Marissa Meyer

American Foreign Policy Exam 1 Review Questions

1. What was America's foreign policy following its independence (1776)?~
a. he had 2 goals, trade and political independence from other countries. Also to
remain neutral to support trading relationships and avoid conflicts.
2. What factors led to the War of 1812? Who was the war fought against? What was the
result of the war for America?~
a. Territorial disputes between US and Britain, impressments (US sailors forced into
serving for British), and the blockade of France. The war was fought between US
and British. The Treaty of Ghent was signed between US and British; we also won
New Orleans which showed the US Navy could compete with the British Navy.
3. What was the Monroe Doctrine?~
a. it was a document by Pres. James Monroe to warn European countries not to
interfere with Western Hemisphere countries. Any interference would have
been seen as a threat. the Us would stay out of Europe if Europe stayed out of
the americas
4. What is Manifest Destiny?~
a. America's belief that they had the destiny to expand into Western hemisphere.
5. What are broad factors that led to the Spanish American War? What are two specific
factors? What was the result of the war for the US? How did this war change American
foreign policy?~
a. Notion of Manifest Destiny and Domestic Pressure by economic desires. Specific
factors were the USS Maine to protect Americans in Cuba which was blown up;
Yellow Press actively tried to influence the people that a Spanish mine blew up
the USS Maine. The result was the initial acquisition of Cuba, Guam, and Puerto
Rico. The war made America want to have security in places that surrounded any
land that we controlled.
6. Why did the US colonize the Philippines?~
a. The Natives wanted to gain independence so they provided a naval base for
security reasons in Asia.
7. What was the Open Door Policy?~
a. It was to maintain/preserve China as a territorial unit as well as maintain an
open door to China. China was to be one country with open doors to their
economic market.
8. What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? Why was it declared?~
a. The US would police the Americas. If other states had problems, the US would
mediate disputes. Prevent outside intervention into the Americas for security
and economic purposes.
9. What was dollar diplomacy? How and why was force used during this period?~
a. American Foreign Policy tools were used to promote American economic goals.
America sent Marines to promote those goals.

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10. What was the US policy at the outset of World War I? Prior to US entry into World War I,
what was the main dispute between the US and Germany? What was the Zimmerman
telegram? How did these two events lead to US entry into WWI? What was the US
policy towards the Russian Revolution?~
a. The US wanted to stay neutral in the war because they didn't have many ties to
the beginning of WWI. The main dispute between the US and Germany was that
German subs sunk US ships Lusitania and Arabic. The events that led to the
entrance by the US was Germany ending the Sussex Pledge and the Zimmerman
telegram. The Zimmerman telegram was sent from Germany to a German official
in Mexico. He was to tell the Mexican Government that if the US joined in WWI,
that they should declare war on the US. In return, if their side won the war,
Germany would give Mexico back the land they lost in the Mexican-American
War. The telegram was intercepted by the British who gave it to America. That
angered Pres. Wilson and he declared war. The US gave supplies to the Whites to
help assist take down the Communists/Reds.
11. What was the League of Nations? What was it supposed to do?~
a. A collective security organization. It was meant for groups of countries to defend
each other.
12. Why did the US not ratify the League of Nations? What is conservative internationalism?
What were the Washington-London Naval Conferences and Kellogg-Briand Pacts? What
did they seek to accomplish?~
a. The Senate would not ratify them joining because they did not want to get
involved in conflicts that they didn't need to be involved with. Conservative
Internationalism limits the global commitments. They use their foreign policy to
advance their own technologies. The W-LNC was where the US and other powers
agreed to reduce the size of their navies. The KBP pact was an agreement
between powers that aggression or force does not need to be used to resolve a
problem/dispute. They seeked to accomplish a decrease in declared war even
though both pacts were later broken.
13. What was the Smoot-Hawley tariff?~
a. It was a reversal of a free trade system.The act brought US tariffs to an all-time
high.The main point of the act was to increase protection on domestic goods in
each district in return for protection of another good in another district
14. What was the Lend Lease Act? Why did the US enter World War 2?~
a. the act allowed the US to lend/lease materials to nations that are vital to
America's security. The US entered WWII because of the Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor
15. What did the allies decide to do about Germany? What is the United Nations? What is
the UN Security Council? Who are the 5 permanent members and what special
privileges do they have in the UN?~
a. The allies temporarily split Germany into 4 zones and same for Berlin until they
could set up anew government. The US, France, Britain, and Russia all got their
own zone. The UN was a group of nations that would manage and resolve
disputes between countries and protect.TheUN SC is a selective organization

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 which currently has 15 members.The 5 permanent members are the US, Russia,
China, Great Britain, and France.They represent the 5 major powers
afterWWII.They were given the authorization to decide when force is necessary
16. What did the allies decide to do about Eastern Europe? Why was this compromise
made?~
a. he allies decided that Eastern Europe should have Democratic elected govt's and
open economic systems. They came up with the Declaration of Liberated Europe.
The compromise was that the Soviets would respect the Declaration, which was
that all countries liberated after WWII could choose their own people in
government. The Allies compromise was that the countries could choose their
own type of government. The compromise was made because there were so
many deaths and casualties during WWII than in WWI
17. How did the Stalin speech in 1946 and the Churchill speech in 1946 deepen the Cold
War? What did they say that was so inflammatory?~
a. .Stalin spoke about the incompatibility of the Communist and Capitalist
economic systems. He also spoke about rebuilding the country to prepare for a
confrontation between Capitalists and Communists. Churchill spoke about an
alliance between Britain and America backed by nuclear warfare. He referred to
the Soviet Union as an Iron Curtain falling across Europe. Each side saw the other
side as controversial and as a threat.
18. What was the Truman Doctrine?~
a. It focused on Communism and Containment. Truman believed that countries
could choose the path of Democracy or Communism
19. What were the ways containment was implemented?~
a. he Marshall Plan was implemented for containment. That plan was to give aid to
Western European countries to rebuild their countries and economies. The
purpose of the plan was to put the Capitalist mindset into the citizens so they
would vote against Communism. The US also pledged to defend these countries
if anyone tries to invade them. The NSA was also strengthened to better handle
threats of Communism
20. What was containment? Who was George Kennan?~
a. Containment was Truman's idea of keeping the concept of Communism out of
countries so they would choose the Democracy/Capitalism ideals. George
Kennan was a key figure in the starting of the Cold War. He inspired the Truman
Doctrine and containment. 12) What were the ways containment was
implemented?
21. What crises occurred over Berlin? How were they resolved?~
a. he first occurred in 1948 where the US and Britain combined their zones into one
major zone. The Soviets were angered and blockaded Berlin so we had to fly over
the blockade to bring in supplies. The Soviets stopped after about a year. In
1958, Soviets said Berlin should be clear of foreign occupation so the allies
thought there was going to be force by the Soviets but nothing happened. The
last event happened in 1961 when East Germans want to flock into West

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 Germany. The Soviets constructed the Berlin Wall to prevent Easterners to go
into West
22. What events in 1949 made America more fearful of communism?~
a. Communism was spread into China and fell into that power. China was a big
country at that time so they had many people to own a large army. Another
event was a nuclear device set off by the soviet union
23. What was NSC68? What did it call for?~
a. It was an internal policy drawn up within the Truman Administration. It called for
no negotiations with the Soviets because the US couldn't trust them. Also, NSC68
called for an increase in military spending. Another plan was the development of
H-bombs. Other plans were a call for an increase of taxes, mobilization of the
American people, alliances with outside countries, and trying to undermine the
Soviets from within
24. What was the post WW2 division of Korea? Where is it divided? Why did the North
Koreans attack? How was the US able to get the UN to authorize the use of force against
North Korea?~
a. Korea was divided into 2 parts among the 38 th parallel. The Soviet Union took
the North and the US took the South. There was a perception that the US
wouldn't intervene and help South Korea because of thought from the Soviet.
They were given permission because the reps from China were nationalists and
not yet Communists so they were on the side of the US
25. How did the Korean War end? What was the settlement?~
a. There was an armistice signed in 1953 to call for a cease fire. It wasn't technically
an end to the war but battles stopped. There was a settlement that set the
boundary at the 38 th parallel with a 3 mile demilitarization zone
26. What was Eisenhower's policy towards China and Taiwan?~
a. Eisenhower agreed to defend Taiwan only if China was to invade them.
27. What was the New Look Strategy? Why did Eisenhower implement it?~
a. he New Look Strategy was a form of massive retaliation. It also fits with his
notion of not spending too much money. He implemented it to deter and
counteract the Soviets by threating to use nuclear weapons
28. How was covert force used by America? Why was it used in Guatemala and Iran?~
a. It was used against regimes that came to power that were Communist or anti-
American. They were used in those countries because there were nationalist
groups that over threw their governments. Covert forces were put in to help the
loyalists fight back against the nationalists.
29. What was the CIA's plan for the Bay of Pigs invasion? Why did it fail?~
a. cuban exiles would be placed there and eventually try to overthrow Castro. It
failed because the American government assumed wrong. The exiles were
captured and killed which made Cuba angry at America and Kennedy
30. Why were Soviet missiles put in Cuba?~
a. Soviet missiles were put into Cuba because Castro sought Soviet aid. Castro
thought the US would invade Cuba instead of trying to kill him. Cuba wanted
protection and there was a perceived lack of US Resolve. They also believed that

