
treatment? Dpat mai set of criteria nga kng ma.meet ya na, that’s the time nga
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the study discusses the process steps of determining
the applicable biological leachate treatment facility of the waste disposal site in Brgy.
the leachate quality of the disposal site, if there is any. The ocular inspection of the
project area will help in locating the leachate pond as the sampling area. Water sampling
activity will be conducted to determine the leachate quality of the disposal area. Samples
will then be delivered in the laboratory for analysis. The process includes the conduct of
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended
Solids (TSS) and Ammonia as NH3-N. Laboratory results will then be assessed in order to
identify an applicable biological leachate treatment facility and compare the current
leachate quality with Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016
(DENR Administrative Order 2016-08). The output will be the biological treatment
facility using activated sludge treatment method for the waste disposal site in Brgy.
using activated sludge treatment process (dpat wla pa gru na.mention ang treatment) for
the waste disposal area in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. Basis of the design is the water
quality of the leachate collected from the leachate pond inlet. The parameters to be
analysed will be Color, pH, Temperature, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Ammonia as NH3-N.
Efficiency of the biological treatment used will be based on the percentage removal of
COD, BOD, TSS and Ammonia as NH3-N only. Laboratory results of leachate quality
will be compared to the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of
Local Government of Bacolod City. The result of the study will help the
officials of Bacolod City in complying with the provisions of RA 9275 (Clean Water
Act), RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act) and with the conditions
(Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System). It will also aid as a guide in the
planning process for the construction of a sanitary landfill in the future. Moreover, it is
beneficial in the formulation of policies for local waste management and health
prevention in their jurisdiction and raising awareness of the inhabitants on waste disposal
and hygiene.
Environment. Leachate from the landfill site may be harmful and contaminate
the water sources if it discharged without treatment as it may percolate through soil
reaching water aquifers. This study presents the importance of a biological leachate
treatment facility in order to avoid leachate contamination of the ground water and
surface water.
Community. The study may give the community an idea or awareness on the
any body of water that might affect the living community that are in the stream such as
Academe. This study maybe archive and maybe later use as source or reference
by the future member of the academic organization whom searching for a topic to be
Future researchers. The study may give a baseline data to the future researchers
in order for them to design an overall leachate treatment facility of a landfill or a waste
disposal site.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of this study, the following terms shall have the following
meanings:
Activated Sludge Method shall refer to the process in which sludge, the
accumulated, bacteria-rich deposits of settling tanks and basins, is seeded into incoming
waste water and the mixture agitated for several hours in the presence of an ample air
supply.
Biological Treatment shall refer to the process of removing the suspended solids
and other oranic loads from the system using microbial population.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) shall refer to the measure of the capacity of
water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and the oxidation
composition of water that make the water less desirable or unfit for intended use. (DENR
DAO 2016-08 shall refer to the Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent
Standards of 2016.
Effluent shall refer to the discharges from known source which is passed into a
Landfill shall refer to an old and easiest method of waste disposal that involves
Leachate shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition,
contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials (RA 9003).
radiological properties of water body resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.
operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant
potential environment impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility
(RA 9003)
Water Sample shall refer to a single water sample collected at one time from a
water body.
Water Quality refer to the characteristics of water which define its use in terms
Leachate Characteristics
leachates are known as liquid effluents with dark color and strong odor (Levy & Cabeças,
2006 cited in Porto, 2012). Bacterial degradation starts under aerobic conditions as soon
as the wastes are deposited in the landfill, generating high temperatures. The system
becomes anaerobic following rapid depletion of oxygen, much cooler and far less
with solid. Definition of all the compositions in leachate is difficult, complex, expensive
and time-consuming. The compositions of leachate can be divided into four parts of
pollutants. Organic matter such as: COD (chemical oxygen demand) and TOC (total
organic carbon); specific organic compounds, inorganic compounds and heavy metals.
However, the organic content of leachates is often measured through analyzing sum of
parameters such as COD, BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and TOC and dissolved
pollutants and variation. The water quality and water quantity of leachate relate to main
factors: composition of solid waste, local climate, age of landfill and method of
landfilling. Due to many of factors connect with the different site of landfills and the
different time of landfills, and factors brought the numerous variation of leachate water
quality and quantity (Christensen, et al., 1992, p. 10, cited in Tampere, 2009).
