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3
Exponential
Functions
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graph an exponential relation, given its equation in sketch graphs of y = af [k(x — d )] + c by applying one
the form y = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1), define this relation or more transformations to the graph of
as the function f (x) = a x, and explain why it is a f (x) = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1), and state the domain and
function range of the transformed functions
determine the value of a power with a rational determine that the equation of a given exponential
exponent function can be expressed using different bases
simplify algebraic expressions containing integer represent an exponential function with an equation,
and rational exponents and evaluate numerical given its graph or its properties
expressions containing integer and rational collect data that can be modelled as an exponential
exponents and rational bases function, from primary sources, using a variety of
determine and describe key properties relating to tools, or from secondary sources, and graph the data
domain and range, intercepts, increasing/decreasing identify exponential functions, including those that
intervals, and asymptotes for exponential functions arise from real-world applications involving growth
represented in a variety of ways and decay, given various representations, and explain
distinguish exponential functions from linear and any restrictions that the context places on the
quadratic functions by making comparisons in a domain and range
variety of ways solve problems using given graphs or equations
determine and describe the roles of the parameters of exponential functions arising from a variety of
a, k, d, and c in functions of the form real-world applications by interpreting the graphs
y = af [k(x — d )] + c in terms of transformations on or by substituting values for the exponent into the
the graph of f (x) = a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1) equations
147
Prerequisite Skills
Refer to the Prerequisite Skills Appendix on Zero and Negative Exponents
pages 478 to 495 for examples of the topics and
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The Nature of
Exponential Growth
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Tools Investigate
• coloured tiles or linking
cubes How can you discover the nature of exponential growth?
• grid paper
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or
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Example 1
Model Exponential Growth
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Day Population
0 100 The initial population is 100.
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2 300 3 = 900
3 900 3 = 2700
4 2700 3 = 8100
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Day Population
0 100
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2 2
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4 100 r 34 = 8100
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Tools A: Calculate First and Second Differences for the Population Data in
TM
• TI-Nspire CAS Example 1 on pages 151 to 153
graphing calculator
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Use Technology: Use the Lists and Trace Features on a TI-Nspire™ CAS Graphing Calculator • MHR 159
3.2
Tools Investigate
• graphing calculator
How can you explore exponential decay?
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& Evaluate the cube root in the denominator.
(
T &
(
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Example 2
:kVajViZZVX]ZmegZhh^dc#
T
(
T
T
'
(
T
* ). '
a) - b)-& c)
)
-&
Solution
T
' T
& ' T2 = T1 2
a) -( -( Express the exponent as a product:
3 3
T
& '
-
( Use the power of a power rule.
TT
( ' T1
q
- Write 8 3 as a cube root.
'
'
)
T
*
b) -&)
TTT
) *
q
-&
(* Evaluate the fourth root of 81.
')(
).
(
' Rewrite the power with a positive exponent.
TTT (
q
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).
TTT (
T
qTTT
q
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).
T
.
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,
T
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T
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m n
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Example 3
Apply Exponent Rules
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T
' T
'
x x
a) TT
( ( T T & 'T &' T & ' &
b)y c)*x )x
y ) ( ' '
T
&
x (
Solution
T
' T
'
T
x x
)
a) TT (
x
T
( (
Apply the product rule.
T& T&
(
x (
x
T) T&
x( ( Apply the quotient rule.
T
(
x (
x
T& ' T& ' T& T'
) y
b) y ( y'y
( Apply the power of a power rule.
T( T)
+
y+y Write the exponents with common denominators.
T T
( )
y + + Apply the product rule. Con n ec t i on s
T
&
y + T
1
Note that T1 can also
y 6
T&
T& Express with a positive exponent.
T1
be expressed as 6 __
.
y+ qy
T
& ' T
& T
&
c) *x' )x ' '*x)x ' Apply the power of a power rule.
T
&
' &%%x Apply the product rule.
Solution
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Key Concepts
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TT
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TT m
T
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m n
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i)VhVgVY^XVa
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Step Explanation
T& T& T( T'
x'(x('x x(
'
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T
(T
'
x ' (
T
.T
)
x + +
T
*
x +
T &
T*
x+
A Practise
For help with questions 1 and 2, refer to 4. :kVajViZ#
T
,
T T
T- T
& (
& (
Example 1. a) &+ ) b) '* ' c)
1. :kVajViZZVX]XjWZgddi# T
' T
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T
a) q
(
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d)
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',
q-
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c)
d) Example 3.