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 there was a missile gap between them and America, so the Soviet missiles closed
that gap
31. What is an ICBM? IRBM? What is MAD and how does it prevent war?~
a. An ICBM is an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles. An IRBM is an Inter-Mediate
Range Ballistic Missiles. MAD is Mutually Assured Destruction. It prevents war by
deterring the ability to use nuclear weapons. If one side used them, then the
other would use them and both countries would be destroyed
32. What was ExComm? What solutions were offered by ExComm? Why was a naval
blockade used instead of the other solutions?~
a. xComm is an executive committee which consists of the top people in Kennedy's
administration. Some solutions that were offered was invading Cuba, airstrikes, a
Naval blockade, and Diplomacy. A Naval blockade was put in place because it
wouldn't put in harm the lives of Soviet soldiers which could cause conflict and
potentially WWIII. The other solutions were too strict and the US didn't want to
risk anything
33. How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?~
a. First, the US had to pledge not to attack Cuba. They also requested that the US
remove missiles in Turkey. Kennedy agreed to do both, but would only publicly
agree to not attacking Cuba. He said he would later remove the missiles out of
Turkey
34. How did the Cuban Missile crisis affect US and Soviet foreign policies?~
a. After the Cuban Missile crisis, there was a continued buildup of nuclear
weapons. The US and Soviets tried to keep their situation under control so
nothing bad would happen. A hotline was implemented so that the leaders
between the countries could communicate with each other before something
escalated
35. Who was Vietnam a colony of? What were Ho Chih Minh's goals for Vietnam? Why did
he mistrust the West?~
a. France colonized Vietnam. Ho Chih Minh's goals was to create the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam. He mistrust the West because France started a war with
them to colonize again
36. What changed American public opinion towards the French war in Vietnam? What
policy change did this lead to? Why did the US not intervene in 1954?~
a. The Communist victory in China created fears that Communism would spread
throughout Asia. The Korean War also shift the American opinion. The opinion
also changed from anti-Europe to anti-Communism. America started to fund
France in the war to aid them against Communism. The US didn't intervene
because the US wasn't willing to engage in another ground war in Asia.
37. What was the settlement of the French Vietnam War? Who led South Vietnam? Why
were elections called off?~
a. The Geneva Agreement was the settlement where there could be a national
election. It was divided along the 17 th parallel which put Ho Chih Minh in the
north and non-Communists in the South. The leader of South Vietnam was Ngo
Dinh Diem. Elections were called off by Diem because the South wasn't held

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 under the Geneva agreement and because he thought he didn't have enough
support.
38. Why did the US intervene in Vietnam?~
a. The US intervened in Vietnam because the North attacked the South. We also
wanted to hold the South so Communism didn't make its way there and domino
into other countries. We were also afraid that they would become a worldwide
threat. Korea was a 3 rd reason why the US intervened because they thought our
military got stronger and better.
39. What did Operation Sunrise do? Why was it implemented?~
a. -It was the creation and relocation of villages. It was implemented so villagers
could easily be protected from enemies that attacked.
40. What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964? What was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution,
what did it do?~
a. The North Vietnamese attacked a US ship. It asked for authorization to use
military force against the North Vietnamese and to be backed financially.
41. What was the North Vietnamese goal for the Tet Offensive? What happened at the Tet
Offensive? What was the result of the Tet Offensive?~
a. their goal was to deal a blow to American and South forces. They were going to
lure American forces out of the cities then attack the cities on the Tet holiday.
The North lost the Tet Offensive, they lost 3x as many soldiers as America and
South combined, and they didn't conquer any cities. Americans started to shift
their opinions about the war because they weren't sure how they would
withstand the VietCong
42. What happened at the Democratic Convention of 1968? What happened at the My Lai
Massacre?~
a. There were scenes of protests between Americans who opposed the war verse
those who supported the war. American soldiers round up men, women, and
children, lined them up, and would shoot them.
43. What was Nixon's stance towards Vietnam when he campaigned in 1968?~
a. He wanted to bring us out of Vietnam and didn't want another war like Vietnam.
44. How did Nixon plan on getting the US out of Vietnam? How did events in Cambodia
complicate his plans? What was Nixon's proposal to the North Vietnamese? What
happened in Vietnam after US forces left?~
a. He wanted to have a gradual withdrawal of troops and something called
Vietnamization. Vietnamization would be turning over what American soldiers
were doing to the South Vietnamese. Prince Sihanouk allowed Communists to
work in Cambodia and was later overrun by anti-communists. Nixon offered the
North that he would take out his troops if they returned all the POWs,
established a cease fire with South Vietnam, and establish a division of Vietnam.
The war continued even after the US forces started to leave. After about 2 years,
the South surrenders and Vietnam becomes one unified country.
45. Why did Roosevelt believe that the Soviets would cooperate after the end of WW2?
How is the post war settlement of WW2 different than the post war settlement of
WW1?~

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 a. Roosevelt believed his personal relationship with Stalin would allow them to
overcome differencesPearl Harbor: Japan afraid of US military power launched
an attack on US so they could catch up to US military
46. Why did the US fail to defeat the North Vietnamese? What were the consequences of
the Vietnam War on America?~

47. What problems faced America during Nixon's presidency? Describe each problem
briefly.~
a. There was a weakened economy. That was because the wars caused a decrease
in the money supply and gold was replaced with a coin/dollar system. America
also faced social problems. The US image was weakened because there were
riots and civil rights movements. A 3 rd problem was a decline in military. People
didn't want to join because they didn't want to die and the Vietnam War put a
bad name to our military within our country.
48. What was Nixon and Kissinger's foreign policy based on? How did they plan on dealing
with the Soviets? What were the two main aspects of their strategy? What was
détente?~
a. Their policy was based on Détente. It was a way to relax tensions. It was also a
way to contain by other means. Their two aspects of strategy to deal with the
Soviets was to balance their power and give them satisfaction.
49. How did the US implement this new policy in regards to China? Why was China willing to
ally with the US? What replaced formal US diplomatic recognition with Taiwan in
1979?~
a. The US tried to create relations with China. China was willing to ally with the US
because they had a fear of the USSR. They continued to have border disputes
with them and almost went into a nuclear war. The US created the Taiwan
Relations Act which stated that they were there to protect them if needed and
were able to set up an embassy in Taiwan.
50. How did the US implement its new policy in regards to trade with the Soviets? What
arms control policies had taken place prior to SALT? What were the goals of SALT?
Briefly describe each goal. What two big agreements came out of SALT? What did SALT II
call for and why did SALT II fail?~
a. The US passed the Jackson-Vanik Amendment but the USSR didn't approve of
what was said in the amendment. There were limitations on free zones and
testing. Both sides agreed to limit places that would be bad to test in (ocean,
outer space, atmosphere, Antarctic). The first goal of SALT (Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks) was the creation of a more predictable arms race. Both sides
believed the other side had a better weapon force. The predictable part was that
each side knew how much of what the other side had. Another goal was to
create parity. If neither side had an advantage, then neither side would have an
incentive to start a nuclear war. The 3 rd goal was deterrence. There would be a
desire to prevent technological advancements that would remove the logic of
nuclear deterrents. Each side created anti-ballistic missiles. The final goal was

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 détente. It was a symbolic gesture to demonstrate a coexistence of each nation.
The 2 big agreements that came out of SALT were the ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile)
Treaty and a freeze on the number of offensive missiles either side could have.
SALT II goal was to reduce the number of arms and achieve true parity. It failed
because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
51. Why was Carter particularly interested in the Middle East in 1976? Why did the US
pressure Israel to accept a UN ceasefire in the 1973 war?~
a. Carter was interested in the Middle East because of the oil ties. The US pressure
Israel into accepting a ceasefire because if they advanced into Egypt, then the
Soviets would intervene which would cause the US to have to intervene also
52. Why did Israel and Egypt pursue bilateral negotiations instead of return to Geneva? Why
did these bilateral talks falter? Who were the heads of state of Israel and Egypt at the
time?~
a. They pursued negotiations because Egypt offered peace for the lands that they
lost. The talks faltered because land was more important to Israel because they
wanted security. Sadat was the head of Egypt and Israel's head was Golda Meir
53. What were Carter's goals for the Israel Egypt talks? What prevented Carter from
achieving all 3 goals? What was the eventual agreement that came out of the Camp
David Accords? What did Egypt, Israel, and the US pledge to do? What effect did this
peace have on the other Arab nations?~
a. His goals were compliance with UN 242 (return of all territories Israel captured
to the original countries), figure out what to do with the Palestinians, and call for
a Peace Treaty between Israel and Arab nations. Israel did not see it clear that
returning land to the nations would give them a sense of security. The
agreement was that Egypt signed a Peace Treaty with Israel in return for giving
back Sinai to Egypt and a temporary halt of settlements in the West Bank, and
agree to have future negotiations with Arab countries to deal with the
Palestinians. The US agreed to give aid to both countries and a multi-national
force to observe and protect the treaty. No other country tried to make
negotiations with Israel for a few years until after the first Gulf War.
54. Why was the shah unpopular in Iran? Who led the overthrow of the shah's regime?
What prompted the takeover of the US embassy in Iran?~
a. The shah was unpopular in Iran because he was diagnosed with cancer. He tried
to keep his regime while out of the country but had to set up a civilian
Democratic government. Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the shah's regime. The
US embassy was taken over in Iran because the shah was admitted into the US
for his treatment.
55. What did Iran initially demand in return for the hostages? What did Carter do initially?
Why did his military operation fail? What was the effect of the Iran Hostage Crisis on
Carter's presidency? Why did Iran eventually negotiate and release the hostages?~
a. They demanded the shah to be returned to Iran and for 40 billion dollars.
Initially, he froze Iranian assets in the US and impose economic sanctions. His
operation failed because the helicopters caused a fueling plane to explode and
everyone else to try and fly home. Carter vowed not to leave the White House

