Chapter 1 Stress Strain

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
BFC20903
STRESS - STRAIN
CHAPTER 1
LECTURER:
Professor Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Samad
M502 – 02
South East Tower
References
• R.C. Hibbeler, Mechancis of Materials, 10th Edition,

Pearson, 2018
What is Mechanics of Materials
• Mechancis of Materials is a branch of
mechanics that studies the internal effects of
stress and strain in a solid body that is
subjected to an external loading
• Stress is associated with the STRENGTH of the
material from which the body is made
• Strain is a measure of the DEFORMATION of
the body
BRIDGE
STEEL FRAME
COLUMN
BOLTS
BEAM • Steel frame structure

• Connection bolts
subjected to STRESS &
STRAIN
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
Earthquake : Padang, Sumatra
30 September 2009
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
• Principle of statics
• Main branch of mechanics and deals
with forces (external loads) on bodies
which are at rest (static equilibrium)
• External Loads
• Surface loads : Point Load, Uniformly
Distributed Load
• Body Forces: Self Weight
• Support Reactions
Support Reactions
Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both
1. A balance of forces – prevent body from translating
2. A balanced of moments – to prevent body from rotating
𝐹=0 𝑀0 = 0
If an X,Y, Z coordinate system is established, the
force and moments vectors can be resolved into
components along each axis
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝑀𝑥 = 0 𝑀𝑦 = 0 𝑀𝑧 = 0
In engineering practices, the loading can be

represented as a system of coplanar forces, hence
forces lie in the X-Y plane
𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑀0 = 0
(4)
(3)
(1)
(2)
Free Body Diagram

Coplanar Loadings
Free Body Diagram

Example
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on cross section C of the
cantilevered beam shown below
Support Reactions
The support reactions at A do not have to be determined if segment CB is considered
Free Body Diagram

Equations of Equilibrium
Example
STRESS
• Normal Stress, σ
–The intensity of the force acting
normal to an area
• Shear Stress, τ
–The intensity of force acting tangent
to an area
Units for Stress
• Pascal
• 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
• 1 N/mm2 = 1MN/m2 = 1MPa
• Kilo (k) = 103

• Mega (M) = 106
• Giga (G) = 109
• 1mm = 10-3 m
NORMAL STRESS
Fz
z 
A
SHEAR STRESS
Fx
 zx 
A
Fy
 zy 
A
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Average Normal Stress
Tension Stress Compressive Stress
Example
Example
READING QUIZ (cont)
Average Shear Stress

Shear Stress Equilibrium
Example
Fig. 1.22a
Pin A
Free Body
Fig. 1.22b
Diagram
for Beam
AB
Fig. 1.22c
Fig. 1.22d
Allowable Stress
• To design a structural
member it is necessary
to RESTRICT the stress
material to a level that
will be safe
• One method of
specifying the allowable
stress is to introduce
the FACTOR OF SAFETY
(F.S.)
EXAMPLE
The rigid bar AB shown in Fig. 1–29a is supported by a steel rod AC
having a diameter of 20 mm and an aluminum block having a cross
sectional area of 1800mm2. The 18-mm-diameter pins at A and C are
subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is  st  fail  680 MPa and  al  fail  70 MPa
respectively, and the failure shear stress for each pin is  fail  900 MPa ,
determine the largest load P that can be applied to the bar. Apply a
factor of safety of FS=2.

EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
• The allowable stresses are
 st  fail
 st allow  
680 MPa
 340 MPa
F .S . 2
 al  fail 70 MPa
 al allow    35 MPa
F .S . 2
 fail 900 MPa
 allow    450 MPa
F .S . 2
• There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,
  M B  0; P1.25m  FAC 2m  0 (1)

  M A  0; FB 2m  P0.75m  0 (2)

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress in the
rod, block, and pins, respectively. Note 1MPa = 1x106 N/m2
• For rod AC,  

FAC   st allow  AAC   340 10 6  0.01  106 .8 kN
2

P
106.82
 171 kN
• Using Eq. 1, 1.25
• For block B,  
FB   al allow AB  35 106 1800 106  63.0 kN  
P
63.02  168 kN
• Using Eq. 2,
0.75

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• For pin A or C,  
V  FAC   allow A  450 10 6  0.009   114.5 kN
2

• Using Eq. 1, P  114.52  183 kN
1.25
• When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable normal
stress in the aluminium block. Hence,
P  168 kN (Ans)

STRAIN
• When the bolt is
tightened, this causes
compression to the
plates
• The plates under
compression produces
strains in the material
• These strains can be
related to the stress in
the material
Specimen
subjected to
tension
force

