Book of Abstract PDF

Book of Abstracts
Asian Water Chemistry

Symposium Series
AWC 2015
Symposium on Water
Chemistry and Corrosion
in Nuclear Power Plants in
Asia - 2015
02 - 04 September, 2015
Convention Centre, Anupuram, India
Organized by
Indian Nuclear Society
In association with
Water and Steam Chemistry Division, BARC
DAE Advisory Committee on Steam and Water Chemistry (COSWAC)
Supported by
Indian Society for Radiation and Photochemical Science (ISRAPS)
Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS)
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)
Association of Environmental Analytical Chemistry of India (AEACI)
Foreword
We are happy to host the Asian Water Chemistry Conference entitled ‘Symposium on
Water Chemistry and Corrosion in Nuclear Power Plants in Asia-2015’ (AWC-2015) during
September 02-04, 2015 at the Convention Centre Anupuram, Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu). This is
the first ever Asian Water Chemistry Conference being organized in India. The symposium is
organized jointly by the Indian Nuclear Society (INS), Committee on Steam & Water Chemistry
(COSWAC) of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the Water & Steam Chemistry
Division (WSCD) of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). DAE has attached critical
importance to R&D in water chemistry and corrosion, and WSCD in close association with
COSWAC is contributing to the high standards of water chemistry in Indian nuclear reactors in
accordance with plant safety and regulatory requirements. The organizers of AWC-2015 are
thankful to the Core Committee for giving them the responsibility of organizing this event in India,
thereby providing the Indian researchers, nuclear plant chemists and operators an opportunity to
showcase their R&D work and plant experience.
AWC-2015 has received an overwhelming response from R&D institutes and utilities of
India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China and Germany. Indian participation is drawn from
BARC, Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Bharatiya
Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Heavy Water Board,
Institute of Plasma Research, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advance Technology, M/s Larson &
Toubro, M/s Adani Infra India Ltd, and a few academic institutes. Over 150 delegates including
20 from overseas are expected to participate in the symposium.
AWC-2015 will have 3 plenary talks, 7 invited talks, 23 technical talks and over 50 poster
presentations covering topics of concern to PWR, BWR, PHWR, AHWR and VVER. The abstracts
of these talks/presentations are compiled in this volume and they cover a wide spectrum of issues
such as primary system operating experience, chemistry of boiling water reactor and other
advanced reactor, corrosion of plant materials, decontamination and dose reduction, basic research
in water chemistry steam cycle performance and process water, and issues relating to condenser
cooling water. We are confident that AWC-2015 will provide a useful platform for deliberations
on recent advances and thus focusing in the challenges and opportunities in the area of water
chemistry and corrosion.
We gratefully acknowledge the valuable advice of the Advisory Committee and the
dedicated work of the members of the Symposium Organizing Committee and Local
Organizing Committee. We extend our warm welcome to all the delegates from India and
abroad, and wish them memorable and intellectually satisfying stay over three days of the
symposium.
Dr. B.N. Jagatap

Chairman, Organizing Committee
On behalf of the Organizing and Local Organizing Committees
National Advisory committee
Chairman
Dr. R. K. Sinha, Secretary, DAE
Members
Shri. S. S. Bajaj, Chairman, AERB, Mumbai
Shri. Sekhar Basu, Director, BARC, Mumbai
Dr. P. R. Vasudeva Rao, Director, IGCAR, Kalpakkam
Dr. P. Chellapandi, CMD, BHAVINI, Kalpakkam
Dr. Vijayamohanan K. Pillai, Director, CECRI, Karaikudi
Shri. T. J. Koteeswaran, Station Director, MAPS, Kalpakkam
Dr. M. A. Atmanand, Director, NIOT, Chennai
Dr. B. N. Jagatap, Director, Chemistry Group, BARC, Mumbai
Dr. K. L. Ramakumar, Director, Isotope Group, BARC, Mumbai
Dr. P. K. Vijayan, Director, RDDG, BARC, Mumbai
Dr. J. K. Chakravartty, Director, Materials Group, BARC, Mumbai
Shri. N. Nagaich, ED (CP&CC), NPCIL
Shri Ravindranath, ED (LWR), NPCIL
Shri U.C. Muktibodh, ED (Engg), NPCIL
Dr. T. Jayakumar, Director, MMG, IGCAR, Kalpakkam
Shri. Amitava Roy, Facility Director, BARC-F, Kalpakkam
Dr. Usha Natesan, Director, Centre for Research, Anna University, Chennai
Dr. J. B. Joshi, Homi Bhabha Chair, HBNI, Mumbai
Shri. S. A. Bharadwaj, President, Indian Nuclear Society, Mumbai
Dr. S. K. Apte, HBNI, Mumbai
Dr. R. K. Singh, Secretary, Indian Nuclear Society, Mumbai
Core Committee Representatives
Prof. Yosuke Katsumura, Tokyo University, Japan
Prof. Xinqiang Wu, Key Laboratory of Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Prof. Tsung Kuang Yeh, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
Prof. In Hyoung Rhee, Soonchunhyang University, South Korea
National Organizing committee
Dr. B. N. Jagatap, BARC, Chairman Dr. D. K. Palit, ISRAPS, BARC
Dr. S. Velmurugan, WSCD, Convener Dr. B. S. Panigrahi, FBTR, IGCAR
Dr. S. K. Aggarwal, Retd. AD, RC&I group, BARC Prof. V. S. Raja, IIT-Mumbai
Dr. C. M. Das, BRNS, BARC Shri. A. K. Rajput, RAPS#7&8, NPCIL
Dr. S. Dutta, BARC Shri. R. Ramakrishnan, PRPD, BARCF
Dr. K. Hari Krishna, MAPS, NPCIL Dr. S. Rangarajan, WSCD, BARC-F
Shri. Y. V. Harinath, WSCD, BARC-F (Treasurer) Dr. A. L. Rufus, WSCD, BARC-F
Smt. S. Jayashree, RED, BARC Shri. R. R. Sahaya, NPCIL
Dr. U. Kamachi Mudali, IGCAR Dr. B. Sengupta, NPCIL
Shri. T. V. Krishna Mohan, WSCD, BARC-F Dr. R. S. Sharma, ROMG, BARC
Shri. Mahendra Prasad, AERB Dr. B. Venkatraman, INS, Kalpakkam Branch
Dr. P. K. Mathur, Retd. Head, WSCL Dr. V. P. Venugopalan, WSCD, BARC-F
Dr. D. B. Naik, RPCD, BARC Dr. G. K. Vithal, HWB
Dr. S. V. Narasimhan, Retd. AD, CG, BARC Dr. Vivekanand Kain, MSD, BARC
Prof. E. Natarajan, Anna University
Symposium organisers would like to thank the following organisations
for supporting the Symposium on Water Chemistry and Corrosion in
Nuclear Power Plants in Asia, 2015
September 2 (Day-1)
Symposium on Water Chemistry and Corrosion in Nuclear Power Plants
in Asia–2015, Convention Centre, Anupuram, India
Opening Ceremony 09:30 – 10:00
Inauguration
Plenary Session 10:00 – 11:05
Prof. Yosuke Katsumura, JRIA, Japan,

Plenary Lecture 1 10:00 – 10:30 AWC-102, “Current Situation of Nuclear Power in Japan after
Fukushima Nuclear Accident”
Shri. U. C. Muktibodh, NPCIL, India,
Plenary Lecture 2 10:30 – 11:00 AWC-160 “Chemistry and Corrosion Issues in Indian Nuclear
Power Plants”
Summing up 11:00 – 11:05
Coffee Break/Photo Session 11:05 – 11:20
Session-1 Primary System Operating Experience (PWRs/PHWRs/VVERs) 11: 20– 12:30
Dr. S. V. Narasimhan, BARC (Retd.), India,

Invited Talk 1 11:20 – 11:45 AWC-167 “Chemistry Management in Indian Nuclear
Reactors”
Shri. P. Selvavinayagam, NPCIL, India,

Technical Talk 1 11:45 – 12:05 AWC-118 “Water Chemistry Experiences with VVER’s at
Kudankulam”
Dr. Hee-Sang Shim, KAERI , S. Korea,
Technical Talk 2 12:05 – 12:25 AWC-150 “Prediction Method of Sub-Cooled Nucleate
Boiling on the Nuclear Fuel Cladding in Primary Water
Condition Using Acoustic Emission Technique”
Summing up 12:25 – 12:30
Lunch Break 12:30 – 13:30
Session-2 Boiling Water Reactor / Advanced Reactor Experience 13:30 – 15:00
Smt. Jayasree Sriram, BARC, India,

Invited Talk 2 13:30 – 13:55 AWC-157 “Water Chemistry Features of Advanced Heavy
Water Reactor”
Dr. Kenji Hisamune, JAPC, Japan,
Technical Talk 3 13:55– 14:15 AWC-101 “Approach to Mitigate Intergranular Stress
Corrosion Cracking and Dose Rate Reduction by Water
Chemistry Control in Tokai-2”
Dr. Deepa Papachan, NPCIL, India
Technical Talk 4 14:15 – 14:35 AWC-133, “Fuel Performance Review at Taps 1&2 With
Respect to Reactor Coolant Crud & Alpha Activity”
Dr. Subrata Bera, AERB, India.
Technical Talk 5 14:35 – 14:55 AWC-185, “Iodine Chemistry and Associated Interaction
Under Severe Accident Conditions”
Summing up 14:55 – 15:00
Coffee Break 15:00 – 15:15
Session-3 Corrosion of Plant Materials 15:15 – 17:05
Dr. Vivekanand Kain, BARC, India

Invited Talk 3 15:15 – 15:40 AWC-169, “Correlating Size of Scallops to Single Phase Flow
Accelerated Corrosion in Nuclear Power Plants”
Dr. Helmut Nopper, AREVA, Germany,
Technical Talk 6 15:40– 16:00 AWC-148, “ FAC Surveillance Concept with the Predictive
Code COMSY”
Prof. Yutaka Watanabe, Tohoku Univ., Japan,
Technical Talk 7 16:00– 16:20 AWC-128, “Benchmark Study of Prediction Models for Pipe
Wall Wastage”
Shri. Mahendra Prasad, AERB, India,
Technical Talk 8 16:20 – 16:40 AWC-112, “ Mass Transfer Coefficient Enhancement Factor
in Pipe Bend – 3 Dimensional Analysis”
Dr. Yasuhiro Chimi, JAEA, Japan,
Technical Talk 9 16:40 – 17:00 AWC-113, “Water Radiolysis Effect on IASCC Growth
Behavior in BWR Water Conditions in Highly Irradiated
Austenitic Stainless Steel”
Summing up 17:00 – 17:05
Poster Session 17:05 – 19:00
Cultural Program 19:00 - 20:00

Convention Centre, Anupuram
Dinner 20:00 - 21:30
End of first day
September 3 (Day-2)
Session-4 Decontamination and Dose Reduction 09:00 – 10:10
Dr. S. Velmurugan, BARC, India,

Invited Talk 4 09:00 – 09:25 AWC-166 “Dose Reduction and Decontamination in Indian
Nuclear Power Plant”
Shri. Osamu Shibasaki, Toshiba Corporation,

Technical Talk 10 09:25 – 09:45 Japan, AWC-115 “Co-60 Deposition on Carbon-Steel
Structural Materials after Seawater Infiltration in BWR
Plant”
Shri V. S. Sathyaseelan, BARC, India,

Technical Talk 11 09:45 - 10:05 AWC-162, “High Temperature Decontamination of Stainless
Steel Surfaces”
Summing up 10:05 – 10:10

Session-5 Basic Research 10:25 – 11:35
Prof. Xinqiang Wu, IMR, China,

Invited Talk 5 10:25 – 10:50 AWC-100 "Development Status of Nuclear Power in China
and Some Fundamental Research Progress on PWR Primary
Water Chemistry in China"
Dr. Puspalatha Rajesh, BARC, India,
Technical Talk 12 10:50 – 11:10 AWC-161, “Effect of High Concentration Gadolinium
Nitrate in Reactor Moderator System”
Dr. P. Chandramohan, BARC, India,
Technical Talk 13 11:10 – 11:30 AWC-136, “Cation Distribution in Ferrites and its Effects on
The Chemical Dissolution Behaviour”
Summing up 11:30 – 11:35
Session-6 Steam Cycle Performance and Process Water Systems 11:35-13:05
Dr. Christoph Michael Stiepani, AREVA,

Invited Talk 6 11:35 – 12:00 Germany, AWC-130,“AREVA’s Toolbox for Long-Term
Best Performance and Reliable Operation of Nuclear Steam
Generators”
Dr. K. Ganapathy Subramanian, IGCAR, India,
Technical Talk 14 12:00 – 12:20 AWC -140, “Two Decades of Experience with Steam-Water
Chemistry Maintenance of Fast Breeder Test Reactor”
Dr. P. K. Pal, NPCIL, India,
Technical Talk 15 12:20 – 12:40
AWC-105, “Identification of Boiler Tube Leak in RAPS-2
by Measuring Iodine-134 Activity in Boiler Water Sample of
RAPS Using Gamma Spectrometric Techniques.”
Dr. Meng Jen Chen, Taiwan power company
Technical Talk 16 12:40 – 13:00 Taiwan, AWC-170, “Improve Steam Generator Moisture
Carryover Rate at Maanshan NPS by Cleaning Steam Drum
Internal Sludge ”
Summing up 13:00 – 13:05
Lunch Break 13:05 – 14:00
Session-7 Condenser Cooling Water Issues 14:00 – 15:30
Dr. V. P. Venugopalan, BARC, India,

Invited Talk 7 14:00 – 14:25 AWC-147, “Biofouling Control in Power Plant Cooling
Water Systems: Challenges and Prospects”
Dr.Vinita Vishwakarma, Sathyabama

Technical Talk 17 14:25 – 14:45 University, India, AWC-149, “Nanophase Modified Fly
Ash Concrete with Superior Concrete Properties, Durability
and Biofouling Resistance for Seawater Applications ”
Dr. B. Anandkumar, IGCAR, India,

Technical Talk 18 14:45 – 15:05 AWC-151 “Control of Biofouling on Titanium Condenser
Tubes with The Use of Electroless Copper Plating”
Shri. A. K. Mohanty, IGCAR, India
Technical Talk 19 15:05 – 15:25 AWC-155 “Biofouling Community Pattern on Various
Metallic Surfaces in The Coastal Waters of Kalpakkam,
Southwestern Bay of Bengal ”
Summing up 15:25 – 15:30
Session-8 Future Trends and New Developments 15:45 – 16:55
Dr. Alphonsa Joseph, IPR, India,

Invited Talk 8 15:45 – 16:10 AWC-109 “Plasma Nitrocarburizing Process –A Solution to
Improve Wear and Corrosion Resistance”
Dr. B. Anupkumar, BARC, India,
Technical Talk 20 16:10 – 16:30 AWC-173 “Metal Ion Imprinted Polymers for Effective
Radioactive Waste Segregation in Nuclear Industry”
Shri. Jaymin Gandhi, Adani Infra India Ltd.,
Technical Talk 21 16:30 – 16:50 India, AWC-121, “Environmental Sustainability by
Adoption of Alternate Cooling Media for Condenser
Cooling”
Summing up 16:50 – 16:55
Feedback Session 17:10 – 18:00
Dinner 19:00-21:00 NPCIL Guest House, Kalpakkam
End of Second day
September 4 (Day-3)
Visit to Madras Atomic Power Station and NDDP,
Technical Visit 9:30:12:00
Kalpakkam
Lunch 13:00 :14:00 Convention Centre, Anupuram
End of Technical program
‘DakshinaChitra’ is an exciting cross cultural living museum

Visit to ‘DakshinaChitra’ 14:00:18:00 of art, architecture, lifestyles, crafts and performing arts
of South India. (www.dakshinachitra.net)
S. No. UID Title and Authors P.No
Plenary Session
CURRENT SITUATION OF NUCLEAR POWER IN JAPAN AFTER

1 AWC-102 FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT 1
Yosuke Katsumura
DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER IN CHINA AND

FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRESS ON PWR PRIMARY WATER
2 AWC100 CHEMISTRY IN CHINA 2
Xinqiang Wu, Xiahe Liu, En-Hou Han, Wei Ke, and Yuming Xu
INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PRORAMME AND EXPERIENCE IN

3 AWC-160 WATER CHEMISTRY AND CORROSION -
U.C Mukthibodh
Session –I
CHEMISTRY MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN NUCLEAR REACTORS

1 AWC-167 3
S.V. Narasimhan
WATER CHEMISTRY EXPERIENCES WITH VVERs AT

2 AWC-118 KUDANKULAM 4
D. Rout, T.C. Upadhyay, Ravindranath, P. Selvinayagam and R.S. Sundar
PREDICTION METHOD OF SUB-COOLED NUCLEATE BOILING ON

THE NUCLEAR FUEL CLADDING IN PRIMARY WATER CONDITION
3 AWC-150 USING ACOUSTIC EMISSION TECHNIQUE 5
Hee-Sang Shim, Seung-Heon Baek, Kaige Wu, Deok Hyun Lee and Do Haeng
Hur
Session -II
WATER CHEMISTRY FEATURES OF ADVANCED HEAVY WATER

1 AWC-157 REACTOR 6
Jayasree Sriram, Vivekanad Kain, S.Velmurugan and K.Vijayan
APPROACH TO MITIGATE INTERGRANULAR STRESS CORROSION

CRACKING AND DOSE RATE REDUCTION BY WATER CHEMISTRY
2 AWC-101 7
CONTROL IN TOKAI-2
Kenji Hisamune
FUEL PERFORMANCE REVIEW AT TAPS 1&2 WITH RESPECT TO

3 AWC-133 REACTOR COOLANT CRUD & ALPHA ACTIVITY 8
Deepa Papachan, A.K.Panda and S.M.Maskey
IODINE CHEMISTRY AND ASSOCIATED INTERACTION UNDER

SEVERE ACCIDENT CONDITIONS
4 AWC-185 9
Dhanesh B. Nagrale, Subrata Bera, Anuj Kumar Deo, U. K. Paul, M. Prasad and
A. J. Gaikwad
Session –III
CORRELATING SIZE OF SCALLOPS TO SINGLE PHASE FLOW
ACCELEARATED CORROSION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
1 AWC-169 10
Vivekanand Kain, V. Dubey, S. Roychowdhury, M. Kiran Kumar and D.
K.Barua
FAC SURVEILLANCE CONCEPT WITH THE PREDICTIVE CODE
2 AWC-148 COMSY 11
Helmut Nopper and Andre Zander
BENCHMARK STUDY OF PREDICTION MODELS FOR PIPE WALL
3 AWC-128 WASTAGE 12
Yutaka Watanabe
MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ENHANCEMENT FACTOR IN PIPE
BEND – 3 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
4 AWC-112 13
Mahendra Prasad, P Madasamy, T V Krishnamohan, S Velumurugan,
Arunkumar Sridharan and Avinash J. Gaikwad
WATER RADIOLYSIS EFFECT ON IASCC GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN
BWR WATER CONDITIONS IN HIGHLY IRRADIATED AUSTENITIC
5 AWC-113 STAINLESS STEEL 14
Yasuhiro Chimi, Shigeki Kasahara, Kuniki Hata, Yutaka Nishiyama, Hitoshi
Seto, Kazuhiro Chatani, Yuji Kitsunai and Masato Koshiishi
Session –IV
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO CONTROL RADIATION FIELD
1 AWC-166 AND CORROSION IN PHWRS 15
S.Velmurugan
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD TO LOWER RECONTAMINATION

AFTER CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION BY DEPOSITING Pt
2 AWC-114 NANO PARTICLES 16
Tsuyoshi Ito, Hideyuki Hosokawa, Toshimasa Ohashi, Makoto Nagase,Mizuho
Tsuyuki, Nobuyuki Ota and Motohiro Aizawa
Co-60 DEPOSITION ON CARBON-STEEL STRUCTURAL
MATERIALS AFTER SEAWATER INFILTRATION IN BWR PLANT
3 AWC-115 17
Hiromitsu Inagaki, Osamu Shibasaki, Koji Negishi, Yumi Yaita, Masato
Okamura, Yutaka Uruma, Seiji Yamamoto and Hajime Hirasawa
HIGH TEMPERATURE DECONTAMINATION OF STAINLESS STEEL
SURFACES
4 AWC-162 18
V. S. Sathyaseelan, A. L. Rufus, P. Chandramohan, H. Subramanian and S.
Velmurugan
Session –V
EFFECT OF HIGH CONCENTRATION GADOLINIUM NITRATE IN

1 AWC-161 REACTOR MODERATOR SYSTEM 19
Debasis Mal, Puspalata Rajesh, S. Rangarajan and S. Velmurugan
METAL ION IMPRINTED POLYMERS FOR EFFECTIVE

2 AWC-173 RADIOACTIVE WASTE SEGREGATION IN NUCLEAR INDUSTRY 20
B. Anupkumar
CATION DISTRIBUTION IN FERRITES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE

3 AWC-136 CHEMICAL DISSOLUTION BEHAVIOUR 21
P.Chandramohan, M.P.Srinivasan and S.Velmurugan
Session -VI
AREVA’s TOOLBOX FOR LONG-TERM BEST PERFORMANCE AND

1 AWC-130 RELIABLE OPERATION OF NUCLEAR STEAM GENERATORS 22
Andreas Drexler, Steffen Weiss, Neil Caris and Christoph Stiepani
TWO DECADES OF EXPERIENCE WITH STEAM-WATER CHEMISTRY

2 AWC-140 MAINTENANCE OF FAST BREEDER TEST REACTOR 23
K. Ganapathy Subramanian, A. Suriyanarayanan and B. S. Panigrahi
IDENTIFICATION OF BOILER TUBE LEAK IN RAPS-2 BY MEASURING

IODINE-134 ACTIVITY IN BOILER WATER SAMPLE OF RAPS USING OF
3 AWC-105 24
GAMMA SPECTROMETRIC TECHNIQUES.
P. K. Pal and R. C. Bohra
IMPROVE STEAM GENERATOR MOISTURE CARRYOVER RATE AT
4 AWC-170 MAANSHAN NPS BY CLEANING STEAM DRUM INTERNAL SLUDGE 25
Meng-Jen Chen
Session -VII
BIOFOULING CONTROL IN POWER PLANT COOLING WATER

1 AWC-147 SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS 26
V.P.Venugopalan
NANOPHASE MODIFIED FLY ASH CONCRETE WITH SUPERIOR
CONCRETE PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND BIOFOULING
2 AWC-149 RESISTANCE FOR SEAWATER APPLICATIONS 27
Vinita Vishwakarma, R.P. George U. Sudha, D. Ramachandran, Kalpana Kumari, R.
Preetha, U.Kamachi Mudali and C. S. Pillai
CONTROL OF BIOFOULING ON TITANIUM CONDENSER TUBES WITH
3 AWC-151 THE USE OF ELECTROLESS COPPER PLATING 28
B. Anandkumar, R.P. George, D. Ramachandran and U. Kamachi Mudali
BIOFOULING COMMUNITY PATTERN ON VARIOUS METALLIC
SURFACES IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF KALPAKKAM,
4 AWC-155 29
SOUTHWESTERN BAY OF BENGAL
Gouri Sahu, K.K. Satpathy, A.K.Mohanty and V.K.Bindu
Session –VIII
PLASMA NITROCARBURIZING PROCESS –A SOLUTION TO IMPROVE
1 AWC-109 WEAR AND CORROSION RESISTANCE 30
Alphonsa Joseph, Ghanshyam Jhala and S. Mukherjee
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A NON-CHEMICAL TECHNIQUE FOR

2 AWC-154 FOULING CONTROL 31
Yaw-Ming Chen
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY BY ADOPTION OF ALTERNATE

3 AWC-121 COOLING MEDIA FOR CONDENSER COOLING 32
Jaymin Gandhi and Nilesh Patel
S. No. UID Title and Authors P. No
Poster Session
RADIOLYSIS OF WATER AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
CONDITIONS: A PICOSECOND PULSE RADIOLYSIS EXPERIMENT
1 AWC-103 AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS 33
Yusa Muroya, Tetsuro Yoshida, Yosuke Katsumura, Shinichi Yamashita,
Mingzhang Lin and Takahiro Kozawa
INJECTION OF NANO-PARTICLES IN MITIGATING FLOW

ACCELERATED CORROSION(FAC) DAMAGE IN THE SECONDARY
2 AWC-104 34
SYSTEM OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS(NPPS)
Dong Seok Lim, Hee Kwon Ku and Jae Seon Cho
ADDITION OF OXYGEN IN THE INLET OF RECOMBINER UNIT IN

MODERATOR COVER GAS SYSTEM TO FACILITATE
3 AWC-106 RECOMBINATION OF DEUTERIUM AND OXYGEN TO BRING 35
DEUTERIUM CONCENTRATION IN SAFE LIMITS
P. K. Pal and S. Mukherjee
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN STEAMS BY

