LNG DISTRIBURION SCHEME AND POLYGENERATION

TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION FOR SUMBA ISLAND DEVELOPMENT

M. Novaldy Sangadji1, Muhammad Perdana Surya2
1
Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Pondok Cina, Depok, Jawa Barat, 16424, Indonesia
2
Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Pondok Cina, Depok, Jawa Barat, 16424, Indonesia
*E-mail: sangadji10@gmail.com, perdanasurya17@gmail.com

Abstract
Nusa Tenggara with two provinces which have electrification ratio of the West Nusa Tenggara
and East Nusa Tenggara regions are 84.11% and 60.82%. Construction of a natural gas power plant will be
carried out by the government in Nusa Tenggara region, supplied in a form of LNG. This research proposes
a solution to maximize conventional gas resource, promoting the domestic use of clean energy and
providing Sumba Island with clean water supply, with an ultimate goal of ensuring everyone has access to
enough clean water and energy in Indonesia. From electricity demand, SSLNG supply chain analysis,
determining clean water demand, and giving recommendation for Nusa Tenggara and Sumba.
The LNG regasification technology uses an Ambient Air Vaporizer (AAV) integrated with a sea
water - freeze desalination technology. The product is 16.5% brine and 83.5% ice water slurry of
approximately 2 kg ice/kg LNG which then be separated and used as clean water. The challenge is to create
distribution scheme for Nusa Tenggara and suitable model of this technology in Sumba island. Simulations
of the project is done using UniSim Design R390.1 and Superpro V.90 process simulator.
The model is believed to be an answer for simultaneous increase of electrification, alternative
clean energy transition and sustainable clean water technology in Sumba Island and rural areas, while
improving life quality and well-being of the people. As a project proposal for Minister of Energy and
Minister of Rural Development, this research is expected to achieve the multiple goals of Sustainable
Development Goals of UN SDG No. 5: Gender Equality, No. 6: Clean Water and Sanitation and No. 7:
Affordable and Clean Energy.

Keywords: Sumba Island, Liquified Natural Gas Distribution, Clean Water Access, LNG Cold Energy
Utilization, Sustainable Development Goals.

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1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Indonesia is one of the largest
Archipelago in Southeast Asia that has up to
17,500 islands. The country's geographical
location makes Indonesia a country with natural
gas reserves totaling 101.2 TCF. Although
natural gas reserves are very large, the use of
fossil fuels is still focused on the use of
petroleum and coal. Both are the most widely
used energy sources in Indonesia because they
are the easiest fuel to be processed and
transported.
In the Electricity Supply Business Plan
(RUPTL 2018) it is stated that the use of
petroleum and coal for electricity generation fuel
will be reduced from the energy mix and
substituted with natural gas which is a more
environmentally friendly fossil fuel. Even though
it has high potential, the problems encountered
regarding the supply chain from natural gas are
transportation because Indonesia is an
archipelagic country with complex geographical
conditions, making efforts to transport natural
gas domestically difficult.
Liquefaction is a method of profitable
gas transportation, commercial and mature
technology, the product of processing natural gas
produced is Liquified Natural Gas (LNG).
Obstacles to using LNG in Indonesia are the lack
of transportation technology and supporting
infrastructure, and the lack of demand for
domestic use. Overcoming these issues in
Indonesia, using small scale LNG distribution
method can be one of the best solution available.
Assessment of distribution scheme for small
scale LNG is also needed, for application in
Indonesia.
One important technology for LNG is
regasification which is a technology that can
accommodate the process of converting LNG
back into the gas phase. In the regasification
process, cold energy from LNG has the potential
to be used in many applications, such as in
applications in seawater desalination units, cold
energy can reduce process energy consumption
by up to 50%, this would be utilized as a demand-
based technology by problem mapping.
Government targets PLN to be able to
meet the 100% electrification ratio in Indonesia.
The province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) still
has an electrification ratio of 60.82% in 2019,
with remote villages of Sumba has not yet been
netted. NTT Province is also prone to drought,
resulting in a deficit of clean water periodically.
At the beginning of 2018 the province of NTT
still had a shortage of clean water of up to 1.5
billion cubic meters per year.
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Energy sustainability is achieved
through three pillars of economic, social and
environmental aspects of the project and will be
determined by four aspects, availability,
accessibility, affordability, and acceptability.
Through this project it will ensure natural gas-
based energy access, increase social welfare from
clean water access, using environmentally
friendly technology to ultimately increase the
economic growth of Sumba Island. This project
would also
ensure Sustainable Development Goals of UN
SDG No. 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, No. 7:
Affordable and Clean Energy and No. 5:
Reduced Gender Inequalities.
1.2 Objectives
1. To design alternative scheme for
SSLNG distribution scheme for Nusa
Tenggara
2. To design and obtain a feasible
integrated LNG regasification unit and
seawater desalination unit to be applied
on the island of Sumba Island.
3. To obtain economic feasibility and
evaluation parameters of the project and
integrated LNG regasification and
freeze seawater desalination units that
are used for suppliers of power plants
and cold energy supplies for seawater
desalination.
1.3 Boundaries of Research
1. The study area of the project is limited
to Sumba Island, NTT Province,
Indonesia and distribution using ship
carrier.
2. Distribution method used for
assessment is milk run method, and Hub
Spoke Method
3. The LNG supply source is assumed
from a liquefaction plant that has been
operating because it is proven to be able
to supply LNG.
4. The supply of LNG needed is based on
electricity needs on the island of Sumba,
East Nusa Tenggara Province,
Indonesia.
5. The location of the regasification unit is
adjusted to the plans made in the
Indonesia Natural Gas Balance 2018 -
2027
6. The power plant which is assumed to be
a power plant that has been operating, is
being built or is still in the planning
stage of the 2018 - 2027 RUPTL.
7. Determination of operating conditions
and mass and energy balance will be
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 tested using UniSim Design R390.1 and
Superpro V9.0 process simulator.