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Example 2. 6. H^bea^[n#:megZhhndjgVchlZghjh^c\dcan
3. :kVajViZ# edh^i^kZZmedcZcih#
T
'
T
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p (
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) ) b)
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c) y( ( d) w . )
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T
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'
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l]^X]ZVX]hfjVgZ[VXZ]VhVcVgZVd[ hfjVgZ"XjWZaVl4
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i]Zh^YZaZc\i]!#
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C o nne ct io ns
d) >hi]Z[dgbjaVndjjhZY^ceVgiXi]Z
The square-cube law is important
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in many areas of science. It can
be used to explain why elephants eVgiW4:meaV^cl]ndgl]ncdi#
have a maximum size and why giant
insects cannot possibly exist, except 12. Chapter ProblemDcZd[@ZeaZg»haVlhd[
in science fiction! Why do you think eaVcZiVgnbdi^dchiViZhi]Vii]ZhfjVgZd[
this is so?
Go to the Functions 11 page on the
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McGraw-Hill Ryerson Web site and follow the links to T!^hgZaViZYidi]ZXjWZd[^ihbZVcgVY^Va
Chapter 3 to find out more about the square-cube law Y^hiVcXZ!r![gdbi]Zhjc#I]^hXVcWZ
and its impact on humans and other creatures.
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Properties of
Exponential Functions
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VXgdhhi]ZXVeVX^idgYZXVnhZmedcZci^VaandkZg
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jcYZghiVcY^c\d[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch#
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Tools Investigate
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or exponential function?
• grid paper
or
A: The Effect of b on the Graph of y = abx
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Example 1
Analyse the Graph of an Exponential Function
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a) y) T
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'
b) y (x
Solution
T&'
x
a) y)
2 1 8
T1 y=41
x
3
2 4 2()
4
T1
4 —2 0 2 4x
—4
JhZi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZhid\gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#
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I]Z[jcXi^dc^hYZ[^cZY[dgVaakVajZhd[x#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZYdbV^c^h
px2r#
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I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y %r#
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x"^ciZgXZei#
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I]Z\gVe][Vaahidi]Zg^\]ii]gdj\]dji^ihYdbV^c!hdi]Zy"kVajZh
YZXgZVhZVhi]Zx"kVajZh^cXgZVhZ#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
YZXgZVh^c\dkZg^ihYdbV^c#
6hi]Zx"kVajZh^cXgZVhZ!i]Zy"kVajZh\ZiXadhZgVcYXadhZgid!Wji
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b) y (x
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quickly sketch the graph
py2!y%r# of y = —3—x ? You will
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Section 3.5.
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24 —2 0 2 4x
18 (2, 18)
12
6 (1, 6)
(0, 2)
—2 0 2 4x
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x y
Change in y
0 2
3
1 6
3
2 18
3
3 54
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Solution
a) I]^hZmedcZci^VaYZXVnXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\V[jcXi^dcd[i]Z[dgb
AxA% T
& x !l]ZgZx^hi]Zi^bZ!^c]Va["a^[ZeZg^dYh0 A ^hi]Z
' %
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Start with 200 mg. After every half-life, the amount is reduced by half.
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t #
(
The half-life of this material is 3 days. Therefore, the number of elapsed half-lives at any
given point is the number of days divided by 3.