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 until the hostage situation ended so he would be unable to campaign for
reelection. They negotiated and released the hostages because 1 the shah died;
and 2 Iraq attacked Iran
56. What platform did Reagan run on in terms of foreign policy in 1980? How did Reagan
change American foreign policy? Briefly describe each policy. What effect did these
policies have on the Soviets? What happened in 1989-1990? Why did the Cold War
end?~
a. His platform was "making America strong again." He had a massive increase in
defense spending to be able to compete with foreign nations. He used rhetoric
to talk to Americans about how to deal with the USSR. He developed the SDI
whose goal was to protect America from any missile strike from the USSR. He
opposed arms control initially. He viewed the Soviets as cheaters and figured
they would allow them to buy time. He made the Reagan Doctrine. The Doctrine
had a rollback of Communism and gave aid to groups fighting Communist
governments. These policies made them more conciliatory. In 1989-1990,
Eastern Europe countries start to open up ties with Western Europe. The Cold
War ended because Germany joined in NATO. The Soviet System collapsed and
the US succeeded in containment
57. How did US and Soviet relations change in the developing world after the fall of
communism?~
a. The US and Soviet relations changed because the Soviets removed their troops
from Afghanistan and helped with the Israeli conflict. Nuclear weapons talks
started to cut nuclear forces. They also removed forces from Eastern European
countries and the US reduced the number of forces in Western Europe
58. What is START? What does it do? What is the CFE? What did it do?~
a. START was the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks. It's goal was to destabilize and
reduce the number of nuclear weapons. CFE were conventional weapons. There
was a treaty that reduced American and Soviet forces in Western/Eastern
Europe.
59. What major changes occurred in the Soviet Union between 1990-1? What is the CIS?~
a. There was an All Union Treaty and a Coup was attempted but failed. Russia
dismantled the Communist inside of the country. The name of the country
became Russia instead of the USSR. CIS means Commonwealth Independence
States and was formed on 12/8/1991. All of the smaller countries that were part
of the Soviet Union got their name back.
60. What did Fukuyama mean by the "end of history?" What was the "new world order"?~
a. He meant that we had met the end of ideological evolutions. Also, Western
Liberal ideology had won. Bush meant that we had the opportunity to be free to
pursue the policies that we wanted to put in place after WWII. He focused on 2
primary elements of the new world order. The first was the importance of the
UN and the second was the promotion on Democracy abroad.
61. Why did Saddam invade Kuwait? How did the US respond? Why did the US respond?
What did the UN do? Why was military force contentious at home?~

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 a. Iraq invaded Kuwait because his gov't was in debt. He asked the oil companies to
reduce production which would bring up prices and they would buy their way
out of debt. The initial response was an International Embargo and froze Iraq's
assets. We also deployed 250,000 soldiers into Saudi Arabia. The US responded
because we didn't think that one country should control the price and
production of oil. The US also wanted to have moderates in Israel because Iraq
was creating a threat there. We also had a reputation to promote and protect.
The UN passed a resolution giving Iraq a date they needed to leave Kuwait.
Military force was contentious at home because the US was filled with the
mindset of Iraq being another Vietnam. People didn't want to go through that
again.
62. Why did the US not overthrow Saddam at the end of the Gulf War in 1991?~
a. There was a fear of a Coalition against Iraq that the US didn't want to start.
There was also a fear of a Civil war in Iraq because it would have angered the
Iraqi people. It would also allow a regional balance of power because the US
could monitor what goes on in Iraq. Finally, there were limited objectives. The
objectives were to follow the UN mandate.
63. What is UNSCOM? What is its mission?~
a. UNSCOM is the UN Special Commission. Its mission was to monitor Iraqi
compliance with the UN resolutions.
64. What are the three main elements of Clinton's early foreign policy?~
a. The first element was how to restart the economy. The second was the
enlargement of Democracy and free market ideas. (Problems: lack of interest in
the promotion of democracy abroad, democratization wasn't easy,
inconsistencies on democracy) His third idea was multilateralism. That is it
emphasized using international institutions to deal with foreign policy issues and
global problems.
65. What is NAFTA? WTO? GATT? What do they do?~
a. NAFTA was the North American Free Trade Agreement and it lowered tariffs
between Canada, the US, and Mexico. GATT was the General Agreement on
Trade Tariffs which is now the WTO which is the World Trade Organization. They
decreased the tariffs on trade worldwide
66. What was Washington's view of what US foreign policy ought to be? Why did he argue
that nations should avoid antipathies and passionate attachments toward other
nations? What should guide US foreign policy? Why?~
a. He believed that the United States should have good relations with all countries
but they should have not attachment to said countries. He believed that
attachment to other countries would draw them into a war that they had no
common interest being involved in. Antipathies also led to more frequent
collisions and conflicts which is what the US did not want. Becoming friends with
a stronger nation meant the weaker nation would become a satellite for the
stronger one. In this case the US would be the weaker country and therefore the
satellite. Promote trade and a commercial relationship but keep political
connection at a minimum. The US was weak at this time militarily and

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 economically they had just been freed from British colonial control and needed
trade only at this time
67. What is the central theme of the Monroe Doctrine? How did Monroe justify this
policy?~
a. The Monroe Doctrine is a policy issued by the US that forbid European
colonization in US states. Any interference with any US states would be viewed
as an act of aggression and require the US to intervene. IT said that the Western
Hemisphere will be left alone from European colonization and that the US would
not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in concerns of
European countries. It was justified because the US had not and would not
interfere with existing European colonies nor would they meddle in the internal
concerns of European countries. The Us would defend fellow independent
nations that they recognized in Latin America from European intervention and
control (ensuring US dominance).
68. According to Adams, what is America's contribution to the world? What should America
not do according to Adams?~
a. Adams said that the US greatest contribution to the world was her "honest
friendship equal freedom and generous reciprocity" He also says America
respects the freedom and independence of other countries. He also says
America will give moral support and prayers to any friend of the US who has
their rights or liberties threatened. He sais America should not get involved in
other countries' affairs. He was concerned that if the US got involved in these
affairs the US would become sort of a dictatress to the rest of the world which is
bad for America.
69. How does the foreign policy advice of Washington, Monroe, and Adams apply to today's
foreign policy questions (i.e. Iraq, terrorism, missile defense, etc.)?~

70. According to X , what explains the perception of foreign antagonism by the Soviet
leadership? What motivates their actions?~
a. X explains that there is a constant antagonizing element between Soviet and
democratic nations. However, X does not believe this foreign antagonism is real,
but rather a scapegoat for the Soviets to fall on in necessity of explaining away
the maintenance of dictatorial authority at home
71. the innate antagonism between capitalism and Socialism. 2. The Soviet concept of
power, which permits no focal points of organization outside the Party itself. 3. The
leadership is at liberty to put forward any particular thesis which it finds useful to the
cause at any particular moment and to require the faithful and unquestining
acceptance. The logic of history, whichthe manifestation of the wisdom of those in
whom the ultimate wisdom is supposed to reside.
72. What are the concepts which underlie the Soviet worldview? How do they affect Soviet
foreign policy?~
a. The concepts which underlie the Soviet worldview all relate to the Soviet regime,
which is the position it has as the only truly Socialist system. The first concept

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 includes the antagonism between Socialist and capitalist regimes. It is greatly
implanted into the base of Soviet power. It means there can never be a
community of aims which includes both the Soviet Union and a capitalist
country. The Soviet regime instills the fact that a capitalist world is harmful to
the Soviet regime and therefore harmful to the people under the regime. All
foreign policy should be thought of as a way to deal with the enemy. This causes
phenomina including: secretiveness, diminished frankness, duplicity, attentive
suspicion, and unfriendliness. This will cause some people to think that Russians
have changed, when in fact they have not. The second concept involves the
infallibility of the Soviet regime, that is its inability to be wrong. The Soviet Party
should be the only source of truth. The Soviet party creates the truth, instead of
letting the truth be how it should be. This view increases the discipline the Soviet
Party can give the people. Also, this view brainwashes the people within the
Soviet Union into thinking that nothing is wrong with Soviet Party

73. At the end of the Cold War Regan stated that "the Soviet Union underlies all the unrest
that is going on. .." This affects foreign policy, as for the end of the Cold War goes,
because the Soviets are unwilling to change their current policy of possessing nuclear
weapons and a communist form of government. However, the rise of Gorbachev
brought concepts of "new thinking" and change to the Soviet Union. This changed their
foreign policy through the means of more political freedom, putting an end to the
communist party, and the use of open markets systems
74. Based on these concepts, what should US foreign policy be generally and towards the
Soviet Union according to X? why?~
a. The U.S. should use its influence to place a steady and continuous strain on the
Soviet power structure and the international Communist movement. By doing so
and holding firm by pulling together and prospering, the U.S. can push the
Russian Soviets to their own destruction. According to X, this type of approach
will result in the collapse of the Soviet at the hands of the Soviet's own people.
The U.S. simply needs to sow the seeds of discontent and foster an environment
for it to grow.
75. Why according to Lippman is containment unsuited for the United States?~
a. Lippman believes that containment is unsuited for the United States because it
misinterpreted Soviet behavior, and it presented suggestions that would greatly
mess with American policy. Lippman believed that the use of containment would
encourage the belief that the Soviets would eventually give up on expanding. In
reality, the Soviets had a history of expansion and the desire to expand wasn't
going to end anytime soon. Lippman also argued that there was too much faith
put into the plan that involved only using force against the Soviets when they
sent out a threat. We had too many limitations on militaristic and economic
power for that to work the way it was supposed to. Lippman firmly believed that
we shouldn't go against our policy values just because confronting the Soviets
couldn't necessarily guarantee a success