Strain is a measure of the DEFORMATION
of the body
1. Normal Strain Є
2. Shear Strain γ
NORMAL STRAIN is the change in length
of a line per unit length
s's
Average Strain  avg  Є is positive –
s elongation
s's Є is negative -
 shortening
s
Deformed s '  1   s

s '  s  s
length A’B’

SHEAR STRAIN Change in angle (change in shape)

 nt   '
2
If Θ’ is smaller than π/2 - positive shear strain
If Θ’ is larger than π/2 - negative shear strain

CARTESIAN STRAIN
Note:
1. Normal strains cause a change in volume of
rectangular element, whereas
2. Shear strain causes a change in shape
Θ’ =
Δz’ =

EXAMPLE 1

The slender rod creates a normal strain in the rod of z  40 
10 z
3 1/ 2
where z is in meters. Determine (a) displacement of end B due to

the temperature increase, and (b) the average normal strain in the
rod.
z’
∆𝐵

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
s '  1   s
s '  s  s
Part (a)
• Since the normal strain is reported at each point along the rod, it has a
   
deformed length of
dz'  1  40 10 3 z1/ 2 dz
• The sum along the axis yields the deformed length of the rod is
 1  4010 z dz
0.2
3
z'  1/ 2
0
0.2
2 3
𝑧′ = 𝑧 + 40 10 −3 𝑧2 = 0.20239m
3 0
• The displacement of the end of the rod is therefore
 B  0.20239  0.2  0.00239 m  2.39mm  (Ans)

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
• Assumes the rod has an original length of 200 mm and a change in length of
2.39 mm. Hence,
s's
 avg 
s
s's 2.39
 avg    0.0119 mm/mm (Ans)
s 200

EXAMPLE 2
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed shape shown
in Fig. 2–6a. Determine (a) the average normal strain along the side
AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the plate at A relative to the x
and y axes.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions s's
 avg 
Part (a) s
• Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line after deformation, thus the
length of this line is
AB'  250  22  32  248.02 mm
• The average normal strain for AB is therefore
 AB avg  AB' AB  248.02  250  7.93103  mm/mm (Ans)

AB 250
• The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
• As noted, the once 90° angle BAC between the sides of the plate at A,
(referenced from the x, y axes) changes to θ’ due to the displacement of B to B’.
• Since  xy  2   ' then  xy is the angle shown in the figure.
• Thus,
 3 
 xy 1
 tan    0.121 rad (Ans)
 250  2 

TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS (cont)

STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Note the critical status for strength specification
 proportional limit
 elastic limit
 yield stress
 ultimate stress
 fracture stress

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Elastic Behaviour
– Curve is a straight line
– Stress is proportional to strain
– The material is linear elastic
– Upper stress limit – Proportional Limit σpl
– Beyond the σpl the curve bends until reaches its elastic limit
– Upon reaching the elastic limit, when load is removed, the
specimen will return back to its original shape
• Yielding
– A slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in
permanent damage to the specimen
– This behaviour is call yielding
– Stresses that causes yielding is the Yield Stress σy
– Plastic deformation
– Once yield stress is reached, the specimen will continue to
elongate (strain) without any increase in load – Perfectly Plastic
• Strain Hardening
– When yielding has ended, an increase in load can be
supported by the specimen, resulting in a curve that rises
until it reaches a maximum stress called Ultimate Stress
– The rise in the curve is called strain hardening
• Necking
– Up to the ultimate stress, the specimen elongates
– Its cross sectional area decreases uniformly until the
decrease in area becomes localized – Necking
– From this point the stress–strain diagram curve
downwards until the specimen breaks – Fracture Stress
Ductile Material
Any material that can be subjected to large strains before it
fractures
• Mild Steel – large

deformation before failing
• Does not have a well defined
yield strength
• Offset method = 0.2% strain
(0.002 mm/mm)
To specify the ductility of a material
• Percent Elongation
– Lf = length at fracture, Lo = original length
• Percent Reduction of Area

– Af = Area of neck at fracture, Ao = original cross sectional
area
Brittle Material
A material that exhibit little or no yielding before failure
Concrete
Fracture
A typical Stress-Strain diagram for a

Cast Iron
brittle material
STRENGTH PARAMETERS
• Modulus of elasticity (Hooke’s Law)
  E
• E – modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus
1. Stress equation above
represents the equation of
the initial straight line of
the Stress-Strain diagram
2. The Modulus of Elasticity

