ada (mayor de1 cm/s) y se detecta la presencia de carsticidad (estructuras de

disolución de la roca) en la superficie y en el subsuelo, entonces el flujo del agua

subterránea seguramente tiene lugar a lo largo de un sistema de conductos. A
continuación se describe la metodología para la delimitación de zonas de
protección en medios cársticos con flujo en sistemas de conductos.

Los métodos de delimitación de zonas de protección de pozos aplicables a acuíferos

cársticos, en donde el flujo se presenta en sistemas de conductos, incluyen
cartografía de zonas vulnerables, cartografía hidrogeológica y la aproximación
basada en el tiempo de residencia del agua en el acuífero. Todos estos métodos
fueron discutidos ampliamente en las secciones previas, por lo que no se abundará
más al respecto. Se considera que el punto medular en la delimitación de zonas de
protección en acuíferos compuestos por rocas calcáreas es la identificación del tipo
de flujo que predomina en la zona de estudio. En este aspecto, las técnicas de
geología superficial y del subsuelo, así como la cartografía geomorfológica, son sin
duda elementos clave en la identificación de los mecanismos de flujo subterráneo.

5.3 REFERENCIAS DEL CAPÍTULO 5

Anderson, M.P. and Woessner, W. W. 1992. Applied groundwater modeling.

Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. 381 p.

Bakker, M. and O.D.L. Strack. 1996. Capture zone delineatiori in two-dimensional

groundwater flow models. Water Resources Resarch, 32-5, 1309-1315.

Bear J. 1972. Dynamics of fluids in porous media American Elsevier New York.764 p.

Bear, J and M. Jacobs. 1965. On the movement of water bodies injected roto
aquifers. J. Hydrol., 3, 37-57.

Blandford T,N, and P. S. Huyakorn.1991. WHPA. A modular semi-analytical model for

the delineation of wellhead protection areas. Prepared by Hydrogeologic Inc, for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground-Water protection, under contract
No. 68-08-0003,

Bradbury, K.R., M.A. Muldoon, A. Zaporazec and J. Levy. 1991. Delineation of

wellhead protection areas in fractured rocks. Technical guidance document. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 144 p.

1
Bradbury, K.R. and M.A. Muldoon. 1994. Effects of fracture density and anisotropy on
delineation of wellhead-protection areas in fractured-rock aquifers. Applied
Hydrogeology, v.3, 17-23.

Carrillo-Rivera, J.J., LD. Clark, and P. Fritz.l992. Investigating recharge of shallow

and paleo- groundwaters in the Villa de Reyes Basin, SLP, Mexico, with
environmental isotopes. Applied Hydrogeology, 4, 35-48.

Clark, LD., P. Fritz and R. Drimmie. 1995. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology.

Apuntes del curso Isotope Hydrogeology. University of Ottawa, Canada.

Cole B.E. and Silliman, S.E. 1997. Capture zones for passive wells in heterogeneous
unconfined aquifers. Groundwater, v.25-1, 92-98.

Craig, H. (1961) Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science, 133, 1702-1703.

Custodio, E. y MR.. Llamas. 1976. Hidrología subterránea, Tomo 1. Primera edición.

Editorial Omega, Barcelona. 1157 p.

Davies, S.N. 1968. Initiation of groundwater flow in jointed limestone. Natl. Speleol.
Soc. Bull. 28, 111-117.

Domenico, P.A. and FM. Schwartz. 1997. Physical and chemical hydrogeology.
Second, Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 506 p.

Dreybrodt, W. 1988. Processes in karst systems. Springer-Verlag. 287 p.

Franz, T. and N. Guiguer. 1990. FLOWPATH, two-dimensional horizontal aquifer

simulation model, Waterloo Hydrogeologic Software, Waterloo, Ontario, 74 p.

Fetter, C.W. 1994. Applied hydrogeology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,
3rd. ed. 691 p.

Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J., 1979. Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs. 604 p.

Gringarten, A.C. 1982. Flow test evaluation of fractured reservoirs. Geol. Soc. of
Amer. Spec. Paper 189, 237-263.

Hubbert, M.K. 1956. Darcy's Law and the fields equations of the flow of underground
fluids. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., 207, 222-239.

Issar, A., J.L. Quijano, J.R. Gat and M. Castro. (1984. The isotope hydrology of the
groundwaters of Central Mexico. Journal of Hydrology, 71, 201-224.

Keely, J.F. and Ch. F. Tsang. 1983. Velocity plots and capture zones of pumping
centers for groundwater investigations. Groundwater, 21-6, 701-714.
Kruseman, G.P. and N.A. de Ridder. 1990. Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test
Data. Publication 47, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement,
Second Edition, 377

Lerner, D.N. 1992. Well catchments and tiem-of-travel zones in aquifers with
recharge. Water Resources Research, 28, 2621-2628.

Long, J.C.S., J.S. Remer, C.R. Wilson and P.A. Witherspoon. 1982. Porous media
equivalents for networks of discontinuos fractures. Water Resources Research, v.
18-3, 645-658.

Papatolios, K.T. and D.N. Lerner. 1993. Defining a borehole capture zone in a
complex sandstone aquifer: a modelling case study from Shropshire, UK. Quaterly
Journal of Engineering Geology, v.26, 193-204.

Quijano, L. (1980). Isotope analysis done by Earth Science Department, University of

Waterloo, Canada. Chemical analysis done by S.A.R.H. (unpublished).

Rathod, K. S. and K.R. Rushton. 1991. Interpretation of pumping from two-zone

layered aquifers using a numerical model. Groundwater, v.29 (4). 499-509.

Sauvaplane, C. 1984. Pumping test analysis in fratured rocks formations: state of the
art and some perspectives, In: goundwater hydraulics (J. Rosensheim y G.D. Bennet,
eds.), Am. Gepphys. Union, Washington, D.C., 171-206.

Shafer, J.M., 1987. Reverse pathline calculation of time-related capture zones in

nonuniform flow. Groundwater, v. 25-3. 283-289.

Snow, D.T. 1968. Rock fracture spacings, openings and porosities. J. Soil Mech.
Found. Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs., 94, 73-91.

Snow, D.T. 1969. Anisotropic permeability of fractured media. Water Resources Res.,
5, 1273-1289.

Strack, O.D.L., E.I. Anderson, M. Bakker, W.C. Olsen, J.C. Panda, R.W. Pennings
and DR. Steward. CZAEM. User's guide: Modeling capture zones of groundwater-
wells using analytic elements. Rep. EPA/600lR-94/174. Roben S. Kerr Environ,
Res. Lab., Ada, Okla.

Theis, C.V. 1935. The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and
the rate and duration of discharge of a well using groundwater storage. Trans. Amer.
Geophys. Union, 2, 519-524.

Todd, D.K. 1980. Groundwater hydrology, 2nd edition, John Wiley, New York.

USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Guidelines for

delineation of wellhead protection areas. Office of groundwater Protection. 139 p.