Table of Contents

CHAPTER I .......................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................... 4

1.4 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................................. 4

1.5 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 5

1.6 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................ 5

1.7 Scope and Delimitations ................................................................................................................. 6

1.8 Locale of the Study.......................................................................................................................... 6

1.9 Definition of Terms ......................................................................................................................... 6

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 8

List of Figures

FIGURE 1.1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY ........................................................... 2

FIGURE 1.2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY ............................................................ 4
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Water plays a vital role in human life. Water as part of all human activities, is commonly
used as once-through system, where water comes from the tap, used as utility and goes directly
to the sink leading to hundred percent waste. Due to the questions arising from water
availability in the future, water reuse and recycling of domestic and industrial wastewater have
been of high significance given the increase of water cost and decrease of clean water resource.
In a study conducted by the World Health Organization last April 2015, ninety-percent of
wastewater in the Philippines is untreated leading to a great loss of possible water supply hence
offers the possibility for treatment and reuse (Claudio, 2015).

Wastewater of any type such as municipal, industrial, agricultural, or storm-water

origin, is a complex mixture of many different types of pollutants carried out after water usage.
Several of these pollutants are fairly easy to characterize. Some could impose complex effects
in aquatic environments which makes it difficult to precisely monitor and describe with regard
to their pollutional effects (W. G. Hines, 1973).

The main contributor of water pollution in the Philippines is the untreated domestic
wastewater that is being discharged directly in a body of water that covers at about 33%
(Tuddao, Jr., 2014). Domestic wastewater is usually composed of organic matter, chemicals
(both organic and inorganic) and harmful microorganisms which causes threat to human health.
Treatment of domestic wastewater is, therefore essential (Arushai Sheoran, 2015).

One way developed to treat wastewater is to use filter systems. Filtration as the building
block of filter system is a process of passing water through material to remove particulate and
other impurities, including floc, from the water being treated (Bourke, Carty, Crowe, &
Lambert, 1995). Traditional filter systems include slow sand filters, rapid sand filters, high rate
filters, activated carbon filters, and pressure filters. Its main functions are to treat used water
and produce a reusable water for specific uses, such as drinking water and for household
purposes. With each type of these filter system, different advantages and disadvantages arise
depending on its performance, design capabilities, and cost. To design and fabricate a filter
system that will offer these three variables therefore will be the undertaken in this study.

1
 Water used as a once-through system generates a large amount of wastewater that is
not commonly treated and recycled. This activity contributes to the decrease of water resource
and will later affect the economics of global water consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to
find ways to treat efficiently greywater for recycling and at the same time decrease the use of
limited water supply. Thus, the importance of designing filter equipment to treat domestic
wastewater motivated the proponents of the study.

1.2 Theoretical Framework

Figure 1.1: Theoretical Framework of the Study

Different studies have been presented in relation to filter system design. Most of these
literatures shows different design orientation of their filter equipment unit depending on the
desired water quality output.

Parameters in combination that will dictate the design specifications of the filter system
includes the wastewater inlet flowrate and outlet flowrate and the characterization of the
collected greywater.

Dhote and Chavhan (2014) designed and fabricated a laboratory wastewater treatment
plant. In their study, a combination of natural and physical operations was utilized such as

2
primary settling with cascaded flow, aeration, agitation, and filtration (dual media filter). Their
design was efficient in treating the wastewater and their effluent can be used for landscaping,
gardening, irrigations, plant growths and toilet flushing.

El-Harbawi et al (2010) designed a portable filter system used to further purify drinking
water. The result of their research has proven that the filter using layers of activated carbon,
silica, zeolite, bio ball and mineral sand has reduced the amount of COD, turbidity and
concentration of Fe in the drinking water.

Osterdahl (2015) evaluated the purification efficiency of filter systems installed in 17

households in Colombia. The installed system used sand and gravel and purified the water by
means of mechanical ad biological processes. The results showed that the treated water have
reduced turbidity, color, phosphate, E. Coli and coliform but it did not reach the maximum
level for the drinking standard. However, if the proper height of filter media and the appropriate
grain size was used, the results could still be further improved.

Aalto et al. (2006) represented developments for the filtration unit of past water treatment
system. The system consists of two compartments (i.e., a primary and a secondary unit) in a
built-in manner in the same frame. The water moves by gravity from the primary chamber to
the secondary unit where a thin film (filter) made of plastic is located.

Zhou and Smith (2002) surveyed the advancement of water and wastewater treatment. In
their study, it was noted that the use of conventional water and wastewater treatment processes
becomes increasingly challenged with the identification of more and more contaminants, rapid
growth of population and industrial activities, and diminishing availability of water resources.
Three emerging technologies was highlighted in their study including membrane filtration,
advanced oxidation, and hybrid technologies due to its in high efficiency in treating
wastewater.

3
1.3 Statement of the Problem

Domestic wastewater generated by once-through water systems contributes largely on

the wastage of water resource. It is the main purpose of the study to design and fabricate a
multi-layer filter system to treat greywater produced by Cagayan State University school
canteen and reuse the water for the purposes of cleaning and gardening.

Specifically, the study seeks to identify the problem of designing and fabrication of the
equipment.

1. What is the quality of the greywater generated in terms of:

a. Turbidity;
b. pH;
c. BOD;
d. COD;
e. Amount of pathogens.
2. How much power is required by the pump and aerator for the operation of the
filter system?
3. Is the wastewater that underwent the filtration system pass the standards for the
purpose recycling?

