Also check the Derivative Calculator!

Integral Calculator
Calculadora de Integrales en español
Integralrechner auf Deutsch
Калькулятор Интегралов на Русском

Calculate integrals online — with steps and graphing!

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Calculate the Integral of … About Help Examples Options

H ell ther !
Did this calculator prove helpful to you? Then I
would highly appreciate small donations via
PayPal. You may rst want to convert your
currency to Euros (€) here.
Thank you!
(3/x)*exp(3*(x+ln(x))) Go! The Integral Calculator lets you calculate integrals and
CLR + – × ÷ ^ √ ( ) antiderivatives of functions online — for free!
This will be calculated: Our calculator allows you to check your solutions to
calculus exercises. It helps you practice by showing you
the full working (step by step integration). All common
integration techniques and even special functions are
supported.
?
The Integral Calculator supports de nite and inde nite
3 integrals (antiderivatives) as well as integrating functions
3(x+ln(x))
∫ e dx with many variables. You can also check your answers!
x Interactive graphs/plots help visualize and better
? understand the functions.
For more about how to use the Integral Calculator, go to
"Help" or take a look at the examples.
And now: Happy integrating!
Not what you mean? Use parentheses! Set integration
variable and bounds in "Options".

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= Check your own answer
= Export the expression (e. g. LaTeX)

Book Recommendation YOUR INPUT:

f (x) =

Calculus for Dummies (2nd Edition)

An extremely well-written book for students
3(ln(x)+x)
taking Calculus for the rst time as well as 3e
those who need a refresher. This book makes
you realize that Calculus isn't that tough after x
all. → to the book

Note: Your input has been rewritten/simpli ed.

Simplify

H ell ther ! "MANUALLY" COMPUTED ANTIDERIVATIVE:

⋆
∫ f (x) dx = F (x) =
Did this calculator prove helpful to you? Then I
would highly appreciate small donations via
PayPal. You may rst want to convert your
currency to Euros (€) here. "Manual" integration with steps:
The calculator nds an antiderivative in a comprehensible way. Note that due to some simpli cations, it might
only be valid for parts of the function.

2 3x
(9x − 6x + 2) e
Thank you! + C
9

Hide steps

Problem:
3(ln(x)+x)
3e
∫ dx
x

Apply linearity:
3(ln(x)+x)
e
= 3∫ dx
x

Now solving:
3(ln(x)+x)
e
∫ dx
x
 1 1 1
Write as 3 ⋅ ( + 1) − 1 and split:
x 3 x

1
3(ln(x)+x) 3(ln(x)+x)
= ∫ (( + 1) e − e ) dx
x

Apply linearity:
1
3(ln(x)+x) 3(ln(x)+x)
= ∫ ( + 1) e dx − ∫ e dx
x

Now solving:
1
3(ln(x)+x)
∫ ( + 1) e dx
x

1
Substitute u = 3 (ln(x) + x) ⟶ dx = du (steps):
1
3( + 1)
x

1
u
= ∫ e du
3

Now solving:

u
∫ e du

Apply exponential rule:

u
a
∫ a
u
du = with a = e :
ln(a)

u
= e

Plug in solved integrals:

1
u
∫ e du
3

u
e
=
3

Undo substitution u = 3 (ln(x) + x) :

3(ln(x)+x)
e
=
3

Now solving:

3(ln(x)+x)
∫ e dx

Expand:

3 3x
= ∫ x e dx

Integrate by parts: ∫ fg′ = fg − ∫ f g

′

′
f = x
3
, g = e
3x

↓ steps ↓ steps
3x
′ e
f = 3x
2
, g = :
3

3 3x
x e
2 3x
= − ∫ x e dx
3

Now solving:

2 3x
∫ x e dx

Integrate by parts: ∫ fg′ = fg − ∫ f g

′

,
2 ′ 3x
f = x g = e

↓ steps ↓ steps
3x
e
′
f = 2x g = , :
3

2 3x 3x
x e 2xe
= − ∫ dx
3 3

Now solving:
3x
2xe
∫ dx
3

Apply linearity:
2
3x
= ∫ xe dx
3

Now solving:
 3x
∫ xe dx

Integrate by parts: ∫ fg′ = fg − ∫ f g

′

f = x , ′
g = e
3x

↓ steps ↓ steps
3x
e
′
f = 1 , g = :
3

3x 3x
xe e
= − ∫ dx
3 3

Now solving:
3x
e
∫ dx
3

1
Substitute u = 3x ⟶ dx = du (steps):
3

1
u
= ∫ e du
9

Now solving:

u
∫ e du

Use previous result:

u
= e

Plug in solved integrals:

1
u
∫ e du
9

u
e
=
9

Undo substitution u = 3x :
3x
e
=
9

Plug in solved integrals:

3x 3x
xe e
− ∫ dx
3 3

3x 3x
xe e
= −
3 9

Plug in solved integrals:

2
3x
∫ xe dx
3

3x 3x
2xe 2e
= −
9 27

Plug in solved integrals:

2 3x 3x
x e 2xe
− ∫ dx
3 3

2 3x 3x 3x
x e 2xe 2e
= − +
3 9 27

Plug in solved integrals:

3 3x
x e
2 3x
− ∫ x e dx
3

3 3x 2 3x 3x 3x
x e x e 2xe 2e
= − + −
3 3 9 27

Plug in solved integrals:

1
3(ln(x)+x) 3(ln(x)+x)
∫ ( + 1) e dx − ∫ e dx
x

3(ln(x)+x) 3 3x 2 3x 3x 3x
e x e x e 2xe 2e
= − + − +
3 3 3 9 27

Plug in solved integrals:

3(ln(x)+x)
e
3∫ dx
x

3x 3x
2xe 2e
3(ln(x)+x) 3 3x 2 3x
= e − x e + x e − +
3 9

The problem is solved:

 3(ln(x)+x)
3e
∫ dx
x

3x 3x
2xe 2e
3(ln(x)+x) 3 3x 2 3x
= e − x e + x e − + + C
3 9

Rewrite/simplify:
2 3x
(9x − 6x + 2) e
= + C
9

ANTIDERIVATIVE COMPUTED BY MAXIMA:

∫ f (x) dx = F (x) =

2 3x
(9x − 6x + 2) e
+ C
9

Simplify

DEFINITE INTEGRAL:

Note: If you want to calculate a de nite integral, click "Options" above. Enter the lower and the upper bound of
integration in there, and repeat the calculation.

Look up de nition: C , ln, e

Interactive function graphing:

Navigate using mouse or touch screen. Drag to pan, use the mouse wheel or two ngers to zoom.

Toggle graphs:
f (x)

F (x)
⋆
F (x)

Assign variables:

C = 0

Table of values:

x =

f (x) =

F (x) =

F
⋆
(x) =

Zoom mode:
XY  X  Y  1:1

Marker at: 0, 0
Click x coordinate for table of values.

How the Integral Calculator Works

For those with a technical background, the following section explains how the Integral Calculator works.
First, a parser analyzes the mathematical function. It transforms it into a form that is better understandable by a
computer, namely a tree (see gure below). In doing this, the Integral Calculator has to respect the order of
operations. A specialty in mathematical expressions is that the multiplication sign can be left out sometimes, for
example we write "5x" instead of "5*x". The Integral Calculator has to detect these cases and insert the multiplication
sign.
The parser is implemented in JavaScript, based on the Shunting-yard algorithm, and can run directly in the browser.
This allows for quick feedback while typing by transforming the tree into LaTeX code. MathJax takes care of
displaying it in the browser.
When the "Go!" button is clicked, the Integral Calculator sends the mathematical function and the settings (variable of
integration and integration bounds) to the server, where it is analyzed again. This time, the function gets transformed
into a form that can be understood by the computer algebra system Maxima.
Maxima takes care of actually computing the integral of the mathematical function. Maxima's output is transformed
to LaTeX again and is then presented to the user. The antiderivative is computed using the Risch algorithm, which is
hard to understand for humans. That's why showing the steps of calculation is very challenging for integrals.
In order to show the steps, the calculator applies the same integration techniques that a human would apply. The
program that does this has been developed over several years and is written in Maxima's own programming
language. It consists of more than 16000 lines of code. When the integrand matches a known form, it applies xed
rules to solve the integral (e. g. partial fraction decomposition for rational functions or trigonometric substitution for
integrands involving the square roots of a quadratic polynomial). Otherwise, it tries different substitutions and
transformations until either the integral is solved, time runs out or there is nothing left to try. The calculator lacks the
mathematical intuition that is very useful for nding an antiderivative, but on the other hand it can try a large number
of possibilities within a short amount of time. The step by step antiderivatives are often much shorter and more
elegant than those found by Maxima.
The "Check answer" feature has to solve the di cult task of determining whether two mathematical expressions are
equivalent. Their difference is computed and simpli ed as far as possible using Maxima. For example, this involves
writing trigonometric/hyperbolic functions in their exponential forms. If it can be shown that the difference simpli es
to zero, the task is solved. Otherwise, a probabilistic algorithm is applied that evaluates and compares both functions
at randomly chosen places. In the case of antiderivatives, the entire procedure is repeated with each function's
derivative, since antiderivatives are allowed to differ by a constant.
The interactive function graphs are computed in the browser and displayed within a canvas element (HTML5). For
each function to be graphed, the calculator creates a JavaScript function, which is then evaluated in small steps in
order to draw the graph. While graphing, singularities (e. g. poles) are detected and treated specially. The gesture
control is implemented using Hammer.js.
If you have any questions or ideas for improvements to the Integral Calculator, don't hesitate to write me an e-mail.

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