Table 1
Concentration ranges, in mg/L (except for pH), of leachate from new and mature landfill
(Tchobanoglous et al., 1993) (Kurniawan et al., 2010)
the organic matter, and hence of the maturity of the leachate and the landfill, which
typically decreases with time (Quasim, et al., 1994 as cited in El-Fadel, Bou-Zeid, &
Chahine, 2003). A BOD/COD ratio greater than 0.5 indicates a young landfill, whereas
when the ratio is less than 0.1, the landfill can be considered old and stable (SWANA,
1997 as cited in El-Fadel, Bou-Zeid, & Chahine, 2003). Other useful leachate parameters
include pH, an indicator of the aggressiveness of the leachate and aerobic versus
anaerobic conditions in the refuse. NH4-N seems to be the constituent that lasts longer in
landfill leachate and may be used to determine the remaining pollution potential in the
landfill and the required after-care period (I. Kruempelbeck & H.J. Ehrig, 1999, cited in
test methods. They are generally used to analyze the wastewater before and after
treatment, and the findings can be used to determine the effectiveness of the treatment
analyzed include pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand
(COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total nitrogen (N) content.
pH
because free hydrogen ions are both directly and indirectly involved in many reactions,
and therefore directly affect the stability of a water. The pH of water is also significant
because it determines whether the water being tested is acidic or basic. This is something
that is monitored closely, because if the treated effluent has too acidic or too basic of a
pH, the discharged water could alter the concentration of free hydrogen ions in natural
Chemical oxygen demand is used to evaluate the organic strength of domestic and
oxidize all organic matter. One limitation of the test is that it does not differentiate
between biologically oxidizable and biologically inert organic matter, neither does it
indicate the rate at which the biologically active material would be oxidized under natural
conditions. However, COD can be measured rapidly (3 hours) and this is why it is often
by bacteria while stabilizing decomposable organic matter under aerobic conditions, i.e.
organic material is used as food by the bacteria. Energy is derived from oxidation
reactions, producing carbon dioxïde, water and ammonia. The BOD test is used to
determine how polluted a domestic or industrial waste is, in terms of the amount of
Pouliot, 1999).
BOD results are now used (1) to determine the approximate quantity of oxygen
that will be required to biologically stabilize the organic matter present, (2) to determine
the size of waste treatment facilities, (3) to measure efficiency of some treatment
processes, and (4) to determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits (Metcalf
Suspended Solids
There are three types of solids that are typically evaluated in a wastewater sample:
dissolved solids, colloidal solids, and suspended solids. Of these three, suspended solids
are the main parameter of concern in assessing a wastewater. This is because suspended
solids are directly correlated with the turbidity of a wastewater (Droste, 2014). Suspended
solids can also be classified as whether they are settleable or not. Solids concentration is
water. These solids are removed throughout the treatment process (Cerruti, et al., 2016).
Nitrogen
(NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH3) and organic nitrogen (N) can be found and all of
them are interconvertible (Pouliot, 1999). The nitrogen compounds are leached slowly
from the breakdown of protein and other nitrogen-containing organic compounds. They
the major contaminant that remains in mature landfill leachate and has adverse impacts
on living organisms (EPA 2000; Kjeldsen et al. 2002; Slack et al. 2005)
The main function of leachate treatment facility at the landfill site is to purify the
leachate collected so that the leachate will not pollute the surrounding water bodies or
underground water when it is discharged into the environment (NSWMC & JICA, 2010).
It is important to note that leachate generation continues for a long period not only
during the landfilling work, but also after the landfill completion. Since quantity and
etc., leachate treatment facility shall be planned and designed properly so that effective
Operation Manual by JICA on 2014, the following factors shall be considered for
for all stages of landfilling shall be given when selecting the leachate
treatment method.
there is usually a limit to the treatment capacity of the facility. Thus, in order
to operate the facility effectively throughout the year, the leachate volume
control is required.
wastewaters, mostly because of its low operational costs and complete as well as rapid
destruction of pollution (Renou, S. et al., 2008 as cited in Gotvajn & Pavko, 2015).
The overall objectives of the biological treatment is to remove or reduce the
2003). Biological treatment is reliable, simple, highly cost-effective, and provides many
The Guideline for Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation Manual by Ministry of
Housing and Local Government of Malaysia cited that parameters to be treated through
the biological treatment process are such as BOD, COD and Nitrogen etc. Principal
methods for biological treatment are aeration lagoon, activated sludge, contact aeration,
rotary disk contact process, trickling filter etc. Type of methods to be used is determined
dependent upon the leachate characteristics and composition. However, the discussion on
the selection of the treatment method is based on the knowledge on wastewater quantity
Activated Sludge
The activated sludge process was developed in England in 1914 (Metcalf and
Eddy, 2003) and it is one of the most common wastewater treatment processes. Organic
sludge and retuned to an aeration tank to maintain a high biomass concentration (Pouliot,
1999).
plant in Sarnia, Ontario (Lagowski and Poisson, 1990), use of activated sludge is an
effective way of treating leachate, even when it contains high concentrations of refractory
organics.
