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Type I GU 20.9 5.2 2.3 64.4 2.8 2.9 1.0 0.2 55 19 10 7 3700 General use C109 = Typical 7 day Strength 4,900 psi @ 3600BSA
Type II MS 21.7 4.7 3.6 63.6 2.9 2.4 0.8 0.4 51 24 6 11 3700 Moderate Sulfate Resistant C3A must be < 8.0%
Type III HE 21.3 5.1 2.3 64.9 3.0 3.1 0.8 0.2 56 19 10 7 5400 High Early Strength C109 = Typical 1 day Strength 1800 psi
Type IV LH 24.3 4.3 4.1 62.3 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.2 28 49 4 12 3800 Low Heat of Hydration (Or use Type I with GGBFS or Fly-ash)
Type V HS 25.0 3.4 2.8 64.4 1.9 1.6 0.9 0.2 38 43 4 9 3800 High Sulfate Resistance (Or use Type I with GGBFS)
WHITE WH 24.5 5.9 0.6 65.0 1.1 1.8 0.9 0.2 33 46 14 2 4900 Used for decorative work. The key is to minimize the iron content <0.5%
SLAG 37.1 8.32 .86 38.5 11.3 2.9 +.8 5200 GGBFS Must be used in concert with Portland cement
Critical Temperatures
It stands to reason, with the quantities of thermal energy used in the manufacture of cement that some of this energy has the potential to
damage the equipment used in the process. A prime example of this damage is the damage to kiln shells when there is a loss of coating
or a failure of refractory.
Approximate Approximate Comments
Temp ºF Temp ºC At 20ºC The Tensile Strength of steal is 345 N/m2
TYPICAL SURFACE TEMPS. 390 200 Kiln Hood & Feed End Shell
470 243 BZ Shell Heavy Coating
540 280 BZ Shell Normal Coating
640 340 BZ Shell Light Coating (Apply cooling fans if available)
710 375 Apply cooling fans
KILN SHELL COLORS NOTE: At 380ºC Tensile Strength of steal is 131 N/m2
Dull Red Visible at night 750 400 Very thin coating some brick spalling. If hot spot is under a tyre - stop
kiln then call Supervisor
At 450ºC The Tensile Strength of steal is 57 N/m2
Red Visible at twilight 885 475 No coating brick damaged. Stop kiln then call Supervisor
Limit for elastic deformation of steal is 480ºC
Red Visible in daylight 975 525 Major brick damage-Stop kiln and call Supervisor
Red Visible in sunlight 1075 580 No brick left. Stop kiln fire, call Supervisor Prepare resume
Bright Red/Yellow 1290 700 Shell damage. Stop fire. Stop Kiln. GO HOME & HIDE
BURNING ZONE COLORS Material Temperatures
Lowest Visible Red 890-1200ºF 475-650ºC Need more heat - increase fuel Keep F. E. O2 < 10%
Dark red to cherry red 1200-1380 650-750 Need more heat - increase fuel Keep F. E. O2 < 10%
Cherry Red to bright red 1380-1520 750-825 Need more heat - increase fuel Lower F. E. O2 < 7%
Bright red to orange 1520-1750 825-950 To cold to feed - increase fuel Keep F. E. O2 < 7%
Orange to yellow 1750-2100 950-1150 FET> 1050ºC Start feeding - increase fuel Keep FE O2 < 5%
Yellow 2100-2280 1150-1250 BZT Cold Slow down & add fuel
Yellow to light straw 2280-2570 1250-1410 BZT weak Watch for push
Bright straw to white 2570-2750 1410-1510 BZT Strong Steady State
White to brilliant 2750-2890 1510+1590 BZT Very Hot Reduce Fuel, continue to feed, control FEO2 <5%
Watch for liquid.