2 Theory
2.1 RUPTL Plan and Demand Analysis
The data needed for the research are
based on 2 aspects which are electricity demand
and clean water demand. Both are analyzed to be (Source: DirJen PU-PR, 1950)
demand data basis for calculation of LNG
The estimate which are chosen for the calculation
requirement and clean water requirement. The
is taken from the maximum consumption based
data would be projected each day for the resident on the classification of “Unit Sambungan Rumah
use. (SR)” is stated to be up to 150 liter/person/day
and hydrant consumption up to 40
2.1.1 Electricity Demand for Nusa Tenggara liter/person/day. The estimation for clean water
Based on RUPTL 2018-2027, For demands adds both classification and uses the
reducing the use of fossil fuel in power plant, Equation below for clean water demand
government will develop natural gas power plant
to electrify Nusa Tenggara. The construction of Clean Water Demand (Liter/Day) =
natural gas power plant planned by the Clean Water Consumption (SR Demands +
government is listed below; Hydrant Demands) (Liter/Person/Day) x
Number of Population (Person) (1)
Table 1. Electricity Demand RUPTL
Capacity 2.2 Small Scale LNG (SSLNG)
System Location (MW) Small Scale LNG (SSLNG) is a natural
Nusa Tenggara Barat gas production through a facility which
Sumbawa Bima Sumbawa 80
Sumbawa Bima Bima 50 production is under 1 Million Tons per Annum
Lombok Lombok Peaker 250 (MTPA). The process of transporting the
Lombok MPP Sambelia 30
SSLNG, the volume of LNG that can be
Sumbawa Bima Bima 2 30
Nusa Tenggara Timur transported via SSLNG is limited 30,000 m3
Flores MPP Flores 50 (IGU, 2014). SSLNG is very suitable to be
Flores Maumere 40
Timor Kupang Peaker+Kupang 2 90
applied in areas where supply or demand is in
Sumba Waingapu 10 remote areas and it is difficult to distribute
Rote Rote 5 natural gas through pipes. Showed below is a
Lembata Lembata 5
Kalabahi Alor 10
picture of a conventional business scheme
Timor Timor 1 40 compared to a small-scale LNG business scheme.
Sumba Waitabula 20
(Source: RUPTL 2018-2027)

2.1.2 Clean Water Demand for Sumba

Clean water access is one of the
challenges faced by Sumba Island’s population.
The clean water access is comprised from an
estimation based on the research data done by
Indonesia’s General Director of Public
Employment & Public Housing (DirJen PU-PR)
in 1950. Their research estimates the clean water
demand with classification based on the number
of residents in the Sumba Island. Sumba Island is
classified as “Kota Besar” with population
between 500,000 – 1,000,000 people living in the
island. Therefore, the clean water estimation Figure 1. Small Scale LNG Configuration
based on the Table below (Source: International Gas Union, 2014)
Table 2. Clean Water Demand for The Island