ANALYZING SODIUM CONTENT IN STEAM GENERATOR WATER &
STEAMS CONDENSATE OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT USING ION
4 AWC-107 36
CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
BOILER WATER
P.K.Pal and R.C.Bohra
EXPERIENCE ON KKNPP VVER 1000 MWe WATER CHEMISTRY

5 AWC-108 S. Ganesh, S. Selvaraj, M.R. Balasubramanian, P. Selvavinayagam#, Suresh Kumar 37
Pillai,
KINETICS OF DISSOLUTION OF Ni-Cr CONTAINING IRON OXIDES

6 AWC-110 SERIES (NICRXFE2-XO4) IN HMnO4 MEDIUM 38
V. Balaji, P. Chandramohan, Ashish Tiwari, S. Rangarajan and S. Velmurugan
MEASUREMENT OF HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT IN HYDROGENATED

7 AWC-111 LIOH/H3BO3 SOLUTION 39
E. H. Lee, G. G. Lee, D. H. Lee, and D. H. Hur
SEASONAL VARIATION IN TRIHALOMETHANE LEVELS AT

KALPAKKAM AND IN RELATION TO ORGANIC CARBON
8 AWC-116 40
PRECURSORS
R. Rajamohan, V. P. Venugopalan and Usha Natesan
ROLE OF REDUCTANTS IN CONTROL OF CORROSION OF
MATERIALS RELATED TO NUCLEAR REACTORS
9 AWC-117 41
Padma S.Kumar, Sinu Chandran, Puspalata Rajesh, D.Mohan, S.Rangarajan and
S.Velmurugan
IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE OF DM PLANT, SECONDARY
SYSTEMS FOR ACHIEVING CHEMISTRY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
10 AWC-119 42
OF KGS-3&4
B.S.Sahu, P.G.Raichur, M Srinivas and M P Hansora
EXPERIENCE OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR CONTROLLING
11 AWC-120 CORROSION IN IDCT WATER OF KGS 3&4. 43
V.Uday Kumar and B.S.Sahu
ELECTROCHEMICAL PASSIVATION STUDIES OF ZIRCALOY IN
12 AWC-122 PRESENCE OF METAL ION 44
Sinu Chandran, H. Subramanian, N. Sreevidya, S. Rangarajan and S. Velmurugan
Poster Session
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF
GRADE 91 AND RAFM STEELS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
13 AWC-123 45
N Sreevidya, Sinu Chandran, C.R. Das, S. K Albert, S Rangarajan and S
Velmurugan
PERFORMANCE RESTORATION TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED FOR
14 AWC-124 FOULED HEAT EXCHANGER 46
Dipankar Nanda, Babloo Tiwari and R. M. Pandey
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FORMATION IN N2-WATER AND N2-
15 AWC-125 MOISTURE SYSTEMS 47
G.R. Dey and T.N. Das
EVALUATION OF ALUMINUM BRASS COUPONS IN BWR CONDENSATE
16 AWC-126 ENVIRONMENT IN PRESENCE OF METAL 48
K K Bairwa, V S Tripathi, A Kumar and D B NaiK
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF V(HCOO)2•2H2O
17 AWC-127 49
V S Tripathi K K Bairwa1, S N Achary and D B. NaiK
STUDIES ON FAILURE ANALYSIS OF STAINLESS STEEL ION

18 AWC-129 EXCHANGE HOPPER AT NAPS 50
S.K.Upadhyay, Ranjana Kusari, and Brij Mohan
ANTIMONY (Sb) SORPTION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
ON ZIRCALOY, CARBON STEEL (CS) AND MAGNETITE COATED CS
19 AWC-131 (MCS) SURFACES 51
S. J. Keny, B. K. Gokhale, A. G. Kumbhar, Santanu Bera, Saibal Basu and S.
Velmurugan
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY(III) ON CARBON STEEL CORROSION
INHIBITION BY MOLYBDATE IN CITRIC ACID SOLUTION
20 AWC-132 52
Vinit K. Mittal, Y. Raghavendra, Santanu Bera, S. Sumathi, S. Rangarajan, S.V.
Narasimhan and S.Velmurugan
RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE DISCHARGE REDUCTION STRATEGIES
21 AWC-134 AT TAPS 1&2 53
Deepa Papachan, A.K.Panda, S.M.Maskey, M.Joshi, and V.S.Daniel
EVALUATION OF ADVANCED HOT CONDITIONING PROCESS FOR
22 AWC-135 PHWRS 54
P.Chandramohan, M.P.Srinivasan and S.Velmurugan
TREATMENT OF FAST REACTOR LIQUID WASTE-
23 AWC-137 ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD 55
Swapan Kumar Mahato, R. Sudha, P. Muralidaran and S. Anthonysamy
FIXATION OF NUCLEAR WASTE INTO GLASS MATRICES FOR
24 AWC-138 ULTIMATE DISPOSAL 56
G. Hazra, T Das and P. Mitra
ANTIMONY SORPTION PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN – NANO TIO2
25 AWC-139 COMPOSITE BEADS 57
Padala Abdul Nishad, B. Anupkumar and S. Velmurugan
HEAVY METALS-BIOREMEDIATION BY HIGHLY RADIORESISTANT

DEINOCOCCUS RADIODURANS BIOFILM : PROSPECTIVE USE IN
26 AWC-141 58
NUCLEAR REACTOR DECONTAMINATION
Sudhir K. Shukla and T. Subba Rao
OPERATING CONDITIONS INFLUENCE CORROSION OF CARBON

27 AWC-142 STEEL IN A FRESHWATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 59
T. Subba Rao
Poster Session
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MICROBIAL
28 AWC-143 COMMUNITY OF A FRESHWATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 60
P. Balamurugan and T. Subba Rao
MICROFOULING ASSESSMENT AND ITS CONTROL IN A HEAVY
29 AWC-144 WATER PRODUCTION UNIT 61
Rajesh Kumar and T. Subba Rao
CORROSION OF ALLOY D9 IN LIQUID SODIUM

30 AWC-145 62
R. Sudha, K. Chandran, P. Muralidaran and S. Anthonysamy
THREE DECADES OF EXPERIENCE WITH COOLING WATER

31 AWC-146 SYSTEM OF A FAST REACTOR 63
A.Suriyanarayanan and B.S.Panigrahi
WATER TREATMENT WITH CHLORINE: INFLUENCE OF SOURCE
WATER CHARACTERISTICS ON CHLORINATION & CBPS
32 AWC-156 64
FORMATION
R K Padhi, S Subramanian and K K Satpathy
ENTRAINMENT AND IMPINGEMENT OF AQUATIC FAUNA AT

COOLING WATER SYSTEM OF MADRAS ATOMIC POWER STATION
33 AWC-158 65
(MAPS)
S. Barath Kumar, N. P. I. Das and K.K. Satpathy
SURFACE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF

34 AWC-159 NANO ZINC FERRITE COATING ON CARBON STEEL 66
Sumathi Suresh, S. Rangarajan and S velmurugan
EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR HIGH
35 AWC-163 TEMPERATURE DECONTAMINATION APPLICATIONS 67
V. S. Sathyaseelan, A. L. Rufus and S. Velmurugan
DEVELOPMENT OF LEACHING METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
PALLADIUM CATALYST USED IN THE MODERATOR COVER GAS
36 AWC-171 68
CIRCUIT OF MAPS BY ICP-OES
S.Vijayalakshmi and S.Annapoorani
DISSOLUTION OF COBALT METAL POWDER

37 AWC-172 69
V.S.Sathyaseelan, A.L.Rufus and S.Velmurugan
STUDIES WITH ANTI FOULING COATING ON SEAWATER INTAKE

SYSTEM SCREENS OF MAPS
38 AWC-174 70
N.Sankar, V.S.Santhanam, P.Umapathi, K.Hari Krishna, D.Rajendran,
P.S.Murthy and V.P. Venugopalan,
INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY OF PIPE ON FLOW ACCELERATED
CORROSION - A STUDY UNDER NEUTRAL PH CONDITION
39 AWC-175 71
P.Madasamy, M.Mukunthan, P.Chandramohan, T.V.Krishna Mohan, and
S.Velmurugan
EVALUATION OF PLASMA COATED CARBON STEEL TO RESIST
FLOW ACCELERATED CORROSION
40 AWC-176 72
P.Madasamy, J. Alphonsaa,J. Ghanshyam, S. Mukherjee, M.Mukunthan,
P.Chandramohan, T.V.KrishnaMohan, ,E.Natarajan and S.Velmurugan
S. No. UID Title and Authors P. No
Poster Session
PREPARATION AND DISSOLUTION OF URANIUM DIBUTYL

41 AWC-177 PHOSPHATE (U-DBP) 73
M.K.Dhanesh, A.L.Rufus and S.Velmurugan
STUDIES ON GADOLINIUM PRECIPITATION IN MODERATOR

42 AWC-178 SYSTEM OF NUCLEAR REACTOR 74
Akhilesh C Joshi, Puspalata Rajesh, A.L.Rufus and S.Velmurugan
OBSERVATIONS ON THE REMOVAL OF GADOLINIUM FROM

THE MODERATOR SYSTEM OF PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER
43 AWC-179 REACTOR (PHWR) AND ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR 75
(AHWR)
V. Praveena, Padma S.Kumar, A.L.Rufus and S.Velmurugan
CHEMISTRY MANAGEMENT OF GENERATOR STATOR WATER
SYSTEM
44 AWC-180 76
N. Sankar, V.S. Santhanam, S.R. Ayyar, P. Umapathi, P. Jeena, K. Hari
Krishna, D.Rajendran
STUDIES WITH SOLID CHLORINE CHEMICAL FOR
CHLORINATION OF SEA WATER SYSTEMS
45 AWC-181 77
N.Sankar, P.Kumaraswamy, V.S.Santhanam, P.Jeena, K.Hari Krishna and
D.Rajendran,
CORROSION RATE OF CARBON STEEL IN NEUTRON SHIELD
46 AWC-182 TANK WATER 78
R.Ramakrishnan, N.Rathinasamy and K.V.Ravi
OPTIMUM THICKNESS EVALUATION OF ZrO2 COATING ON

47 AWC-183 TYPE 304L STAINLESS STEEL FOR CORROSION PROTECTION 79
Nidhi Garg, Santanu Bera, V. S. Tripathi, Vijay Karki and S. Velmurugan
IODINE REMOVAL IN CONTAINMENT FILTERED VENTING

SYSTEM DURING NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
48 AWC-184 80
SubrataBera, D. B. Nagrale, Anuj Kumar Deo, U. K. Paul, M. Prasad and A.
J. Gaikwad
AN OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH COOLING TOWER
49 AWC-186 WATER SYSTEM IN CHILLING PLANT 81
Manju B Rajan, Ankan Roy and KV Ravi
CONTAINMENT BEHAVIOR DURING MOLTEN CORIUM
CONCRETE INTERACTION
50 AWC-187 82
Anuj Kumar Deo, S. P. Lakshmanan, S. Bera, Balbir K. Singh, P. K.
Baburajan, R. S. Rao, U. K. Paul and A. J. Gaikwad
DEUTERISATION OF MIXED BED ION EXCHANGE RESIN:
KINETICS STUDY
51 AWC-188 83
Satinath Ghosh, M. K. Tripathy, Kajal Dhole, T. Vasudevan, Satyam Shukla
and R. S. Sharma
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON NANO-STRUCTURED COATINGS TO
MIGATE FLOW-ACCELERATED CORROSION OF CARBON
52 AWC-189 84
STEEL PIPING SYSTEM
Seunghyun Kim, Jeong Won Kim and Ji Hyun Kim
Symposium on water chemistry and corrosion in nuclear power plants in Asia-2015
AWC-102
CURRENT SITUATION OF NUCLEAR POWER IN JAPAN
AFTER FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
Yosuke Katsumura
Japan Radioisotope Association
2-28-35 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8941 Japan
*Corresponding author: katsumura@jrias.or.jp
ABSTRACT
On March 11, 2011 we had the Great East Japan Earthquake and induced tsunami,
which attacked the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS). After Fukushima Nuclear
Accident, not only all the power reactors but also all research reactors are out of service over
four years. At the beginning of August a power reactor, Sendai #1, Kyushu Electric Power
Company, restarted the operation for the first time and commercial operation will be approved
after the inspection of start-up at the end of August or the beginning of September.
In this talk, I would like to present briefly the situation of the NPS before and after Fukushima
Nuclear Accident, new regulatory requirements for LWR plants by the Nuclear Regulation
Authority, and current status and future of the Fukushima Daiichi NPS.
Keywords: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident, new requirements, Nuclear Regulatory

Authority, Decommissioning of Fukushima NPS
1
AWC-100
DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER IN CHINA AND
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRESS ON PWR PRIMARY WATER
CHEMISTRY IN CHINA
Xinqiang Wu 1*, Xiahe Liu 1, En-Hou Han 1, Wei Ke 1, Yuming Xu 2
1
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Liaoning Key Laboratory for
Safety and Assessment Technique of Nuclear Materials, Institute of Metal Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
(* Tel: +86-24-23841883; Fax: +86-24-23894149; E-mail: xqwu@imr.ac.cn)
2
China nuclear energy association, 12 Chegongzhuang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing
100037, P.R. China
*Corresponding author: xqwu@imr.ac.cn
Abstract
China's non-fossil fuels are expected to reach 20% in primary energy ratio by 2030. It
is urgent for China to speed up the development of nuclear power to increase energy supply,
reduce gas emissions and optimize resource allocation. Chinese government slowed down
the approval of new nuclear power plant (NPP) projects after Fukushima accident in 2011. At
the end of 2012, the State Council approved the nuclear safety program and adjusted long-
term nuclear power development plan (2011-2020), the new NPPs’ projects have been
restarted. In June 2015, there are 23 operating units in mainland in China with total installed
capacity of about 21.386 GWe; another 26 units are under construction with total installed
capacity of 28.5 GWe. The main type of reactors in operation and under construction in China
is pressurized water reactor (PWR), including the first AP1000 NPPs in the world (units 1 in
Sanmen) and China self-developed Hualong one NPPs (units 5 and 6 in Fuqing). Currently,
China's nuclear power development is facing historic opportunities and also a series of
challenges. One of the most important is the safety and economy of nuclear power.
The optimization of primary water chemistry is one of the most effective ways to minimize
radiation field, mitigate material degradation and maintain fuel performance in PWR NPPs,
which is also a preferred path to achieve both safety and economy for operating NPPs. In
recent years, an increased attention has been paid to fundamental research and engineering
application of PWR primary water chemistry in China. The present talk mainly consists of four
parts: (1) development status of China's nuclear power industry; (2) safety of nuclear power
and operating water chemistry; (3) fundamental research progress on Zn-injected water
chemistry in China; (4) summary and future.
Keywords: China nuclear power, water chemistry, Zn-injection, fundamental research
2
AWC-167
CHEMISTRY MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN NUCLEAR REACTORS
S.V. Narasimhan
(ex) Chairman COSWAC, (Retd.) AD, CG, BARC
*Corresponding author: svn.1948@gmail.com
Abstract
Starting with a couple of BWR, the department of atomic energy in India established
PHWR based reactors of different capacities in quite a good number. Subsequently reactors
of different types like VVER (already operational in Kudankulam), PWRs, AHWR, PFBR are
being pursued vigorously to meet the energy demand and to comply with green power
requirement. From the beginning of nuclear power programme, monitoring, maintaining &
management of good chemistry domain in the cooling water circuits were practiced in a
dedicated manner through the formation of an advisory group which in turn advises the
national regulatory body on chemistry related issues. Enough care was taken to devise a
suitable management model to implement these programmes in a meticulous manner. Over
the years it has worked well not only in enabling the power plants to maintain water chemistry
domain within the allowed specification limits but also in implementing newer techniques and
procedures for enhancing operational safety and efficiency. The paper highlights some of
these aspects.
3
AWC-118
WATER CHEMISTRY EXPERIENCES WITH VVERS AT KUDANKULAM
1
D Rout#, 1T.C. Upadhyay, 1Ravindranath, 2P. Selvinayagam & 2 R.S Sundar
1
Directorate of Operations, NPCIL, Mumbai
2
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Station, Kudankulam
#
Corresponding author: droutnpcil@gmail.com
Abstract
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project-1&2 (KKNPP-1&2) are pressurised water cooled