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Horizontal and Vertical Translations
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b) y(x'
c) y(x&(
Solution
a) y(x) y
x
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2
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2
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x
y=3
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y = 3x
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6
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a) y)'x
b) y')x
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y y
16 16
y = 2(4x)
y = 4x
12 8
8
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4 —8
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y = 4x
16 16
12 12
1 1
8 1
x — x 8 x
y = 42 y=4 2 y = 42
4 4
—4 —2 0 2 4 x —4 —2 0 2 4 x
Solution
HiVgil^i]y'x#>YZci^[ni]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]Vil^aaegdYjXZi]Z
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transformations of GZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^h# 8dbegZhh]dg^odciVaan H]^[ig^\]i(jc^ih
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functions in Chapter 2. &# VcYje*jc^ih#
'
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y'x#Idh]dl XjgkZ^ci]Zx"Vm^hid ]dg^odciVaVcYkZgi^XVa
y''x!XdbegZhh h]dly''x# igVchaVi^dch#
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y y y
16 16 16
y = 22x y = 22x
12 8 8 y = —22(x — 3) + 5
y = 2x
8
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4 —8 —8
y = —22x
—16 —16
—2 0 2 4 x y = —22x
Example 4
Circuit Analysis
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WZ[djcYjh^c\i]Z[dgbjaVIt%#.&&%%#%))t#
a) <gVe]i]^h[jcXi^dcjh^c\\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\n#L]Vi^hi]Z
Veegdeg^ViZYdbV^c[dgi]Z[jcXi^dcbdYZaa^c\i]ZXjggZci4
b) L]Vi^hi]ZXjggZci^ci]ZX^gXj^iV[iZg
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c) 9ZhXg^WZl]Vi^h]VeeZc^c\idi]ZXjggZcidkZgi]ZX]dhZcYdbV^c#
b) i)IdYZiZgb^cZi]ZXjggZciVi'h/
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Key Concepts
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y y
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x
y = b + c, c = 0 0 x
y = bx — d, d = 0
a = —1
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Making Connections:
Tools and Strategies
for Applying
Exponential Models
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Example 1
Construct a Model of Exponential Growth
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gdjcYZYidi]ZcZVgZhiYdaaVg![dg8VcVY^Vch
2002 679
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2003 688
a) 8dchigjXiVcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dcid 2004 702
bdYZai]ZYViV# 2005 725
b) EgZY^Xii]ZVkZgV\Z8VcVY^Vc»hlZZ`an 2006 747
ZVgc^c\h^c'%&%#
c) EgZY^Xil]Zci]ZVkZgV\Z8VcVY^Vcb^\]iZmeZXiidZVgc&%%%eZg
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Solution
Method 1: Use a Graphing Calculator
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 199
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 201
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 203
Te c h n o l o g y Tip b) LinearModel
u To perform a EZg[dgbVa^cZVggZ\gZhh^dcVcYhidgZi]ZZfjVi^dcVhY1#
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lists.
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 205
Key Concepts
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 207
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models • MHR 209
Chapter 3 Review
3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth, 6. :kVajViZ#:megZhhVhV[gVXi^dc^cadlZhi
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( _12 ) ( _15 )
d d
C P55 D P 5 2 8. Match each graph with its corresponding
equation.
_
1
2. What is the value of 4 2 ?
a)
A 2 B _1 C
_1 D
_
1 y
2 2 16 8
3. Which is the correct equation when y 5 5 x
6
is translated 3 units down and 4 units left?
A y 5 5x 4 3 B y 5 5x 4 3 4
C y 5 5x 3 4 D y 5 5x 3 4 2
2 ii) range
iii) equation of the asymptote
—4 —2 0 2 4 x
13. The height, h, of a square-based pyramid
is related to its volume, V, and base side
A y 5 x2
length, b, by the equation h 5 3Vb2. A
B y 5 2x square-based pyramid has a volume of
C y 5 2x 6250 m3 and a base side length of 25 m.
Find its height.
( _12 )
x
D y5
14. The population of Pebble Valley over a
9. a) Sketch the graph of the function period of 5 years is shown.
y52 x–5
3.
Year Population
b) Identify the 0 2000
i) domain 1 2150
ii) range 2 2300
iii) equation of the asymptote 3 2500
4 2700
10. Describe the transformation(s) that map the
5 2950
base function y 5 8x onto each function.
a) y 5 _ (8x)
1 a) Make a scatter plot for this relationship.
b) y 5 84x
3 Do the data appear to be exponential in
c) y 5 –8–x d) y 5 8–3x – 6 nature? Explain your reasoning.
b) Find the equation of the curve of best
11. A radioactive substance with an initial
fit.
mass of 80 mg has a half-life of 2.5 days.
c) Limit the domain of the function so that
a) Write an equation to relate the mass
it accurately models this situation.
remaining to time.
d) Predict the population of Pebble Valley
b) Graph the function. Describe the shape
7 years after the first table entry. State
of the curve.
any assumptions you must make.
c) Limit the domain so that the model
e) How long will it take for the town to
accurately describes the situation.
double in size? State any assumptions
d) Find the amount remaining after you must make.
i) 10 days
ii) 15 days
e) How long will it take for the sample to
decay to 5% of its initial mass?