2.3 Distribution Method for Small Scale

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 Distribution of LNG has a variety of point A shows the condition of the seawater
methods, either using Iso-Tank using a truck or cooled to reach the ice line, at this point the
using a ship. The distribution using iso-tanks nucleus aggregates and the crystals are separated
truck is carried out mostly for the LNG from the liquid solution and cooled further to the
distribution with the condition of the mainland eutectic point
geographical area and already has adequate road
infrastructure. A different method of using ships
is very suitable for distribution with the
geographical conditions of islands or the link
between one island and another is the sea. There
are two well-known methods of distribution
patterns that can be used for the needs of
numerous scattered demand places, namely
Milk-run and Hub and Spoke.
• Milk-Run Figure 2. Freeze Desalination Theory
The logistic model of Milk-Run is a method of (Source: Kalista et al., 2018)
plotting a ship's route from a gas source to be able
to supply to several destinations that require 3. Application
LNG according to the needs and storage capacity 3.1 SSLNG Distribution Scheme
around with the same or regular schedule Based on SSLNG Hub Spoke and Milk
• Hub and Smoke Run Distribution method, listed below are
The model of hub and smoke distribution is a distribution scheme that can be use for
method of plotting routes and schedules from one transporting LNG to Nusa Tenggara
or many gas sources to many destination points
Table 2. Distribution Method Scenarios
where the gas is transported by a larger vessel to
NO Kilang Skenario Metode Distribusi
the hub port where LNG can be stored for further 1 A Milk Run 1 Cluster
shipping to smaller satellites by boats smaller 2 B Milk Run 2 Cluster
size according to the needs of each location 3 Bontang C Hub and Spoke
(Festen-Purohit, 2009). 4 D Hub and Milk Run 1 Cluster
5 E Hub and Milk Run 2 Cluster
6 F Milk Run 1 Cluster
2.4 LNG Cold Energy Utilization
𝑘𝐽 7 G Milk Run 2 Cluster
Around 370 𝑘𝑔 /𝑠 of cold energy is 8 Tangguh H Hub and Spoke
released during LNG regasification and usually 9 I Hub and Milk Run 1 Cluster
considered as waste energy. LNG cold energy 10 J Hub and Milk Run 2 Cluster
can be utilized for energy source of various
process, one of which is seawater desalination.
Freeze Desalination (FD) is one of the methods
of seawater desalination, a technology that can
replace the use of thermal desalination and
membrane desalination into a more efficient
technology (Kalista et al., 2018). FD has several
advantages over other desalination technologies,
such as the ineffectiveness of fouling problems
that often occur in membrane desalination, does
not require chemically intensive pretreatment, Figure 3. Demand Locations
minimizes the effects of scaling and corrosion
compared to thermal desalination operations and 3.2 Process Simulation
thermodynamically requires less energy Based on the primary calculation that
There are 3 stages in the FD process, has been done, the process would be simulated
which include precooling, crystallization and on a process simulator of UniSim Design R390.1
separation. The FD process is very dependent on in a steady state simulation. The simulation uses
nucleation and crystallization of aggregate a fluid package of Peng-Robinson based
molecules that have a temperature driving force calculation that are commonly used for
(Wang et al., 2012). The FD process phase hydrocarbon containing process operations.
diagram can be seen in Figure (1) below, where Concerning detailed solid handling of the process