VVERs of 1000 MW € each. KKNPP-1 is presently on its first cycle of operation and KKNPP-2
is on the advanced stage of commissioning with the successful completion of Hot Functional
tests. Water Chemistry aspects during various phases of commissioning of KKNPP-1 such as
Hot Run, Boric acid flushing, initial fuel Loading (IFL) , First approach to Criticality (FAC) are
discussed. The main objectives of the use of controlled primary water chemistry programme
during the hot functional tests are reviewed. The importance of the relevant water chemistry
parameters were ensured to have the quality of the passive layer formed on the primary
coolant system surfaces.
The operational experiences during the 1st cycle of operation of primary water chemistry,
radioactivity transport and build-up are presented. The operational experience of some VVER
units in the field of the primary water chemistry, radioactivity transport and build-up are
presented as a comparison to VVER at KKNPP. The effects of the initial passivated layer
formed on metal surfaces during hot functional tests, activated corrosion products levels in the
primary coolant under controlled water chemistry regime and the contamination/ radiation
situation are discussed. This report also includes the water chemistry related issues of
secondary water systems.
4
AWC-150
PREDICTION METHOD OF SUB-COOLED NUCLEATE BOILING ON THE
NUCLEAR FUEL CLADDING IN PRIMARY WATER CONDITION USING
ACOUSTIC EMISSION TECHNIQUE
Hee-Sang Shim#, Seung-Heon Baek, Kaige Wu, Deok Hyun Lee, Do Haeng Hur
Division of Nuclear Materials Safety Research, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
(KAERI), Republic of Korea
#
Corresponding Author:
hshim@kaeri.re.kr
Abstract
Axial offset anomaly (AOA), which is defined as a significant negative axial offset
deviation from the predicted nuclear design value, has important operational and economic
consequences. It is well known that AOA is caused by the incorporation of boron within
corrosion product (crud) deposits on the upper span of fuel assembly. Crud depositions are
accelerated when the sub-cooled nucleate boiling (SNB) occurs on the fuel cladding surface
in the primary coolant including sufficient corrosion products. Many researchers have widely
studied a boiling process via various methods such as high-speed video camera and
temperature measurement with thermocouples to understand the crud deposition mechanism
as well as SNB condition. The detection and monitoring of SNB in terms of non-destructive
evaluation is one of promising technique for analyzing the crud deposition mechanism and
AOA phenomenon. In this work, we provided a prediction method of SNB on fuel cladding
using acoustic emission (AE) technique in a simulated primary circuit along with a relationship
between crud deposition and boiling process.
Crud deposition tests were performed in a simulated primary coolant including Ni- and Fe-
EDTA of each 20 ppm at 325oC. The fuel cladding temperature was controlled using an
internal heater in a temperature range of 330oC to 400oC and the boiling process was
investigated using piezoelectric AE sensor coupled with fuel cladding surface. The transition
of boiling process and bubble dynamics were successfully distinguished by AE signals in a
primary coolant condition. In addition, the crud deposition depended on the boiling process in
its properties and amount. These results indicate that the in-situ AE technique can be a
suitable prediction method for SNB in the PWR reactor core.
Keywords: Fuel cladding, Sub-cooled nucleate boiling, Acoustic emission, Crud deposition
5
AWC-157
WATER CHEMISTRY FEATURES OF ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR
Jayasree Srirama#, Vivekanad kainb, S.Velmuruganc and K.Vijayana
a
Reactor Engineering Division, BARC, Mumbai
b
Materials Science Division, BARC, Mumbai
c
Water and Steam Chemistry Division, BARCF, kalpakkam
#
Corresponding Author: jsriram@barc.gov.in
Abstract
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) being designed in India proposes to use
Plutonium and Thorium as fuel. The objective is to extract energy from the uranium-233
formed from Thorium. It is a heavy water moderated and light water cooled tube type boiling
water reactor. It is a natural circulation reactor. Thus, it has got several advanced passive
safety features built into the system. The various watercoolant systems are listed below.
i) Main Heat transport System
ii) Feed water system
iii) Condenser cooling system
iv) Process water system and safety systems
As it is a tube type reactor, the radiolysis control differs from the normal boiling water
reactor. The coolant enters the bottom of the coolant channel, boiling takes place and then
the entire steam water mixture exits the core through the long tail pipes and reaches the
moisture separator. Thus, there is a need to devise methods to protect the tail pipes from
oxidizing water chemistry condition. Similarly, the moderator heavy water coolant chemistry
differs from that of moderator system chemistry of PHWR. The reactivity worth per ppm of
gadolinium and boron are low in comparison to PHWR. As a result, much higher
concentration of neutron poison has to be added for planned shutdown, start up and for
actuating SDS#2. The addition of higher concentration of neutron poison result in higher
radiolytic production of deuterium and oxygen. Their recombination back to heavy water has
to take into account the higher production of these gases. This paper also discusses the
chemistry features of safety systems of AHWR. In addition, the presentation will cover the
chemistry monitoring methodology to be implemented in AHWR.
6
AWC-101
APPROACH TO MITIGATE INTERGRANULAR STRESS CORROSION
CRACKING AND DOSE RATE REDUCTION BY WATER CHEMISTRY CONTROL
IN TOKAI-2
Kenji Hisamune
The Japan Atomic Power Company
1-1, Kanda-Mitoshiro-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo
*Corresponding author: kenji-hisamune@japc.co.jp
Abstract
At the Tokai Daini Power Station (hereinafter Tokai-2; BWR, 1,100MWe, commenced
commercial operation in November 1978), I carried out material replacement and stress
release to maintain the integrity of structure materials. And, I reduced sulfate ion concentration
by improvement of the regenerative method (such as the Advanced Resin Cleaning System;
ARCS) of the condensate demineralizer ion-exchange resin to mitigate intergranular stress
corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of boiling water reactor (BWR) materials. In addition, I
suppressed reactor water oxide concentration by Hydrogen Water Chemistry during operation
and start up to mitigate IGSCC.
On the other hand, I worked on reduction of feed water iron concentration as the plant
which I did not install a pre-filter in of condensate demineralizer for dose rate reduction. I
improved operational change of condensate demineralizer ion-exchange resin regeneration
and regenerative method (ARCS) for improvement of crud removal efficiency. In this report, I
describe the improvement effect the water chemistry control (such as reduce of reactor water
sulfate ion concentration, reactor water oxide concentration and feed water iron concentration)
that I applied in Tokai-2 until now. In addition, I report dose rate reduction effect by the zinc
injection that started an application recently. And, I introduce the ECP monitoring plan with
the OLNCTM of the application plan in future.
7
AWC-133
FUEL PERFORMANCE REVIEW AT TAPS1&2 WITH RESPECT TO REACTOR
COOLANT CRUD & ALPHA ACTIVITY
Deepa Papachan#, A.K.Panda, S.M.Maskey
Technical Services Section, Tarapur Atomic Power Station 1& 2
#
Corresponding Author: dpapachan@npcil.co.in
Abstract
Tarapur Atomic Power Station -1&2 (TAPS-1&2) consists of twin unit of Boiling Water
Reactors (BWR) in India. The reactors were commissioned during 1969-1970 and their
present rated capacity is 530MWth. Each reactor core has 284 fuel assemblies.Fuel
performance monitoring at TAPS1&2 is carried out throughout the fuel cycle by means of
reactor physics parameters and several radiochemistry parameters e.g. gross gamma activity
level of Iodine isotopes in reactor coolant, fission product noble gases(FPNG mainly Xe and
Kr isotopes) radioactivity and their composition and monitoring of Cesium, Technicium-
Molybdenum, Neptunium activity in reactor coolant. A comparative analysis of all these
parameters helps in identifying the contribution of tramp uranium towards fuel performance,
time of fuel failure occurrence and conjuring the extent of failed fuel growth etc. This feedback
with regard to fuel performance during the fuel cycle not only guides in taking precautionary
measures with respect to activites to be carried out at refueling floor during refueling outage,
but it also increases the confidence level in leaky fuel detection at the end of the fuel cycle
refueling outage by wet sipping method. Fuel Reliability Indicator(FRI) for BWR reactors, as
provided by WANO is based on only the FPNG gases and is calculated for each reactor to
monitor the industry trend at global level with respect to achieving high fuel integrity in spite of
the fact that BWR reactors are of different generations.
Along with the above mentioned fuel performance monitoring parameters and FRI,
another radiochemical parameter which not only gives trend of fuel performance but also the
clean up or filter system performance with respect to removal of failed fuel fragments or
corrosion products is alpha activity of reactor coolant and fuel pool water. This paper compares
the trend of primary coolant and fuel storage pool alpha activity with respect to the FRI trend
of each reactor with an undernote that FRI reporting remains to be on higher side in spite of
zero fuel failure owing to the insufficient deduction of tramp uranium factor from FRI
calculation.
8
AWC-185
IODINE CHEMISTRY AND ASSOCIATED INTERACTION UNDER SEVERE
ACCIDENT CONDITIONS
Dhanesh B. Nagrale#, Subrata Bera, Anuj Kumar Deo, U. K. Paul,
M. Prasad and A. J. Gaikwad
Nuclear Safety Analysis Division, Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Niyamak Bhavan, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094
#
Corresponding author: dbnagrale@aerb.gov.in
Abstract
In a highly improbable severe accident wherein the core cooling is decapicitated or
insufficient could lead to fuel elements melting and fission product release beyond the plant
limits. Nuclear power plants are designed with engineering systems and associated
operational procedures that provide an in-depth defence against such accidents. A good
understanding of iodine behaviour is required for the analysis of severe accident
consequences because Iodine is a major contributor to the potential source term for release
to the environment. Iodine speciation along the transport path from fuel to cooler regions of
heat transport system and into containment should be evaluated using various appropriate
models which leads to prediction of volatile iodine mole fraction, cesium to iodine ratio etc.
The roles of other elements mainly molybdenum, tellurium, uranium and lithium are also
important.
Iodine released from fuel, iodine transport in primary coolant system, reaction with
control rods are important. The behaviour of iodine-bearing particles is governed by aerosol
physics, depletion mechanisms gravitational settling, diffusiophoresis and thermophoresis.
Sorption and desorption of Iodine occurring on containment surface is also of importance. The
presence of gaseous organic compounds, oxidizing compounds on iodine, reactions of
aerosol Iodine with boron and formation of cesium iodide which results in more volatile Iodine
release in containment are important aspects. Water radiolysis products due to presence of
dissolved impurities such as dissolved oxygen, nitrate/nitrite (NO3 /NO2 ) produced by air
radiolysis, trace metal ions such as Fe2+/Fe3+ dissolved from steel surfaces, chloride ions
coming from the pyrolysis/radiolysis of polyvinyl material from cables and organic impurities
(RH) from painted surfaces and polymers also important and all above mentioned
phenomenon should be considered while calculating iodine released inside and outside
containment. Other important aspects which needs attention are re-suspension from iodine
loaded surfaces, coupling of thermal-hydraulics with iodine chemistry, temperature, relative
humidity and steam condensation and its influence on the re-suspension rates, condensing
conditions, etc.
The released Iodine from containment is allowed to pass through containment filtration
venting system (CFVS). CFVS consists of venturi scrubber and a scrubber tank. The scrubber
tank which is dosed with NaOH, NaS2O3 where iodine will react with the chemicals and
converts into NaI and Na2SO4. This paper elaborates about all above mentioned present status
and issues with respect to iodine chemistry and its behaviour during accident.
Keywords: Iodine, Volatile Iodine, Impurities, Organic and non-organic Iodine
9
AWC-169
CORRELATING SIZE OF SCALLOPS TO SINGLE PHASE FLOW
ACCELEARATED CORROSION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Vivekanand Kain, V. Dubey, S. Roychowdhury, M. Kiran Kumar and D. K. Barua1
Materials Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd., Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
#
Corresponding author:
Abstract
A comprehensive thinning monitoring program is in place for all the components of
high energy portions of secondary cycle systems of Indian nuclear power plants since 2006.
This program is based on initially establishing a baseline thickness data by extensive
ultrasonic examination on the components and then periodic thickness measurements to
establish thinning and flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) rates. In this extensive thinning
monitoring program, it has been observed that in a few cases the thinning are not by FAC
degradation. This program has also identified components that are more prone to FAC and
exhibit much higher FAC rates. These components are the focus of implementation of FAC
thinning control measures e.g. change of material or change in piping layout/geometry to
reduce flow rate/turbulence hence FAC. The extensive thickness monitoring data collected
during FAC monitoring from various power plants provided an oppourtunity to correlate the
size of scallops with the single phase FAC thinning rates. The extensive database thus
developed indicates a broad trend. More specific measurements in different ranges of scallop
sizes and FAC rates would be added to have a comprehensive database. Thus this provides
an oppourtunity to establish FAC rate from the examination of the scallop pattern on the inner
surface of the FAC affected component. This would be a very promising approach to confirm
the FAC rate measured by ultrasonic examination. Specific case studies with emphasis on
scallop patterns developed on cases of components showing low and high FAC rates are
covered. A selective case would be highlighted to emphasise that factors other than FAC also
lead to thinning.
10
AWC-148
FAC SURVEILLANCE CONCEPT WITH THE PREDICTIVE CODE COMSY
Helmut Nopper*, Andre Zander
AREVA GmbH Paul Gossen Str. 100, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
*Corresponding Author: Helmut.Nopper@Areva.com
Abstract
Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) has become a major safety issue for operators of
NPPs. Experience shows, that severe wall thinning may cause spontaneously occurring pipe
ruptures. It is therefore necessary to develop efficient surveillance concepts for wall thinning
of piping,
vessels and mechanical equipment. Wall tinning is typically caused by flow-induced
degradation mechanisms like FAC, liquid droplet impingement erosion (LDI) and cavitation
erosion (CE). Areas suffering from such wall thinning effects are difficult to locate, as these
degradation mechanisms occur only locally for steel components operated under specific
conditions of flow, water chemistry and temperatures.
The reliable identification of system areas sensitive to wall thinning calls for a
comprehensive plant-wide strategy, considering the possible superposition of different
degradation mechanisms. The COMSY software supports this activity by providing the
predictive capability to calculate degradation rates and the functionality to analyze the relevant
operating conditions. Water chemical conditions are analyzed in each system and sub-system
in respect to e.g. pH- values or oxygen concentrations and thermal hydraulic operation
conditions are characterized for typical load cases experienced during plant service. Based on
these evaluations a degradation potential can be quantified using predictive models. Based on
these evaluations the inspection program can be optimized by focusing activities on
degradation sensitive areas.
An integrated inspection data management function ensures information feedback
from inspection activities. Inspection data is systematically evaluated and used to further
optimize service life predictions over the life cycle of the component.
This strategy is designed to provide a comprehensive, long-term surveillance of the
integrity of mechanical components. The computerized monitoring and lifetime surveillance
system provided by AREVA makes it possible to keep a lifetime consumption record as a basis
for safe operation and efficient maintenance and repair strategies.
11
AWC-128
BENCHMARK STUDY OF PREDICTION MODELS FOR PIPE WALL WASTAGE
Yutaka Watanabe
Tohoku University
Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
#
Corresponding Author: yutaka.watanabe@qse.tohoku.ac.jp
Abstract
The research committee for studying pipe-wall-thinning management was established
in The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSEM) in Year 2008. Since then, the research
committee has been gathering and investigating technical information on flow induced pipe
wall wastage. As one of the core activities of the pipe-wall-thinning research committee,
“working group for prediction methods” has been set up and prediction models of pipe-wall
thinning have been reviewed in terms of their characteristics in prediction and required
specification to be used in pipe-wall-thinning management. A few prediction models of flow-
accelerated corrosion (FAC) and liquid droplet impingement erosion (LDI) have been reviewed
by comparing the predictions to experimental data and plant inspection data. This paper
describes the procedures and result status of the benchmark examinations.
12
AWC-112
MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ENHANCEMENT FACTOR IN PIPE BEND – 3
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Mahendra Prasad1*, P Madasamy2, T V Krishnamohan 2, S Velumurugan2, Arunkumar
Sridharan3, Avinash J.Gaikwad1
1
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai, India
2
WSCD, BARCF, Kalpakkam, India
3
IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
#
Corresponding author: mprasad@aerb.gov.in
Abstract
Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) has plagued the power industry since long time.
The high velocity fluid at elevated temperatures is used for process requirements which
causes FAC in straight pipes exhibiting non-uniform corrosion and this is enhanced for junction
such as bends, orifices etc. Mass transfer coefficient (MTC) changes from its base value in
straight pipe (with same fluid parameters) for flow in bends, orifiec etc due to gross disturbance
of the velocity profile. Since MTC is related to wall thinning, its relative increase or decrease
is important to estimate for spatial degradation prediction. In this paper, computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried for 58o bend angle and 2D bend radius circular pipe
in three dimensions. Turbulent model K-ω with shear stress transport is found to perform well
for domain with geometric changes and this was the model for simulation. Since mass tranfer
boundary layer (MTBL) thickness δmtbl is related to the Schmidt number (Sc) and hydrodynamic
boundary layer thicknessd δh, as δmtbl ~ δh/(Sc1/3), MTBL is significantly smaller than δh and
hence boundary layer meshing was carried out deep into δmtbl. The simulation is related to an
experiment carried out for 58o bend angle and 2D bend radius circular carbon steel pipe
carrying water at 120oC under neutral pH conditions to determine the wall thinning at few
extrados locations. Uniform velocity was applied at the inlet. The flow velocity was 5 m/s at
room temperature. The ratio of the mass transfer coefficient at such locations to the straight
pipe coefficient (MTCR) is determined through simulation. As seen in literature, since the
dependence of MTCR on Re and Sc is not as strong as compared to pipe bend angle and
bend radius, CFD simulation at lower temperature is sufficient to get approximate MTC in
bends. The MTC increased in the extrados of the bend towards the outlet.
Key Words: Flow Accelerated Corrosion, Mass Transfer Coefficient, Turbulent Flow, Mass
Transfer Boundary Layer
13
AWC-113
WATER RADIOLYSIS EFFECT ON IASCC GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN BWR
WATER CONDITIONS IN HIGHLY IRRADIATED AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
STEEL
Yasuhiro Chimi1,#, Shigeki Kasahara1, Kuniki Hata1, Yutaka Nishiyama1,
Hitoshi Seto2, Kazuhiro Chatani2, Yuji Kitsunai2, Masato Koshiishi2
1
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA),
2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, JAPAN
2
Nippon Nuclear Fuel Development,
2163 Narita-cho, Oarai-machi, Higashi-Ibaraki-gun, Ibaraki 311-1313, JAPAN
#
Corresponding author: chimi.yasuhiro@jaea.go.jp
Abstract
For study of water radiolysis effect caused by gamma-rays from radioactive material
on irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) growth behavior, crack growth tests
in highly irradiated austenitic stainless steel are performed in simulated BWR water conditions
(at ~563 K). The compact tension (CT) specimens made of 316L stainless steels are irradiated
with neutrons up to ~12 dpa in the Japan Materials Testing Reactor (JMTR). Post-irradiation
annealing at 973 K for 1 hour is applied to one of the specimens, which shows the recovery of
material properties corresponding to the unirradiated ones but the radioactivity of highly
irradiated material as it is. The gamma-ray absorbed dose rate in water is calculated near the
crack tip of the CT specimen, and the stable concentrations of H2O2, O2 and H2 in water near
the crack tip are estimated by radiolysis calculation for some feedwater conditions of normal
water chemistry (NWC), deaerated water and hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). The
preliminary results of the crack growth rate (CGR) for the highly irradiated specimens and the
annealed specimen are presented, and the relationship between the CGRs and the water
chemistry such as the concentrations of radiolytic species and the electrochemical corrosion
potential (ECP) is discussed.
14
AWC-166
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO CONTROL RADIATION FIELD AND
CORROSION IN PHWRS
S.Velmurugan
Water and Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam – 603 102
Tamilnadu, INDIA
Corresponding author: svelu@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) is the mainstay of Indian Nuclear Power
Program. There are 18 PHWRs (220 MWe & 540 MWe) in operation and 4X700 MWe PHWRs
are under construction. In these reactors, as far as radiation field is concerned, the philosophy
of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is followed. The primary coolant system
chemistry control is given due consideration during operation so that corrosion of structural
material is minimized which in turn controls the radiation field. Development and application
of full system Dilute Chemical Decontamination(DCD) process helped to reduce the radiation
field in MAPS#1&2, RAPS#1&2, NAPS#1&2 and KAPS#1. PHWR being a tube type reactor,
it enables application of full system decontamination to its heavy water primary coolant
system. Significant reduction in radiation field and consequent savings in MANREM could be
achieved. Attempts are being made to understand the problem created by the release of
antimony activities (122Sb and 124Sb) during chemical decontamination and during planned
shutdown.
Passivation as a method to control the radiation field and corrosion is being studied.
Magnesium ion as a passivator to the ferrite filmed structural materials of PHWRs is being
investigated. In addition, as PHWRs uses carbon steel as structural material, the use of
passivation as a method to control flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) is also being studied.
Magnesium ion gets incorporated in the ferrite film formed over carbon steel structural material
and is expected to reduce the solubility of magnetite film thereby the FAC of feeders in
PHWRs.
15
AWC-114
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD TO LOWER RECONTAMINATION AFTER
CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION BY DEPOSITING PT NANO PARTICLES
Tsuyoshi Ito1, Hideyuki Hosokawa1, Toshimasa Ohashi1, Makoto Nagase2,
Mizuho Tsuyuki2, Nobuyuki Ota2, Motohiro Aizawa2
1
Center for Technology Innovation-Energy, Research & Development Group, Hitachi Ltd., 7-
2-1 Omika-cho, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki 319-1221 Japan
2
Hitachi Works, Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd., 3-1-1 Saiwai-cho, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki 317-
0073 Japan
#
Corresponding author: tsuyoshi.ito.jw@hitachi.com
Abstract
Chemical decontamination is an effective method to reduce occupational radiation
exposure in boiling water reactors (BWRs) when carrying out such large-scale tasks as
overhauling primary recirculation pumps. In the chemical decontamination, oxides formed on
the surface of the stainless steel (SS) piping that incorporate the 60Co are dissolved with
reductive and oxidative chemical reagents. The SS base metal of the piping is exposed to
reactor water after the chemical decontamination and the growth rate of the oxide film that
incorporates the 60Co of the piping during plant operation just after the decontamination is
higher than that just before it. Therefore, there is a possibility that the deposition amount of
60
Co on the piping just after decontamination is higher than that just before the chemical
decontamination. Actually, rapid deposition amount increases of 60Co within a few operating
cycles have been observed in some nuclear power plants. Then, we developed the Pt coating
(Pt-C) to lower the recontamination by 60Co after the chemical decontamination. In the Pt-C
process, a Pt layer is formed in an aqueous solution on the SS base metal of the piping using
sodium hexahydroxyplatinate (IV) and hydrazine.
In this study, we confirmed that the suppression effect by the Pt-C toward 60Co
deposition on SS using a 60Co deposition test under hydrogen water chemistry. The deposition
amounts of 60Co which were incorporated in oxides after 1000 h with and without Pt-C process
were about 90 and 10.2 Bq/cm2, respectively. The amount of 60Co deposition with Pt-C is
about 10% that of non-coated specimens.
16
AWC-115
Co-60 DEPOSITION ON CARBON-STEEL STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AFTER
SEAWATER INFILTRATION IN BWR PLANT
Hiromitsu Inagaki1, Osamu Shibasaki2#, Koji Negishi2, Yumi Yaita2,
sato Okamura2, Yutaka Uruma2, Seiji Yamamoto2, Hajime Hirasawa3
1
Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc., 5561, Sakura, Omaezaki, Shizuoka, 437-1695, Japan
2
Toshiba Corporation, 4-1, Ukishima-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0862, Japan
3
Toshiba Corporation, 8 Shinsugita-cho, Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-8523, Japan
#
Corresponding author: osamu.shibasaki@toshiba.co.jp
Abstract
Seawater infiltration occurred during shutdown of the Hamaoka Unit 5 (H-5). Chloride
ion (Cl-) is known to affect the corrosion behavior of carbon steel, and it may change the
properties of the oxide film formed on the surface. Co-60 deposition in high-temperature water
is strongly related to the oxide film properties, and any change in the properties may affect the
Co-60 deposition after the plant is restarted. This paper shows the results of Co-60 deposition
tests of carbon steels under simulated H-5 water conditions. Specimens for the Co-60
deposition tests were prepared in three steps, which simulated the conditions of normal plant
operation, seawater infiltration, and chemical decontamination after the infiltration. The first
step was a prefilming step under Normal Water Condition (NWC). The second step included
two different conditions: seawater infiltration and keeping after infiltration. Prefilmed
specimens were immersed in 450 ppm Cl- diluted artificial seawater at 513 K for 24 hours.
Following that, the specimens were immersed in 50 ppm Cl- diluted artificial seawater at 323
K for 100–500 hours. During the second step, the prefilming oxide (NiFe2O4) flaked off in spots.
In the third step, the oxide remaining on some specimens after the second step was removed
chemically. The three types of prepared specimens, that is, a prefilmed specimen, an exposed
specimen, and an oxide-removed specimen, were used for the Co-60 deposition tests using
0.015 Bq/cm3 Co-60 solution for 500 or 1000 hours under NWC conditions. After the deposition
tests, the Co-60 activity was measured with a Ge detector. From the results of the deposition
test, at the spots where flaking occurred in the second step, only loose hematite was formed,
and generation of a new protective film was not observed. The amount of Co-60 deposited on
the exposed specimen was more than that on the prefilmed and oxide-removed specimens.
The simulated infiltrating conditions inhibited the regeneration of a protective film and caused
an increase in the amount of Co-60 deposited.
Keywords: Co-60, RI deposition, Seawater infiltration, Carbon steel, Chloride ion
17
AWC-162
STUDY ON THE DECONTAMINATION OF 400 SERIES STAINLESS STEEL
SURFACES AND DISSOLUTION OF CHROMIUM SUBSTITUTED NICKEL
FERRITES
V. S. Sathyaseelan, A. L. Rufus, P. Chandramohan, H. Subramanian and
S. Velmurugan#
Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities,
Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu – 603 102, INDIA
#
Corresponding email: vssathya@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Full system decontamination of Primary Heat Transport system (PHT) of Pressurised
Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) is carried out using weak organic acids at about 90 °C.
During this low temperature process, decontamination factors (DFs) achieved on carbon steel
(CS) surface was quite good as it was effective in dissolving magnetite formed on CS surfaces.
However, the DF achieved on stainless steel (SS) and other non- CS surfaces were not that
appreciable as the process was not effective in dissolving Cr and Ni substituted oxides present
on these surfaces. “End fittings” surface was one such area where low DF was achieved. SS-
403 and SS-410 are the material of construction of “End Fittings” and “End Fitting Liners”
respectively. Hence, to develop an effective decontamination process for “End Fittings”
material surfaces, studies were carried out with SS-403 and SS-410 specimens. Passivated
SS-403 and SS-410 surfaces were prepared by exposing the specimens under simulated
PHWR PHT system chemistry conditions. The oxide film was characterised by chemical and
physical techniques such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDX. Three formulations
evaluated for the dissolution of the oxide films formed over these alloys were i) Two-step
process consisting of oxidation and reduction reactions, ii) Dilute Chemical Decontamination
(DCD) and iii) high temperature Process at 160 °C. Material compatibility study also was
carried out in these three formulations. The two-step and high temperature processes could
dissolve the oxide film completely. But, the DCD process could remove only 60%. The two-
step process is time consuming and generates large quantity of waste. Whereas, the high
temperature process is less time consuming and generates only low volume of waste. Hence,
high temperature process is recommended for SS decontamination.
The high temperature process was evaluated for the dissolution of Cr substituted Ni ferrites
also. This type of oxides is formed over SS-300 series alloys. Ni substituted Cr ferrites of
composition NiCr(1-x)Fe(2-x)O4 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1) were prepared by combustion
route, characterised by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Dissolution study of these oxide
powders was carried out in NTA formulation at 160 °C. The formulation was very effective in
dissolving this oxide and the rate of dissolution decreased with the increase in Cr substitution.
18
AWC-161
EFFECT OF HIGH CONCENTRATION GADOLINIUM NITRATE IN REACTOR
MODERATOR SYSTEM
Debasis Mal, Puspalata Rajesh, S. Rangarajan, S. Velmurugan#,
Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARCF, Kalpakkam, India
#
Corresponding Author: svelu@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Gadolinium is used as a neutron poison in nuclear reactors to control the reactivity