(E) represents the slope of
this straight line

• Modulus of Resilience
1  2
1 pl
ur   pl pl 
2 2 E
• Modulus of Toughness
– It measures the entire
area
under the stress-strain
diagram
EXAMPLE
The stress–strain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used for
making aircraft parts is shown in Fig. 3–19. If a specimen of this
material is stressed to 600 MPa, determine the permanent strain
that remains in the specimen when the load is released. Also, find
the modulus of resilience both before and after the load
application.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately 0.023
mm/mm.
• The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity, 1MPa = 1x106 N/m2
450 MPa
E  75.0 GPa
0.006mm / mm
• From triangle CBD,
E 
 
BD 600 10 6 Pa
 75.0 10 9 Pa  
CD CD
 CD  0.008 mm/mm

EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
• This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.
• The permanent strain is
 OC  0.023  0.008  0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)
• Computing the modulus of resilience,
ur initial  1  pl pl  1 450 MPa0.006 mm / mm  1.35 MJ/m 3 (Ans)

2 2
ur  final  1  pl pl  1 600 MPa0.008mm / mm  2.40 MJ/m 3 (Ans)
2 2
• Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N • m.

POISSON’s RATIO
 lat Poisson’s Ratio is a

v dimensionless quantity
 long v = 0.2 to 0.3

EXAMPLE
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig. 3–22. If
an axial force of P = 80kN is applied to the bar, determine the
change in its length and the change in the dimensions of its cross
section after applying the load. The material behaves elastically.

EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
• The normal stress in the bar is
P
z  
80 103 N  
 16.0 10 6 Pa  
A 0.1m0.05m
• From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa
z 
z

 
16.0 106 Pa
 6
 
 
9
Est 200 10 Pa
80 10 mm/mm
• The axial elongation of the bar is therefore
 z   z Lz  8010 6 1.5m  120 m (Ans)

EXAMPLE (cont)
Solutions
• The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are (taking v = 0.32)
 x   y  vst  z  0.328010 6   25.6 m/m

• The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are
 x   x Lx  25.610 6 0.1m  2.56 m (Ans)

 y   y Ly  25.610 6 0.05m  1.28m (Ans)

SHEAR STRESS - SHEAR STRAIN DIAGRAM
• Strength parameter G – Shear modulus of elasticity or the
modules of rigidity
• G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio v.
  G
E
G
21  v 

EXAMPLE 3
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear
stress– strain diagram is shown in Fig. 3–25a. Determine the shear
modulus G, the proportional limit, and the ultimate shear stress.
Also, determine the maximum distance d that the top of a block of
this material, shown in Fig. 3–25b, could be displaced horizontally
if the material behaves elastically when acted upon by a shear
force V. What is the magnitude of V necessary to cause this
displacement?
Fig. 3.25b
Fig. 3.25a
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the proportional
limit is
 pl  360 MPa (Ans)

• This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the ultimate
stress is
 u  504 MPa (Ans)
• Since the angle is small, the top of the block

will be displaced horizontally by
tan 0.008 rad   0.008 

d
 d  0.4 mm
50 mm

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is
V V
 avg  ; 360 MPa   V  2700 kN (Ans)
A 75100 

Chapter 1 Stress Strain

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Chapter 1 Stress Strain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

• R.C. Hibbeler, Mechancis of Materials, 10th Edition,

BEAM • Steel frame structure

In engineering practices, the loading can be

Free Body Diagram

Free Body Diagram

Free Body Diagram

• Kilo (k) = 103

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

  M B  0; P1.25m  FAC 2m  0 (1)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• For rod AC,  

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Deformed s '  1   s

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

If Θ’ is smaller than π/2 - positive shear strain

If Θ’ is larger than π/2 - negative shear strain

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

where z is in meters. Determine (a) displacement of end B due to

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 B  0.20239  0.2  0.00239 m  2.39mm  (Ans)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

AB'  250  22  32  248.02 mm

• The average normal strain for AB is therefore

 AB avg  AB' AB  248.02  250  7.93103  mm/mm (Ans)

• The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Since  xy  2   ' then  xy is the angle shown in the figure.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Mild Steel – large

• Percent Reduction of Area

A typical Stress-Strain diagram for a

2. The Modulus of Elasticity

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity, 1MPa = 1x106 N/m2

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The permanent strain is

 OC  0.023  0.008  0.0150 mm/mm (Ans)

• Computing the modulus of resilience,

ur initial  1  pl pl  1 450 MPa0.006 mm / mm  1.35 MJ/m 3 (Ans)

• Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N • m.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 lat Poisson’s Ratio is a

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• From the table for A-36 steel, Est = 200 GPa

• The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

 z   z Lz  8010 6 1.5m  120 m (Ans)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 x   y  vst  z  0.328010 6   25.6 m/m

 x   x Lx  25.610 6 0.1m  2.56 m (Ans)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 pl  360 MPa (Ans)

• Since the angle is small, the top of the block

tan 0.008 rad   0.008 

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd