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Culture Documents
4 ANNEXURE ................................................................................................................. 16
4.1 Annex Taluka wise Union Councils of District Tharparkar .................................................... 16
4.2 Annex - Preliminary Travel/Assessment Plan ....................................................................... 18
4.3 Annex – Details of FGDs and Assessment Locations............................................................. 19
4.4 Annex – List of KIIs conducted and Assessment Locations ................................................... 20
4.5 Annex – Checklist / Guidelines for meeting and discussion ................................................. 21
4.6 Annex – Checklist for Meeting with Health Facility Staff (PPHI, HANDS others) .................. 21
4.7 Annex – Checklist / Guidelines for discussion with LHWs / Marvi (Community Health
Worker) ............................................................................................................................................. 22
4.8 Annex – Checklist / Guidelines for talking to a patient......................................................... 22
4.9 Annex – Checklist for Focus Group Discussion in communities ........................................... 23
4.10 Annex –Guidelines for Focus Group Discussion in communities .......................................... 23
4.11 Annex – Checklist for Market Assessment ............................................................................ 26
4.12 Annex – Checklist Key Informant Interview (KII) .................................................................. 26
Acronyms
Glossary
Draft
Drought Assessment Report for Districts Tharparkar and
Umerkot
1 Executive Summary
Thar region is mostly sand ridges and arid zone. Tharparkar has 1.2 million population,
where only 5% of people reside in urban areas and the rest live in rural setups. The
main sources of income in Thar region are arid agriculture, livestock rearing and
daily wage labour.
Droughts are a slow onset calamity; however, various signs do indicate to drought
like situation. Droughts reoccur in Tharparkar region due to low rainfall, lack of means
for irrigation, lack of resources for improving the existing arid agriculture, and
continued desertification. Other problems are lack of adequate health facilities and
its outreach to local communities, veterinary services for their livestock, protective
measures from poisonous reptiles and lack of alternate yearlong livelihood activities
for sustained living.
Poverty and vulnerability rise with low or minimal rainfall especially during the months
of July and August. Their livelihood sources shrink with negligible agricultural yield
and with declining fodder sources and grazing opportunities large numbers of
livestock either die or are struck with diseases. Consequently, the local population
either migrate to farmlands and towns in the adjacent districts in search of alternate
earning sources.
The respondents of assessment study prioritized their immediate and long term
needs. Their needs are grouped into short and long-term categories for ease and
understanding to develop program interventions.
The respondents pointed out the following immediate needs in the short-term;
iii. To ensure adequate food stocks till next (2015) monsoon season,
iv. To provide seed grants for next sowing season i.e. July and August 2015;
v. To provide fodder and vaccination for livestock;
vi. To operationalize health facilities and address diarrhoea, measles and other
sickness cases;
vii. To provide mobile health services for reaching remote settlements (mobile
outreach services), and
The respondents’ needs to mitigate droughts and its effects in the long-term are
grouped as;
ix. The respondents stressed for ensuring clean drinking water facilities
through filtration systems (Reverse Osmosis plants) and to install solar
powered water pumps on the existing wells,
xiii. To provide road network in desert areas and enable easy access to urban
markets and for reaching health facilities and water points.
2 The Context
2.1 Background
CMU and PEFSA V partner agencies received various calls and notifications
regarding droughts in parts of Sindh province. The government notifications and
reports from non-government organizations indicated that most of Tharparkar district
and parts of adjoining districts were facing drought situation due to inadequate
rainfall since last year.
Therefore, a team of CMU staff along with volunteers from partner organizations
planned a quick assessment of the drought affected areas of Tharparkar and
Umerkot. The seven member team conducted focus group discussions and key
informant interviews from 27th till 31st October 2014.
2.2 Methodology
It was assumed that an initial assessment will help organizations to decide and plan
a way forward and to investigate further information in order to plan and design
specific interventions. The ‘Thar Drought Assessment’ study was planned to acquire
firsthand information on droughts in Tharparkar region of Sindh Province. Available
secondary information was accessed, and perception of affectees in drought-prone
areas and other locals were acquired.
2. To acquire the views of the affectees and narrate the local perception about droughts and
remedies,
3. To identify intervention for immediate relief to the drought affectees through short-term
approach,
4. To broadly identify the numbers and location/Union Councils with vulnerable population
who may be targeted through a long-term assistance approach.
