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Name: Solutions
Check your Section:
2 A - Serbin (9:00am) 2 B - Ovchinnikov (9:00am) 2 C - Taam (9:00am)
2 E - Taam (10:00am) 2 F - Serbin (10:00am) 2 G - Prasad (10:00am)
2 H - Taam (noon) 2 I - Myasnikov (noon) 2 J - Serbin (noon)
2 K - Myasnikov (1:00pm) 2 L - Prasad (1:00pm)
Closed book and closed notes. Answers must include supporting work.
Calculators and cell phones out of sight.
(b) The number 0.12 is equal to the sum of the series found in (a). The common
1
ratio is , hence, the series converges and we have
100
12
12 12 12 100
0.12 = + + + · · · = 1
100 (100)2 (100)3 1 − 100
12 100 12
= · = .
100 99 99
2. [10 pts] Suppose
ek
0 6 ak 6 6 bk
k
and
1
0 6 ck 6 √ 6 d k
k k
for all k = 1, 2, 3, . . .. For each of the series
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
ak , bk , ck , dk
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
determine whether the series converges, diverges, or there is not enough information
to determine convergence or divergence. Justify your answers, including stating
explicitly the tests you use.
3
converges as a p-series with p = .
2
∞
X
Finally, from the Comparison Test it follows that bk diverges because
k=1
k
e
06 6 bk
k
∞ ∞
X ek X
and the series diverges. The same test implies that ck converges since
k=1
k k=1
1
0 6 ck 6 √
k k
∞
X 1
and the series √ converges.
k=1
k k
∞
X ∞
X
Nothing can be said about convergence / divergence of the series ak , dk .
k=1 k=1
3. Let x
ln(1 − t)
Z
f (x) = dt
0 t
(a) [3 pts] Find the Taylor series for ln(1 − t) about t = 0.
ln(1−t)
(b) [3 pts] Use part (a) to find the Taylor series of t
about t = 0.
(c) [3 pts] Find the Taylor series for f (x) about x = 0.
(d) [3 pts] Does the series found in (c) converge for x = 1? Explain.
t2 t3
= −t − − − ···
2 3
(c) We have
x x
t t2
ln(1 − t)
Z Z
f (x) = dt = −1 − − − · · · dt
0 t 0 2 3
x ∞
t2 t3 2 3
xk
= −x − x − x − · · · =
X
= −t − 2 − 2 − · · · − 2
2 3
0 22 32 k=1
k
2
Solution: (a) By definition, the 2-nd order Taylor polynomial of f (x) = x 3 at a = 1
is
f 00 (1)
f (1) + f 0 (1)(x − 1) + (x − 1)2 .
2!
We have
2
f (x) = x 3 =⇒ f (1) = 1,
2 −1 2
f 0 (x) =
· x 3 =⇒ f 0 (1) = ,
3 3
2 4 2
f 00 (x) = − · x− 3 =⇒ f 00 (1) = − .
9 9
Hence, the 2-nd order Taylor polynomial of f (x) at a = 1 is
2 2 2 1
P2 (x) = 1 + (x − 1) − (x − 1)2 = 1 + (x − 1) − (x − 1)2
3 9 · 2! 3 9
and
√ 2 1 14
4 = f (2) ≈ P2 (2) = 1 + (2 − 1) − (2 − 1)2 = .
3
3 9 9
√
(b) The error | 3 4 − P2 (2)| = |f (2) − P2 (2)| can be estimated using the Lagrange
Error Bound Theorem. That is,
M
|f (2) − P2 (2)| 6 · |2 − 1|3 ,
3!
where M is the bound for |f 000 (x)| on the interval [1, 2]. Since
8 7 8 1
f 000 (x) = · x− 3 = ·
27 27 x 73
is positive and monotonically decreasing on [1, 2], it follows that it attains its
maximum on [1, 2] at x = 1, that is, we can take
8 7 8
M = f 000 (1) = · 1− 3 = .
27 27
Hence,
√ 8 1 4
· · |1|3 = .
3
| 4 − P2 (2)| 6
27 6 81
5. There are three multiple-choice questions below. Please check the boxes with
correct statements for every question. For some questions, you may have
to check multiple statements to receive full credit.
∞
X 1 1
(a) [2 pts] Consider the series ak , where ak = − , and the n-th partial
k=0
k+1 k+2
n
X
sum of the series sn = ak is given by the formula
k=1
1
sn = 1 − .
n+2
Then,
2 the series converges because lim ak = 0.
k→∞
∞
X
Solution: By definition of convergence of numerical series, ak converges if
k=1
lim sn exists. In our case lim sn = 1, hence, the series converges. The fact that
n→∞ n→∞
1 1 1
lim ak = lim − = lim =0
k→∞ k→∞ k k+1 k→∞ k(k + 1)
∞
X
(b) [2 pts] Consider the series ak and check all boxes with correct statements:
k=1
∞
X
2 If lim ak = 0 then ak converges.
k→∞
k=1
∞
3 If lim ak 6= 0 then
X
ak diverges.
k→∞
k=1
∞
3 If
X
ak converges then lim ak = 0.
k→∞
k=1
∞
X
2 If ak diverges then lim ak 6= 0.
k→∞
k=1
Solution: The 2-nd and 3-rd statements are reformulations of the Divergence
∞
X 1
Test, that’s why they are true. Finally, is a counter-example both to the
k=1
k
1-st and 4-th statements.
Z ∞
x
(c) [2 pts] Given that the improper integral dx converges, which statement
1 2x
below about the series ∞
X k
k=1
2k
is true?
2 The series diverges.
∞ Z ∞
k x
3 The series converges and
X
k
> dx.
k=1
2 1 2x
∞ Z ∞
X k x
2 The series converges and = dx.
k=1
2k 1 2x
∞ Z ∞
X k x
2 The series converges and < dx.
k=1
2k 1 2x
∞
X k
Solution: From the Integral Test applied to the series k
it follows that
k=1
2
∞ Z ∞
X k x
k
converges if and only if the integral x
dx converges (which is the
k=1
2 1 2
case here), but the sum of the series doesn’t have to be equal to the integral.
This can be seen on the picture below, where the integral represents the area
k
under the curve y = k and the series represents the sum of the areas of the
2
green rectangles: based on the picture, we are supposed to have
∞ Z ∞
X k x
k
> x
dx.
k=1
2 1 2
2
1.5
0.5
2 4 6 8