It consists of aeration basin and sedimentation basin. Generally, it is expected that high
removal rate of organic matters will be achieved by long hours of aeration (NSWMC &
JICA, 2010).
The main components of an activated sludge process are: the reactor that can be a
tank, lagoon or ditch; the sludge, flocculant suspension consisting of microbial biomass,
essentially bacteria; the aeration system, either surface aeration or diffused air is used; the
sedimentation tank, where the separation between microbial biomass and treated effluent
occurs; the returned sludge, recycled back to the reactor after settling in the sedimentation
tank (Gray, 2004, cited in de Oliveira, 2012). Activated sludge process is shown in Figure
In the aeration stage, atmospheric oxygen is mixed into the wastewater typically
through mechanical means such as surface aerators or air diffusers. After the wastewater
The diffusers, and sometimes other mechanical equipment, are used as a means of
providing mixing to the ML (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). The ML is aerated for a specified
amount of time, commonly referred to as the hydraulic detention time (HDT), before
moving on to the clarifier. This settling stage is where the solids in the mixed liquor are
allowed to settle and thicken at the bottom of the clarifier. The clarified wastewater in the
top portion of the tank is able to then exit the clarifier to either be discharged or to
undergo further treatment. The solids that accumulate at the bottom of the tank exit the
clarifier to either be discarded or used as return sludge. These returned solids are the
actual “activated sludge” that the treatment process is named after. They are an activated
biomass that is used to stabilize waste and continue degradation of the organics in the
The activated sludge process can be implemented for a number of different uses,
depending on what type of wastewater is being treated. For all wastewater sources
(domestic, industrial, and agricultural), the process is frequently used for the removal of
organics. Activated sludge is also used to remove the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003). It is a very common system used for the treatment of
agricultural wastewater that is used for irrigation return, because the removal of nitrogen
and phosphorus are known to be detrimental to the growth of aquatic plants (Metcalf and
Eddy, 2003).
process is the formation of flocculent settleable solids that can be removed by gravity
physical and chemical processes that are used for the preliminary and primary treatment
Conventional activated sludge systems, when they started to be designed and until
the late 1970s, aimed at BOD removal. However, with interest in biological nutrient
removal, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, a series of complete mixed reactors have
been developed, some of them including anaerobic or anoxic stages (de Oliveira, 2012).
(2010). 95% COD removal could be obtained for raw leachates with concentrations
ranging from 1000-24000 mg/L. For NH3-N it was also effective, with 90% removal for
115-800 mg/L. These performances were obtained with a pH suitable for aerobic
from leachates in Hong Kong. For a 6 year old leachate, from an active landfill site,
and 40 d HRTs. The rate of conversion to nitrate-nitrogen was 93% and 71%,
respectively. For another leachate, with 40% of the strength, due to coming from a 12
year old closed landfill site, 20 d retention time resulted in a NH3-N removal efficiency
According to Gotvajn & Pavko (2015), the most often applied processes for
oxygen >2 mg L-1), organic matter is used as a food source for microorganisms. The
suspended organics are removed by entrapment in the biological activated sludge flocks.
The colloidal organics and a small amount of soluble organics are also partially adsorbed
and entrapped by the sludge flocks. Therefore, approximately up to 85% removal of the
total COD can be achieved after 10 min to 15 min of retention time. The remaining
particular have specific parameters that need to be calculated in order to ensure the
requirements of the system are met through proper design. The following equations are
cited by Cerruti, et al. (2016) on their study on “ Design Improvements For The Activated
Sludge Wastewater Treatment System At The American Farm School In Thessaloniki, Greece”.
Flowrate
One of the important parameters that need to be determined for any type of
flowrate of leachate going to the leachate pond can be requested to the staff operating the
Once the influent flowrate of the system is determined, the hydraulic detention time for
V
θd = Equation 1
Q
Where θd is the hydraulic detention time (HRT), V is the volume of the aeration tank, and
Q is the flowrate. The HRT is the amount of time that the water will undergo treatment in
the aeration tank before it exits to move on to the settling stage. Another parameter in
assessing aeration treatment is the rate of oxygen utilization, which can be calculated as
shown in Equation 2.
concentration. From the rate of oxygen utilization, the volumetric rate of air supply can
L
θa = Equation 3
E
Where Qa is the volumetric rate of air supply and E is the oxygen transfer efficiency. In
an activated sludge system, the water travels from the aeration tank to the settling tank.