2.2.1 Objective
To acquire first hand information of the current drought situation and to work out a
way forward for addressing the slow onset calamity.
After receiving the information from various forums; government, media sources
(both electronic and print) and non-government organizations, an assessment of
District Tharparkar and some areas of District Umerkot was held during last week of
October 2014.
The team included seven members from CMU PEFSA along with members from
consortium partners: one from Save the Children and two from Oxfam GB along with
volunteers from local organizations: two from TRDP in Tharparkar & two from HANDS
in Umerkot.
The team visited PDMA and PNC, Health Dept. in Karachi. Administrative offices in
Mithi (DHQ Tharparkar) were also visited and discussions with the available officials
were held. Requisite data on the current drought situation, such as names/list of
affected villages, governments’ relief assistance and provisions, and maps could not
be obtained instantly from district offices as they were in the process of compiling
the same.
The team conducted 12 key informants and 9 FGDs (4 mix, 3 with female and 2 with
male community members) and assessed the drought situation. A brief of offices
and communities visited is given below and details are annexed.
2. PDMA office,
5. Community members from villages Sukhpur, Veerawah & Dansi, Karaitar (Taluqa
Nangarparkar),
2.3 Demographics
Thar means desert and the region includes District Tharparkar along with parts of
Umerkot, Sanghar and Mirpurkhas. District Tharparkar has a population of 1.2 million
with a geographical area 1 of about 20,000 sq. kms. Only 5% population live in urban
settings and the rest live in rural settings. Thar region consists of six (6) Talukas (sub-
districts): Mithi, Diplo, Islamkot, Nangarparkar, Chachoro and Dahli and has 44 Union
Councils with more than 166 Dehs (large villages) with more than 2000 hamlets. Most
affected were Taluqas of Chachoro, Dahlee and Nangarparkar. Similarly, as per the
assessments carried out by other agencies in March 2014, the affected population
of droughts 2013 was 0.6 million.
1
Reference
http://www.thardeep.org/thardeep/Publication/PubFiles/df4mkfdjoe3wFinal%20Drought%20Repor
t%2012.pdf
2.4 Taluka wise Affected Union Councils of District Tharparkar
Union Council
S. Name of at Risk since Total Affected Population
No Taluka UC. No March 2014
Male Female Total
1 Chachoro 16,287 13,398 29,685
2 Saringiar 19,098 15,010 34,108
3 Tar Dos 20,533 15,290 35,823
1 Chachoro 4 Rajoro 18,812 15,867 34,679
5 Hirar 16,605 13,401 30,006
6
7 Mithrio Charan 17,671 12,598 30,269
8 Dahli 19,422 13,753 33,175
9 Khensar 20,190 15,590 35,780
10 Parno 21,528 15,345 36,873
11 Gadhro 17,771 12,838 30,609
2 Dahlee
12 Laplo 19,186 14,410 33,596
13 Piranojopar 17,397 12,289 29,686
14 Jesejopar 18,539 12,888 31,427
15 Tar Ahmad 14,574 11,642 26,216
16
17
18
19
3 Mithi
20
21
22
23 Vejhyar 16,497 13,912 30,409
24
25
26
27
4 Diplo
28
29
30
31
32
33
5 Islamkot 34
35 Seengaro 14,298 12,225 26,523
36
37
38
39
40 Pilu 15,299 13,308 28,607
41 Harho 14,509 12,937 27,446
6 Nangarparkar 42 Tegusar 14,653 12,077 26,730
43 Sateedera 13,405 11,446 24,851
Virawah (half
44 area) 7,437 6,562 13,999
45
Totals 45 353,711 276,786 630,497
3 Main Findings
It is evident after the assessment exercise immediate efforts are required to deal with
droughts in Tharparkar and curtail similar drought conditions in the future. The team
spoke to the local communities and found out the following main issues;
2) Approximately 60-70% of the Kohli and Bheel communities have migrated to adjacent districts of
Sanghar, Badin, Umerkot and Mirpurkhas in search of work opportunities and where fodder is
available. They also describe this routine as their seasonal migration for on-farm daily labour
during the harvest season. (See annex on castes and communities in the area)
3) Some 20-30% of Menghwar communities have also migrated to the irrigated regions where they
find work opportunities both on-farm and off-farm. However, they informed that their livestock
herds were taken to barrage areas of upper Sindh and usually one or two men from the family
stay with their herds till the next monsoon season.
4) Few of the Muslim families migrated to relatives residing in settled areas. The informed that in
normal conditions they do not leave their houses like the nomadic Kohli’s. However; due to
drought severity, at least one male member per family had to leave in search of work. They
usually travel to urban centres of Hyderabad and Karachi and remit their earnings back home to
sustain the droughts.
6) They also borrowed for vaccinating livestock between the two monsoon seasons but few rains
and no agriculture yields they were unable to return their previous debts. Similarly, with dry
monsoons this year they were left with nothing to spend on treatment of their livestock as they
were too weak to survive or remain profitable.
7) Recent borrowings are for food purchases, transport and health services.
8) They reported to have lost a quarter of their livestock. The rest of the herd have been moved to
areas with better grazing options and some have been sold. They claimed that livestock is one of
their productive assets and the loss in their numbers had been a grave loss for them. More so the
ones they had been able to sell were also sold off on less than quarter of the normal rates.
10) The Government authorities met also claimed to have distributed three tranches of 50 Kg Wheat
bag since August 2014. They stated that wheat is distributed to the affectees whenever droughts
hit the area. Though local respondents could confirmed either one tranche and in some places to
have received a second tranche at the end of September and in some didn’t get any of the
tranche.
11) Few respondents could confirm the distribution of nutritional supplements in their Union Councils
and had heard about biscuits and similar packs that were distributed to children and women in the
neighbouring villages.
13) They informed that usually they survive similar situation by migrating to irrigated farmlands where
they find livelihood opportunities, food, shelter and fodder for livestock. Whereas, some of the
Menghwar, mostly men migrate in search of daily wages. At the same time they have moved
livestock herds to farmlands in Mithi, Badin and Mirpurkhas, where rice, cotton and sugarcane are
being harvested. Owners of larger herds have moved their livestock to upper Sindh’s barrage
areas and are being attended by one or two male members from each family.
14) Whereas, majority of Bheel and Kohli have migrated with their whole families. They find on-farm
work that is paid in-kind such as rice grain and are allowed to graze their livestock on the same
farmland. It was reported that some of these families may stay on these farmlands till they have
enough food stock to sustain the time between now and next monsoon season.
15) The families who were still residing in the villages informed that in distress they would sell one of
the livestock in order to pay for food ration or paying off expenses incurred on health.
18) A Stabilization Centre (SC) at DHQ Hospital in Mithi supports the nutrition program run by
Provincial Nutrition Cell (PNC) and donors. The Sindh Health Department is providing services at
DHQ and THQ hospitals and PPHI is managing primary healthcare services at BHUs. However,
discussions with healthcare staff and locals revealed that the health facilities remain under-
resourced and understaffed.
19) Exact coverage capacity for whole of Tharparkar is yet to be ascertained through a detailed
assessment. The information obtained through quick assessment present that PNC, PPHI, WFP,
and UNICEF are providing services through local partners: HANDS, TRDP and Shifa
International, and treatment for malnourished children and PLWs.
20) The informants in villages assessed that the BHUs remained non-functional or under-staffed for a
long time till very recently the services have been resumed. Overall it appeared to be negligence
of resource allocation, outreach concept such as providing timely supplements to under-nourished
ones.
21) Most of the affected families were also un-aware about the provision or distribution of biscuits and
other supplement packs for women and children.
22) Many of the respondents were of the opinion that the health facilities are too far-away and they
remain inaccessible for the sick and weak patients, especially elderly and lactating women and for
children. At the same time they also pointed out that many affectees cannot reach health facilities
in cities as the transportation cost was very high and unaffordable in hard times such as droughts.
24) The water table is at a depth of 60 ft in some areas where locals are able to dig wells for their
daily use, but in some areas the water table is 350-400 ft deep and it takes a lot of effort for
fetching water with pullies and buckets that are pulled only by camels or donkeys. The situation
further worsens during droughts as the water table lowers down and the animals are too weak to
pull the water buckets from increased depths.
25) They also reported that the water had a toll on them by causing most of their health problems
such as stomach pains and skin issues. The locals don’t have another option but to drink and use
it for domestic purposes. They explained that their belongings such as clothing decompose much
quickly due to hard water washing.
26) The government is applying efforts to explore durable solutions in shape of Reverse Osmosis
(RO) water treatment plants. The RO plants are installed at points to cover larger and settled
villages with more number of users in the coverage area. The RO plants also have a recurring
expenditure of diesel fuel and require regular maintenance. The administrative offices informed
that govt. is exploring for further options such as solar powered RO plants.
28) The arid zone is dependent on rainfall and people are dependent on only one crop during summer
monsoon (Kharif) season.
30) The informants explained that the portion of income from agricultural yield is too less and is highly
dependent on adequate rainfall. They reported that there was no rainfall for the last three (3)
years and there was no agricultural yield.
31) Similarly, this year there were no rains during July and August; hence the routine of migration and
displacement was visible. They said that when rains are not sufficient the people know it definitely
that hard times are ahead. Hence, rainfall is a significant factor and an indicator to forecast the set
pattern of vulnerability in Thar region.
3.7.2 Livestock
32) Many reported that they had lost 1/3rd of cattle including cows and camels. They explained that
cows were means for essential dairy products in their homes and were also a cash asset.
Similarly, camels had great role for commuting in desert areas and for fetching water from far-off
sites but due to droughts they have lost their grazing grounds and are now too weak to be useful.
33) Locals also reported that they lost more than 2/3rd of their small ruminants; sheep and goats, due
to disease and droughts. One of the major diseases was sheep pox, which was really damaging
for the people. They felt helpless as no vaccine and support was available to timely cure and fight
the disease.
34) The livestock sale is also their main source of income whereas they informed a drastic drop in the
sale rate for Thar’s livestock. They explained that significantly lower rates of 1/4th of the original
price were due to diseased and weaker animals.
4 Annexure
No. of TMAs 6
No. of Circles 18
No. of Tapas 45
PEFSA CMU- Sunday, 1600 KHI KHI PEFSA CMU will travel to Karachi on
Islamabad October 26th, Sunday, October 26th, 2014 and stay the
2014 night in Karachi
PEFSA CMU- Monday, 1200 Mithi Mithi PEFSA staff will meet at 1000 with the
Islamabad October 27th, PDMA and PNC in Karachi and later travel to
2014 Mithi and stay the night in Mithi - Travel
time 6 hrs.
PEFSA CMU- Tuesday, 0900 Nangarparkar Nangarparkar PEFSA will meet local administration and
Islamabad October 28th, conduct assessments in Nangarparkar
2014
Stay the night in Nangarparkar.
TRDP guesthouse
PEFSA CMU- Wednesday, 0800 Umerkot Umerkot PEFSA teams will travel to Umerkot from
Islamabad October 29th, Nangarparkar through Chachoro...
2014
After the assessment, the teams will travel
to Umerkot (adjacent to Chachoro) where
they will spend the night.
PEFSA CMU- Thursday, 0900 Umerkot Umerkot PEFSA teams will conduct assessment in
Islamabad October 30th, district Umerkot.
2014
Teams stay the night in Umerkot
PEFSA CMU- Friday, 0800 KHI KHI PEFSA team will travel to Karachi after
Islamabad October 31st, completing the assessment, and compile
2014 the data and meet officials Pakistan
Nutrition Cell
PEFSA CMU- Saturday, Nov Morning ISB - After the week of assessment, the team will
Islamabad 1, 2014 flight return back to Islamabad.
4.3 Annex – Details of FGDs and Assessment Locations
Jamal,
October
8 male (12 were Jibran,
9 30th,
sitting) Bhagwan Umerkot / Kaplore /
2014
Badhi village Das Male Kaplore
4.4 Annex – List of KIIs conducted and Assessment Locations
Role in
Sr # Date Interviewee Interviewer Location (District/Taluka/UC/Village)
Community
1 October Vari, Ladu, Mir Aman, Housewives Tharparkar/Nangarparkar/Nangarparkar
28th, 2014 Bai, Dhani Saad Bilal - Pithapur/Sukhpur-Oan Jovandhio
Introduction and Purpose of Visit – Quick Assessment of Thar Drought – October 2014
4.6 Annex – Checklist for Meeting with Health Facility Staff (PPHI, HANDS others)
4.7 Annex – Checklist / Guidelines for discussion with LHWs / Marvi (Community
Health Worker)
Coping Strategies
How do you cope with the drought situation?
How are you coping with the current droughts?
Take a timeline of previous droughts, intensity and coping strategy
What did you lose during previous droughts and during current drought?
Will you be able to recover from this situation and how?
What will you do if, God forbid, droughts occur again?
Is there another way of coping with drought situation – explore options/ solutions to livelihoods,
crops, water, livestock, fodder etc