12
76. What does Lippman find problematic with X's analysis of the Soviet Union?~
a. There are many flaws in X's analysis that Lippman strove to point out in his
article, "The Cold War." He first points out the issue of X's assertion that the
Soviets inherent flaws in their system will lead to the decay of the USSR because
it cannot be truly proved until it actually occurs, which Mr. X admits. X goes
further to assert that the US should develop its containment policy based on this
assumption. However, Lippman contends that it would not be wise to create a
policy like this because it would only be successful if this assumption were to be
true. Lippman goes further by asserting that even X displayed a lack of
confidence in his strategy, and just said that one needed to "hope for the best."
It would not be effective to do as X says and create a policy based upon the
assumption that the USSR is already in decay. Lippman also points out the fact
that with X's policy of long-term containment, which requires the western world
to operate this policy, but it is not entirely guaranteed that the western world
will be able to conduct such a policy. There is also a problem observed by
Lippman that the US economy,"which is unregimented and uncontrolled," will
not be suitable for a containment policy as such.
77. What does a policy of containment threaten relations with European states? Why is this
a danger for the US?~
a. A policy seeks to contain the Soviet Union by attempting to make unassailable
barriers out of the Soviet's surrounding bordering states. Given limited resources
and power, the efforts to develop such an unnatural alliance with these weak
states would alienate US relations with its naturally allies with European states
78. According to Lippman, what is the difference between the Truman Doctrine and the
Marshall approach? Why does Lippman favor the latter?~
a. Truman Doctrine treated China and Europe as instruments of US policy for
containing the Soviet Union, while the Marshall approach treated them as
independent powers that US could help but should not control. The reason that
Lippman favored the latter was that US did not have the resources and
influences to control or govern those countries. US should provide assistance
when the European governments attempt to recover their economies
79. What is Lippman's policy advice for how the US should deal with the Soviets? Why does
he think this will work?~
a. Lippman advised to use diplomatic method to reach a settlement that led to
withdrawal, and American power should be used to hold the Soviet Union
military machine in check. It was because he believed there was the possibility of
a settlement of the issues raised by the war and the balance of power would
prevent rival powers to committing aggression.
80. What is the falling domino principle in regards to the Cold War and Vietnam?~
a. The falling domino principle would refer to Vietnam as the front domino. If
Communism was defeated there, then it wouldn't take much longer before the
rest of Communism was defeated throughout the world.
81. According to Johnson, why should the US fight in Vietnam? What are the reasons he
outlines for why the US is in Vietnam?~

13
 a. johnson believed that the US should fight in Vietnam because they must fight for
a world to live in where every country can shape its own destiny and then
freedom will be secure. He said we were in Vietnam because we had a promise
to keep because we made a promise to South Vietnam that we would help them
if they needed it. We were also there to strengthen world order and there were
great stakes in the balance. People counted on us to protect them if needed and
retreating Vietnam wouldn't end the conflict.
82. What were Ball's objections to escalation of the Vietnam War by Johnson? Why did he
argue it is more favorable to let Vietnam fall under communist control?~
a. Ball didn't believe that the war was worth continuing. He saw it as being long
and protracted that can only end in a messy conclusion. He had a feeling that if
they fell into Communism control, their gov't would eventually fall apart when
Communism started to make its disappearance in the world.
83. According to Nixon, why could the US not simply withdraw its troops from Vietnam?~
a. If we were to withdraw our troops, the US wouldn't remain a great country since
it let down its allies. It would have cost more lives and also wouldn't have
brought peace...it would've brought more war
84. What is the Nixon Doctrine (three principles)? How was the Nixon Doctrine supposed to
end the Vietnam War (i.e. What was the Vietnamization of the Vietnam conflict)?~
a. The first principle was that the US will keep all of its treaty commitments. The
second principle stated that we shall supply a shield if nuclear weapons come
into play and threatens an ally nation's freedom. The third principle said that we
would give military and economic assistance when asked for in accordance with
the treaty commitments. It was supposed to end the war by training the South
Vietnamese forces so they can defend themselves
85. What was Nixon's strategy for ending the Vietnam War?~
a. He had 2 choices. He said he could either immediately withdraw all American
troops or persist in the search for peace through negotiations. He decided to
choose the second option
86. According to Lake, what are America's core concepts? What are the four defining
aspects of the post Cold War period?~
a. According to Lake: America's core concepts are democracy and market
economics. America views individuals as equally created with a God-given right
to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. So Americans trust in the equal
wisdom of free individuals to protect those rights: through democracy, as the
process for best meeting shared needs in the face of competing desires; and
through markets as the process for best meeting private needs in a way that
expands opportunity. The four defining aspects of the post Cold War era are: 1)
America's core concepts—democracy and market economies—are more broadly
accepted than ever. 2) America is the world's dominant power. 3) There has
been an "explosion of ethnic conflicts" within nations. 4) Technology has
accelerated the pace of human events. The flow of information has increased in
speed tremendously, and we must adjust to the change.

14
87. According to Lake, what is a policy of enlargement? Why should that policy replace
containment? What are the four components of enlargement? Why is each component
important to enlargement?~
a. According to Lake, the post Cold War order compels the United States not only
to be engaged, but to lead; not only to contain the threat to market
democracies, but to seek to enlarge their reach. The U.S., from Lake's viewpoint,
must lead the world in the new age where it is the superpower and must provide
an example to the rest of the world. He says that our own security is shaped by
the character of foreign regimes, and thus outlines his policy of enlargement
around our interaction with foreign regimes. The four components are: 1. The
strengthening of the community of market economies and democracies around
the world. 2. Fostering and consolidating new democracies and market
economies, where possible, especially in states of special significance and
opportunity. 3. Countering aggression and support the liberalization of countries
that do not accept the democracy and markets 4. Pursuing humanitarian agenda
not only by providing aid, but also by working to help democracy and market
economics take root in regions of greatest humanitarian concern. Together,
these components are important to a successful strategy of enlargement
because they combine our broad goals of fostering democracy and markets with
our more traditional geostrategic interests. It also suggests how to best expend
our large, but limited, national security resources: financial, diplomatic, and
military.
88. According to Lake, how should the US deal with "backlash states" like Iraq?
89. Why is it important to define a strategy of enlargement?~
a. Lake defines "backlash states" as any non-democratic state that does not have
market economies and ensures by the use of force that neither democracy or a
liberalized economy will ever exist. Lake says the US should deal with backlash
states by limiting the threat to democracy and market economies in other states,
specifically by isolating them diplomatically, economically, militarily, and
technologically. Empahsis will be put on intelligence, counter terrorism,
multilateral export controls, adhering to the rules applying to WMD and the
enforcement of these rules to further minimize the ability of backlash states to
disrupt democracy and a market economy. Lake thought that backlash states
should be dealt with anytime they threaten our vital interests, forces and people
or citizens A strategy of enlargement suggest that we should strengthen our
democratic core in North America, Europe and Japan; consolidating and enlarge
our democracy and market economies in key places; and addressing backlash
states like Iran and Iraq.
90. According to Bush, what are the proliferation challenges facing the US?~
a. Iran has violated the non-proliferation treaty North Korea continues to
destabilize the region and is building a small nuclear program Terrorists
associated with Al-Qaida continue to pursue WMD Part of the worlds supply of
fissile material is not secure Advances in technology provide greater

15
 opportunities for state (and non state actors) to acquire dangerous pathogens
and equipment
91. According to Bush, what is the first objective in regards to nuclear proliferation? What
policies are proposed and why?~
a. Bush says the first objective is to close a loophole in the Non-Proliferation Treaty
that permits regimes to produce fissile material that can be used to make
nuclear weapons under the guise of a civil nuclear program. Proposes a system
in which the worlds largest nuclear exporters would provide fuel for any nuclear
reactors (at a reasonable cost) to any state that maintains a transparent nuclear
program. (Transparent means US or UN may inspect nuclear programs to ensure
they are not being used to develop WMD'S). With this Unstable countries will
have no reason to make fissile materials but will still be able to consume it.
92. According to Bush, what is the threat posed by Iran and North Korea?~
a. These countries either possess or are attempting to possess/ make nuclear
weapons. Iran has hid its nuclear activity from the world for 20 years. The refuse
to cooperate or negotiate with international organizations. Bush says Iran
sponsors terrorism, threatens Israel disrupts peace in the Middle East and
disrupts democracy in Iraq. Major threats to US and its interests/actions also
security to our allies. North Korean regime is threat for many of the same
reasons. The DPRK (Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea) has a nuclear arsenal
and has failed to meet its ends of negotiations (Six-Party Talks) on ending nuclear
program. Also mentions North Korea counterfeits US Currency, traffics narcotics,
threatens South Korea (ROK) with its army and missiles a brutalizes and starves
its people. Similar to Iran America sees these as not only threats to no just
America and our allies security but also to democracy and freedom all over the
world
93. According to Bush, what is the second objective in regards to nuclear proliferation?
What policies are proposed and why?~
a. Second objective is to keep fissile materials out of the hands of rogue states and
terrorists. To do this there are many policies proposed: Global Threat Reduction
Initiative (GTRI) locates tracks and reduces existing stockpile of nuclear material,
Leading international efforts to shut down the trafficking of WMD's by target air
transportation and transshipment routes and by also and by cutting off
proliferators from financial resources that supports their activities.
94. According to Bush, what are US deterrence and defense policies in regards to nuclear
proliferation?~
a. In Bush's "Summary for National Security Strategy 2002" he expands the
meaning of nuclear deterrence beyond the traditional definition of attack
prevention through fear of retaliation, to include not only building up arms at
home but also the possibility of preemptive strike. He includes this option
because the effects of an attack utilizing weapons of mass destruction would be
so grave " we cannot afford to stand idly by as grave dangers materialize". Bush
also mentions developing improved conventional and nuclear offensive systems,
missile defense systems and changes in U.S. infrastructure and intelligence