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would use another process simulator of Superpro Milk Run Scheme for the method of LNG
Design V9.0 with basic Peng-Robinson model distribution.
for compatibility purposes.
4.3 Process Simulation
4. Discussion The process would be simulated on
4.1 Gas and Water Demand UniSim Design R390.1 in a steady state
4.1.1 Gas Demand for Nusa Tenggara simulation. This state would ignore the
Based on electricity capacity of Natural conditions of ORV frosting time as to not
Gas Power Plant, the calculation for gas demand simulating the process in a dynamic state. The
is shown in Table (4). simulation uses a fluid package of Peng-
Robinson EOS based calculation that are
4.1.2 Water Demand for Sumba commonly used for hydrocarbon containing
Using calculation from equation (1), the process operations.
clean water demand is as follows, The aim of the process simulation is to
achieve specific equipment parameters needed
Clean Water Demand (Liter/Day) = for equipment sizing and market analysis
148,787,670 Liter/Day purposes. ORV that are have limitation in their
operation that can’t be operated as continuous.
4.2 Recommendation Distribution This is due to the ice film formed in ORV walls.
Scheme for Nusa Tenggara The operating cycle is 4 – 8 hours with the
The recommendation distribution scheme in interval defrosting time is ½ of frosting it’s
Nusa Tenggara are as follows; frosting time.
Utilizing two different process
Table 5. Scheme Analysis simulators, there are bound to be calculation
error during the simulation process. Results for
NO Source Scheme Distribution Method Distance by Ship Number Ship Used the simulation is shown on the Table (6) below,
1 A Milk Run 1 Cluster 4314 1
2 B Milk Run 2 Cluster 6249 2
where there are operating conditions and
3 Bontang C Hub and Spoke 15364 12 expected results that has been achieved through
4 D Hub and Milk Run 1 Cluster 4659 2 both simulations. Superpro designer could
5 E Hub and Milk Run 2 Cluster 5528 3 partake in calculating TDS (Total Dispersed
6 F Milk Run 1 Cluster 5140 1
7 G Milk Run 2 Cluster 7322 2
Solid) from the input feed simulated.
8 Tangguh H Hub and Spoke 17792 12
9 I Hub and Milk Run 1 Cluster 7087 2
10 J Hub and Milk Run 2 Cluster 7956 3
Based on Scheme analysis above, using
distance covered by ship and number of ships
used, the best distribution scheme for Nusa
Tenggara is Scheme A which is using 1 cluster

Table 4. Gas Demand Distribution

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Figure 4. Normal Regasification Terminal Simulation
Figure 5. Integrated LNG Regasification and Seawater Desalination Process Simulation
Figure 6. Seawater Desalination Using LNG Cold Energy
The aim of the process simulation is to
achieve specific equipment parameters needed for
equipment sizing and market analysis purposes. The
Regasification plant for showing normal regasification
operations, the simulation is shown in Figure (4). For
the integrated LNG regasification plant with seawater
desalination simulation, the ORV simulated must be
substituted with a detailed design heat exchanger so
that the exhaust cooling fluid could be used for the
seawater desalination refrigerant source, this
simulation is shown in Figure (5). The detailed
seawater desalination simulated in Superpro designer
is shown in Figure (6).
The process of freeze desalination simulation
is represented by a freeze-thaw module which freezes
the seawater and the solid particle it contains. The
freezing is set to the saltwater eutectic temperature of
-21.11oC having a freezing rate of 1oC/min with
overall heat transfer of 10502.32 kcal/h-oC. Freezing
utility uses a Chilled Water model which has a similar
temperature to temperature outlet from the vaporizer.
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Slurry mixture then would be object to separation of
slurry ice salts - water mixture which in a research
done Schwartz et al (1969) suggests using counter
wash water in an ice slurry separator. From the
simulation done, maximum TDS removal is
achievable although in real experiment and operation
it may not. Minimum gas produced for the power plant
of Waingapu is 9.73 MW which shows that the project
could contribute to +97% of base electricity demand
from LNG regasification, while clean water
production can suffice up to 88 kg/day/unit. This
shows that LNG could be a continuous source of
energy not only as a peaker in some cases, but also as
base load and follower main source of energy. The
process simulation result is shown in the Table (6)
below;
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Table 5. Process Simulation Specification
Process LNG Regasification Seawater Desalination
Parameter Feed Product Feed Product
Flowrate 5 MMSCFD 4.25 MMSCFD Opt* Opt*
Main Composition 93% CH4 93% CH4 96.5% H2O 100% H2O
Temperature - 160.5 oC 22 oC 25 oC -21.11 oC
Pressure 1 bar 3.9 bar 1 bar 3.7 bar
Heating Value 1178 BTU/SCF 1178 BTU/SCF - -
TDS - - 35185.9 mg solids/L 0
Ice Crystal Production Rate 88 kg/day/unit
Cold Energy Released of 870 kJ/kg LNG
*By simulation, the seawater as feed would be 100% converted without losses as products, water loss needs to be
calculated separately (this research assumes 15% water loss/liter).

5. Conclusion [4] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Provinsi Nusa

Recommendations from this research are: Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2018. Jakarta:
Badan Pusat Statisik. 95, 142, 236 – 246, 250
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of Waingapu is 9.73 MW which shows that liquified gases with operation temperatures
the project could contribute to +97% of base below 0oC and - 165oC. European
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