Chapter 1

Part of a sentence

Subject: - we talk about one who has action

Verb: - what is doing by the subject

Object: - is the one which gets affected by the action of the subject

Types of subjects :- 1.Singular 2.Plurals

Personal pronouns :- 1st , 2nd and 3rd person

Ka tha – meaning was

Ka hai – is

Ka hoga – will be

Helping / Auxilliary verb

Its tells us about the condition /state is it in past present and future .(is , am are , was , were)

Present helping verbs

(is , am , are , do , does , should, can , must has been , have been )

Past helping verbs

(did , could have , should have , was , were, had , had been , must have )

Future helping verbs

(will , will have , will have to)

Chapter 2

Singular This , that

Plural these , those

Chapter 3

Apostrophe (s) :- to express relation / possession

E.g. Ram’s pen (ram ka pen) here the importance gives to the ram more than the pen

The pen of ram: - its means the pen importance is more than the ram

So, they are the two different sentences.

We use ‘s and s’

Why is this ?

When we talk about the plural thing the s in the end word , so there use only s’ its means usually understood that
apostrophe is used .
For e.g. :- girl’s pen – its means (ladki ka pen )

Girls’ pen – its mean (ladkiyon k pen )

In the singular subject the (‘s) is used

“WH FAMILY” 1. It used as a interrogatives 2.It used as a conjuction

(what , when , where, whose , who , whom , how , why , which etc.)

What – kya , jo (in conjuction )

Who – kon , jo (Living)

Which – kaun sa , jo (Non-Living)

Whose- kiska , jiska (l)

Of which – kiska , jiska (Nl)

Where – khn , jhn

Whom– kise , jise , kisko , jisko (l)

From where – khn s , jhn s

For what – kisliye , jisliye

What for – kisliye , jisliye

Since when – kab s (sure time )

For how long - kab s (duration )

From when - kab s

With whom – kiske saath , jiske saath

For whom – kiske liye , jiske liye

Without whom – kiske bina , jiske bina

About whom – kiske bare m , jiske bare m

By whom – kiske duwara , jiske duwara

Towards whom – kiske traf , jiske traf

Until when – kab tk , jab tk

How many – kitne , jitney (count)

How much – kitna , jitna (un)

Whatever – jo kuch bhi

Whatsoever – jo kuch bhi

Whoever – jo koi bhi

Whosoever – jo koi bhi

Whichever - jo kuch bhi

Whichsoever – jo kuch bhi

Whenever – jab kabhi

However - jaise bhi , phr bhi

Whomever – jisse bhi

Whomsoever – jise bhi

Wht else - aur kya

Why so – aisa kyun

Whereas – jabki

At what time – kis samai

How come - kaise , kis trah

Whence – khn s , jhn s

What type of – kis trah ka

What sort of – kis trah ka

Which type – kis trah ka

What then – toh kya !

In what way – kis trah s

At what way – kis trah s

In which – kisme , jisme

Chapter 4 :
The words are categorized in 8 categries which are called a part of speech

Noun : - is the name of palace , thing , living things

Proper noun : ram , tuffy , parker pen , usha fan

2. common noun :-

Class of a person , place or thing – e.g. mobile , fan , car , state , city

Samsung is a class of mobile

Collective noun – army , team , class , crowd , people

Material noun :- gold , silver , copper

Abstract noun

We can’t touch , hear , see e.g. honesty , tasty , intelligent , feelings , expectations , mathematics )

Some words are also which can be used as noun or verb

For e.g. Love is life (abstract noun)

I love you (verb )

Gerund
If a verb is added with (ing ) and used a s noun in a sentences that verb is called gerund.

e.g. . Reading is important habit.

Running is good for health

Smoking is injurious to health

Playing guitar is my passion

How much and how many

How much water (kitna paani )

How many bottles of water (kiitn pani ki bottles)

Adjective
Adjective are the words or the clause that show the quality of a noun/pronoun or provide some additional information
about them .

For eg. Ram is clever

She is dragon.

If the real brother / sister then we use here “elder”

Otherwise for the cousins and other person use “older”.

Comparatively = more

Superlative = most

Verb

Verb describe the action or the state of the subject.

Adverb
To describe the quality above the adjective
Ram runs very fast.
Hardly , rarely (to make the adverb , the” ly” added in the adjective)
Interjections
Interjection are used to express sudden feelings or emotions that originates due to sudden joy
, grief , surprise , approval etc. Such words or phrases are followed by an exclamation mark (!).
Surprise : Is it ! (for a surprise news)
Consent (approval) , praise , mistakes
By god’s grace !
Absurd! , Nonsense! , Awful! (Bakwaas)
Incredible!
Finger crossed!
Terrible mistake! ( bahut badhi glti)
Articles

1. Definite : it generally points out a some particular person , place and thing .
2. Indefinite : it generally does not point out a particular person, place or thing.

A boy (koi , ek ) , the boy (voh )

A – An ( we use” An” where the sound of an vowel word.)
For eg. University – a university because the sound is consonant word
Hour : An hour (its sound the vowel word (aa – ar )

The: with unique person / object the sun, the earth, the moon, the president, the world, the CEO
With adjective referring to a whole group of people ( the old , the young , the rich , the poor)
With famous building / monument.
With superlative degree of an adjective: (the highest , the most , the youngest )
With the ordinal number : the third time , the last chapter , the first time )
With countries which include kingdom / states or republic
With countries of plural name
With rivers, canals
With the name of family ( the khans , the ambani’s)
use of the before only when its meaning referring to the (iklauta)
the only child , the only tiger , the only person)
before the whole word and after all word
for e.g. : all the books are visted .
I visited the whole world.
Where not to use “ the”
Before the name of diseases.
Before the name of languages
Before the proper noun
Before the name of country
Before the lunch , breakfast , dinner
Before hospital and god and school
Preposition
Above : 1. In the list
2.In the abstract noun
3. in the level

As same as below
For e.g. My name is above his name.
Money is above love
Earthquake magnitude in Richter scale is above 8
Beyond ( k ppar , k aage): 1. Which is not visible
3. Which is abstract
Across ( thing , place which see )
Ahead of – aaage
Behind – peeche
In front of – k samne
Before – k samne , k phele
Between :- 2 objects
Among – more than two object –given
Amongst – more than 2 objects – not given
For eg. The phone kept between two books.
2. I was among 50 people
3. I was amongst the crowd .
On , onto , upon
 On (k upr , par): - to keep a object or a thing to another object
Use of “ON” with date and time ( m , ko)
Upon/onto :- a moving object on the other object
For eg. He will jump onto the elephant
Off( se): -- to seprate from the surface
I picked the mobile off the table
I am whipping off the screen
From : 1. point of some place
2.point of time
3. from any source
For eg. I wrote this from book
I heard it from ram
He is buying it from the shop
Except ( ko chodkar ) and besids ( k atirikt)
Besides Samsung , I have many mobile phones.