16
 systems. However Bush makes it clear that the United States preferred avenue
of nuclear defense is through international diplomacy, using the international
community and especially regional allies to peacefully solve these disputes.
95. According to Bush, what are the lessons to be learned from the Iraq War in regards to
proliferation?~
a. Bush asserted that there are three lessons to be learned from the war in Iraq: 1)
intelligence must improve. US security intelligence must be reorganized in order
to create a more unified approach to counter-terrorist measures. This would
entail a more cohesive strategy and increased sharing of information and
resources between agencies. 2) there will always be some amount of uncertainty
in dealing with the status of proliferated groups. He said that because those
countries that attempt to proliferate are often autocratic regimes, they "often to
go great lengths to conceal their activities," which makes it difficult to verify
information. 3) The United States must show commitment to deterrence and
remove those in power that fail to comply with UN regulations over nuclear
programs. Dictators must understand that there are large consequences that
come with disregarding repeated warnings
96. What is isolationism? What is internationalism?~
a. Isolationism is one a nation removes itself from international connections by
removing all alliances, trade agreements, and other foreign relations methods.
On the other hand, internationalism is the opposite and seeks to gain relations
with other countries and seeks to form alliances and trade agreements
97. What was Washington's advice for America's foreign policy? Prior to the Cold War,
when was the US isolationist? Internationalist? Why?~
a. Washington's advice was for the United States to honor any agreements that
had already been established, but to avoid creating any new agreements or
alliances. He believed that having these kinds of relationships with other
countries would get the United States unnecessarily involved in conflicts in
Europe that were not of U.S. concern. Prior to the Cold War, the U.S. was
isolationist during the late 1700s through the Civil War when the U.S. was still
trying to separate itself from Great Britain and Europe. The U.S. then became
more internationalists after the Spanish-American war, having gained a colony
and replaced Spain as a world power. Then it became more isolationist as it
focused on domestic issues such as the Great Depression. In general, the U.S.
has been more isolationists when domestic issues are more important and more
internationalists when it has had the resources to support trade and alliances
with other states
98. What is the mobilization-demobilization pattern of the US military prior to the Cold
War? Why did this pattern occur?~
a. Generally, the pattern of mobilization-demobilization prior to the Cold War was
massive mobilization and rapid demobilization. This pattern occurred during the
Civil War, World War 1, and World War 2. The pattern existed because it was
recognized early on (by 1798) that the US military was at risk if they had a small
military. Conflicts with the British (the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812)

17
 further stressed the need for a larger/better military if the US wanted to
continue to defend itself. Later on, its ability to mobilize quickly was evident
during World War 2; the massive mobilization during this time exemplified the
strength of the US military
99. What is American exceptionalism? Manifest destiny? How did these two concepts affect
America's foreign policy?~
a. American exceptionalism is many things, but at its base it is the idea that
America is an exceptional country that stands as a model for the rest of the
world to aspire to. It's an idea that claims that American ideology-democracy,
liberty, capitalism-is the best in the world. American exceptionalism plays a large
role in the idea of manifest destiny. Manifest destiny began as the idea that it
was God's plan to give the United States the American continent to use in
creating a magnificent country, but has expanded and evolved to become that
idea that it is the responsibility of the United States to spread liberty and
democracy to all corners of the globe. Both of these ideas have played a
significant role in shaping American foreign policy throughout history. It's
through these two ideas that America turned its back on isolationism and began
extending its reach to other parts of the world. Manifest destiny can be seen in
foreign policy decisions from the Monroe Doctrine to the Vietnam War.
American exceptionalism can be seen in the Cold War as the US believed they
had to keep a strong front against the communists because the entire world was
watching them
100. Has the US always pursued a "pricnipled" foreign policy? What are examples of
when the US has and has not?~
a. Claimed to be a nation in pursuit of a principled policy however always in pursuit
of national policy. With ideals of exceptionalism and manifest destiny US went to
war with Mexico that led to the annexation of Texas. Instances like this caused
people to question whether this was for the US or the countries that the US
claimed to be assisting. Mexico did not see it as us liberating Texas. Later such
ideal invoked the Spanish-American War. Spread of democracy influenced US
involvement in WW1. FDR said reason we were in WW2 was because of
something he called the 4 freedoms. Another contradiction to US foreign policy
is that of racism this can be seen in slave trade and Mexican War. US took
control of Philippines said they were un-fit for self government, in many case the
"principles" were used to cover up other objectives throughout US foreign
policy.
101. Why might one characterize the late 19th and early 20th century foreign policy
of the US as imperialist? What does evidence from US foreign policy to Latin America
indicate?~
a. Due to its growing interest and involvement in foreign markets, particularly in
Latin America. The US was being forced out into new markets in order to thrive.
American citizens became unable to consume the amount of material that they
were producing. As a result the US began exporting and investing in other
nations such as Honduras, Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Cuba. One

18
 instance in particular emphasized the American imperialist motives occurred
when the US insisted that Cuba add the Platt Amendment on to their
constitution. This amendment essentially gave the United States a monopoly on
trade with Cuba and the power to control its relations with other nations
102. What is the Monroe Doctrine? What is the Roosevelt Corollary?~
a. The Monroe Doctrine is a United States policy introduced on December 2, 1823.
It is one of the most fundamental basis for US's foreign policy in the following
years. It basically states that any action or interference from the European
Hemisphere into the Western Hemisphere would be met with military action by
the US. It also added that the United States would not interfere with any
European Colonies or states. The British Empire agreed and endorsed the
doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine also created a special relationship between the
US and Central/South Americas. In 1904, President Roosevelt added a corollary
to the Monroe Doctrine and current standing foreign policy. In the Roosevelt
Corollary, the president claimed the US, a burgeoning super power, had the right
to internationally police the Western Hemisphere. This included the right to
interfere in European Colonies, such as Cuba, Haiti, and Nicaragua. The rationale
was to stop European influence in the America's by intervening militarily. Critics
viewed this as a fundamental breach to the Monroe Doctrine, and an attempt by
the US to have more influence throughout the Western Hemisphere
103. According to Jentleson, why did the US expand into Asia? What is the history of
US foreign policy to Japan and China prior to World War 2?~
a. he US expanded into Asia in order to avoid the spread of communism. The US
was on a mission to liberalize and democratize these societies. Another reason
was due to power as the United States wanted to expand its empire in to the
Pacific and eastern shores of Asia. The US made an "Open Door Policy" with
China that claimed to be helping them battle their fight, while we were actually
self-interested in being involved with trade and power within China. Before
World War 2, US relations with China fluctuated as they battled their revolution,
since teh US had to defend American interests and stand up for our ideals.
Because of this, our relationship went from friendship to antipathy as
communism started taking over. Our relationships with China and Japan were
hostile as communism came about, which made many people fear a breakout of
war.
104. Prior to the Cold War, what has the relationship been between the Executive
branch and Congress in regards to going to war?~
a. Before the cold war, the Executive Branch and Congress worked together more
than they did after the cold war. Rather than the executive simply declaring war,
before the cold war, they would work in combination with congress to make the
best possible judgment decisions for the entire country. By working together
with congress, the Executive branch was able to have a better perspective on
situations regarding possible wars and could make justifiable decisions
accordingly

19
105. What is the tension between national security and individual rights? What are
historical examples when the US has limited rights for national security purposes?~
a. The individual liberties guaranteed by the Constitution have often been made
subservient to matters of national security. Notably during the late nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries, the United States government frequently saw
criticism of any of its facets or policies as threatening, especially during times of
war or international conflict. This disagreement with governmental policies was
seen to undermine U.S. war efforts and international endeavors. The
government thus has historically perceived individual liberties, especially when
used criticize the government, to be in conflict with national security interests
and has encroached upon these liberties in the name of preserving these
interests.Some historical examples include Japanese internment camps during
World War II that forced approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans to relocate
to one of ten internment camps across the country due to a national security
threat caused by the Attack on Pearl Harbor. Also due to national security
Americans must be subjected to Transportation Security Administration
screening whenever they board a flight due to the threat of terrorism.
106. Historically, which industries, regions, and parties have been in favor of tariffs?
Which have been against? Why?~
a. Historically the primary supporters of tariffs have largely been industrialists who
wanted protection for their newly formed industries from foreign competition as
well as those who primarily dealt with domestic goods. Since the majority of
industrialization happening in the United States at the time was happening in the
Northern parts of the country support for tariffs mainly resided in the Northern
half of the country. Politically, Republicans were the main supporters of tariffs,
as the majority of the northern states were heavily republican.According to
Jentleson, Democrats have historically been against tariffs, and in favor of free
trade. A key Democratic leader who fought against tariffs was President Grover
Cleveland (Jentleson, p127). Cleveland had to battle a Republican Senate to
lower trade tariffs. In addition, Northern industrialists fought against tariffs in an
effort to protect their new and developing industries from foreign competitors
(Jentleson, p126). The Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act was a big win for these
parties. It gave the president the right to cut tariffs by up to 50 percent if cuts
could be negotiated and agreed upon by other countries (Jentleson, p127
107. What are reciprocal trade agreements?~
a. The Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934 granted the ability for a president
to levy tariffs. It gave the president the right to cut tariffs by up to 50 percent if
cuts could be negotiated and agreed upon by other countries It also granted the
ability to a president to negotiate trade agreements without congressional
approval. This allows two countries to enter into a reciprocal trade agreement in
which each nation can grant advantageous trade concessions with each other.
This means that the US may lift a tariff on trade with another country in return
for the country also providing a similar agreement in their country