because it has high thermal neutron absorption cross section (~49,000 b) and good solubility
in water. Gadolinium nitrate is added with nitric acid to the moderator heavy water and the pH
is maintained in the range of 5.0 to 5.5 to prevent gadolinium precipitation. Usually the
concentration of gadolinium (Gd3+) used is ~15 ppm during the actuation of secondary
shutdown system. In the moderator system of a proposed tube type boiling water nuclear
reactor of Indian origin, a higher concentration (20-400ppm) of soluble neutron poison,
Gd(NO3)3 was proposed to be used in the emergency safety shutdown system. Effect of this
high concentration of gadolinium nitrate in the reactor moderator is evaluated from the angle
of generation of molecular products viz. H2 and H2O2 due to radiolysis. H2 yield was found to
increase linearly with absorbed dose (10 - 100kGy). With increasing Gd concentration there
was increase in H2 yield but the increase was marginal in 100 to 400 ppm range. Both the
initial yield and saturated concentrations of H2O2 (at higher doses) in normal and off - normal
conditions were also estimated. It was observed that the head space provided above the liquid
phase in irradiation zone has a substantial effect on the generation of H2. With decreasing
head space, H2 generation increased and went through a maximum. Production of H2O2 was
also observed to be decreased in case of fully filled samples as compared to the ~60% filled
cases. Radiolysis of Gd(NO3)3 in high purity D2O was carried out to see the isotope effect and
D2 formation was observed to be lowered than H2 for same Gd(NO3)3 concentration solutions
in light water. The above results were discussed in detail in this paper.
19
AWC-173
METAL ION IMPRINTED POLYMERS FOR EFFECTIVE RADIOACTIVE WASTE
SEGREGATION IN NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
Anupkumar Bhaskarapillai
WSCD, Chemistry Group, BARC, Kalpakkam – 603102, India
#
Corresponding author: anup@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Routine decontamination campaigns of nuclear reactors are generally effective in
removing various radionuclides such as cobalt, caesium, etc., and bring down the radiation
field. However, during some of the decontamination campaigns, the radiation field at some
surfaces were seen to have actually gone up. This was found to be due to lack of removal of
antimony isotopes by the regular ion exchange resins used, which subsequently deposited
over out of core surfaces leading to increased radiation field on those surfaces. Thus there
exists a need for efficient antimony removal system. We have earlier reported the synthesis
of nano titania impregnated - epichlorohydrin crosslinked chitosan beads, which were shown
to be capable of complete sorptive removal of antimony from its aqueous solutions of
concentration ranging from 150 ppb to 120 ppm. In this study, in order to understand the
sorption mechanism and to fine tune the bead composition, the effect of crosslinker
concentration used in the synthesis on the swelling and sorption properties of the beads was
investigated in detail. The variation effected significant changes in physical parameters such
as bead diameter, swelling ratio, equilibrium water content, and true wet density. Sorption
capacity, unlike with regular resins, was found to increase with increase in crosslinker amount.
The antimony sorption capacity of the crosslinked beads prepared by crosslinking 0.3 g
uncrosslinked beads with 6.4 mmol epichlorohydrin (crosslinker) was 493 µmol/g. Non-
crosslinked beads showed a capacity of 75 µmol/g, while the crosslinked beads made with
the least amount of crosslinker (0.64 mmol per 0.3 g beads) showed a capacity of 133 µmol/g.
These results indicate the possible involvement of the crosslinker in the sorption
20
AWC-136
CATION DISTRIBUTION IN FERRITES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE CHEMICAL
DISSOLUTION BEHAVIOUR
P.Chandramohan#, M.P.Srinivasan and S.Velmurugan
Radiation and deposit control studies section, Water and steam chemistry division,
Chemistry group BARC, Kalpakkam Tamilnadu-603102
#
Corresponding email: cmohan76@gmail.com, cmohan@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Ferrites are formed on the steel surfaces as a protective corrosion oxide film on the
heat transport surfaces in the water cooled nuclear reactors. These oxides film acts as a host
to many neutron activated corrosion products (ACPs) leading to man-rem problem during the
service maintenance. Understanding of chemical dissolution kinetics of these ferrites is
important aspect in the development of decontamination process with aim of good
decontamination factors. Ferrite shows a cation distribution as a function of parameter like
metal ion substitution, crystallite size and temperature. Change in the cation distribution in
ferrite can effect its dissolution process. The following three ferrites namely
CoFe2O4/ZnFe2O4/MgFe2O4 were studied for its chemical dissolution behaviour as a
function of the cation distribution. CoFe2O4, MgFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 shows an inversion
parameters of 0.95, 0.46 and 0.06 respectively. The above ferrites with different cation
distribution were achieved by the thermal treatment. The variation of cation distribution in
ferrite was monitored/characterised by the Raman spectroscopy. Chemical dissolution of
these ferrites were carried out in NAC formulation. Dissolution process was monitored by the
metal ion dissolution in the solution. Dissolution data was fitted to the following two models
‘Shrinking sphere model’ and ‘Factual chain mechanism model’ to elucidate the kinetic
parameter. We tried to establish correlation between the cation distribution in the ferrite and
80
the dissolution kinetics of ferrites. ZnFe2O4 (‘ ’= ~ 0.06) showed 𝑘𝑜𝑏𝑠(𝐹𝑒) = 1.250x10-3min-1 and
80
ZnFe2O4 (‘ ’= ~ 0.30) showed 𝑘𝑜𝑏𝑠 -3 -1
(𝐹𝑒) = 2.295x10 min , indicating ZnFe2O4 with high
inversion parameter showed higher dissolution rate. Activation energy for the ZnFe2O4 (‘ ’= ~
0.30) and ZnFe2O4 (‘ ’= ~ 0.06) in NAC formulation was 58.4 and 61.5 kJ mol-1 respectively.
CoFe2O4 and MgFe2O4 also showed the dependence of its chemical dissolution behaviour
on the cation distribution. From the above study we could establish effect of cation distribution
on the dissolution kinetic of the ferrites
21
AWC-130
AREVA’S TOOLBOX FOR LONG-TERM BEST PERFORMANCE AND RELIABLE
OPERATION OF NUCLEAR STEAM GENERATORS
Andreas Drexler#, Steffen Weiss, Neil Caris, Christoph Stiepani#
AREVA GmbH, Paul-Gossen-Str. 100, 91052 Erlangen (Germany)
#
Corresponding author: NPP-chemistry@areva.com
Abstract
Long-term integrity and high performance of major plant systems and components are
of uppermost importance for the successful operation of any power plant. The objective of
AREVA’s asset management program is to support operators by minimizing corrosion damage
and performance losses of water-steam cycle systems and components and thereby to
maximize the availability and economic performance of the plant.
AREVA’s experience gathered with water-steam cycle chemistry treatments in more than 40
years yields the conclusion: accumulation of corrosion products in steam generators may
result in local overheating and enrichment of impurities up to critical levels. This can lead to
several degradation phenomena of the structural materials of the steam generators.
Therefore, minimization of corrosion product generation and prevention of deposit
accumulation is the one main goals of water chemistry.
The AREVA approach for long term best performance and reliable plant operation
consists of:
• Control measures (e.g. water chemistry, SG cleanliness “fouling factor”, sampling system
assessment, aging management )
• Corrective measures (e.g. chemical and/or mechanical cleaning, component replacement,
coating)
• Preventive measures (e.g. pH optimization, innovative additives like film forming amines,
technical support for optimized plant operation )
Such asset management program is in principle a closed cycle process. A detailed technical
assessment of the current situation is only a first step. In the subsequent steps appropriate
measures which improve the current status or counteract on identified issues are identified
and applied.
These corrective and/or preventive measures cover a wide range like improvements of water
chemistry treatments, primary and secondary side mechanical and/or chemical cleanings and
changes of the material concept.
This paper describes AREVA’s approach and the according field experiences of this asset
management program.
22
AWC-140
TWO DECADES OF EXPERIENCE WITH STEAM-WATER CHEMISTRY
MAINTENANCE OF FAST BREEDER TEST REACTOR
K.Ganapathysubramanian, A.Suriyanarayanan≠ and B.S.Panigrahi
Reactor Chemistry Section, Reactor Operation and Maintenance Group
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam
#Corresponding author: asnri@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam is a 40 MWt, loop type, sodium
cooled fast reactor. The fission heat generated in the core is extracted by primary sodium
circuit and the thermal energy is transferred to non-radioactive liquid sodium in the secondary
circuit which in turn, heats Once Through-type shell and tube counter current Steam Generator
(OTSG) for producing super heated steam at 480C and 125 kg/cm2. This secondary circuit
is provided to avoid the ingress of hydrogenous materials and pressure surges reaching the
core in the event of SG tube leak. Corrosion related problems are very less in the sodium
circuits due to the absence of electrochemical reaction. The OTSG consists of four modules
each of 12.5 MWt rating. OTSG was chosen due to its higher thermal efficiency and lesser
inventory of steam/water in OTSG as it reduces the severity of sodium-water reaction, in case
of tube leak. From the point of view of corrosion and deposition, the chemistry specifications
are more stringent for OTSG than those of drum type boilers because 100 % conversion of
feed water into steam takes place in OTSG. The chemistry requirements are achieved by
providing ion exchange resin based online condensate polishing to remove ionic and
suspended impurities. Dissolved Oxygen and pH are maintained by all volatile treatment (AVT)
using hydrazine and ammonia respectively. Being a test reactor, a dump condenser with 100
% steam dump facility with cupro-nickel tubes is available for uninterrupted reactor operation
during the non-availability of turbine. Regenerative feed heating by the exhausted steam from
the turbine is also available to stage heaters and deaerator. Efficient water chemistry control
plays important role in minimizing corrosion related failures of steam generator tubes and
ensuring steam generator tube integrity. This paper describes the operational difficulties such
as premature exhaustion of CPU, impurity pick up from the system, silica excursion, online
monitoring and suitable modifications carried out in the circuit for improvement.
23
AWC-105
IDENTIFICATION OF BOILER TUBE LEAK IN RAPS-2 BY MEASURING
IODINE-134 ACTIVITY IN BOILER WATER SAMPLE OF RAPS USING OF
GAMMA SPECTROMETRIC TECHNIQUES.
P. K. Pal# and R. C. Bohra
Rajasthan Atomic power station -1&2, Kota (Rajasthan)
#
Corresponding author: pkpal@npcil.co.in (Fax 01475-242274)
Abstract
The boiler tube made up of Monel-400 of RAPS-2 has failed on few occasions. Due to
the failure of boiler tube the active heavy water enters into boiler and feed water leading to
contamination of radioactivity in secondary water circuit. The identification of boiler tube failure
was done by measuring activity of Iodine-134 in the boiler water sample using gamma
spectrometry using high purity germanium detector. In order t to increase the sensitivity of the
method 5 liters of Boiler water sample was passed through a plastic column containing 40 ml
of anion resin & 10 ml of activated charcoal to capture the isotopes of Iodine in the anion resin.
Samples were collected from all 8 Boilers of RAPS-2. The activity of I-134 was shown only
by Boiler #5. No other boilers showed any activity of I-134. This indicated that Boiler #5 had
leaky tubes. The leaky hairpin of boiler #5 was identified by measuring Tritium, IP & I-131
activity in the riser and down comer of all 10 HXs. On the basis of Trium and IP result, HX-7
was identified as leaky hairpin.
24
AWC-170
IMPROVE STEAM GENERATOR MOISTURE CARRYOVER RATE AT
MAANSHAN NPS BY CLEANING STEAM DRUM INTERNAL SLUDGE
Meng-Jen Chen
Taiwan Power Company Maanshan Nuclear Power Station
#387 nanwan Rd. Hengchung Pingtung Taiwan
Phone: +886 8 8893470~2810 Fax: +886 8 8894817
#
Corresponding author: u254488@taipower.com.tw
Abstract
2013 August Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant commissioned perform steam generator
moisture carryover test (MCO) and get a high rate of both unit. The reported MCO values for
the unit 2 SGs significantly higher and thus more urgent to adress , as the average MCO value
of 0.31% is substantially higher than the design limit and what is considered
acceptable(0.25%) by most turbine vendors. With both unit MCO beyond the design limit, a
plan needs to be developed to determine the cause of these high values(via an inspection of
the steam drum region of the SG , and then develop actions necessary to improved the MCO
rate).
Westinghouse made steam drum inside inspection and report, there is no obvious
regional water separator device degradation phenomena, resulting in MCO phenomenon is
due to sludge accumulation in the dryer equipment bend, causing the dryer device function is
reduced. Maanshan nuclear plant decided using chemical and join some manhand process to
remove sludge in the dryer at NOV-2013 (unit 1EOC-21). Washing steps are as follows:1.
manually remove visible mud inside the steam drum.2. Loose soaked with chemicals and
solvents to wash portion of sludge.3. Low pressure water flush with the bottom of the dryer to
remove loose sludge
Results:
Step 1 manually remove visible mud (SG A: 14kg, B: 16.5kg, C: 19.8kg)
Step2 Chemical dissolve and remove sludge from the steam generator (SG A: 149.8kg, B:
213.9, C: 248.9kg)
Step 3 flush and collect insoluble sludge (SG A: 97.3kg, B: 93 kg, C: 50.1kg)
After steam drum washing process, Maanshan NPS check the photo from micro cameras and
find most of the sludge was remove from the dryer vane pocket, but we still need to perform
MCO test to confirm the result.
25
AWC-147
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONDENSER EFFLUENTS INTO COASTAL
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS: NEED FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING
V. P. Venugopal
Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, India 603102.
#
Corresponding Author: vpv@igcar.gov.in
Abstract:
Electric plants working on the principle of steam-water cycle require large amounts of
water for condenser cooling purpose. Nuclear power plants require, on an average, about 3
m3 cooling water per minute per megawatt of electricity generated. Owning to the scarcity of
large sources of freshwater for cooling, newer power plants, particularly in water-stressed
parts of the world, tend to get located in coastal regions, where they can make use of the
abundant seawater. However, this also poses a problem, in terms of the biofouling potential
of coastal marine environments. Sessile benthic organism, which are generally present as part
of the coastal marine ecosystem, extend their habitat into the cooling water system of the
power plant. It is often observed that massive growth of such fouling organisms may endanger
normal operation of the cooling water system, unless appropriate control measures are
adopted. Presence of calcareous organisms such as mussels and barnacles in the pre-
condenser sections of the power plant is a common sight; but these organisms, when lodged
inside condenser tubes, can not only reduce the heat transfer efficiency but also can cause
localized corrosion and tube leakage, leading of ingress of seawater into the steam-water
system. It is, therefore, important that appropriate control measures are adopted to discourage
the growth of the organisms. However, this needs to be done in an environmentally
sustainable manner, as the cooling water is ultimately discharged back into the sea. The
presentation aims to give and overview of the biofouling problems generally encountered in a
typical tropical coastal power station operating in India and the chemical control measures
adopted and their effectiveness. The talk also throws light on the more recent advances in
biofouling control such as surface modification and use of nanotechnology which, in the
foreseeable future, may provide more lasting and environmentally sustainable solutions.
26
AWC-149
NANOPHASE MODIFIED FLY ASH CONCRETE WITH SUPERIOR CONCRETE
PROPERTIES, DURABILITY AND BIOFOULING RESISTANCE FOR SEAWATER
APPLICATIONS
Vinita Vishwakarmaa#, R.P. Georgeb U. Sudhaa, D. Ramachandrana, Kalpana Kumaric, R.
Preethac, U.Kamachi Mudali b and C. S. Pillaic
a
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600119
b
Corrosion Science and Technology Group, IGCAR, Kalpakkam-603102
c
Civil Engineering Group, IGCAR, Kalpakkam-603102
#
Corresponding Author: vinitavishwakarma1@gmail.com
Abstract
There are many concrete structures in the cooling water system of nuclear power
plants that are exposed to seawater in the form of tanks, pillars and reservoirs. These
structures come in contact with aggressive chlorides and acid producing microbes and
deteriorate by chemical and biological factors. Recently fly ash (FA) concrete has emerged
exhibiting excellent degradation resistance in seawater environments. However some
disadvantages are reported like lesser early strength, higher carbonation and calcium
leaching. This work attempted to modify FA concrete by adding nanoparticles of TiO 2 and
CaCO3 for increased strength and degradation resistance. Four types of concrete and mortar
mix namely fly ash concrete (FA), FA with 2% TiO2 nanoparticles (FAT), FA with 2% CaCO3
nanoparticles and FA with 2% TiO2: CaCO3 nanoparticles were cast and immersed in
seawater for a year. Strength and durability were evaluated using parameters like compressive
strength, split tensile test, Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), half cell potential test
(HCP),carbonation test and pH degradation. Detailed biofilm characterizations were attempted
using microbiological and molecular biology tools to study the antibacterial properties.
Calcium leaching and sulfate attack studies were carried out by laboratory exposure studies.
Using field emission scanning electron microcopy, EDAX and X-ray diffraction technique
(XRD), microstructural properties and chemical phases were identified. All the nanophase
modified FA specimens showed superior properties compared to FA concrete with respect to
strength, carbonation depth, calcium leaching and antibacterial activity. Results are discussed
in detail in the paper.
27
AWC-151
CONTROL OF BIOFOULING ON TITANIUM CONDENSER TUBES WITH THE
USE OF ELECTROLESS COPPER PLATING
B. Anandkumar1, R.P. George1*, D. Ramachandran2, U. Kamachi Mudali1
1
Corrosion Science and Technology Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,
Kalpakkam – 603102, India
2
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Chennai – 600119,
India
*Corresponding author: rani@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
In sea water environments titanium condenser tubes face serious issues of biofouling
and biomineralization. Electroless plating of nanocopper film is attempted inside the tubes for
the control of biofilm formation. Using advanced techniques like AFM, SEM, and XPS,
electroless copper plated flat Ti specimens were characterized. Examination of Cu coated Ti
surfaces using AFM and SEM showed more reduction in the microroughness compared to
anodized Ti surface. Cu 2p3/2 peak in XPS spectral analysis showed the shift in binding energy
inferring the reduction of the hydroxide to metallic copper. Tubular specimens were exposed
to sea water up to three months and withdrawn at monthly intervals to evaluate antibacterial
activity and long term stability of the coating. Total viable counts and epifluorescence
microscopy analyses showed two orders decrease in bacterial counts on copper coated Ti
specimens when compared to as polished control Ti specimens. Molecular biology techniques
like DGGE and protein expression analysis system were done to get insight into the
community diversity and copper tolerance of microorganisms. DGGE gel bands clearly
showed the difference in the bacterial diversity inferring from the 16S rRNA gene fragments
(V3 regions). Protein analysis showed distinct protein spots appearing in electroless copper
coated Ti biofilm protein samples in addition to protein spots common to both the biofilms of
Cu coated and as polished Ti. The results indicated copper accumulating proteins in copper
resistant bacterial species of biofilm. Reduced microroughness of the surface and toxic copper
ions resulted in good biofouling control even after three months exposure to sea water.
28
AWC-155
BIOFOULING COMMUNITY PATTERN ON VARIOUS METALLIC SURFACES IN
THE COASTAL WATERS OF KALPAKKAM, SOUTHWESTERN BAY OF
BENGAL
Gouri Sahu, K.K. Satpathy*, A.K.Mohanty and V.K.Bindu
Environment & Safety Division, EIRSG, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,
Kalpakkam-603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author: satpathy@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Biofouling causes great operational hazard in different marine installations across the
globe. And the expenditure incurred on combating biofouling is astounding. It is reported that
shut down of a 235 MW (e) power station due to fouling, costs about 170 lakhs (at Rs. 3.00
per kw/h) per day. Because of this economic implication, biofouling has been a thrust area of
study for the marine researchers. To assess the biofouling pattern, metallic surfaces are the
best options because of their extensive use at various installations in the marine environment.
Hence, knowledge on qualitative and quantitative aspects of biofouling with respect to metal
surfaces is of great value to design an efficient fouling control strategy. Keeping this in mind,
nine types of metal [SS-316, SS-304, MS, Titanium, Admiralty Brass, Aluminum Brass,
Copper, Monel and Cupro-nickel] panels (12 x 9 x 0.1 cm) were exposed to coastal water of
Kalpakkam from MAPS jetty at a depth of 2 m below the lowest low tide. Results indicated that
copper based panels were found to be foul-free except monel. Although, fouling settlement
was encountered on monel, the adherence was weak. Non-copper based metals showed
100% area coverage with high population density. However, in case of MS, due to exfoliation
of corrosion deposits, unevenness in fouling colonization at later stages of development took
place, though the early settlement was unaffected by initial corrosion. As expected, Titanium
showed high rate of fouling growth along with high fouling diversity compared to other non-
copper based metals. Absence of specific foulants such as, crustaceans and algae on
Titanium surface reported by others was not observed during our study. The information on
Titanium would be handy for Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) cooling water system
wherein, the same has been selected as condenser and process water heat exchanger
material. For non-copper based alloys including monel the fouling load ranged from 18 to 40
g. 100 cm-2. The major fouling organisms such as, barnacle, green mussel and ascidian
constituted ~ 70-80% of the total fouling. In the present study, sequence of fouling succession
was as follows, barnacle – hydroid - sea anemone – ascidian and finally green mussel (Perna
viridis Linn. 1758). The paper also discusses species diversity indices (diversity, richness and
evenness) in detail.
29
AWC-109
PLASMA NITROCARBURIZING PROCESS –A SOLUTION TO IMPROVE WEAR
AND CORROSION RESISTANCE
Alphonsa Joseph#, Ghanshyam Jhala, and S. Mukherjee
FCIPT, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, INDIA.
#
Corresponding author: alphonsai@yahoo.com, alphonsa@ipr.res.in
Abstract
To prevent wear and corrosion problems in steam turbines, coatings have proved to
have an advantage of isolating the component substrate from the corrosive environment with
minimal changes in turbine material and design. Diffusion based coatings like plasma nitriding
and plasma nitro carburising have been used for improving the wear and corrosion resistance
of components undergoing wear during their operation. In this study plasma nitrocarburising
process was carried out on ferritic alloys like ASTM A182 Grade F22 and ATM A105 alloy
steels and austenitic stainless steels like AISI 304 and AISI 316 which are used to make trim
parts of control valves used for high pressure and high temperature steam lines to enhance
their wear and corrosion resistance properties as shown in Fig. 1. The corrosion rate was
measured by a potentiodynamic set up and salt spray unit in two different environments viz.,
tap water and 5% NaCl solutions. The Tafel plot of ASTM A182 grade F22 steel shows that
plasma nitrocarburising for 6 and 24 hours show better corrosion resistance compared to that
of the untreated steel ( Fig. 2).
Fig. 1: Control valve components mounted Fig. 2: Tafel plot of untreated (UT)
for plasma nitrocarburizing. plasma nitrocarburized F22 steel for 6 (PNC6) and 24 (PNC24)
hours
It was found that after plasma nitrocarburizing process the hardness of the alloy steels
increased by a factor of two. The corrosion resistance of all the steels mentioned above
improved in comparison to the untreated steels. This improvement can be attributed to the
nitrogen and carbon incorporation in the surface of the material. This process can be also
applied to components used in nuclear industries to cater to the wear and corrosion problems.
30
AWC-154
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A NON-CHEMICAL TECHNIQUE FOR FOULING
CONTROL
Yaw-Ming Chen
Industrial Technology Research Institute,
Material and Chemical Research Laboratories,
#
Corresponding Author: 740054YMChen@itri.org.tw
Abstract
In nuclear power plants, fouling occurred in different systems and caused operation
problems. Many factors affect the behavior of fouling. Among them, zeta potential of particles
suspended in a liquid plays an important role in deposition of particles onto surface. In our
work, a non-chemical water treatment based on the effect of zeta potential was tested to verify
its effectiveness to reduce fouling.
31
AWC-121
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY BY ADOPTION OF ALTERNATE
COOLING MEDIA FOR CONDENSER COOLING
Jaymin Gandhi, Nilesh Patel

Adani Infra India Ltd.
Ahmedabad,Gujarat, India.
#
Corresponding author: jaymin.gandhi@adani.com, nilesh.patel@adani.com
Abstract
Water having ability to dissolve most substances and to support biological life, every
cooling water system in power plant is subjected to potential operational problems which are
mainly corrosion, scaling and biological fouling. Control of cooling water chemistry is very
critical in preventing above said problems. In view of scarcity of water and looking into the
future trends in the environment protection, water media can be replaced with air. Having such
concept in thermal & combined cycle power plants, use of Air-cooled condenser(ACC) for
Nuclear power plant may be explored. During last decade number of installations with ACC
also increased, largely in response to the growing attention being paid to environmental
concerns as well of water scarcity. The rising importance of ‘Save Water & Environment’, calls
for a broader understanding of the design and application principles involved for ACC.This
paper identifies the basic configurations of air cooled condensers used in the power industry
together with their merits & demerits when compared to those exhibited by traditional steam
surface condensers including environmental and corrosion issues. Several factors that affect
the performance of air-cooled condensers are described in detail, especially the
consequences that result from the fouling of the finned-tubes. To rectify the degradations in
performance that result from external tube fouling, a number of cleaning procedures are
described. Due to relatively high cost of sweet water and large requirement of sea water, Air
cooled condenser may become viable option in future.
Keywords: Air-cooled Condensers, Environmental aspect
32
AWC-103
RADIOLYSIS OF WATER AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
CONDITIONS: A PICOSECOND PULSE RADIOLYSIS EXPERIMENT AND
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
Yusa Muroya1*, Tetsuro Yoshida1, Yosuke Katsumura2,3, Shinichi Yamashita3,
Mingzhang Lin4, Takahiro Kozawa1
1
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki,
Osaka 567-0047, Japan
2
Japan Radioisotope Association, Honkomagome 2-28-45,
Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8941, Japan
3
School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1,
Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
4
School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of
China, 96 JinZhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
*Corresponding author: muroya@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp
Abstract
Radiolytic products of coolant material (light water) under strong radiation field in RPV
are known to give undesirable effects on nuclear structural materials. Understanding of the
fundamental processes will be of great importance on powerful support to various application
fields in water chemistry. Ionization and excitation of water molecules by ionizing radiations
initiate very fast physical and chemical processes within μs(10-6 s), ns (10-9 s) or even ps (10-
12
s), prior to formation of primary radiolytic species (e-aq, OH, H, H2, H2O2 etc.). Through the
processes, the radiation chemical yields (G-values) are supposed to change dynamically
depending on time and also on temperature. However, because of so high reactivity (short
lifetime), it was difficult to observe experimentally the temporal behaviors (spatially
inhomogeneous reactions, which is called spur diffusion reactions). In this work, the
fundamental processes (G-values of the intermediates and the fast reaction kinetics) of the
radiolysis of water at high temperature and pressure conditions were investigated by a newly
developed ultrafast (picosecond time-resolved) pulse radiolysis system, and also by numerical
analyses such as the Monte-Carlo simulation and the Spur diffusion kinetic model simulation.
33
AWC-104
INJECTION OF NANO-PARTICLES IN MITIGATING FLOW ACCELERATED

CORROSION (FAC) DAMAGE IN THE SECONDARY SYSTEM OF NUCLEAR
POWER PLANTS (NPPS)
Dong Seok Lim#, Hee Kwon Ku, Jae Seon Cho
FNC Tech., Heungdeok IT Valley, Heungdeok 1-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si,
Gyeonggi-do, 446-908, S. Korea
#
Corresponding author: Lds777@fnctech.com
Abstract
NPPs produces electric energy through phase transition of water. According to this, a
piping, which is flow path, integrity is essential for safety functions. Erosion, FAC and fittings
are corrosion failure mechanism by increasing service life. Especially, there are 10-kilometers
of piping in secondary systems. It needs to estimate FAC and apply periodic management.
Iron oxides produced by FAC cause power reduction and Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA)
will be occurred through the continued piping wall thinning. In this study, corrosion rate of pipe
materials with carbon steel(SA106.Gr.B) and low-alloy steel(SA335.P22) was evaluated for
pipe configuration and dissolved oxygen concentration on 150℃, pH 9.5~10.0 and flow
velocity of 5m/s. Temperature of 150℃ is well known that causes high FAC rate and pH
consider a NPPs in-service condition. Further corrosion rate test was performed to develop
FAC reduction technology through Pt-nanoparticle injection.In this study, corrosion rate is
evaluated by weight depletion method. The results of material impact assessment show that
corrosion rate of carbon steel is more higher than that of low-alloy steel because of Cr content.
And also, the results of pipe configuration test show that case with 90° elbow had maximum
wall thinning than with 180° horizontal pipe. The dissolved oxygen concentration test shows
that low oxygen condition, ≤5ppb, had high corrosion rate compared to normal condition and
the corrosion rate decreased 50% at Pt-nanoparticle injection test on maximum corrosion rate
condition compared to maximum wall thinning condition without Ptnanoparticle injection. In
this study, samples provided by each test case had analyzed through SEM-EDS(Scanning
Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) and XRD(X-ray diffractometer).
Behavior evaluation for oxide film was performed and Electrochemical corrosion
potential(ECP) was measured for electrochemistry evaluation. To apply Pt-nanoparticle
injection technology on nuclear power plant, study on injection conditions and methods are
on-going.
Keyword: nuclear power plant, corrosion, flow accelerated corrosion (FAC), pourbaix-
diagram, carbon steel
34
AWC-106
ADDITION OF OXYGEN IN THE INLET OF RECOMBINER UNIT IN
MODERATOR COVER GAS SYSTEM TO FACILITATE RECOMBINATION OF
DEUTERIUM AND OXYGEN TO BRING DEUTERIUM CONCENTRATION IN
SAFE LIMITS
P. K. Pal# and S. Mukherjee2
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station-1&2
PO: Anushakti, Via: Kota, Rajasthan, 323302
2
STE (N), RR Site, Unit-1&2, Kota, Rajasthan
#
Corresponding author: pkpal@npcil.co.in
Abstract
In moderator system of a PHWR, radiolytic decomposition of Heavy Water take place
in the Calandria and D2 and O2 are formed. Since the mixture of D2 & O2 is explosive, there is
a level and various action levels for concentration of Oxygen and deuterium in moderator cover
gas. The maximum percentage limits of deuterium are 4% v/v in presence of Oxygen present
in stoichiometric ratio.
In March -2013, the deuterium concentration in moderator cover gas of RAPS-2 was
increased to 3.0 % v/v and the oxygen concentration was only 0.93% v/v which was much
less than the stoichiometric value (1.5%) . So it was decided to add oxygen in the inlet of
recombiner unit of moderator cover gas system. As in year 1999 there was fire incident in
Dalinton unit #3 due to combustion of EDPM which was used as seat material in the isolating
valve in the inlet of oxygen pressure regulating valve. EDPM has low ignition temp. So Oxygen
addition was not practiced in any other reactors.
Oxygen addition was carried out in RAPS-2 with all precaution and with proper
planning. Initially oxygen was added with very slow rate of 1 SCFH (Standard Cubic Feet per
Hour) intermittently &the process was repeated to see any harmful effect. After qualifying the
procedure, oxygen addition was done for 20 hrs at the rate of 2.5 SCFH and D2 concentration
came down to 1.95 % v/v. This paper will consists of radiolytic decomposition of D 2O. The
qualification plan for O2 addition, the data of moderator cover gas and moderator system
parameters before, during and after Oxygen addition.
35
AWC-107
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN STEAMS BY ANALYZING
SODIUM CONTENT IN STEAM GENERATOR WATER & STEAMS
CONDENSATE OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT USING ION
CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF BOILER
WATER
P.K.Pal# and R.C.Bohra
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station-1&2
PO: Anushakti, Via: Kota, Rajasthan
PIN code: 323302
#
Corresponding author: pkpal@npcil.co.in
Abstract
Dry steam with moisture content less than <1% is the stringent requirements in a steam
generator for good health of the turbine. In order to confirm the same, determination of sodium
is done in steam generator water and steam condensate using Ion Chromatographic
techniques.
Depending on the carryover of sodium in steam along with the water droplet (moisture),
the moisture content in steam was calculated and was found to be < 1%, which is the
requirements of the system. The paper described the salient feature of a PHWR, principle of
Ion chromatography, chemistry parameters of Steam Generator and calculation of Moisture
content in steam on the basis of sodium analysis at different boiler levels. The moisture content
in steam increases with Boiler levels. So for smooth operation of Turbine an optimum level of
50 cm was selected for RAPS-2.
In the abstract of the paper is accepted, please acknowledge the same such that the
actual paper can be sent for publication in time. Please give the e mail id for easy and quick
communication.
36
AWC-108
EXPERIENCE ON KKNPP VVER 1000 MWE WATER CHEMISTRY
S. Ganesh, S. Selvaraj, M.R. Balasubramanian, P. Selvavinayagam#, Suresh Kumar Pillai,

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project, Tirunelveli Dist, Tamil Nadu- 627120
#
Corresponding author: selva@kknpp.com
ABSTRACT:
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project consists of pressurized water reactor (VVER) 2 x 1000
MWe
constructed in collaboration w*ith Russian Federation at Kudankulam In Tirunelveli District,
Tamilnadu. Unit #1 attained criticality on July 13th 2013 and the unit was synchronized to grid
on 22nd October 2013.This paper highlights experience gained on water chemistry regime for
primary and secondary circuit.
Primary Circuit:
Primary circuit is a weekly Alkaline, reducing, Ammonia and Potassium water
chemistry coordinated with Boric Acid.
The structural material of reactor pressure vessel is low alloy steel 15X2HMФA (C‐
0.15%, Cr‐2%,Ni‐1%, Mo‐ <1.0%, V‐<1.0%) cladded with austenitic stainless steel
08X18H10T (C‐0.08%, Cr‐18%, Ni‐10.0%, Ti‐ <1.0%). The other pipelines are low alloy steel
cladded with austenitic stainless steel.
One of the special features in the primary circuit of KKNPP is that four high temperature
titanium filters are connected across reactor coolant pump to remove undissolved activated
corrosion impurities. KOH is added as an alkalizing agent instead of LiOH to maintain pH in
the primary circuit. This is being carried out to prevent tritium build up in the primary circuit.
Ammonia is being added to maintain the dissolved oxygen and dissolved hydrogen to maintain
reducing condition in the primary circuit. The control parameters and diagnostic parameters
stipulated in the design are to ensure the design service life of the primary system equipments,
low radiation build up on the out of core surfaces, minimum deposition and oxidation on the
fuel clad. The experience on water chemistry of primary circuit is elaborated in this paper.
Secondary Circuit:
The structural material of SG body and collectors is of low alloy steel (perilitic class
steel) 10GH2MΦA (C‐0.1%, Ni‐2%, Mo‐<1.0%, V‐<1.0%). Collectors are cladded internally
with corrosion resistant austenitic stainless steel. Steam Generator, Low and high Pressure
heater tubes are made of austenitic stainless steel, 08X18H10T (C‐0.08%, Cr‐18%,Ni‐
10.0%,Ti‐ <1.0%). Steam Generators are horizontal which is unique in KKNPP provide
saturated steam with very low moisture carry over. Online Cationic conductivity
measurement to find out trace level impurity ingress into condensate system is also an unique
feature in KKNPP. Secondary circuit pH and low dissolved oxygen is maintained by addition
of ammonia and hydrazine hydrate respectively. The main objective of secondary water
chemistry is to minimize the deposition and corrosion of the SG tube which is 3rd barrier in
the defense in depth. Full flow condensate polishing unit and continuous SG blow down
purification systems ensures the secondary water chemistry. The experience on water
chemistry of secondary circuit is also elaborated in this paper.
37
AWC-110
KINETICS OF DISSOLUTION OF NI-CR CONTAINING IRON OXIDES SERIES
(NICRXFE2-XO4) IN HMNO4 MEDIUM
V. Balaji a, P. Chandramohan a, Ashish Tiwari b S. Rangarajan a, S. Velmurugana#
a
Water And Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam - 603102, India
b
Chemistry Division, Trombay - 400085, India
#
Abstract
The oxide film formed on steels in water–cooled nuclear reactors, has a duplex layer
structure with an inner and outer layer of different composition and different microstructure.
The films formed under Hydrogen Water Chemistry (HWC) are considerably thinner than those
formed under Normal Water Chemistry (NWC). Ni-Cr ferrite is one of the important corrosion
products formed on the structural material of steels in water–cooled nuclear reactors. The
increase of chromium in the inner layers enhances the stability of the oxide. The dissolution
of mixed oxides is considerable importance in terms of reducing radiation fields. In order to
understand the mechanistic aspects of decontamination, a series of chromium substituted
nickel ferrites with chemical composition NiCrxFe2.0-xO4 (0  x  2.0 in steps of 0.2) were
prepared through sol-gel combustion route using different amounts of metal nitrates and
urea/citric acid as the starting materials. The oxide precursors were annealed at 773 ± 5K for
4 h. The XRD and Raman patterns indicated that the synthesized oxides have single-phase
spinel structure with crystallites in nano-size range. The oxidative dissolution of Ni-Cr ferrites
were carried out in 3.0 mM HMnO4 medium at 363 ± 5K as a function of chromium substitution
in the lattice. The rate constants were determined using both inverse cubic rate law and a
general kinetic rate law models. The GKE model yields higher factor of increase, compared to
ICR model. A similar trend of increasing rate constants as estimated by Ni /Cr release for the
Cr-Ni ferrite (0.2  x  2.0) by both ICR and GKE models were also observed. The kinetic data
on Ni-Cr ferrites dissolution in solution of HMnO4 were also analysed in terms of chain
mechanism model which takes into account the changes in the fractional dimension of the
surface of dissolving particles.
38
AWC-111
MEASUREMENT OF HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT IN HYDROGENATED
LIOH/H3BO3 SOLUTION
E. H. Lee, G. G. Lee, D. H. Lee, and D. H. Hur
Nuclear Materials Safety Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1045
Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-353, Republic of Korea
Corresponding author: ehlee@kaeri.re.kr
Abstract
In pressurized water reactors, hydrogen is added to the reactor coolant system in order
to reduce the oxidation of water by radiolysis and to maintain reducing conditions. The
dissolved hydrogen concentration in pressurized water reactors has been controlled within the
range of 25~50cc (STP)/kg-H2O. It is well known that the dissolved hydrogen leads to primary
water stress corrosion cracking. Therefore, the optimization of the hydrogen concentration in
the reactor coolant system is regarded as one of several effective approaches to manage the
material integrity and reduction of the radiation sources in the primary circuit. In order to predict
the content of the dissolved hydrogen, it is needed to measure and monitor the content of the
dissolved hydrogen accurately. In this work, the Henry’s law constant was experimentally
determined in hydrogenated LiOH/H3BO3 solution. The Henry’s law constant was calculated
from in-situ mesaurements of the hydrogen fugacity on the inside of the Pd-Ag tube for
temperatures between 290℃ and 330℃ at pressures between 2000 psia and 2900 psia. The
Henry’s law constant were found to decrease linearly with increasing temperature and with
decreasing pressure. The observed trend in the Henry’s law constant corresponded well with
other workers’, however, the absolute values were different from literature data. This may be
due to the effect of vessel pressure on the hydrogen fugacity and the accuracy of the
measuring sensor. To better calculate the Henry’s law constant, the pressure and the content
of the dissolved hydrogen should be considered. In this work, the effects of temperature and
pressure on the Henry’s law constant are described by an empirical model based on the
experimental data. This emprical model is compared with other literature data.
39
AWC-116
SEASONAL VARIATION IN TRIHALOMETHANE LEVELS AT KALPAKKAM
AND IN RELATION TO ORGANIC CARBON PRECURSORS
R. Rajamohan1, V. P. Venugopalan#1 and Usha Natesan2
1
Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu 603 102, India
2
Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 025, India
#
Corresponding author: vpv@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Biofouling control in coastal power stations is generally achieved through the use of
chlorination. However, chlorine reacts with natural organic matter, leading to the formation of
several chlorinated by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs). Environmental discharge of
THMs is of concern, as these compounds have been reported to be carcinogens and
mutagens. Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) employs continuous gas chlorination for
controlling biofouling. Several studies have shown that the formation of THMs depends on
several parameters, including the concentration of chlorine, total organic carbon (TOC),
bromide, water temperature and pH. This study discusses the seasonal variation of TOC and
compares it with the levels of chlorine residual in the formation of THM in the cooling water
circuits of MAPS. The study showed that the more THM concentration was formed during the
period when more concentration of chlorine was dosed and the formation of THM showed
more correlation with the levels of chlorine than total orgainc carbon.
Keywords: Chlorination by-products, Trihalomethanes, Total organic carbon, Total residual

chlorine
40
AWC-117
ROLE OF REDUCTANTS IN CORROSION CONTROL OF MATERIALS
RELEVANT TO NUCLEAR REACTORS
Padma S.Kumar1, Sinu Chandran1, Puspalata Rajesh1, D.Mohan2, S.Rangarajan1 and
S.Velmurugan#1
1
Water and Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu, India
2
Membrane Lab, AC Tech., Anna university, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
#
Abstract
Presence of oxidants aggrevate corrosion of materials in aqueous medium. Removal
of dissolved oxygen from aqueous systems of steam generating power plants, boilers etc. and
inhibition of corrosion of component materials become very essential. Reductants like
hydrogen gas or water soluble reducing agents can be used to control the corrosion and
protect the structural components. Feasibility of using alternate reductants such as hydrazine,
ammonium hydroxide and hydroxylamine which stays in liquid phase is studied in this paper.
A comparative study of corrosion behavior of the materials Carbon steel, Stainless steel(SS-
304 LN), Monel-400 and Incoloy-800 in the oxidative and reductive conditions are being
discussed. In nuclear industry, water radiolysis products like H2O2 is responsible for corrosion.
Computation on the generation of oxidizing species (O2 and H2O2) and their distribution in
steam and water phase were made. Analytical methods have been standardized to study the
distribution of hydrazine, ammonia, hydroxylamine and hydrogen peroxide. Extensive studies
were carried out at 90oC, 150oC to study the compatibility of structural materials in the oxidative
and reductive environments. Electrochemical evaluation at 90oC showed that these reductants
were very efficient to control corrosion of materials. Studies in HTHP system at temperature
range 200 – 280oC evaluated the thermal stability of reductant hydrazine and its effect on
redox potential of SS-304 LN. There was potential change from -0.4V (versus SHE) to -0.67
V (versus SHE) on addition of 5 ppm hydrazine at 240oC. The decomposition rate of hydrazine
was observed to follow first order decay. As these reductants can be used in nuclear reactors,
the radiation stability also was studied. The distribution of the oxidant hydrogen peroxide and
the reductant hydrazine was found to be comparative in water-steam phases. The surface
morphology of the exposed structural materials at high temperature were characterized by
surface techniques such as SEM, EDX, RAMAN spectroscopy and by optical microscope.
41
AWC-119
IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE OF DM PLANT, SECONDARY SYSTEMS
FOR ACHIEVING CHEMISTRY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR OF KGS-3&4
B.S.Sahu#, P.G.Raichur, M Srinivas and M P Hansora
Kgs- 3&4, NPCIL, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka, India.
#
Corresponding author: bssahu@npcil.co.in
Abstract
Kaiga Generating Station (KGS)-3&4 has two 220MWe Pressurized Heavy water
Reactors. It uses Heavy water as moderator and coolant and DM (De-mineralized) water in
secondary system for steam generation. Raw water for plant is taken from Kali River. Raw
water is first treated in pretreatment plant and Dual media filter for turbidity removal.
Chlorination is carried out for control of micro-organism. DM water is makeup to feed water
which is the input to Steam Generator for production of steam for power generation.
Continuous blow down through Boiler blow down (BBD) IX column is carried out to control
Steam Generator (SG) chemistry.
It was decided by NPCIL to calculate Chemistry Performance Indicator of KGS secondary
and first time it was found 2.6 which was much higher than Standard and best achievable
value of 1.0. Detailed analysis was carried out and improvements for DM plant, water
treatment plant, BBD IX column, Steam Generator etc were identified.
Turbidity of filter water was brought below 2.0 NTU. Many changes were incorporated in DM
plant. Regenerate concentration, regeneration levels and regeneration procedures were
modified. Resin replacement frequencies were fixed and brine treatment of anion resin was
started at regular interval. For DM water production two mixed resin columns in series were
used in place of earlier one mixed resin column. By these modifications DM water Chloride,
Sodium and Sulphate were brought <1.0ppb from earlier 5-10ppb.
Regeneration procedure of BBD IX column were standardized. Service life of BBD IX column
was fixed and was isolated from service before complete exhaustion. Design deficiencies of
BBD IX column was rectified by applying innovative idea. Online sodium analyzer war installed
in boiler blow down line.
By implementing these improvements Chemistry Performance Indicator of both units were
brought down to 1.0, which is standard and best achievable value.
42
AWC-120
EXPERIENCE OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR CONTROLLING CORROSION
IN IDCT WATER OF KGS 3&4.
V. Uday Kumar & B.S.Sahu#
KGS- 3&4, NPCIL, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka, India.
#
Corresponding author: bssahu@npcil.co.in
Abstract
KGS (Kaiga Generating Station)-3&4 is 220MWe pressurized heavy water reactor.
Active Process Water Cooling system (APWC) cool active process cooling water through
plate type heat exchanger. The heat from this system is dissipated to the atmosphere through
Induced Draught Cooling Tower (IDCT). Continuous make up of system is carried out with
raw water to compensate evaporation and blow down loss. Average Langlier Index (LI) of
makeup water is -2.0. Cycle of concentration (COC) of APWC system water is around 4.0
and LI at this COC is around -0.1. As per design chlorination of water is carried out and 0.2-
0.5ppm free residual chlorine (FRC) is maintained. Other than chlorination no chemical
treatment was considered in the design.
Considering that cooling water may have corrosion, scaling and bio-fouling problems,
a detailed study was carried out. Corrosion, scaling and bio-fouling studies were carried out
for three months by maintaining the COC around 4.0 & during this period normal chlorination
was carried out. The results of the study had shown high corrosion rate for Carbon Steel (CS)
but water did not have high scaling & the bio-fouling tendency. Sulphate Reducing Bacteria
(SRB) and Total Bacteria Count (TBC) were evaluated & found within the limits. This indicated
that water is corrosive in nature & a suitable chemical treatment needs to be carried out to
control the corrosion of cooling water system.
Chemical treatment in IDCT water with the formulation consisting of Zinc,
Phosphonate, Azole and low molecular formulation was started along with chlorination.
Biocide (Benzalkonium chloride) dosing was also started at regular intervals. After chemical
dosing a downtrend trend of corrosion rate of CS was observed but still it was higher than
limit. After increasing Zinc concentration in water from 0.2 to 0.5 ppm, CS corrosion was
reduced to <2.0.
43
AWC-122
ELECTROCHEMICAL PASSIVATION STUDIES OF ZIRCALOY IN PRESENCE
OF METAL ION
Sinu Chandran, H. Subramanian, N. Sreevidya*, S. Rangarajan# and S. Velmurugan
Water and Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, IGCAR Campus

Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu, INDIA Telefax: +91 44 27480097
*MJS, MTD, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

Kalpakkam-603102 Tamilnadu, INDIA
#
Corresponding author:sranga@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Inorganic metal ion additives are being explored for controlling the corrosion and
deposition of activated corrosion products on out of core surfaces in Pressurized Heavy Water
Reactors. Addition of Mg2+ to the process stream is reported to be beneficial in reducing
corrosion and corrosion product release from carbon steel. This added Mg 2+ ions can modify
the oxides on other heat transfer surfaces and thus influence their corrosion behavior. In this
context, an attempt was made to study the role of Mg2+ ions in modifying the passive films on
Zircaloy surfaces by electrochemical passivation at ambient temperatures. Increased
polarization resistance obtained from the impedance spectra recorded at OCP in the presence
of Mg2+ ions revealed the beneficial effect of Magnesium. Different passive potentials were
identified from the passive regions of the polarization curves. Each potential was applied to
the specimen surface and the film growth was monitored by amperometry as well as by
obtaining time evolution impedance spectra. The extent of Mg uptake in the oxide was
evaluated by different surface characterization techniques. The results obtained from the
above studies are discussed in detail in this paper.
44
AWC-123
OXIDATION/CORROSION COMPATIBILITY STUDIES OF P91 AND RAFM
STEELS BY ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
N Sreevidya, Sinu Chandran*, C.R. Das, S. K Albert#, S Rangarajan* and S Velmurugan*
Material Technology Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