An important parameter for the settling stage is the overflow rate of the clarifier. This is
Q
v ¿= Equation 4
A
Where v ¿ is the overflow rate of the clarifier, Q is the flowrate from the aeration tank
into the clarifier, and A is the surface area of the top of the clarifier. In order to calculate
F QSo
= +V Equation 5
M MLSS
Where F/M is food-to-microorganism ratio, Q is the flowrate through the system, So is the
For an activated sludge system that does incorporate the use of sludge recycle, the
effluent substrate concentration and the suspended solids concentration in the aeration
tank are calculated taking into consideration the use of return sludge. The time that the
sludge stays in the system before it is wasted or recycled out is known as the mean cell
V + MLSS
θ x= Equation 6
r ES +Q+ SO
Where θX is the mean cell residence time (SRT), V is the volume of the aeration tank,
MLSS is the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, rES is the excess sludge ratio, Q
is the flowrate of the wastewater through the system, and S0 is the influent substrate
concentration. To solve for the effluent substrate concentration for this configuration,
K (1+θ x k e )
Se= Equation 7
θx ( kY −k e )−1
SRT, ke is the endogenous decay rate coefficient, k is the maximum rate constant, and Y is
the yield. The volatile suspended solids concentration, taking the return sludge into
θ x Y (S o−S e )
X v= Equation 8
θd (1+θ x k e )
Where X v is the volatile suspended solids in the aeration tank, θX is the SRT, θd is the
HRT, Y is the yield, S0 is the influent substrate concentration, Se is the effluent substrate
concentration, and ke is the endogenous decay rate coefficient. There are differing desired
ranges for each of these parameters depending on many factors, including the degree of
treatment required, the nature of the wastewater, and the desired use for the treated
effluent.
Equipment, the following design consideration for activated sludge can be followed:
loading rate is around 0.3 to 0.6 kg BOD5 / day.m3 using diffused air system.
Volume of returned sludge to volume of raw wastewater has a ratio of 1:5 to 1:1.
This is equivalent to 16.7 to 50% of returned sludge in mixed liquor. The amount of
activated sludge in the mixed liquor is usually maintained between 1,500 to 3,000
mg/liter of suspended solids in diffused air system. BOD reduction ranges from 85 to
Sa RRL hnd lng danay pg.e.include ang activated sludge treatment beb. Mkwa kpa data
kg dra kpa mka.decide kng ano nga biological method. Kwa ka lng RRL tne which uses
This section discusses the method to be used in order to meet the objective of the
study that is to design a biological leachate treatment facility of the waste disposal site in
Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. It describes the components of the study which relate to
research methodology such as the research design, data gathering procedure, study area,
ocular inspection, sampling station, laboratory and sampling analysis, and data analysis.
Research Design
An action research design will be utilized in this study, where it involves the
treatment facility of the waste disposal site in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. The research
design includes the collection of secondary data about the waste disposal facility in Brgy.
Felisa, Bacolod City, conduct of ocular inspection, sample collection and laboratory
analysis of the water quality of leachate. (ano ang specific research design beb?/ specify/
with the Department of Public Services (DPS), the managing office of the disposal
facility. Secondary data such as baseline quality of leachate, volume of leachate pond,
leachate generation, flowrate of leachate going to the leachate pond, landfill age and area
and capacity of the disposal site will then be gathered as per the record of the department.
Study Area
The study area is the waste disposal facility located at Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City,
Negros Occidental that caters the solid waste within Bacolod City. The landfill ha a
maximum capacity of 900 MT/day covering a total land area of 7.11 hectares occupied by
landfill facilities, buffer zone and internal access road. Based on the Environmental
December 6, 2010, it is geographically located at 10° 35' 5.64", 10° 35' 13.92", 10° 35'
17.88", 10° 35' 14.28", 10° 35' 10.68", North Latitude and 122° 58' 48", 122° 59' 13.92",
122° 59' 13.92", 122° 59' 3.12", 122° 59' 7.08", East Longitude.
Ocular Inspection
Familiarization with the physical conditions of the monitoring site will make
planning and execution of sampling activity easier. Initial analysis and familiarization
with the secondary data available such as the predetermined geographical coordinates
will enable identification of information gaps that may later be filled in during the
Leachate sample will be collected at the current inlet pipe of the leachate pond
Parameters to be analysed are shown in Table 2 for water quality of leachate and the
Series of 2016.
Table 2
the containers of each sample will be properly labelled/coded to identify the location,
date and time of sampling. As a general rule, sampling should be done between 9:00 AM
the transportation time to the laboratory, will be strictly followed. Generally, for samples
stored in ice-cooler, storage time required, particularly for coliform and COD analysis, is
12 hours from the time of sampling. (how about the temperature? How to measure the
Data Analysis
will be based on the result of the laboratory analysis and assumptions in designing an
activated sludge process. Included in the design will be the computation of the capacity
of aeration tank, F/M ratio, oxygen requirement, aeration facilities and sludge recycle.
(criteria/ reference)
REFERENCES
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GANTT CHART
ACTIVITY BUDGET
Direct Cost
Indirect Cost