20
108. What is the orthodox explanation for the Cold War? The revisionist
explanation?~
a. The orthodox school places the responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet
Union and its expansion into Eastern Europe in the immediate postwar years.
Specifically, this argument places responsibility upon Joseph Stalin, pointing out
that Cold War was inevitable because Stalin was in power. The orthodox theory
claims that Stalin violated the terms of agreement set at the Yalta Conference,
imposed Soviet-dominated regimes on unwilling Eastern European populations,
and conspired to spread communism throughout the world. Revisionist
explanations for the Cold War place partial responsibility for the Cold War on the
United States, claiming that the United States was in quest of power and
prosperity by building its own empire. United States' chief aim in the years after
the WWII was to make sure that there was an "open door" for American trade,
and that this led to the U.S. government to try to make sure that countries
remain capitalist. United States (President Truman) is also blamed for the use of
two atomic bombs, which according to revisionist theorists, was a means to
intimidate the Soviet Union. Another revisionist explanation for the Cold War is
that the United States simply miscalculated the intentions of the Soviet Union of
postwar development as a sign of hostility toward capitalist world. The
uncertainty and misunderstanding, driven by fear that the opposing part was not
trustworthy, lead to security dilemma and nuclear arms race of Cold War. Each
party intended for their own actions to be defensive, while those actions were
perceived by the opposing party as being offensive. These revisionists claim that
if the United States had held a more confident foreign policy the Cold War could
have potentially been avoided all together.
109. What is international institutionalism?~
a. International Institutionalism views world politics as 'a cultivable garden'
(cooperation despite anarchy) in contrast to the Realist view of a global 'jungle'
(war of all against all, anarchical system, self-help, security dilemma). Theories of
international institutionalism emphasize both the possibility and the value of
reducing the chances of war and of achieving common interests sufficiently for
the international system to be one of world order, although they stop well short
of world government. International Institutionalists recognize that tensions and
conflicts among nations do exist, but they see cooperation among nations as
more possible and more beneficial that Realists do. Pursuing cooperation thus is
neither naïve
110. How did post WW2 policy makers draw from the lessons of the League of
Nations when crafting the UN? What is the Security Council? General Assembly? Which
has more influence? Who are permanent members of the UN Security Council? What is
Article 43?~
a. They realized that there were two critical errors with the League of Nations. The
U.S. not being a member hurt the League of Nations so it was critical for the U.S.
to be a part of the UN. Second, the UN would have to be a stronger institution
than the League had been. Due to poor design there wasn't enough authority in

21
 the League of Nations so the UN included a Security Council with more power
than the General Assembly.
111. Why did the UN end up being scaled back as compared to FDR's vision of it?
What are examples of how the UN has been prevented from acquiring more influence?~
a. Regarding the UN, FDR wanted a world without alliances, spheres of influence or
any other situations in which countries would try and protect their security or
interests. However, the UN ended up being scaled back because the USA and
other countries wanted a UN strong enough to protect peace but not strong
enough to threaten state supremacy or sovereignty. The USA also did not want
to completely to commit to the Genocide Convention or the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights for fear the UN would have power over domestic
affairs. The UN was also scaled back because there were Soviet-American power-
struggles that aligned with the onset of the Cold War. The UN became another
place for the Soviet Union and the USA to engage in competition; for example,
arguements over who would be the secretary-general and who would be
admitted to the General Assembly.
112. What is nuclear deterrence? What is containment?~
a. Nuclear deterence is the power for nuclear nations to influence the actions by
other nations through the threat of nuclear weapon usage. Nuclear countries can
project their power much further across the globe because all other countries
have to respect the possibility of a nuclear war. This is especially effective against
countries that don't have nuclear weapons because they can't respond in kind to
the threat of nuclear weapon use but it is also useful against other nuclear
powers because mutually-assured destruction of the two powers acts as a
stabililizing force. Nuclear deterence allows countries much more weight in the
international sphere and can modify and prevent actions of other states that are
undesirable for the nuclear state. Containment is the idea of preventing the
spread of a national ideology in the international sphere. Containment during
the cold war was the United States policy to prevent the spreading of the Soviets
into more area worrying that it would lead to a "domino effect" and other
countries would begin to fall. The containment of nuclear weapons is the idea of
nuclear non-proliferation that attempts to prevent new countries from coming
acquiring nuclear weapons
113. What was the Truman Doctrine? Marshall Plan? What was their historical
significance?~
a. The Truman Doctrine was an agreement to support Turkey and Greece against
the Soviets and other soviet influenced threats. The support was not military,
but economic aid; the U.S. committed $400 million in economic aid. The amount
of money was not extreme, but the significance of it was much more
comprehensive. The Truman Doctrine was mainly focused on political-diplomatic
commitments, rather than economic aid. This was historically significant because
the U.S. was the only country capable of granting the necessary leadership, but
the fate of the whole post-World War II world would be affected. Secretary of
State George Marshall presented the Marshall Plan in his commencement

22
 speech at Harvard University. At this time the majority of Western Europe still
had not recovered economically from World War II and the communists were
gaining support by taking advantage of their economic despair. The Marshall
Plan proposed that in order to stop this threat to containment, the U.S. must
pledge huge amounts (billions of dollars) as economic assistance for Western
Europe. U.S. aid was necessary to revive a functioning economy and ensure the
return to a regular, healthy world economy. This was historically significant
because it marked the start of the first major Cold War foreign-aid program
114. What is NATO? Why was it formed? What year was it formed?~
a. NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, created in 1949, and is the
first peacetime military alliance in American history. NATO states that the United
States will defend its European alliances if they are attacked; demonstrated in
this quote from article 5, "The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or
more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against
them all." This also included the commitment to use nuclear weapons against
the Soviet Union, even if the attack was on Europe but not directly on the United
States.
115. What two events in 1949 made the US escalate the Cold War?~
a. One of the events in 1949 was the Soviets' test detonation of a nuclear device,
which caused the United States to become even more concerned about their
hostile relations with the Soviets, and the threat of actually going to war. The
other even that occurred was the emergence of the Communist party in China,
which won their civil war, which instills further fear into the United States about
the threat of communism. Both of these events combined caused the US to
intensify their actions about the Cold War, including increased military spending,
development of more powerful nuclear weapons, etc
116. What was NSC-68? How did it change America's foreign policy strategy?~
a. NSC-68 was a seminal security-planning paper devolved in early 1950 by
President Truman's National Security Council that called for three important
shifts in American Foreign Policy. First, a need for a globalization of containment
against communism, second a proposed militarization of containment (i.e., a
broad and extensive military buildup), and third called for the development of a
Hydrogen bomb. NSC-68 changed the US's foreign policy strategy by developing
the Hydrogen bomb and also influenced the
117. How did the US integrate Japan and W. Germany into its Cold War alliances?
What was the domino theory? What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?~
a. During the intensification of the Cold War in early 1950s, the U.S. ended its
military occupation in Japan since 1945 and signed defense agreements with the
Japanese government to deploy troops and build bases in Japan, helping defend
Japan and maintaining American presence in Asia as part of the overall
containment. At the same time, Japan had established a democratic regime and
permanently limited its military force to "self-defense". As with Germany, the
U.S. brought it into NATO for both strengthening the NATO alliance and putting
Germany's power in check (keep the Germans down). If one country falls down

23
 to the Communists, the other neighbor countries will be taken over by the
Communists subsequently. The Eisenhower Doctrine presents America's
willingness to provide military support to any state in the Middle East against
"overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international
communism.
118. What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion? Why was it launched?~
a. It is a U.S.-engineered invasion of Cuba in 1961 by exiled forces seeking to
overthrow Fidel Castro, the leader of the new communist regime, because the
U.S. worried a communist Cuba would become the base of Communist and
spread Communism in the American continent. The invasion failed miserably and
is one of the most often cited cases of flawed executive-branch decision making.
119. What was massive retaliation? Why was it potentially flawed?~
a. It is a nuclear strategy doctrine pursued during the Eisenhower administration
whereby the U.S. threatened to resort to nuclear weapons to country any Soviet
challenge anywhere of any kind. It was not credible because: if a threat was
made and delivered on, there would be nuclear war (both side would suffer
dramatic and unacceptable losses); if a threat was made and not delivered on, its
credibility would be undermined. It was also very risky, since the Soviets had the
nuclear advantage in space technology, ICBM as the platform to project and
deliver nuclear attack that U.S. was not able to effectively defend, and
outnumbering missiles and nuclear warheads (missile gap).
120. What are ABC democrats? Why did the US adopt this approach? How is Vietnam
an example of this approach?~
a. ABC Democrat is an Anything But Communist government that is not a
democracy at all. Most of the countries that had ABC Democrats were
dictatorships and tyrannies and very harsh tpwards their citizens. The US
supported these countries not because of their democratic tendencies but
because of their pro-American beliefs. An example is the alliance with Nicaragua.
The dictator of Nicaragua said that the alliance was an alliance for free
governments and although America did not support free governments they saw
any government as better than the communist government. South Vietnam is a
good example of ABC Democrats because we did not support the South Vietnam
leader, Ho Chi Minh, because he was communist. We supported anyone against
Ho Chi Minh even a catholic nationalist man, Ngo Dinh Diem, who used a
authoritarian rule to suppress all Buddhists in Vietnam. The Diem rule got so bad
that the US had to be apart of bringing him down. This is an example of how the
US supported anyone against Ho Chi Minh no matter how bad they were
because they were not communist like Ho.
121. Why did the CIA help overthrow the Iranian Prime Minister in 1953?~
a. There are two reasons: First Iranian Prime Minister (Mohammed Mossadegh)
had started to nationalize foreign oil companies. Second he started to develop
relations with the Soviet Union. US was trying to stop Soviet Union from
spreading communism around the world. If Iran and SU became close Iran could

24
 become communist so CIA helped overthrow prime minister and return shah to
power.
122. What was the Liberal Economic Order? What were its three principle
components? What were the goals of the GATT? IMF? And World Bank?~
a. The LIEO is apart of the US economic policy enforced after WWII. It was designed
to promote a market-based free trade system that would prevent results of the
1920s and 30s protectionism that led to decline in global prosperity and
contributed to the cause of WWII. It is made up of three principle components:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Monetary
Fund(IMF), and the World Bank. The goal of the GATT is to sustain a global free
trade system although there are pockets of protectionism concerning agriculture
and industries like shoes and textiles. The IMF was created to fix the imbalances
in the global monetary competition by setting fixed exchange rates backed by
gold standard. The World Bank was created to provide developmental aid to
countries and governments in need. In the early stages most of its aid went to
European countries recovering from WWII but from the 50s on it has more or
less gone to Third World countries.
123. What are critiques of the LIEO?~
a. That is reinforced American economic dominance or economic hegemony. As
largest capital contributor the US had the most voting rights in the IMF and
World Bank and American positions prevailed more often than not in the GATT.
The LIEO fit the laissez-faire economic ideology which allowed the US to
dominate the world economy while Europe and Japan were rebuilding from
WWII Another critique is that it drove US policy. The revisionists reference this
when talking about the origins of the Cold War. The overthrowing of the Iranian
president is used as an example. The US knew that if they helped to overthrow
Mossadegh and restore the shah he would return property to them that was
nationalized under Mossadegh. Another example is the Marshall Plan, it can be
seen as a way to rebuild European markets to generate a demand for American
exports and investments which would solve the over production-under
consumption problem to avert a depression in the interests of private
corporations big banks and other captains of global capitalism
124. What was the Cold War consensus? What were its "three fundamental
components"? How was the President dominant in war powers, covert action, and
international commitments? What is the NSC?~
a. According to Jettleson it was a name to describe the support of the foreign
policies of the Democratic President Harry Truman by the Republican Congress.
The Cold War Consensus refers to American foreign policy the early years of the
Cold War. The consensus part derives from an early bipartisanship (two way
treaty) between the President and the Legislative branch. This increased
Presidential dominance and increased the office's individual powers which were
abused at some points during this time. Has three fundamental components.
First is Presidential dominance over Congress seen in Truman and Eisenhower
administrations. Second was we needed to expand defense bureaucracy in the

25
 US. The new bureaucracy the president had a commanding say in day-to-day
operations of the agencies. Third was an overwhelming public opinion against
communism swept the country. President was dominant in war powers because
Truman never asked Congress for a declaration of war during the Korean War he
said the police powers of the UN didn't require him to check with Congress.
Covert Action-The CIA was created as the first permanent intelligence agency in
US History. Although Congress created the CIA and other defense agencies they
were often seen solely as its protectors and not legislators who would check the
powers. The President then had a wide authority. Finally the President would use
executive agreements instead of treaties for establishing international relations.
NSC is the National Security Council. Formed in 1974 to bring together
125. What led to the Bay of Bigs fiasco?~

126. What were the dangers of Cold War consensus especially from the media,
interest group, and the public~
a. The Cold War consensus was such a powerful force, that it supported
misdirected military campaigns abroad and misinformed indictments
domestically. The public, influenced by the media and government rhetoric, was
in favor of internationalism and global containment. The widespread fear of
communism allowed the anti-communist hysteria known today as McCarthyism .
During the post-World War II era of McCarthyism, many thousands of Americans
were accused of being Communists or communist sympathizers and became the
subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or
private-industry panels, committees and agencies. Public opinion went from
anti-communist to overly suspicious about the "invasion" of communism, leading
to a loss of civil liberties among many Americans
127. Why did the US lose the Vietnam War? Why was America's loss in the Vietnam
War a failure of America's foreign policy strategy (Be sure to address Power, Peace,
Principles, and Prosperity)?~
a. According to former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in the Jentleson
text, the reasons for U.S. failure in Vietnam was (a) underestimating the uniting
and motivational power of nationalism among the Vietnamese, (b) misjudgments
and ignorance about ally and enemy leaders, (c) limitations of modern, high-tech
military equipment against motivated peoples' movements, (d) failure to debate
the pros and cons of military involvement with Congress and the American
people, and (e) failure in dealing with high costs and high casualties over a long
period of time. The U.S. saw the conflict as a challenge of their ability to contain
communism and protect free peoples, and responded to that challenge with
force in an effort to preserve its powerful status. The failure weakened global
perception of U.S. power as it related to their ability to contain communism. The
abuse and murder of Vietnamese civilians like the tragedy of the 1968 My Lai
massacre were instances where U.S. violated its own principles of human rights.
These acts also worked to break support for the war among the American

26
 people. Prosperity and the economic condition in the U.S. worsened and the
budget deficit grew as a result of LBJ's guns and butter strategy of keeping both
war and domestic spending up.
128. How did Vietnam shatter the Cold War consensus? Specifically between the
President and Congress? What is the War Powers Resolution? What does it do? How did
it attempt to limit presidential power? What was the Vietnam trauma? How did it affect
public opinion?~

129. What is détente? What led to Détente? What are the major components of
détente? What is MAD? SALT? Why are they significant?~
a. Countries can declare a détente and work to create concrete agreements in
order to ensure that a "relaxaton of tensions" characterizes the relatonship
between two governments. The threat the United States and the Soviet Union
posed to one another during the Cold War motvated the two natons to work
toward an understanding whichwould promote peace and stability amongst the
established world order. Both countries sought greater stability within Europe
and wanted to limit the poten²al for Mutually Assured Destruction or MAD. MAD
is a strategic situaton in which compe²ng powers do not launch a First nuclear
strike for fear of provoking a second strike; anumber of na²ons could poten²ally
destroy all others as a means of retalia²on against a Frst strike. Central to
thisconcept is the maintenance of each country's second-strike capabili²es.
Without an ability to retaliate MAD cannot functon as a stabilizing force. The
tempta²on and necessity to retaliate in the event of a Frst strike drives the
expansion of nuclear capabili²es. The poten²al for the in´a²on of weapons
systems mo²vated the United Statesand the Soviet Union to pursue avenues of
coopera²on. The Strategic Arms Limita²on Trea²es were one way inwhich the two
powers cooperated to reduce the threat of nuclear a±ack. SALT I maintained the
"essen²alequilibrium;" The USA and USSR would produce only the weaponry that
was sanc²oned by the agreement to ensurethat each na²on did not grow its
nuclear capabili²es to such an extent that the other na²on could not defend
itselfor else maintain second strike capability. SALT I also reduced the
development of defense systems in each country sothat one's na²ons defense
capabili²es rela²ve to that of the compe²tor could not damage the integrity of
SALT as ameans of achieving peace
130. Why did détente fail~
a. Détente could be seen as a temporary break from high tension between
superpowers. However, détente failed because the Soviet Union abused it and
became a growing threat to US interests. Also, the United States could not act on
Soviet threat to Western Europe. The Soviet Union broke mutual agreements for
invading Afghanistan. ·or both sides, the relaxa²on of tension and increased
coopera²on of détente did not put an end to con²nued compe²²on and rivalry.
The reason was that for both sides the main objec²ve s²ll was power much more
than peace. And, the US and the Soviet Union never really trusted each other

27
 and had diferent strategic views. The clashing concep±ons oF the purposes oF
détente also were evident in the limits oF what was achieved through arms
control
131. What did Carter emphasize in his foreign policy?~
a. President Carter put a higher emphasis on human rights as the cornerstone oF
his Foreign policy when compared to Presidents Nixon and ²ord. His détente
strategy varied in two ways. ²irst, Carter met with Soviet civilians such as author
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. As a dissident and detainee in various prison camps,
Solzhenitsyn's mee±ng with Carter emphasized the President's willingness to
break down the Fear oF communism s±ll held by most ci±zens in theUnited
States. ²urthermore, Carter placed a higher priority on human rights in the Third
World. Addi±onally, President Carter withdrew or reduced support From
tradi±onal American ABC allies such as the SomozaFamily in Nicaragua and From
the Shah oF Iran. Carter also echoed the Truman Doctrine when he stated that
any outside presence in the Persian GulF would be seen as a clear threat to the
saFety oF the United States. He con±nued by promising that any assault in the
gulF would be repelled by any means necessary.
132. What was the Nixon shock? Why was it significant?~
a. According to page 149 of Jentleson, the Nixon Shock was the cancellation of the
Bretton Woods system. Prior to August 15, 1971, the United States protected its
currency from inflation by reinforcing the dollar with gold. Up until then, one
could exchange American currency for it's worth in gold through the
government. Gold was used because its value stays fairly constant, as was the
goal of the American Dollar. On that day, Nixon announced that because of the
war in Vietnam, the dollar was at the lowest value since World War II. His action
to solve this problem was to suspend the convertibility of dollars to gold and
create a ten percent tariff on all foreign goods. Quickly dubbed the "Nixon
Shock" it had three main goals. One, it was aimed at Japan and European
countries that were quickly rising as economic competitors. This signaled a
reversal in the former American policy and now forced other countries to take
responsibilities for their economic woes. Two, it created the LIEO, which made
floating exchange rates, or exchange rates that changed on a daily basis. This
new system was not nearly as the former gold standard. Third, with the high
taxes on foreign goods, the United States foreign policy became much more
protectionist.
133. What is OPEC? What caused the OPEC shocks of 1973 and 1979? What effect did
they have on America?~
a. OPEC stands for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, which is
essentiallya cartel-like group that even today controls the production and pricing
of oil. In 1971, theU.S. economy was in a merchandise trade deficitfor the first
time since 1893 and suffered from stagflation. Stagflation consists of an
inflationary period during which unemployment rises and consumer and
business activities decline. OPEC had attempted in the past to administer oil
trade embargoes and price hikes although they weren't successful until 1973

28
 when the U.S. economy was already in distress.The effect was tremendous and
left long lines at gas stations around the country since U.S. production of oil
could no longer satisfy demand. The Iranian revolution in 1979 cause a second
OPECoil shock and again left our economy in turmoil.Trade deficits rose while
inflation soared sky-high and interest rates doubled.This left a lasting effect on
our economy despite the fact that the price of oil went down in the 1980's. The
effect that OPEC has left on America has been tremendous and still haunts us
today. The United States was successfully challenged by countries that were no
where near the strength or size of the U.S. OPEC was indeed trying to make the
United States fall to its knees and in some ways it was successful. Even today,
the main topic of our current presidential debates continues to be the quest for
energy independence from cartels such as OPEC
134. What is the North South conflict? What is the NIEO? What did it call for? How is
it different than the LIEO (Be specific)?~
a. Economic disparity between countries of high and developed economic standing
(located primarily in the North) and countries of low and undeveloped economic
standing (located primarily in the South). This is partially due to "The South's"
lack of leverage in economic deals. The NIEO was an attempt to fix this. It sought
to give "The South" more rights in matters dealing with economic relations
within their own countries. For instance, it stated that "The South" must be
allowed to regulate businesses from "the North" when dealing with them within
their own country. It also stated that new technology must be given to "The
South" in order to even the playing field. The LIEO gave significantly less
attention to the fostering of positive growing conditions for developing countries
135. What is fast track authority?~
a. Fast-track authority is the guarantee that any of the trade agreements that the
president might make or submit to Congress will receive a quicker legislative
consideration within 90 days and the motion is either passed or denied without
any amendments. Professor I M Destler pointed out that this is a way Congress
could allow free trade to happen while protecting itself from the pressure of
interest groups demanding special protection. Because fast-track authority
makes Congress deal with everything as a whole, it allows them to avoid having
to respond to individual concerns from lobbyists. Fast-track authority was
developed to help insure the passage of the Tokyo Round, which it ended up
working for. What was Reagan's approach to America's foreign policy in terms of
peace, power, principles, and prosperity
136. What was Reagan's approach to America's foreign policy in terms of peace,
power, principles, and prosperity? What was the Reagan doctrine? The Weinberg
criteria?~
a. resident Ronald Reagan did not trust the Soviets aµer détente failed to bring
about peace. He believed that peace could only be achieved to through strength,
and thus did not believe nego±a±ons would lead to peace. Reagan wanted to
reassert American power, and thus he took a harder line on global containment
and forcefully ousted communists who had come to power. Reagan showcased

29
 America's power by providing extensive military aid, weapons, and covert ac±on
for the Afghan mujahideen who were ¶gh±ng the Soviets, and the Nicaraguan
contras who were ¶gh±ng the Sandinistas. Aµer the failure of the American
troop interven±on in Lebanon during that country's civil war, Reagan's Defense
Secretary Caspar Weinberger set much higher standards about when American
military force should be used to intervene in interna±onal con·icts. Reagan also
increased defense spending and focused on building up America's supply of
nuclear weapons to maintain and assert our power. Reagan's foreign policy was
based on principles of inferiority and believing other countries ci±zens were
inhuman, while highligh±ng American excep±onalism. ³urther, Reagan believed
in his foreign policy that principles and power were complimentary aTaching
moral superiority to ¶ghters like the contras. His UN ambassador, Jeane
Kirkpatrick, agreed. She believed in an "ABC" style of foreign policy, where
anything was beTer than Communism, using moral principles as a basis for her
belief. Reagan also refuted addressing human rights concerns in his foreign
policy because he believed that the side America supported should prevail
regardless of their tac±cs, because they were principally on the side of
"good."Despite the fact that the early 80's were marked by the deepest
recession since the Great Depression, America began to prosper under Reagan.
In·a±on was tamed, economy growth rates boomed, and increase in defense
rates played a posi±ve role in growing prosperity. ²he fact that many Americans
were leµ with a bad taste in their mouths
137. What was Reagan's policy towards Nicaragua?~
a. Reagan administration supplied extensive military aid, CIA assistance and other
support to the Nicaraguan contras (in Spanish, "those against") to oppose the
communist-nationalist Sandinistas, in order to demonstrate the credibility of
American power to assure the relationship with allies, and respond to the threat
near the borders
138. What was the Iran Contra Scandal? What happened? Why was it illegal?~
a. t was a deal made by the Reagan administration officials to provide arms to Iran
in exchange for Iran's help in getting the American hostages in Lebanon released.
The profits from the arms sales would be used to fund the Nicaraguan contras,
thus circumventing congressional prohibitions. It was an illegal and
unconstitutional effort to get around Congress.
139. What problems prevented the War Powers Resolution from being successful?
How is the language of the War Powers Resolution ambiguous?~
a. Problems: often ignored by Presidents (Lebanon and Reagan 82-84 or 83
invasion of Grenada) ran against institutionally rooted powers for both branches.
Threat to executive power so President's ignored it. Ambiguous language was
fundamental problem. Doesn't distinguish between small skirmishes and serious
hostiles. Example 87-88 Persian gulf US navy protecting oil tankers, Iran
attacked, US counter-attacked. Congress cited War Powers Resolution Reagan
said incidents were not hostilities so he didn't have to get permission from
Congress

30
140. What is the US triumphalism theory of why the Cold War ended peacefully? How
does it explain the peaceful end of the Cold War?~
a. US triumphalism theory states that the end of the cold war was because of the
policy of containment and deterrence toward USSR and other communist
governments. Credit is given to every Presidential administration back to
Truman, especially Reagan for pursuing a strict foreign policy that lead to the
Soviet Collapse. Explains peaceful end: Soviets could not match power of US
could not keep up economically or technologically with Reagans nuclear build up
or the Strategic Defense Initiative. Soviets had to admit that they could not win
an arms race with the US, pursued interest in Arms control. Led to Intermediate
Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1987. Reduced number of Nuclear weapons. Reagan
Doctrine with strict policy of containment and rollback stopped soviet gains in
third world countries. Lastly Triumph of American principles, fall of communism
was revolution from below brought on by people who wanted democracy and
freedom. Capitalism and perceived promise of prosperity were appealing as well.
141. What are Revisionist and Gorbachev leadership theories of why the Cold War
ended peacefully (Be sure to know all of them)? How do they explain the peaceful end
of the Cold War?~
a. Revisionist theories give big credit to Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union,
for ending the Cold War, or in other peacefully ending the Cold War with foreign
relationships. When Gorbachev came into power, unlike other leaders before
him, he proclaimed a new way of thinking based on glasnost (openness) and
perestroika (restricting). This meant greater political freedoms and less Soviet
interception in the press and society as a whole. It also meant changes in the
economy like allowing for a greater market and allowing greater foreign
interactions. Under Gorbachev the Soviets signed the INF treaty, SALT, and
declared the goal to eliminate all nuclear weapons by 2000. Gorbachev withdrew
it forces from Afghanistan, and did not intervene in any East European countries.
Gorbachev pushed to end of the Cold War by not acting in any threating manner
that would have stress the crisis and opened up to good international
relationships. Revisionist also give credit to the peace movements that the
Americans and Europeans by constraining Reagans hard-line policies. The peace
movements were attempt to find a common ground in which both sides could
collaborate peacefully. There was also influences around the world pushing for
peaceful negotiations for example in places like Nicaragua and EL Salvador. The
Cold War ended peacefully in the sense that it ended with out actually escalating
into a war.
142. Who is the Secretary of Homeland Security? Secretary of State? Secretary of
Defense? Director of National Intelligence?~
a. John F Kelly. Rex Tillerson. Jim Mattis. Mike Dempsey acting, Dan Coats
confirming
143. Who is the Secretary General of the United Nations?~
a. António Guterres
144. Who is the President of Syria?~

31
 a. Bashar al-assad
145. Who is the Prime Minister of Israel? Who is the President of the Palestinian
Authority?~
a. Benjamin Netanyahu. Mahmoud Abbas
146. Who is the President of Russia? China?~
a. Vladimir Putin. Xi Jinping
147. What started the civil war in Syria? What is US policy towards the Syrian civil
war?~
a. Unrest grew out of 2011 Arab spring protests, and escalated to armed conflict
after President Bashar al-Assad's government violently repressed protests calling
for his removal. The US backs the rebels because they don't think the
government has a reasonable chance of forming a democracy.
148. What has Russia recently done that has concerned the US?~
a. Russian Hackers have been attempting to penetrate white house in recently
months. There was also a spy ship spotted off the east coast.
149. What has North Korea recently done that has prompted concern by the US? Why
was the US concerned?~
a. North Korea has been conducting nuclear tests and threatening South Korea.

32