1.4 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Design Parameters Analytical design and Design Specifications

a. Water Inlet calculation of the
a. Power
Flowrate equipment specifications
Requirement
b. Wastewater with the actual selection
b. Pump and
quality (pH, of materials in the
Aerator
turbidity, BOD, fabrication and
Capacities
COD) maintenance of the multi-
c. Types of Filter
layer filter system.
media

Figure 2.2: Conceptual Framework of the Study

4
 The figure above shows the conceptual framework of the study. The inputs before
obtaining the design specifications of the equipment are design parameters namely the water
inlet flowrate and the wastewater quality. The characterization of the water quality will be
determined after subjecting it to experimental analysis in a laboratory.

The process involved in this study is the analytical calculation of the design
specifications of the filter unit. In addition, the selection of materials for the fabrication of the
equipment is considered.

The output contained the power requirement of the equipment, the pump and aerator
capacities and the types of filter media combinations.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

Generally, the study aims to design a multi-layer filter system for greywater treatment.
Specifically, it aims to:
1. evaluate the design parameters (flowrate of wastewater, turbidity, pH, BOD,
COD and amount of pathogens) from the collected wastewater;
2. determine the power requirements of the pump and aerator for the operation of
the filter system;
3. evaluate the performance of the filter system in terms of the effluent turbidity,
pH, BOD, COD and amount of pathogens.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The design and development of a multi-layer filter system will be used in treating domestic
wastewater generated by once-through water system and offer solution on the posing problems
on the wastage of possible resource and the increase cost of water supply. Aside from this,
recycling the wastewater can generally help the environment in addressing the situation of
decreasing clean and safe water available for human consumption. The treated domestic
wastewater will also lessen the polluted water that goes directly to the sewage which commonly
runs to natural water reservoirs. In effect, the condition of the aquatic life in those bodies of
water will improve compared to the current situation.

5
 If ever efficient, the design of the equipment may be installed in household and
communities where once-through water systems without recycling are practiced. Also, the
design may serve as a basis for future researches aligned with the objectives of the study.

1.7 Scope and Delimitations

The study focuses only on the characterization of the collected wastewater generated in the
school canteen in terms of turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, and amount of pathogens. The pathogens
that will be of focus are Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Only the flow rate and the
characteristics of the wastewater will be considered in determining the actual sizing and the
calculation of the power requirements of the pumps and aerator for the actual operation of the
equipment.
The efficiency of the filter system will be evaluated based only on the quality of the effluent
in terms of the design parameters specified. Five trials in treating the greywater will be also
utilized in determining the capability of the fabricated equipment in handling continuous water
flow rate. Lastly, this study will not tackle the cost analysis for the fabrication, operation and
maintenance of the equipment.

1.8 Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted in Cagayan Province. Data gathering and data analyses will
be performed in the school canteen at the Cagayan State University, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao
City, Cagayan.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Biochemical Oxygen Demand is a measure of the quantity of oxygen used by microorganisms

in the oxidation of organic matter in water.

Chemical Oxygen Demand is a measurement of the oxygen required to oxidize soluble and
particulate organic matter in water.

Domestic Wastewater is a type of wastewater that originates from houses, canteens and
apartments that contains relatively small contaminants compared to other types of wastewater.

Filter System is an equipment used for removing harmful components of a contaminated

water.

6
Effluent is the stream of treated water leaving the filtration unit.

Greywater is a type of domestic wastewater, which sources usually are from house sinks for
bath and dishwashing.

Multi-layer Filter System is a type of filter system made up of several water filter cartridges,
each corresponding to a filtration stage.

pH is the measure of acidity or basicity of water or wastewater.

Recycling is the process of recovering and treating wastewater for reuse in order to lessen loss
of water.

Turbidity is the measurement of amount of suspended solids in the water including clay, silt,
finely divided organic material, microorganism, and other particulate material in water or
wastewater.

Wastewater is an already-used water and usually subjected for disposal due to contamination
if not treated.

7
REFERENCES
[1] Beachy, S., Gallagher, D., Barkley, B., & Swope, J. (2010). A Water Purification
Solution Utilizing Ultraviolet Light for Village of Konolai in Southern India. Design
of a Water Purification System.
[2] Bourke, N., Carty, G., Crowe, M., & Lambert, M. (1995). Water Treatment Manuals.
9.
[3] Chan, L., Chan, M., & Wang, J. (2009). Design of Water Filter For Third World
Countries.
[4] Claudio, L. E. (2015). Wastewater Management in the Philippines. 3-4.
[5] El-Harbawi, M., Sabidi, A., Kamarudin, E., Abd Hamid, A., Harun, S., Nazlan, A., &
Yi, C. (2010). Design of a Portable Dual Purposes Water Filter System.
[6] Ezedike, J. C. (2016). Analysis and Design of a Water Purification System for the
West African Area of Operation.
[7] Hines, W. G. (1973). A Review of Wastewater Problems and Wastewater-
Management Planning in the San Francisco Region, California.
[8] Jayashree, D., Arvind, C., & Sangita, I. (2014). Design of Laboratory Based Waste
Water Treatment Plant.
[9] Kaufmann, D. (2016). Mobile Drinking Water Purification for Developing Countries.
[10] Osterdahl, M. (2015). Slow Sand Filtration as a Water Treatment Method.
[11] Priyadarsini, L. (2013). Development of Low Cost Water Purification Technique.
[12] Sheoran, A. (2015). Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Solution for Municipal
Wastewater. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology
ISSN:2277-212X.
[13] Shull, A. (2012). The Desigh and Creation of a Portable Water Purification System.
[14] Tansel, B. (2007). New Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Survey
of Recent Patents.
[15] Tuddao, V. B. (2014). Policy Research on Water Environmental Management and
Collaboration Framework Between Policy Makers and Researchers in the Philippines.