Kalpakkam-603102 Tamilnadu, INDIA
*Water and Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, IGCAR Campus, Kalpakkam-
603102,Tamilnadu, INDIA
#
Corresponding author: shaju@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Oxidation behavior of Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic (RAFM) steel, the
structural material for fusion reactors exposed to atmosphere for a period of ~6480 hrs has
been studied giving special emphasis on the morphology and chemistry of the oxides formed.
The results obtained are compared with those of Grade 91 (P91) steel from which the RAFM
steel has been evolved mainly by replacing Mo and Nb with W and Ta respectively. RAFM
corrodes faster than Grade 91 steel. Presence of chloride ions has a major role in deteriorating
the corrosion resistance of RAFM steel. The oxides formed in both the materials consist of
binary oxides of Fe and Cr, hematite, magnetite, chromia and Fe-Cr spinel oxides. Corrosion
of these steels has also been studied by electrochemical techniques that confirm the inferior
corrosion resistance of RAFM steel compared with that of Grade 91steel
45
AWC-124
PERFORMANCE RESTORATION TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED FOR FOULED
HEAT EXCHANGER
Dipankar Nanda1, Babloo Tiwari2, R. M. Pandey3#,
Coolant Systems Lab (CSL)
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India
#
Corresponding author: rmpandey@rrcat.gov.in
Abstract
Heat exchanger (HE) is one of the important equipment of installations for satisfactory
operation of power plants, chemical plants, Accelerator machine etc. The performance of HE
depends on the material of construction (MOC) as well as good engineering practice adopted,
and performance deterioration takes place due to surface deposition, making it a thermal
insulator.
In Indus-2 Electron Synchrotron Accelerator, RRCAT, the Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE) are
installed to dissipate heat from primary process coolant (deionised water) to secondary cooling
tower coolant (soft water) through parallel narrow passage of SS 316 corrugated HE plates.
For achieving precise accerator beam stability, the process cooling water temperature stability
is required to be maintained within ±10C. Deposition of scale takes place in secondary side of
HE as Saturation Index (SI) is maintained at + 0.5. This affects the heat transfer coefficient.
Hence, routine cleaning is required to remove the calcite scale of HE, leaving behind
protecting layer of calcium carbonate scale on pipeline and other wetted parts of the loop to
prevent corrosion.
Unavoidable circumstances led to hard deposition of scales and the problem could not be
even addressed by experts in this field. Samples were systematically analysed in the CSL
laboratory to know the content of the deposit so that suitable method could be applied to
selectively remove the foulants to finally clean the HE. About 48.52 % of deposit was found to
be acid soluble, whereas approximately 44.14% of deposit dissolves in alkali. The remaining
7.43% residue was neither dissolved in acid nor in alkali which indicates that the undissolved
part may be mostly of dust.
The cleaning solution was formulated in-house to remove the scale from heat exchanger
plates. Sulfamic acid solution at 800C was used to decompose calcium scale to liberate carbon
dioxide, whereas sodium hydroxide solution with EDTA was used to remove remaining scale.
The performance of the heat exchanger was restored. The developed formulation is believed
to be most effective for all heat exchangers used in water application.
Keywords- Accelerator, Low Conductivity Water Plant, Heat Transfer, Chemical Cleaning
46
AWC-125
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FORMATION IN N2-WATER AND N2-MOISTURE
SYSTEMS
G.R. Dey# and T.N. Das
Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay, Mumbai 400085
#
Corresponding author: grdey@barc.gov.in
Abstract
The generation of nitrogen compounds such as NO, NO2, NO2- and NO3- in aqueous
and gas phase present in a high ionizing radiation zone is normal phenomena. Their formation
mechanisms, and the control processes still pose a challenge with reference to the resulting
corrosive environment and its effect on the structural materials used in nuclear industry. The
source of nitrogen for these products is mainly from air ingress to the system, and/or the
nitrogen compounds such as amines mostly used to control dissolved oxygen. These amines
such as ammonia, hydrazine, volatile amines are used in different parts of the nuclear power
plants for different purposes viz. pH control, and dissolved oxygen scavenger in coolant or
moderator systems. During their uses under high radiation environment N2 and these nitrogen-
containing compounds receive low to high doses that affect the compounds’ subsequent
chemistry and possibly generate these N-O compounds.
With this concern our objective was to study the radiation chemical effects of nitrogen (air
ingress), and more recently in nitrogen–moisture cold plasma system. Cold plasma is an
electric discharge in presence of dielectric surface(s) such as pyrex, quartz and alumina to
produce excited state species, charged species, free radicals and photons near room
temperature and atmospheric pressure. Moreover, in N2-moisture cold plasma systems, ozone
was not observed as product whereas the absorbance at 204, 214, 226 and 400 nm were
observed in gas phase UV-vis spectrophotometric measurements due to NO2 formation. In
this presentation a summary of the results on various aspect of the formation of different N-O
compounds during radiolysis of aqueous systems as well as in gas phase cold plasma will be
discussed.
47
AWC-126
EVALUATION OF ALUMINUM BRASS COUPONS IN BWR CONDENSATE
ENVIRONMENT IN PRESENCE OF METAL IONS
K K Bairwa1, V S Tripathi1#, A Kumar2 and D B NaiK1
1: Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-
400085, INDIA
2: Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-40085, INDIA
#
Corresponding Author: vst_apcd@barc.gov.in
Abstract
Effect of cobalt and cesium ions in the simulated BWR condensate environment (two
phase water at 150 oC) on the oxide formed on the aluminium brass has been studied by
exposing active and prepassivated coupons in respective environments. Surface changes in
the exposed coupons were evaluated by SEM, EDAX and electrochemical studies. The SEM
and EDAX data of the exposed coupons indicated marked difference in the surface
morphology with varying water chemistry. Presence of nodular grains were seen on SEM
images of the pre-passivated Al brass coupons in the Co based media while more granular
oxide formation could be seen in presence of Cs. With the mixture of Co and Cs, oxides with
larger particle size were seen in the SEM images. The weight change measurement also
indicated that Co affects the outer oxide layer to a higher extent as compared to Cs. EDAX
measurements indicated incorporation of Co in the oxide layer for the coupons exposed in the
Co based media whereas higher aluminum composition was seen in the oxide layer for the
coupons exposed in the Cs based media. Cathodic reduction of the oxide layer in sodium
perchlorate medium indicated that the oxide grown in only water based media are primarily
Cu2O with a minor amount of ZnO but there is a significant amount of Co in the oxide layer for
the coupons exposed in the Co based medium. Impedance measurement of the coupons
indicated similar protective nature of the passive layers formed under various conditions based
on the values of charge transfer resistance obtained by fitting the experimental data to the
Randles circuit. However, the higher capacitance values for oxides formed in the Co based
medium indicated its porous nature. Thus, there is significant sorption of Co in the passive
layer of the aluminium brass while there is no evidence of Cs sorption over aluminium brass
could be obtained in the present study.
48
AWC-127
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF V(HCOO)2·2H2O
V S Tripathi1#, K K Bairwa1, S N Achary2 and D B NaiK1
1: Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-
400085, INDIA
2: Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-40085, INDIA
#
Corresponding Author: vst_apcd@barc.gov.in
Abstract
Decontamination of light water reactors wherein stainless steel is used as major
structural material involves removal of various substituted ferrites with high lattice energies.
Strong reducing agents such as V (II) and Cr (II) are known to be very effective in reductive
dissolution of such oxides. The stringent requirement of inert condition poses immense
handling related issues for the large scale application of these formulations which can be best
overcome by application of their solid compounds. Solid V(II) formate has been synthesised
and characterized in this regard. In situ generated vanadyl formate has been reduced with Zn
amalgam at high concentration (350 mM). The brown precipitate obtained by the chemical
reduction has been found to be a V(II) compound with partial solubility in water. However this
compound could be dissolved in equimolar formic acid solution. The UV visible spectra of the
the re-dissolved compound indicated the presence of V(II) species. The chemical formula of
the compound was established by combination of compositional analysis, FT-IR,
thermogravimetry and XPS analysis to be V(HCOO)2·2H2O. Reducing a V(V) precursor led to
zinc substituted product formation which could be avoided by using the V(IV) precursor. The
phase analysis of the compound was done to get some insight into its structures. The
observed XRD data was indexed and the unit cell parameters thus obtained were refined by
the least square method. Monoclinic unit cell parameters obtained for the V(II) compound have
similarity with the various reported M(II) formate di-hydrate (M = Cu, Zn, Fe).
49
AWC-129
STUDIES ON FAILURE ANALYSIS OF STAINLESS STEEL ION EXCHANGE
HOPPER AT NAPS
Ranjana Kusari, S.K.Upadhyay# and Brij Mohan
Narora Atomic Power Station
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
#
Corresponding Author: skupadhyay@npcil.co.in
Abstract
Moderator and PHT purification system is designed to remove the ionic impurities as
well as radioisotopes from the Moderator & PHT system. The ion exchange hopper contains
deuterated nuclear grade resin (MB H+ for Moderator and MB Li for PHT system) filled in
stainless steel hoppers. Same column is used either in Moderator or in PHT system based
on the type of resin charged. Stainless steel ion exchange hoppers made of SS plate
(SS304L) with 6mm thickness and capacity 135 litres are used in Moderator and Primary Heat
Transport system ion exchangers. These Stainless Steel hoppers were being used for the
past 24 years. Gradual increase in tritium DAC was observed in the purification building. The
ion exchange column was isolated one by one for identification of leakage. DAC has gradually
decreased after isolation of the ion exchange column at the leaky pits.
The suspected leaky columns which were isolated were removed from location, then
these columns were decontaminated visual inspection reveals pitting mark on the column. A
portion of the most leaky hopper SSH#10 was cut for investigation. Stereoscopic
observations, revealed the type of cracks which was transgranular in nature. The cracks were
observed to propagate from outer surface to inner surface. A cut portion of hopper#10 was
sent to BARC for further investigation. Upon thorough studies, it was revealed that the failure
might be due to iron embedded stress corrosion cracking. This is a generic problem, as found
in several ion exchange column.
50
AWC-131
ANTIMONY (Sb) SORPTION AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON
ZIRCALOY, CARBON STEEL (CS) AND MAGNETITE COATED CS (MCS)
SURFACES
S. J. Keny1, B. K. Gokhale1, A. G. Kumbhar1#, Santanu Bera2, Saibal Basu3,
S. Velmurugan2
RPCD1, WSCD2, SSPD3 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai – 400 085
(INDIA)
*
Corresponding author: agk@barc.gov.in
Abstract
In Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs), due to aggressive conditions Sb from
PHT (primary heat transfer) pump bearings, releases into the reactor core and gets activated
to 121Sb and 123Sb. Subsequently, it deposits on out of core surface resulting in radiation
exposure to station personnel’s and apparent high decontamination factors. Sb, thus
deposited can’t be removed by normal decontamination process. To simulate reactor
conditions CS/ MCS/ zircoloy coupons along with Sb metal were exposed to pH 10.20 solution
(LiOH) at 280˚C (70-75 Kg/Cm2) in a Teflon coated static autoclave for 30 days. The GIXRD
of zircaloy exposed coupons showed the peak position at 2θ ~28.4, 40.5 and 45.5, specifies
the presence of Sb as Sb2O4 creating a separate phase on the surface. Whereas weak signal
of Sb oxide formation were observed on CS and Magnetite CS surfaces. Released of Sb into
the solution in the presence of Zircaloy was found to be maximum (57 ppm) as compared to
the CS (28 ppm) and magnetite CS (17 ppm) coupons in the solution. XPS studies indicated
very less (2%) incorporation of Sb in CS compared zircaloy (9%) and MCS (14%). This shows
that on bare CS surface Sb may not be finding the way due to competition with magnetite
formation. Whereas on already formed magnetite major part goes as Fe2+ substitution and on
zircaloy it deposits as separate Sb2O4 phase. In all the cases, binding energy of Sb 3d3/2 was
found in the range 539.7 – 540.1 eV which indicates the presence of Sb in 3+ state. This study
may be useful in developing a formulation for Sb decontamination and reduce Man Rem
expenditure in nuclear power plants.
51
AWC-132
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY(III) ON CARBON STEEL CORROSION INHIBITION BY
MOLYBDATE IN CITRIC ACID SOLUTION
Vinit K. Mittal, Y. Raghavendra, Santanu Bera, S. Sumathi, S. Rangarajan, S.V. Narasimhan
and S. Velmurugan
Water and Steam Chemistry Division
BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu
Abstract:
Molybdate is known as a good corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel (CS). But it cannot
inhibit CS corrosion in citric acid solution at 85oC. It has been observed that the presence of
small concentration of Sb(III) along with MoO42- inhibits CS corrosion efficiently. The
corrosion inhibition by MoO42- have been studied extensively by varying the concentration of
Sb(III) and MoO42-. A critical concentration of MoO42- is required to passivate CS in acid
medium in the presence of Sb(III). The study shows that molybdate forms a thin protective
layer on CS surface in presence of Sb(III) which provides the corrosion inhibition. Inhibition
property and the layer composition on CS surface have been studied by electrochemical and
surface analytical techniques. The protective layer is found to be composed of both Mo and
Sb and appears to be formed due to cathodic reduction of Mo6+ to Mo5+ & Mo4+ and anodic
oxidation of Fe and Sb.
52
AWC-134
RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTE DISCHARGE REDUCTION STRATEGIES AT
TAPS 1&2
Deepa Papachan#, A.K.Panda, S.M.Maskey, M.Joshi, V.S.Daniel
Technical Services Section, Tarapur Atomic Power Station 1& 2
#
Corresponding Author: dpapachan@npcil.co.in
Abstract
Tarapur Atomic Power Station -1&2 (TAPS-1&2) consists of twin unit of Boiling Water
Reactors (BWR) and is located at Tarapur in India. The radioactive effluent release from the
station is regulated by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board(AERB) in India. Based on the
decreasing trend of radioactive liquid waste discharges over a period of a decade, which was
within the previously stipulated limits so as to restrict the outside population to receive a
radiation dose less than1mSv/year from all type of radioactive releases, it has further brought
down the discharge limits. Over the period TAPS1&2 has reviewed the pattern or source of
liquid waste generation and the waste treatment processes incorporated at the Station and at
Waste management facility (TRAP) affiliated to the station and has been able to bring down
the liquid waste discharges to as low as possible within the available infrastructure and
financial constrictions.
This paper discusses the evolution in the liquid waste management strategies at
TAPS1&2 for the past eight years and compares with the international trends and practices to
chart out the future course of action.
53
AWC-135
EVALUATION OF ADVANCED HOT CONDITIONING PROCESS FOR PHWRS
P.Chandramohan#, M.P.Srinivasan and S.Velmurugan
Radiation and deposit control studies section, Water and steam chemistry division,
Chemistry group BARC, Kalpakkam Tamilnadu-603102
#
Corresponding email: cmohan76@gmail.com, cmohan@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Hot-conditioning/hot functional test process is carried out to the PHT system of reactor
before reactor going to critical/operational. The process is aimed in checking the component
functionalities at high temperature and high pressure conditions, the process also checks/
removes the suspended corrosion products in heat transport circuit. This process leads to
formation of a passive or corrosion oxide film on the heat transport circuit surfaces which
protects/mitigates the corrosion of the system circuits during the operation of plant. Major
concerned alloy in the Primary Heat Transport (PHT) system of Indian PHWRs during the hot
conditioning process and also during operation is the carbon steel due to its high corrosion.
Hot-conditioning process mitigates the corrosion of carbon steel by the formation of iron oxide
(Fe3O4) as major oxide phase layer on the carbon steel surface with a typical thickness of 1.0
µm with particle size of 1µm after 336h of process at 250 C. But this passive oxide film
thickness increase with time of operation of system with c.a. 10µm for 2.2 EFYP. The
protectiveness of passive layer can be further enhanced by reducing the particle sizes in the
passive film to nano meter range. The process can impact on the compactness of passive
oxide layer with reduced pores in the oxide layer and properties of the nano nature oxide
(transport properties) impacting the corrosion mitigation. The corrosion mitigation reduce the
source term in the activated corrosion product generation.
To achieve this a new process ‘Advanced hot conditioning’ was developed in water
steam chemistry division, BARC for getting a passive oxide film with a lowered particle size in
the passive film. The AHC process with 1g/L of PEG-8000 at 250 C for 336 h showed a
particle size 100nm. The process was tested under the normal operating conditions as
function of the time, the corrosion parameter like oxide film thickness, corrosion rate and metal
ion release to the solution as corrosion products showed improved results for the AHC
process. The studies also focused applicability of the above process at high temperature like
260 and 280 C.
54
. AWC-137
TREATMENT OF FAST REACTOR LIQUID WASTE- ELECTROCHEMICAL
METHOD
Swapan Kumar Mahato , R. Sudha1#, P. Muralidaran2 and S. Anthonysamy1
1
1 Chemistry Group, 2 Reactor Operations and Maintenance Group
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
#Corresponding author: rsudha@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
During the operation of fast reactors, components get wetted by sodium. The sodium
wetted primary components such as pumps and intermediate heat exchangers (IHX) in fast
reactors are cleaned free of sodium followed by suitable chemical decontamination process
before taking them for maintenance or for disposal. This helps in reduction of radiation dose
to the operating personnel. Sodium cleaning and decontamination generates large volumes
of liquid effluent. The major activity in the liquid effluent during sodium
cleaning/decontamination is de to Na-22, Mn-54, Co-58, Co-60, Fe-59, Cs-137 and Cs-134.
It is required to chemically treat the effluent to reduce the activity levels prior to storage in
tanks and transportation to the waste management facility for final disposal. Conventionally
the ion exchange method is used for removal of radionuclides which produces large quantities
of secondary waste. A method which is suitable both for removal of radionuclides present in
low concentration and that avoids generation of large quantities of secondary waste is
required. Hence an electrochemical method for metal ion removal is attempted in this work
which produces little or no secondary waste. Electrochemical method towards removal of
manganese ions was finalized earlier using reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) from simulated
decontamination solution containing a mixture of sulphuric and phosphoric acids. In
continuation of the experiments for the removal of cesium ions from simulated cleaning
solution which has an alkaline pH, a thin film of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) was
deposited electrochemically on the surface of RVC. Hexacyanoferrates are known for
selectively binding cesium. This NiHCF coated RVC was used for electrodeposition of Cs ions.
NiHCF coated and Cs deposited RVC was characterized using SEM/EDS analysis. EDS
analysis confirms the presence of Cs on NiHCF coated RVC.
55
AWC-138
FIXATION OF NUCLEAR WASTE INTO GLASS MATRICES FOR ULTIMATE
DISPOSAL
G. Hazra1#, T Das1 and P. Mitra2
1
Nuclear and Analytical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry,The University of
Burdwan, Burdwan-713409, W. B., India.
2
Department of Physics, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713409, W. B., India.
#
Corresponding Author: hazragoutm1980@rediffmail.com
Abstract
For the long-term storage of high-level nuclear wastes (HLW), it is required to develop
glasses with high chemical durability, thermal stability and waste solubility. In comparison with
high silica and borosilicate glasses, lead-iron phosphate glasses have the advantages of good
waste solubility and low melting temperatures so that volatile hazardous radionuclides (e.g.
Ru, Tc and Cs) can also be incorporated in the glasses. Lead–iron phosphate glasses were
proposed as the potential nuclear waste glasses, which show more durability than that of a
comparable borosilicate waste glass. In the present works simulated glass (LIP) composition
as that of the waste are selected and melted from batch oxides. Finally these glasses after
setting proper melting conditions are subjected to leaching studies under Soxhlet condition at
different medium. The melting point of the LIP4 melted with PbO as source was found to be
comparatively lower (~750°C) than in case of those melted with Pb3O4 (> 900°C). The pH
increase of the leachate solution can be distinguished and correlated to the schematic
phosphate network. At the beginning the P–O–M (M= Pb, Sr, Ce, Ba) bonds could be
preferentially corroded with a release of phosphate groups in the leaching solution contributing
to make up a drop in pH. Later on, the acidic medium could involve a corrosion enhancement
with partial hydrolysis of P–O–P band P–O–Pb bonds. As the glass is quenched from the melt,
the Fe-O-P-O-Pb network formed with voids that can be occupied by waste ions such as U4+.
The leaching rate of the LIP glasses (both with and without U) containing ceria are lower than
without ceria. This is due to having higher coordination number linked with oxygen in the
phosphate network. Hence the durability of the LIP glasses may be increased with the addition
of CeO2.
56
AWC-139
ANTIMONY SORPTION PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN – NANO TIO2 COMPOSITE
BEADS
Padala Abdul Nishad, Anupkumar Bhaskarapillai, Sankaralingam Velmurugan#
Kalpakkam, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu – 603102
#Corresponding Author: svelu@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Routine decontamination campaigns of nuclear reactors are generally effective in
removing various radionuclides such as cobalt, caesium, etc., and bring down the radiation
field. However, during some of the decontamination campaigns, the radiation field at some
surfaces were seen to have actually gone up. This was found to be due to lack of removal of
antimony isotopes by the regular ion exchange resins used, which subsequently deposited
over out of core surfaces leading to increased radiation field on those surfaces. Thus there
exists a need for efficient antimony removal system. We have synthesised nano titania
impregnated - epichlorohydrin crosslinked chitosan beads, which were found to have high
sorption capacity for antimony. The beads, which were synthesised in formats suitable for
large scale (column mode) applications, were shown to be effective sorbent of antimony in
both +3 and +5 oxidation states. The sorbent exhibited complete removal of antimony from its
aqueous solutions of concentration ranging from 150 ppb to 120 ppm. In order to understand
the sorption mechanism and to fine tune the bead composition, the effect of crosslinker
concentration used during the synthesis on the swelling and sorption properties of the beads
was investigated in detail. The variation effected significant changes in physical parameters
such as bead diameter, swelling ratio, equilibrium water content and true wet density. Sorption
capacity, unlike with regular resins, was found to increase with increase in crosslinker amount.
The antimony sorption capacity of the crosslinked beads prepared by crosslinking 0.3 g
uncrosslinked beads with 6.4 mmol epichlorohydrin (crosslinker) was 493 µmol/g. Non-
crosslinked beads showed a capacity of 75 µmol/g, while the crosslinked beads made with
the least amount of crosslinker (0.64 mmol per 0.3 g beads) showed a capacity of 133 µmol/g.
These results indicate the possible involvement of the crosslinker in the sorption.
57
AWC-141
HEAVY METALS-BIOREMEDIATION BY HIGHLY RADIORESISTANT
DEINOCOCCUS RADIODURANS BIOFILM PROSPECTIVE USE IN NUCLEAR
REACTOR DECONTAMINATION
Sudhir K. Shukla, T. Subba Rao#
Biofouling & Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division,
BARC facilities, Kalpakkam, 603 102 India,
#
Corresponding author: subbarao@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Over the past few decades, rapid growth of chemical industries has enhanced the
heavy metal contamination in water, thereby raising environmental concerns. In the nuclear
power industry, decontamination procedure also generates radioactive heavy metal containing
wastes. Radio-resistant Deinococcus radiodurans R1 is reported to be a potential candidate
for the treatment of low active waste material. To use any bacterium for bioremediation
purpose, knowledge about its biofilm production characteristics is a prerequisite. This is
because biofilm-mediated bioremediation processes are more efficient as compared to
processes mediated by their planktonic counterparts. However, so far there are no reports on
the biofilm producing capability of D. radiodurans. We observed that tagging of D. radiodurans
by a plasmid harbouring gfp and kanR conferred significant biofilm producing property to the
bacterium. Chemical analysis of biofilm matrix components produced by D. radiodurans
showed that the matrix consists primarily of proteins and carbohydrates with small amount of
extracellular DNA (eDNA). Further, we studied the effect of Ca2+ on D. radiodurans biofilm
formation and it was observed that D. radiodurans biofilm formation was enhanced at higher
concentrations of Ca2+. We investigated the capability of D. radiodurans biofilm to remove the
heavy metals Co and Ni from synthetic waste streams. Results showed that Ca2+ enhanced
the bioremediation of both heavy metals (Co, Ni) by D. radiodurans biofilms in a highly
significant manner. In the presence of 50 mM Ca2+ 35% Co removal and 25% Ni removal was
observed, when compared to biofilm grown in the absence of Ca2+, which showed mere 7%
Co and 3% Ni removal, respectively. The results showed that the presence of Ca2+ significantly
enhanced exopolysaccharide and eDNA (both negatively charged) production in the biofilm
matrix. This indicated adsorption could be the major mechanism behind enhanced biofilm
mediated removal of heavy metals. The study signifies the potential use of D. radiodurans
biofilms, which can tolerate >20 kGy in nuclear reactor decontamination process for the
removal of active heavy metals.
58
AWC-142
OPERATING CONDITIONS INFLUENCE CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL IN A
FRESHWATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
T. Subba Rao
Biofouling & Biofilm Processes Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division,
BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam, 603 102 India
#
Abstract
The influence of operating conditions (flow and no flow situations) on the corrosion of
carbon steel(CS) were simulated and investigated. Conventional microbial culture methods
and molecular tools were used to characterize the biofilm and corrosion causing bacteria.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed significant diversity and variation in the
bacterial community. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the corrosion deposits,
the following iron oxide phases were identified; lepidocrocite, goethite, hematite and
magnetite. Transformation of two iron oxides hematite and magnetite vice versa was noticed
in the experimental system. In conclusion a plausible CS corrosion control method was
described.
59
AWC-143
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY
OF A FRESHWATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
P. Balamurugan1, T. Subba Rao#
1
Dept of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
#
Abstract
This investigation provides generic information on culturable and non-culturable
microbial community of a freshwater distribution system. Culture based and culture
independent (16S rRNA gene sequencing) techniques were used to identify the resident
microbial community of the system. Selective isolation of the fouling bacteria such as biofilm
formers and corrosion causing bacteria was also attempted. Denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE) was carried out and the bands were sequenced to obtain the diversity
of the total bacterial types. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was predominantly observed in most of
the samples. A variety of bacteria, related to groups such as Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria,
Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were identified. The study highlights the
relevance of the observed microbial diversity with respect to material deterioration in a
freshwater distribution system, which can aid in designing effective control methods.
60
AWC-144
MICROFOULING ASSESSMENT AND ITS CONTROL IN A HEAVY WATER
PRODUCTION UNIT
Rajesh Kumar, T. Subba Rao#
#
Abstract
The water treatment plant (WTP) of a heavy water production unit was extensively
fouled by microorganisms. On-site investigations showed severe algal and bacterial growth in
the various units of WTP and very dense microbial fouling in the vacuum degasser (VD) unit.
Digital and microscopic images showed that the microfouling problem was primarily due to a
slime bacterium and a fungus. Microbiological analysis showed a bacterial count of ~105 cfu
ml-1 in the various sections of WTP. The slime/biofilm scrapings had very high bacterial
population (>109 cfu cm-2). High organic carbon values in the system (5.0 to 19.5 ppm) had
supported microbial growth in WTP and augmented resin fouling. Chlorination was inadequate
in controlling microfouling, consequently chlorine dioxide was tested and found to be a better
biocide. A 2.0% sodium omadine solution had completely inhibited the fouling fungus.
61
AWC-145
CORROSION OF ALLOY D9 IN LIQUID SODIUM
R. Sudha1#, K. Chandran1, P. Muralidaran2 and S. Anthonysamy1
1
Chemistry Group, 2 Reactor Operations and Maintenance Group,
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Kalpakkam 603 102, Tamil Nadu, India
#
Corresponding author: rsudha@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Alloy D9 (15Cr-15Ni-Mo-Ti-Si) is chosen as clad and wrapper material for 500 MWe
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam. The successful operation of the
reactor depends on the compatibility of the core structural materials such as clad and wrapper
which are subject to high neutron irradiation and in contact with high temperature liquid
sodium. The chemical compatibility of sodium with the core structural materials is generally
good when the sodium is in the pure state. One of the major criteria for selection of clad and
wrapper materials is corrosion in liquid sodium environment. The corrosion of alloy D9 in
presence of sodium was studied at different temperatures (773, 798, 823 and 873 K) for
various duration of time ranging from 1000 to 3000 h in a well characterized sodium loop. The
observed corrosion data such as weight loss, depleted layer formation, changes in
microstructure of the alloy D9 specimens are compared with the literature data available on
sodium corrosion in static condition. The corrosion rates in dynamic and static sodium are
comparable in the measured temperatures as the purity of sodium with respect of oxygen
concentration is comparable. The corrosion rate is faster at higher temperature and for longer
duration of exposure to liquid sodium. Loss of thickness of material at 873 K is less than 5 µm
per year. Exposure to sodium causes selective dissolution of alloying elements such as nickel
and chromium. The metal losses, thickness of corroded layers and changes in chemical
composition were only marginal at a maximum temperature of 873 K. Hence alloy D9 is a
good choice for clad and wrapper tube material.
62
AWC-146
THREE DECADES OF EXPERIENCE WITH COOLING WATER SYSTEM OF A
FAST REACTOR
A.Suriyanarayanan# and B.S.Panigrahi
Reactor Chemistry Section, Reactor Operation & Maintenance Group,
Fast Breeder Test Reactor, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,
Kalpakkam - 603102 (TN), India
#
Corresponding Author: asnri@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
The cooling water system constitutes the terminal heat exchange system for the fast
breeder test reactor (FBTR) which is a sodium cooled fast reactor of 40 MWt capacity. It
transfers the residual heat to atmosphere through a cooling tower. Cooling water system of
FBTR comprises two sub-systems namely condenser cooling water system and service water
system. Condenser cooling water is circulated through main condenser, dump condenser,
condensate cooler, generator air cooler and turbine oil cooler. Service water system removes
heat from several heat exchangers of auxiliary systems like air compressor, cold trap cooling,
nitrogen plant, Biological Shield Cooling (BSC), Diesel Generator (DG) and steam-water
system sample coolers. The cooling water system consists of an open recirculating type with
an induced draft cooling tower as the ultimate heat sink. Initially, Palar river water was used
as the cooling medium. At present, due to scarcity of river water, sub soil water and output
from Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Plant (NDDP) are also used as cooling water. The
material of construction of pipe line is carbon steel and the heat exchanger tube and other
equipment materials are copper, admiralty brass, aluminium brass, bronze, Cu-Ni and carbon
steel.
The construction of the cooling water system of FBTR was completed in 1980. Since then the
sub-systems were commissioned one by one. Whenever a sub system was commissioned, it
generated a lot of impurities which affected the existing treatment programme. Sodium hexa
meta phosphate treatment, Langelier Index monitoring, chlorination, global and target
dispersant addition at high heat flux heat exchanger , chemical cleaning of corroded
pipelines, corrosion monitoring , side stream filtration, addition of phosphonate-based
corrosion inhibitor, broad spectrum biocide and specific biocide for iron oxidising bacteria
are some of the phases of the cooling water treatment programme. At present, corrosion rates
are generally less than 3 mpy for carbon steel and less than 0.5 mpy for brass.
This paper details the challenges faced and remedial measures implemented in the cooling
water system of FBTR for better performance and increased availability.
63
AWC-156
WATER TREATMENT WITH CHLORINE: INFLUENCE OF SOURCE WATER
CHARACTERISTICS ON CHLORINATION & CBPS FORMATION
R K Padhia, S Subramaniana, K K Satpathya#
a
Environment & Safety Division, RSEG /EIRSG, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,
Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu- 603 102, India.
#
Corresponding author: satpathy@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Chlorine is cheap, reliable and proven oxidant used worldwide for drinking water
disinfection and bio-fouling control in water utilities. Formations of toxic trihalomethanes
(THMs) due to the reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter present in water have raised
concern over its use for water treatment. Ambient source water characteristics and
operational parameters dictate the THMs load in the chlorinated water. To evaluate the effect
of change in water quality parameters on chlorination and chlorination byproducts (CBPs)
formation, laboratory chlorination experiments were carried out for two source water viz. Palar
River (PR), Open reservoir (OR). Chlorine demand (CD) and total trihalomethanes formation
potential (TTHMF) were measured for different contact time. CD and TTHMF were always
observed to be higher for open reservoir water. Chlorine demand value for open reservoir
ranged from 1.48 to 2.43 mg/L and that of Palar water ranged from 1.01 to 1.76 mg/L. TTHMF
potential (TTHMFP) of Open reservoir ranged between 61-98 µg/L which was relatively higher
compared to that for Palar (38-94 µg/L). Water quality descriptors such as temperature, pH,
Chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen of subsoil Palar River water was found to undergo
substantial alteration upon open storage in the open reservoir. Dissolved organic content
(DOC) of the two water sources studied i.e Palar river subsoil water (PR) and open reservoir
water (OR) varied from 0.41 to 0.95 mg/L and 0.93 to 2.53 mg/L respectively. Presence of
bromide in these water sources (0.15 – 0.26 mg/L in PR and 0.17 -0.65 mg/L in OR) have
resulted significant brominated THMs. The formation of more amounts of brominated THMs
lead to enhanced toxicity load in the chlorinated water.
Key words: Chlorination, Chlorination byproduct, Chlorine demand, Dissolved organic content
Trihalomethanes
64
AWC-158
ENTRAINMENT AND IMPINGEMENT OF AQUATIC FAUNA AT COOLING
WATER SYSTEM OF MADRAS ATOMIC POWER STATION (MAPS)
S. Barath Kumar*, N. P. I. Das and K.K. Satpathy
Environmental and Safety Division, Radiological Safety & Environmental Group, Electronics
Instrumentation & Radiological Safety Group, IGCAR, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India-60310
*Corresponding author: barathk86@gmail.com
Abstract
In order to understand the entrainment and impingement of marine fauna at the cooling
water system of Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), a pilot study programme for one year
(March 2013 to February 2014) period was carried out. In this regard entrapped fauna were
recorded on hourly scale at three cooling water screens of MAPS on weekly basis (76
sampling). The entrained specimens were categorized, weighed and observed for
impingement effect. The study showed that the major entrained groups of animals were
jellyfish, crab, fish and shrimp. Apart from above, a few cephalopods and sea snakes were
also observed as entrained entity. Totally 67 species of marine faunas impinged on the water
intake screens of MAPS during the study. The numerical count of the total observations during
the study period showed jellyfishes were the largest entrained group covering around 44.85%
of individual and constituting almost 94.82 % of biomass recorded during the study period and
sea nettle jelly (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) was impinged with highest frequency. The monthly
data analysis showed large scale jellyfish entrainment during March, April, August and
October. This is mostly due to the jellyfish bloom at Kalpakkam coast during this period. The
next entrained group was crab, which counts 30.37% individuals and on biomass counts for
2.93% of the total entrained fauna. A total of 16 species of crabs were observed as entrained
groups, of which Swimming crab (Charybdis lucifera), Stone crab (Menippe rumphii) species
were frequently impinged (> 63% occurrence). Both the crab species have no or low
commercial value as found from the local fisher folk. The next entrained group was fish which
accounts for 14.84 % of individual count and mere 1.67 % of biomass. Totally 33 number of
fish species were observed. The highest impinged species were pony fishes (Secutor
ruconius, Secutor insidiator, Photopectoralis bindus, Alepes kleinii and Leiognathus equulus)
(21% occurrence). These few entrained fishes are mostly very small in size and have less
commercial value. The other entrained group such as shrimps (0.31%), sea snakes (0.19 %)
and cephalopods (0.06%) were rarely observed and negligible in biomass count, comprising
less than 1% of entrained biomass. The monthly study trend showed crab impingement
declines from September to February. In case of fish, the highest impingement was observed
during the month of December, on night and on full moon day. In the total faunal highest
impingements occurred at night time, full moon day and low tide compared to the day time,
new moon day and high tide. The present data when compared with the impingement data
from other coastal power plants, shows that the impinged fish biomass at MAPS cooling water
system is much less than the other temperate and tropical power plants.
65
AWC-159
SURFACE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO ZINC
FERRITE COATING ON CARBON STEEL
Sumathi Suresh, S. Rangarajan# and S. Velmurugan
Water and Steam Chemistry Division
BARCF, Kalpakkam, INDIA
#
Corresponding author: sranga@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
The structural materials in the nuclear power reactors are mainly iron and nickel based
alloys. Operation of these nuclear reactors at high temperatures and high pressures for a
longer duration leads to the formation of various oxides due to the corrosion of the structural
materials and the nature of these oxides depend on the chemical environment prevailed. Since
the corrosion process is usually electrochemical in nature, the interface formed between the
alloys and the oxides play a crucial role in deciding the overall corrosion resistance of the
structural materials. Therefore, modifying these oxides to nano size would improve the
adherence and protectiveness of the interfacial film. In this context, the chemical synthesis of
zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) was carried out by precipitation method using zinc sulphate and iron
ammonium sulphate. The synthesized ferrite powder was confirmed by Raman Spectroscopy.
X-Ray Diffraction studies showed that the intensity and the ‘d’ values of the entire observed
diffraction peaks perfectly match with the single-crystalline cubic spinel form of zinc ferrite
having lattice constant a= 8.436 Å. The ferrite targets were prepared (10 mm diameter pellet
with a calculated density of 4.22 gm/cm3) using synthesized ZnFe2O4 powder by sintering at
1000°C for 24 hours. Thin film of ZnFe2O4 was deposited on Carbon Steel specimens using
pulsed laser deposition technique. Characterization of the deposited ferrite was carried out
using Laser Raman, X-Ray Diffraction, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Secondary
Electron Microscopy. Raman data of the coated ZnFe2O4 matched with the standard ZnFe2O4
oxide. X-ray diffraction pattern indicated that the sample was in single phase with an average
grain size 30 nm. XPS data clearly indicated the formation of the ZnFe2O4. Scanning electron
microscopy and atomic force microscopy techniques were used to analyze the film surface
morphology. The mechanism of corrosion resistance / improvement in the deposited layer was
studied by electrochemical techniques and the results are presented in detail in this paper.
66
AWC-163
EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE
DECONTAMINATION APPLICATIONS
V. S. Sathyaseelan, A. L. Rufus and S. Velmurugan#
Kalpakkam, Tamilnadu – 603 102, INDIA
#
Corresponding email: vssathya@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Normally, chemical decontamination of coolant systems of nuclear power reactors is
carried out at temperatures less than 90 °C. At these temperatures, though magnetite
dissolves effectively, the rate of dissolution of chromium and nickel containing oxides formed
over stainless steel and other non-carbon steel coolant system surfaces is not that
appreciable. A high temperature dissolution process using 5 mM NTA at 160 °C developed
earlier by us was very effective in dissolving the oxides such as ferrites and chromites.
However, the corrosion of structural materials such as carbon steel and stainless steel also
increased beyond the acceptable limits at elevated temperatures. Hence, the control of base
metal corrosion during the high temperature decontamination process is very important. In
view of this, it was felt essential to investigate and develop a suitable inhibitor to reduce the
corrosion that can take place on coolant structural material surfaces during the high
temperature decontamination applications with weak organic acids. Three commercial
inhibitors viz., Philmplus 5K655, Prosel PC 2116 and Ferroqest were evaluated at ambient
and at160 °C temperature in NTA formulation. Preliminary evaluation of these corrosion
inhibitors carried out using electrochemical techniques showed maximum corrosion inhibition
efficiency for Philmplus. Hence, it was used for high temperature applications. A concentration
of 500 ppm was found to be optimum at 160 oC and at this concentration it showed an inhibition
efficiency of 62% for carbon steel. High temperature dissolution of oxides such as Fe3O4 and
NiFe2O4, which are relevant to nuclear reactors, was also carried out and the rate of dissolution
observed was less in the presence of Philmplus. Studies were also carried out to evaluate
hydrazine as a corrosion inhibitor for high temperature applications. The results revealed that
for carbon steel inhibition efficiency of hydrazine is comparable to that of Philmplus, while for
stainless steel hydrazine is a better choice.
67
AWC-171
DEVELOPMENT OF LEACHING METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
PALLADIUM CATALYST USED IN THE MODERATOR COVER GAS CIRCUIT
OF MAPS BY ICP-OES
S. Vijayalakshmi# and S. Annapoorani,
Materials Chemistry Division, IGCAR, Kalpakkam
#
Corresponding author: vijayalakshmi@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
The radiolysis of heavy water, which is used as Moderator in PHWRs results in the
formation of D2 and O2 which strips into the helium cover gas. Considering the safety aspect,
there is a technical specification limit for the concentration of D2 in moderator cover gas and
the upper limit is 4%v/v. To control the D2 concentration within this limit during reactor
operation, part of the cover gas flow is passed through the recombination units in the
moderator cover gas circuit. There are two recombination units and each contains pellets of
Palladium coated alumina as catalyst in which the recombination of D2 and O2 gas takes place.
To improve the efficiency of the recombination units, catalyst containing 0.5% Pd is preferred
over 0.2% Pd and therefore the same was taken up for use in Madras Atomic Power Station
(MAPS). Analysis of palladium catalyst was required towards the quality control purpose. The
catalyst contains palladium as coating over the alumina pellets. Therefore, in this study,
leaching procedure was standardized for the complete removal of palladium and the leached
solutions were analyzed by ICP-OES for the determination of palladium.
Experimental: Complete dissolution of sample requires fusion. Fusion with 100mg of sample
pieces was found to result in the poor precision of around 40%. Considering the difficulty of
powdering the sample to get better precision in fusion, leaching procedure was tried out for
analysis. 0.5gm of sample was heated with aquaregia till the disappearance of black colour
on the alumina balls. The solution was made upto known volume and appropriately diluted for
analysis. The complete removal was also checked by repeating the leaching with already
leached sample. Concentration calibration using 340.458nm line was employed for the
analysis. Both samples (sample containing 0.2% Pd and sample containing 0.5% Pd) were
analyzed in duplicate and the results were found to agree well with the expected value.
Conclusion: A simple and convenient leaching procedure was standardized and

recommended for the analysis of palladium catalyst and it was also applied to the samples
from MAPS.
Acknowledgement: Authors would like to acknowledge Chemistry Control Section of MAPS

for providing catalyst sample for standardizing the method and Dr. K. Sankaran, Head,
Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Section, MCD, CG for his support in carrying out the
analysis.
68
AWC-172
DISSOLUTION OF COBALT METAL POWDER
V.S. Sathyaseelan, A. L. Rufus and S. Velmurugan#
Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities
Kalpakkam (TN) – 603 102, INDIA
#
Abstract
During the transfer of Self Powered Neutron Detectors (SPNDs), from the core of the
nuclear reactor to fuel storage bay, there is every possibility of cobalt powder spillage. In order
to decontaminate the surfaces during such occasions, some studies were carried out to
dissolve cobalt powder. Various formulations such as potassium permanganate, permanganic
acid, nitric acid and nitrilo triacetic acid (NTA) were investigated for their efficiency in dissolving
metallic cobalt taken in the form of powder. Investigations revealed that a two step process
involving a surface conditioning step by permanganic acid followed by dissolution of the cobalt
powder by 10mM nitric acid will efficiently decontaminate the cavity surface.
69
AWC-174
STUDIES WITH ANTI FOULING COATING ON SEAWATER INTAKE SYSTEM
SCREENS OF MAPS
N.Sankar, V.S.Santhanam, P.Umapathi, K.Hari Krishna#, D.Rajendran,
MAPS, Kalpakkam
Dr.P.S.Murthy, and Dr.V.Venugopalan,
BBPS, WSCD, Kalpakkam
#
Corresponding Author:
Abstract
Biofouling has been a concern for cooling water systems of coastal power plants and
the same is being experienced in Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS). Macro fouling
organisms cause major problems for smooth operation and maintenance of the cooling water
system. The cooling water intake structures particularly the screens, which act as the barrier
for marine organisms to enter into the cooling water system, gets fouled severely in a short
period of time. Though chlorination is being done to control biofouling, it is ineffective due to
the inward flow of seawater. Severely fouled gates necessitate frequent cleaning and
maintenance which involves lifting of heavy structures, laborious manual cleaning and
maintenance. In order to find remedial measures for the said concern, studies have been taken
up for identification of simple but effective methods in controlling bio fouling. Accordingly
studies with Anti Fouling Coating (AFC) applications have been identified and field studies
were carried out to review its effectiveness in meeting the given requirement. One of the gates
was coated with Anti Fouling coating (AFC) and exposed to sea water and the bio fouling
tendency was regularly monitored. It was noted the AFC coated gate was observed to have
less bio fouling compared to the in-practice coal tar epoxy coatings. The small quantity of
fouling deposits was generally observed to be on the side opposite to the sea water current.
The area exposed to sea water currents had relatively less biogrowth. The dislodgement or
removal of bio growth could be achieved by gentle pressure or scrapping thus demonstrating
its effectiveness in controlling the bio fouling. Studies are also in progress to with Foul release
coatings (FRC) to study its effectiveness.
70
AWC-175
INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY OF PIPE ON FLOW ACCELERATED CORROSION
- A STUDY UNDER NEUTRAL PH CONDITION
P.Madasamy, M.Mukunthan, P.Chandramohan, T.V.Krishna Mohan, and S.Velmurugan#
Water and Steam Chemistry Division BARC Facilities,
Kalpakkam – 603 102 Tamilnadu, INDIA.
Andrews Sylvanusa and E.Natarajanb

a
AU-FRG Institute for CAD/CAM , Anna University, Chennai-25
b
Institute For Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai-25
#
Abstract
The carbon steel piping material’s degradation due to flow accelerated corrosion (FAC)
is one of the problems in nuclear power plant. FAC impacts plant operation and maintenance
significantly. Wall thinning of structural materials should be predictable based on combined
hydrodynamics analyses and experimental corrosion data. Such predictive tools help to take
preventive measures before loss of material becomes a serious issue for plant operation. In
order to develop predictive tools, data on the effect of various parameters that control FAC
are required. As per existing literature, one of the important parameters that affect FAC is
piping configuration (Geometry of flow path). Hence, experiments were carried out to assess
the role played by the geometry of the piping in the FAC of carbon steel. In this study,
experiments were conducted in simulation loop under neutral pH condition while varying the
geometry parameter of bend such as bend angle and bend radius. Therefore, pipe specimen
holder 15 NB bend with 58 o, 73° as bend angle and 4D, 2D bend radius was designed and
fabricated. The experiments were carried out in order to quantify the wear rate (wall thickness
measurement was by ultrasonic method) with a single phase flow velocity (7 m/s) under
neutral pH conditions With the pipe specimen four experiments were conducted under neutral
pH condition and at 120 °C. Wall thickness mapping was carried out by ultrasonic thickness
gauge using a template before and after the experiment. High wall thickness reduction under
neutral water chemistry enables easy measurement by ultrasonic thickness gauge. It was
observed from the first two sets (2D58°, 4D58°) that the corrosion rate with 4D, 58° was 50%
less than the corrosion with 2D 58o. Subsequently, another two sets of experiments (2D 73o
and 4D 73o) was carried out in SIM loop at 7 m/s under neutral pH conditions for two months.
Thus, this method of experiments enables us to understand the geometrical influence. The
comparison of all the four set of experiments indicated that minimum corrosion rate
(1.3mm/year) was obtained with 4D 73 geometry. Further, velocity distribution, wall shear
stress in the bend geometry were mapped by Computed Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and correlated
with the corresponding measured wear rate. Good correlation was obtained between
theoretically obtained corrosion rate and the experimental value.
71
AWC-176
EVALUATION OF PLASMA COATED CARBON STEEL TO RESIST FLOW
ACCELERATED CORROSION
P.Madasamy, J. Alphonsaa, J. Ghanshyama, S. Mukherjeea, M.Mukunthan,
P.Chandramohan, T.V.KrishnaMohan, ,E.Natarajanc and S.Velmurugan#
Water and Steam Chemistry Division BARC Facilities,
Kalpakkam – 603 102 Tamilnadu, INDIA.
a
Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad
c
Institute For Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai-25.
#Corresponding author: svelu@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Coatings have historically been developed to provide protection against corrosion and
erosion that protects the material from chemical and physical interaction with its environment.
Corrosion and wear problems are still of great relevance in a wide range of industrial
applications and products as they result in the degradation and eventual failure of components
and systems both in the processing, manufacturing and power industries. Various
technologies can be used to deposit the appropriate surface protective agents that can resist
deterioration under specific conditions. They are usually distinguished by coating thickness as
it depends on method of coating. Diffusion based coatings by plasma nitriding have recently
been used for improving wear and corrosion resistance properties.
A collaborative study on plasma nitriding was initiated with FCIPT, a division of Institute of
Plasma Research.This is one of the method to control the wall thickness reduction of carbon
steel feeder pipe and the influence of FAC in PHWR. In order to control the influence of Flow
Accelerated Corrosion on feeder pipe of PHWR reactor, as a remedy, coating by plasma
nitriding process was carried out inside the pipe. The plasma coating is by nitrogen/hydrogen
mixture plasma through diffusion process and thickness of coating of upto 300 µm was
possible. The coating can withstand a temperature up to 500 °C. The limitation of this process
is that it cannot nitride pipes with inside diameter less than 5 mm. Two samples of 15 mm NB
Sch 80 straight pipe length of 10 cm pipe module section were plasma nitrided at FCIPT, IPR
for optimization of the process parameters. The wall thickness of the sample was measured
axially and circumferentially by Ultrasonic thickness gauge with specific marking with
templates before carrying out plasma nitriding process. During plasma nitriding, the
temperature was maintained at 520 oC for 24 hours. Plasma nitriding process was done using
a pulsed DC power supply. We were able to get the required temperature and the
results were as per the requirement. There was increase in hardness to 310 HV0.1 from
100HV0.1 at the outer as well as the inner surface with a case depth of more than 250 microns
in the inner surface and 650 microns on the outer surface. The samples after coating were
checked for thickness variation by Raman spectroscopy as wells as microscopy, and it was
found that the coating was uniform and coating consisted of iron nitrides only. The bend
specimen optimization of coating parameter is in progress at FCIPT/ Institute of Plasma
Research, Gandhinagar.
For functional test to check the corrosion resistance, a specimen holder was designed
and fabricated for the treated specimen such that it can withstand a velocity of 7 m/s. The
holder was mounted in SIM loop in the heater outlet. The SIM loop was maintained at 120 °C
and 7 m/s for about 30 days with less than 20 ppb dissolved oxygen condition. The experiment
is in progress in SIM loop in order to check resistance to FAC under neutral pH condition.
72
AWC-177
PREPARATION AND DISSOLUTION OF URANIUM DIBUTYL PHOSPHATE
(UDBP)
M.K.Dhanesh*, A.L.Rufus and S.Velmurugan#
*Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Calicut, INDIA
#
Abstract
A sticky coating of Uranium Dibutyl Phosphate (U-DBP) was found to be formed on
the surfaces of nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities and on the surfaces of reprocessed waste
storage tanks. This poses both radiation exposure and criticality hazard. Hence, it is required
to periodically dissolve U-DBP deposits. In this connection, an attempt was made to synthesis
U-DBP from U3O8 and to evolve a suitable chemical formulation for its dissolution. The U-DBP
complex synthesised was yellow coloured sticky deposit.
For the dissolution studies, various formulations such as EDTA, disodium-EDTA and
sodium carbonate were considered. From the literature it was seen that uranium deposits
dissolve effectively in oxidising medium. Hence, dissolution studies were carried out in above
formulations in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide, which is a well known
oxidising agent. From the experimental results it was seen that of all the formulations used,
sodium carbonate was found to be very efficient. In the presence of peroxide, the rate of
dissolution was found to increase. Investigations were carried out to optimise the
concentration of sodium carbonate, peroxide and also the temperature of dissolution.
73
AWC-178
STUDIES ON GADOLINIUM PRECIPITATION IN MODERATOR SYSTEM OF
NUCLEAR REACTOR
Akhilesh C Joshi, Puspalata Rajesh, A.L.Rufus and S.Velmurugan#

Water & Steam Chemistry Division
BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam 603 102, India
#
Abstract
Gadolinium is used in the moderator system of many Pressurised Heavy Water
Reactors (PHWRs) for start-up, shutdown and reactivity control during operation. It is very
much essential to maintain gadolinium concentration in the system as desired. It has been
reported that gadolinium gets precipitated in as oxalate in carbonated water under the
influence of -radiation. Hence, studies were carried out to investigate the effect of dose,
presence of other metal ions and metal surfaces on the precipitation of gadolinium. The results
showed that the amount of carboxylic acids viz., formic acid and oxalic acid, formed due to
radiolysis is dependent on the dose. and that the curve passes though a maxima. Gadolinium
is added in higher concentration in Advanced Heavy Water Reactor. So, experiments with
high concentration of gadolinium were also carried out. Ultra pure water saturated with high
purity CO2 containing gadolinium and desired ion/surface was irradiated with γ-radiation from
60Co source at 25oC to doses ranging from 2.5-16.6 Mrad. . At lower doses, formation of
carboxylic acids takes place but as the dose increases, decomposition of these acids starts
and hence the concentration Vs dose passes through a maximum. It was found that
precipitation of gadolinium as oxalate occurred at lower doses. At higher doses, it was seen
that pH of the solution decreases and hence solubility of gadolinium oxalate increases. It was
also observed that the amount of gadolinium precipitated varied linearly with the initial
concentration of gadolinium varying from 2 ppm to 20 ppm. While for gadolinium concentration
from 20 ppm to 400 ppm, gadolinium in particulate form was observed. The amount of
carboxylic acids formed depends on the nature of cations present in solution. It was found that
the amount of oxalic acid formed in the case of gadolinium was more than that formed in the
case of sodium. Presence of metal oxides such as ZrO2 formed over zircoloy surfaces was
found to enhance the precipitation of gadolinium. This was confirmed from the stronger XPS
peak of gadolinium in presence of ZrO2 compared to that in absence of ZrO2 showed the
enhanced precipitation of gadolinium in presence of ZrO2.Further, the precipitation of
gadolinium was also found to be influenced in the presence of metal surfaces such as zircoloy.
74
AWC-179
OBSERVATIONS ON THE REMOVAL OF GADOLINIUM FROM THE
MODERATOR SYSTEM OF PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTOR (PHWR)
AND ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR (AHWR)
V. Praveena*, Padma S. Kumar, A.L. Rufus and S. Velmurugan#
*Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Calicut, INDIA
#
Corresponding Author: svelu@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Investigation on ion exchange removal of gadolinium taken as gadolinium nitrate,
which is used as neutron poison in the moderator system of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor
(PHWR) and proposed to be used in Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) was carried
out. Mixed bed operation consisting of (a) strong acid cation resin (SAC) and strong base
anion resin (SBA) and (b) strong acid action resin and acrylic acid based nitrate loaded weak
base anion resin were employed for the removal gadolinium from its aqueous solution at pH
5. In the former case, the outlet of the mixed bed was highly alkaline, which resulted in
precipitation of gadolinium hydroxide. In the latter case, the pH of the system never crossed 6
and gadolinium was effectively picked up on the resin without getting precipitated.
Series operation consisting for strong acid cation resin followed by mixed bed column
consisting of strong acid cation resin and strong base anion resin/acrylic acid based weak
base anion resin was also investigated. In the first case where strong base anion resin was
used, there was precipitation in the system owing to the increase in pH while in the case where
weak base anion resin was used there was no problem of precipitation and gadolinium
removed effectively and the pH was around 6.
75
AWC-180
CHEMISTRY MANAGEMENT OF GENERATOR STATOR WATER SYSTEM
N. Sankar, V.S. Santhanam, S.R. Ayyar, P. Umapathi, P. Jeena, K. Hari Krishna,
D.Rajendran
Madras Atomic Power Station, Kalpakkam
#
Corresponding Author: kharikrishna@npcil.co.in
Abstract
Chemistry management of water cooled turbine generators with hollow copper
conductors is very essential to avoid possible re-deposition of released copper oxides on
stator windings, which otherwise may cause flow restrictions by partial plugging of copper
hollow conductors and impair cooling. The phenomenon which is of more concern is not strictly
of corrosion failure, but the consequences caused by the re-deposition of copper oxides that
were formed by reaction of copper with oxygen. There were also some Operating experiences
(OE) related to Copper oxide fouling in the system resulting shut down/off-line of plants.
In Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), the turbine generator stator windings are of Copper
material and cooled by demineralized water passing through the hollow conductors. The
heated water from the stator is cooled by process water. A part of the stator water is
continuously passed through a mixed bed polisher to remove any soluble ionic contaminants
to maintain the purity of system water and also maintain copper content as low as possible to
avoid possible re-deposition of released copper oxides on stator windings. The chemistry
regime employed is neutral water with dissolved oxygen content between 1000-2000ppb.
Chemistry management of Stator water system was reviewed to know its effectiveness.
Detailed chemical analyses of the spent resins from the polishing unit were carried out in
various campaigns which indicated only part exhaustion of the polishing unit resins and
reasonably low levels of copper entrapment in the resins, thus highlighting the effectiveness
of the in-practice chemistry regime.
76
AWC-181
STUDIES WITH SOLID CHLORINE CHEMICAL FOR CHLORINATION OF SEA
WATER SYSTEMS
N.Sankar, P. Kumaraswamy, V.S. Santhanam, P. Jeena, K. Hari Krishna#, D. Rajendran,
Madras Atomic Power Station, Kalpakkam
#
Corresponding Author: kharikrishna@npcil.co.in
Abstract
Chlorination is one of the conventional methods to control biofouling of condenser
cooling water systems using either river water, reservoir water or sea water. However, there
are many safety concerns associated with handling, storage and application of gaseous
chlorine. Studies were carried out with suitable alternativee chlorine chemical compounds
which do not involve majority of these concerns but meet the functional requirement of gas
chlorine. Trichloroisocyanuric Acid (TCCA) is one of the suitable alternatives to Gas chlorine.
TCCA is a chlorine stabilized compound, stabilized with Cyanuric acid, thus similar to Gas
Chlorine in its functions except that it is available in solid form. Release of chlorine is a gradual
process in TCCA unlike Gaseous chlorine. Field studies with TCCA indicated gradual and
near uniform release rate of chlorine, for longer duration with the requisite free residual
chlorine levels (FRC). Thus, use of TCCA could be considered as a suitable alternative for
gas chlorine for regular chlorination requirements.
77
AWC-182
CORROSION RATE OF CARBON STEEL IN NEUTRON SHIELD TANK WATER
R. Ramakrishnan#, N. Rathinasamy and K. V. Ravi
PRPD, Kalpakkam
#
Corresponding Author: rramki@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Neutron shield tank (NST) is an open tank of 12.5 meters height and 12 meters dia
constructed around the reactor and filled water to provide sufficient shielding from the neutron
radiation, to absorb the heat from the Containment Pressure suppression system during LOCA
and to act as heat sink. NST is made of IS2062 carbon steel and it contains the stainless steel
tanks, CS support structures, forged carbon steel gas cylinders, steel containment and its
supports and emergency cooling down system condensers made of ASTM 350 gade LF2
carbon steel .All the equipments/systems located inside NST are painted with epoxy paint.
NST is filled up 12meters ie with1200 m3 of water.
The water chemistry parameters and microbiological parameters and corrosion rate of
carbon steel materials in NST water at various water chemistry and various depths are
discussed in the paper
78
AWC-183
OPTIMUM THICKNESS EVALUATION OF ZRO2 COATING ON TYPE 304L
STAINLESS STEEL FOR CORROSION PROTECTION
Nidhi Garg, Santanu Bera, V. S. Tripathia, Vijay Karkib and S. Velmurugan
Water and Steam Chemistry Division,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities, Kalpakkam
a
Radiation and Photochemistry Division, BARC, Mumbai
b
Fuel Chemistry Division, BARC, Mumbai
.
#
Corresponding author: bera@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Nano-crystalline ZrO2 coatings of different thicknesses have been grown on pre-
oxidized stainless steel (SS) surface by hydrothermal method in an autoclave. Thickness of
the coating has been enhanced by repeating the deposition process several times using same
precursor concentration. Several cycles of the deposition process lead to the increase of the
coating thickness from 200 nm to ~1 m after the fourth cycle. The samples after different
cycles of the coating have been extensively characterized by SEM-EDS technique to find the
surface topography, coating thickness and composition. Corrosion resistance properties of the
plain SS, pre-oxidized SS and all the ZrO2 coated samples were studied by potentiodynamic
polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Corrosion current
densities (Icorr/cm2) of the coated samples are found to reduce significantly with the increase
in thickness. After a certain critical thickness, the corrosion current density observed to attain
a stable value. The coating was found to be continuous but porous after the first cycle but
porosity of zirconia coating have been reduced drastically after the second cycle itself. EIS
analysis confirms that the zirconia coated samples show insulating, barrier like characteristics
in terms of high charge transfer resistance after the second cycle of zirconia deposition. The
role of pre-oxidized surface composition and the interface between the pre-oxidized surface
and the coating has been discussed in details by showing the depth distribution of Zr in the
coating.
79
AWC-184
IODINE REMOVAL IN CONTAINMENT FILTERED VENTING SYSTEM DURING
NUCLEAR ACCIDENT
SubrataBera#, D. B. Nagrale, Anuj Kumar Deo, U. K. Paul, M. Prasad, A. J. Gaikwad
#
Corresponding author: sbera@aerb.gov.in
Abstract
Post Fukushima nuclear accident, containment filtered venting system (CFVS) is being
introduced in Indian NPP to strengthen the defense in depth safety barrier by reducing the
containment pressure and ensuring the containment of potential radio-nuclides released
during a severe accident. Radioactive iodine ( e.g. I-131, I-132, I-133, I-134, I-135 , etc.) is
one of the major contributors to radiation dose during early release phase of a severe accident.
Physical and Chemical form of iodine and iodine bearing compounds includes particulates,
elemental and organic. In the proposed design of CFVS, wet scrubbing mechanism has been
employed where in iodine will be removed through chemical reaction in highly alkaline
aqueous solution and impingement of particulates with water droplets produced in the venturi
nozzle. In this paper various regulatory aspects of CFVS system have been brought out such
as validation of CFVS system, scrubber efficiency, measurement techniques involved,
radiological impact assessment, radiation shielding requirement, etc. Analysis related to
verification of the CFVS has been carried out through the estimation of full core inventory of
iodine along with its isotopic distribution for a typical boiling water reactor.
Keywords: CFVS, wet scrubber, Radioactive Iodine
80
AWC-186
AN OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH COOLING TOWER WATER SYSTEM
IN CHILLING PLANT
Manju B Rajan#, Ankan Roy, KV Ravi
PRPD, BARC, Kalpakkam – 603102
#
Corresponding author: manjubhargavi@igcar.gov.in
Abstract
Cooling towers are popular in industries as a very effective evaporative cooling
technology for air conditioning. Supply of chilled water to air conditioning equipments of
various plant buildings and cooling tower water to important equipments for heat removal is
the purpose of chilling plant at PRPD. The cooling medium used is raw water available at
site. Water chemistry is maintained by make-up and blowdown. In this paper, various
observations made during plant operation and equipment maintenance are discussed.
The issues observed was scaling and algal growth affecting the heat transfer and
availability of the equipment. Corrosion related issues were observed to be less significant.
Scaling indices were calculated to predict the behavior.
81
AWC-187
CONTAINMENT BEHAVIOR DURING MOLTEN CORIUM CONCRETE
INTERACTION
Anuj Kumar Deo#, S. P. Lakshmanan, S. Bera, Balbir K. Singh, P. K. Baburajan, R. S. Rao,
U. K. Paul & A. J. Gaikwad
#
Corresponding author: anuj@aerb.gov.in
Abstract
During a severe accident in a NPP involving core melt and vessel-failure, the molten
corium may fall in the cavity where it can react with the concrete basemat leading to the
phenomena known as Molten Corium Concrete Interaction (MCCI). Due to the decay heat of
the fission products, the un-cooled hot corium can cause ablation and decomposition of the
concrete and thus penetrate the wall of the basemat which may result in loss of containment
integrity. This may offer a potential route for release of radioactive materials to the soil and
into the environment. Concrete is mainly composed of: SiO2, CaCO3 and H2O. Decomposition
of concrete during heat-up starts with evaporation of physically bound water around 100°C.
Dehydration of chemically bound water occurs up to 550°C. Decarbonation of CaCO3 (CaCO3
=>CaO + CO2) from the cement and carbonate aggregates occurs approximately between
700°C and 900°C. Liquid phases start to form between 1100°C and 1450°C. During concrete
ablation, and corium oxidation, release of non-condensable gases (H2, CO, CO2) takes place
into the containment and these gases may cause over pressurization of the containment.
In the present work, a simplified analytical model of a typical BWR containment has been
developed for ASTEC code to study the effect of MCCI on containment. The mass, physical
composition and condition of the corium (debris introduced in ASTEC model) have been
computed using the RELAP/SCDAP code. Rate of generation of hydrogen and non-
condensable gases are obtained using ASTEC for postulated initiating event of LOCA with
failure of ECCS.
Keywords: MCCI, Containment, ASTEC, MEDICIS, Severe Accidents
82
AWC-188
DEUTERISATION OF MIXED BED ION EXCHANGE RESIN: KINETICS STUDY
Satinath Ghosh1*, M. K. Tripathy1, Kajal Dhole1*, T. Vasudevan1,
Satyam Shukla2 and R. S. Sharma1
Research Reactor Services Division1, Reactor Operations Division2,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-85.
*Corresponding Author: dhole@barc.gov.in (Kajal Dhole); satinath@barc.gov.in (Satinath

Ghosh)
Abstract
The process of deuterisation of a mixture of strongly acidic cationic and strongly basic
anionic resins in a mixed bed system has been investigated for kinetics measurement through
laboratory scale experiment. The up-flow fluidization method employing a heavy water flow
from the bottom end of the mixed bed column at a reasonably low flow rate has been amply
exploited for displacement of light water molecules inside the resin pores and adhering to resin
surface as well. The course of deuterisation has been tracked down by determination of D2O
content as a function of time and the process is found to exhibit a breakthrough type sigmoidal
kinetics. An empirical relation, involving half-life of deuterisation and some process
parameters such as flow rate, volume of light water to be replaced, could be achieved for plant
scale deuterisation of a mixed bed ion exchanger prior to use in purification unit of heavy water
process system of a nuclear reactor.
83
AWC-189
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON NANO-STRUCTURED COATINGS TO MIGATE FLOW-
ACCELERATED CORROSION OF CARBON STEEL PIPING SYSTEM
Seunghyun Kim, Jeong Won Kim and Ji Hyun Kim#
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology

UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
#
email Corresponding Author: kimjh@unist.ac.kr
Abstract
To mitigate or prevent the flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) of carbon steel pipes in
secondary system of nuclear power plants, nano-structured coatings were adopted to
supressed the dissolution of ferrous and magnetite ions. As candidates, TiO2 nano-particle
reinforced electroless nickel plating and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed Fe-based
amorhpous metallic coating (AMC) were selected and in order to evaluate their
microstructures, electrochemical properties and FAC resistance characteristics using electron
micrscopes, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectrscopy and
rotating cylinder autoclave systems.
Microstructure analysis showed that TiO2 nano-structures and nano-crystalline
structures were observed in Ni-P-TiO2 and HVOF Fe-based AMC, respectively. These
structures induces the improved electrochemical properties according to high-temperature
electrochemical experiments because diffusion of aggressive impurities were suprressed. As
further work, the FAC simulation experiments using rotating cylinder autoclave system will be
carried out.
84
Name Country email Organization
Akhilesh C Joshi India rufus@igcar.gov.in, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
alphonsai@yahoo.com,
Alphonsa Joseph India Institute for Plasma Research
alphonsa@ipr.res.in
Amit Ravindra K India kamleamit@yahoo.co.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Amitava Roy India amitavaroy@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Ananthan P India ananthan@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Anil Pathrose India anilpat@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Ankan Roy India ankanroy@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Anuj Kumar Deo India anuj@aerb.gov.in Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Anupkumar B India anup@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Ashwani Maheshwari India amaheshwari@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Babu S India - KARP, Kalpakkam
Bairwa K K India vst_apcd@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Balaji Gupta India balajigupta@intecc.com L&T , India
Balaji V India vbalaji1764@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Barath Kumar S India barathk86@gmail.com Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Basuki Baral India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Biplob paul India bpaul@igcar.gov.in CWMF, Kalpakkam
Brij Mohan India brijmohan@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
cmohan76@gmail.com,
Chandramohan P India Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
cmohan@igcar.gov.in
Chandran T J India Tjchandran62@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Chellapandi P India pcp@bhavini.gov.in Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd
Cho Jae Seon Korea chojs@fnctech.com FNC Tech
Christoph Stiepani Germany christoph.stiepani@areva.com AREVA GmbH,
Dash S C India scdash@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Debasis Mal India mukunth1975@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Deepa Papachan India dpapachan@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Dey G R India grdey@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Dharuman S India dharumanbarc@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
Dipankar Nanda India rmpandey@rrcat.gov.in
Technology
Dineshkumar India info@biologicasia.com. BioLogic Science Instruments Pvt. Ltd.
Dong Seok Lim Korea lds777@fnctech.com FNC Tech.,
Das N P I India npidas@gmail.com Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Francis Vincent India francisv@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Ganapathysubramanian India asnri@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Ganesh S India selva@kknpp.com Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
George P J India pjroy@rediffmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
George R.P. India rani@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Gopal Grandhi India gopalgrandhi@aerb.gov.in Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Hari Krishna K India kharikrishna@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Harinath Y V India yvh@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Hazra G India hazragoutm1980@rediffmail.com Burdwan University
Hee-Sang Shim Korea ehlee@kaeri.re.kr Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Hee-Sang Shim Korea hshim@kaeri.re.kr Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Helmut Nopper Germany helmut.nopper@areva.com AREVA GmbH
Hiren Joshi M India herin@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Hur D.H. Korea dhhur@kaeri.re.kr Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
Jagatap B N India bnj@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Name country email Organization
Jayasree Sriram India jsriram@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Jaymin Gandhi India jaymin.gandhi@adani.com Adani Infra India Ltd
Jeena P India pjeena@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Kaikondan A India kaiko9313@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Kamachi mudali U India kamachi@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Kazushige Ishida Japan tsuyoshi.ito.jw@hitachi.com Hitachi Ltd.
Kenji Hisamune Japan kenji-hisamune@japc.co.jp The Japan Atomic Power Company
Keny S J India sankeny@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Kiran Kumar Reddy G India gkreddy@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Koteeswaran T J India tjkoteeswaran@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Krishna Mohan T V India tvkm@@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Lakshmanan S P India spl@aerb.gov.in Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Lalu Thomas India lalu.thomas@intecc.com L&T , India
Laxmi Narayan Gupta India narayan@ipr.res.in Institute for Plasma research,
Madasamy P India msamy@igcar.gov.in, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Mahendra Prasad India mprasad@aerb.gov.in Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Malathy Nagarajan India malab4u@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Manjanna J India jmanjanna@rediffmail.com Rani Channamma univeristy
Manju B Rajan India manjubhargavi@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Manju Gupta India manju.gupta@areva.com AREVA GmbH
Maruthu Pandiya Raja S India rajaforwin@yahoo.co.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Mathur P K India sunila_mathur2@hotmail.com Retd. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Meng-Jen Chen Taiwan u254488@taipower.com.tw Taiwan Power Company
Mishra A. K India aju612@gmail.com CWMF, Kalpakkam
Mishra H India hmishra@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Muktibodh U C India Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Mohanty A K India ajit@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Mukunthan M India mukunth1975@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Murugan M R India mrm9310@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Muthukumaran N India nmuthu@igcar.gov.in NDDP, Kalpakkam
N. Jayaraman India jayarampc@yahoo.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Narasimhan S V India svn.1948@gmail.com Retd. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Natarajan E India enat@annauniv.edu Anna University
Nidhi Garg, India nidhigarg@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Nilesh Patel India nilesh.patel@adani.com Adani Infra India Ltd
Osamu Shibasaki Japan osamu.shibasaki@toshiba.co.jp Toshiba Corporation
Padala Abdul Nishad India nishad@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Padhi R K India ranjib@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Padma S.Kumar India pskswaroop@yahoo.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Pal P K India pkpal@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Panigrahi B S India bsp@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Pankaj Wani India Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
KEPCO Engineering & Construction
Prak Byeong-Ho Korea hoya@kepco-enc.com
company
Prabhakar Jain India ic_pcal@kot.hwb.gov.in Heavy Water Board
Prasadgowda.mechanical.98@gmail.
Prasad Y V D India Nagarjuna university
com
Pushpalata Rajesh India puspha@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Rachna N. Dave India rachnadj@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Radhakrishnan R K India krradhakrishnan@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Raghavendra India yraghava@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Rajamohan R India rrmohan@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Rajesh Kumar India kausis@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Rajput M M India manik@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Rajnish Kumar India Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Ramakrishnan R India rramki@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Rangarajan S India sranga@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Ranjana Kusari India Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Rao K V India kvrao@dcsem.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Ravi K V India hprpd@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Ravidranath India ravindranath@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Rout D India droutnpcil@gmail.com Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Rufus A L India rufus@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Sahu B S India bssahu@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Santanu Bera India bera@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Santhakumar M India mskumarbarc@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Saravanan T India tsaravanan@yahoo.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Sathyaseelan V S India vssathya@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Satinath Ghosh India dhole@barc.gov.in Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Selvam T India selvam9321@yahoo.co.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Selvavinayagam P India selva@kknpp.com Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Sengupta B India bsengupta@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Seshadri H India sesh@igcar.gov.in Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Ulsan National Institute of Science and
Seunghyun Kim Korea kimjh@unist.ac.kr
Technology,
Sharma R S India rsharma@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Shetty P S India psshetty@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Shiv Raj Saran India srsaran@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Shivakamy K India shivak@igcar.gov.in CWMF, Kalpakkam
Shreekumar B India bskumar@igcar.gov.in KARP, Kalpakkam
Shruti Aich India shruti.aich01@gmail.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Sinu Chandran India sinu@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Sreevidya N India shaju@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Srinivasa Rao G India - KARP, Kalpakkam
Srinivasan G India gsv@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Srinivasan M P India srinivas@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Sriyuthamurthy P India psmurthy@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Subba Rao T India subbarao@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Subrajit Tiwari India AUGF, Kalpakkam
Subramanian H India hsub@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Subratabera India sbera@aerb.gov.in Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
Sudakar Rao A India sudhakarraohwpm@rediffmail.com Heavy Water Board
Sudha R India rsudha@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Sudhir K. Shukla India skshukla@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Sujit Basak India Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Sumathi Suresh India sranga@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Suresh K India sureshk@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Suriyanarayanan A India asnri@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Surya Rao S India ssuryarao@man.hwb.gov.in Heavy Water Board
Swapan Kumar Mahato India rsudha@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Thorat D D India thoratdd@yahoo.com Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Tripathi V S India vst_apcd@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Upadhyay S K India skupadhyay@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Veena Subramanian India veena@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Velmurugan S India svelu@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Venkatesh P India venkip@igcar.gov.in NDDP, Kalpakkam
Venkatraman B India bvenkat@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Venugopalan V P India vpv@igcar.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Venkata Rao Naidu India vrnaidu@npcil.co.in Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
Venkatesh M India venkateshm@biologicasia.com BioLogic Science Instruments Pvt. Ltd.
Vijayalakshmi S India sviji@igcar.gov.in Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
Vikrant Gupta India vikrantg@iter-india.org Institute for Plasma Research
Vinay Chaturvedi India vinay@igcar.gov.in KNRPC, Kalpakkam
Vinita Vishwakarmaa India vinitavishwakarma1@gmail.com Sathyabama University
Vivekanand Dubey India vdubey@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Viveknand Kain India vivkain@barc.gov.in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy
Xinqiang Wu China xqwu@imr.ac.cn
of Sciences
Yadav R N India rnyadav@igcar.gov.in KNRPC, Kalpakkam
Yasuhiro Chimi Japan chimi.yasuhiro@jaea.go.jp Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Yaw-Ming Chen Taiwan 740054ymchen@itri.org.tw Industrial Technology Research Institute,
katsumura@jrias.or.jp,
Yosuke Katsumura Japan Japan Radioisotope Association
yosuke.katsu@nifty.com
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research,
Yusa Muroya Japan muroya@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp
Osaka University,
Yutaka Watanabe Japan yutaka.watanabe@qse.tohoku.ac.jp Tohoku University

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Book of Abstracts

Asian Water Chemistry

Dr. B.N. Jagatap

Prof. Yosuke Katsumura, JRIA, Japan,

Coffee Break/Photo Session 11:05 – 11:20

Session-1 Primary System Operating Experience (PWRs/PHWRs/VVERs) 11: 20– 12:30

Dr. S. V. Narasimhan, BARC (Retd.), India,

Shri. P. Selvavinayagam, NPCIL, India,

Smt. Jayasree Sriram, BARC, India,

Dr. Vivekanand Kain, BARC, India

Poster Session 17:05 – 19:00

Cultural Program 19:00 - 20:00

End of first day

Session-4 Decontamination and Dose Reduction 09:00 – 10:10

Dr. S. Velmurugan, BARC, India,

Shri. Osamu Shibasaki, Toshiba Corporation,

Shri V. S. Sathyaseelan, BARC, India,

Summing up 10:05 – 10:10

Coffee Break 10:10 – 10:25

Prof. Xinqiang Wu, IMR, China,

Session-6 Steam Cycle Performance and Process Water Systems 11:35-13:05

Dr. Christoph Michael Stiepani, AREVA,

Lunch Break 13:05 – 14:00

Session-7 Condenser Cooling Water Issues 14:00 – 15:30

Dr. V. P. Venugopalan, BARC, India,

Dr.Vinita Vishwakarma, Sathyabama

Dr. B. Anandkumar, IGCAR, India,

Coffee Break 15:30 – 15:45

Session-8 Future Trends and New Developments 15:45 – 16:55

Dr. Alphonsa Joseph, IPR, India,

Coffee Break 16:55 – 17:10

Feedback Session 17:10 – 18:00

Dinner 19:00-21:00 NPCIL Guest House, Kalpakkam

End of Second day

Lunch 13:00 :14:00 Convention Centre, Anupuram

End of Technical program

‘DakshinaChitra’ is an exciting cross cultural living museum

CURRENT SITUATION OF NUCLEAR POWER IN JAPAN AFTER

DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF NUCLEAR POWER IN CHINA AND

INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PRORAMME AND EXPERIENCE IN

CHEMISTRY MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN NUCLEAR REACTORS

WATER CHEMISTRY EXPERIENCES WITH VVERs AT

PREDICTION METHOD OF SUB-COOLED NUCLEATE BOILING ON

WATER CHEMISTRY FEATURES OF ADVANCED HEAVY WATER

APPROACH TO MITIGATE INTERGRANULAR STRESS CORROSION

FUEL PERFORMANCE REVIEW AT TAPS 1&2 WITH RESPECT TO

IODINE CHEMISTRY AND ASSOCIATED INTERACTION UNDER

DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD TO LOWER RECONTAMINATION

EFFECT OF HIGH CONCENTRATION GADOLINIUM NITRATE IN

METAL ION IMPRINTED POLYMERS FOR EFFECTIVE

CATION DISTRIBUTION IN FERRITES AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE

AREVA’s TOOLBOX FOR LONG-TERM BEST PERFORMANCE AND

TWO DECADES OF EXPERIENCE WITH STEAM-WATER CHEMISTRY

IDENTIFICATION OF BOILER TUBE LEAK IN RAPS-2 BY MEASURING

BIOFOULING CONTROL IN POWER PLANT COOLING WATER

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A NON-CHEMICAL TECHNIQUE FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY BY ADOPTION OF ALTERNATE

INJECTION OF NANO-PARTICLES IN MITIGATING FLOW

ADDITION OF OXYGEN IN THE INLET OF RECOMBINER UNIT IN

DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT IN STEAMS BY

EXPERIENCE ON KKNPP VVER 1000 MWe WATER CHEMISTRY

KINETICS OF DISSOLUTION OF Ni-Cr CONTAINING IRON OXIDES

MEASUREMENT OF HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT IN HYDROGENATED

N Sreevidya, Sinu Chandran, C.R. Das, S. K Albert#, S Rangarajan and S Velmurugan*