QUESTION

A proposed wastewater collection system layout with 27 contributing establishments and

18manholes is to be designed for the downstream part of the urban area near to the treatment
plant (Figure 1). The topographic map (showing 1m contour interval and a development plan
showing settlement pattern, road network and future development of the area) is given in
Figure 1.
The number of residential population contributing sewage to the manholes and per capita
water consumption at the end of the planning horizon are given in Table 1. It has been
determined that the commercial and institutional population density is ‘Individual No.’
employee /customer per hectare and that the water consumption per capita is given in Table 1.
The rate of industrial waste generation in the process is 25000 litres per day per hectare
(l/ha/d).
In addition, there is groundwater infiltration component of 5700 litres per length per day
(l/L/d) in the gravity pipes (05, 06, 08, 12, 14, 15 and 16) during the dry period. There is also
an inflow into the sewer system during the Winter season at manholes (MH 01, 05, 10, 12,
18) (Table 6).Collection areas for the commercial, institutions and industry land uses in
hectares and percent development at the end of the planning horizon or design period are
given in Table 1.
The flow in the main as it enters the manhole (at MH-07, 10 and 12) is given in Table 1.
Based on the annual operating data in a similar area, the respective adjustment factor for
Summer and Winter are 1.5 and 0.8. The minimum flow factor is 0.25. The diurnal
variation of wastewater flow in various sources are given in Table 7. Use standard head-
loss method to calculate the head loss at the manholes with coefficient of 0.25.
There are two football fields, with an area of 1.44 hectare each, one near to manhole 13
and the other near to manhole 18. The local administration has a plan to collect the runoff
generated from the two football fields with the sanitary sewer system. The runoff coefficient
of the field is 0.7 and the intensity of rainfall in the area is 0.5 mm/hr.
Local regulations require the main sewer pipes must have ND ≥ 200 mm. The minimum
and maximum velocity in the sewer pipe, cover depth and hydraulic gradient set by
the local regulation is given in Table 5. Data for system geometry and proposed pump
capacities to be used at the pumping station are given in the table below.
Table:1. Wastewater source loading data

per capital
Total number/amount water % development
Dry weather at the end of the consumption Area in at the end of
Node load design period (l/d) hectare design period
MH-02 Home(Average) 1500 136
Laundermant
per machine 146 0.2
MH-03 Municipal store 60 0.5 89
Condominium 400 186
MH-04 Municipal store 60 0.4 80
Condominium 880 186
MH-05 Office 75 1 95
hospital 280 75
Condominium 205 146
MH-06 coffee shop 50 0.05 92
MH-07 Home(Average) 3130 136
Condominium 780 186
direct load from
upstream (l/d) 178900
MH-08 Home(Average) 300 136
MH-09 Home(Average) 180 136
MH-10 Home(Average) 120 136
Direct load
from upstream
(l/d) 240000
MH-11 Home(Average) 120 136
MH-12 Home(Average) 140 136
direct load from
upstream (l/d) 115000
MH-13 Home(Average) 208 136
MH-14 video centre 45 0.2 95
Kgschools
MH-15 (students) 5 0.15
MH-16 Hotel 80 1.2 100
MH-17 Theatre 10 0.1
Medium size
industry
MH-18 (employee) 300 180
Medium size
industry 25000 2.5 100
Table 2: Gravity pipe data
Question:1.Use MS-Excel, design only the gravity waste water collection system using:

a. traditional approach to self-cleansing

b. tractive force approach to self-cleansing

GIVEN DATA INDIVIDUAL NUMBER = 136

Answer i have just simplify the excel accordingly step by step starting from calculating
demand for each dry weather load by their multiplier with different time.

Table:1. read the appropriate Elevation for each pipe according to 1m interval of counter line

From To Length Elev’n Elev’n Street Contributions

`
MH MH (m) In Out Slope to Flow

P01 1 PS 19.6 23.00 22.00 0.051 P2+MH1

P02 2 1 52.5 25.40 23.00 0.046 P08+P03+P14 +MH2
P03 3 2 66.0 27.00 25.40 0.024 P04+MH3
P04 4 3 66.5 29.50 27.00 0.038 P05+P11+MH4
P05 5 4 57.0 30.20 29.50 0.012 P06+ MH5
P06 6 5 59.5 32.30 30.20 0.035 P07+P13+MH6
P07 7 6 84.5 32.80 32.30 0.006 MH7
P08 8 2 77.5 26.00 25.40 0.008 P09 +MH8
P09 9 8 79.0 26.80 26.00 0.010 P10 +MH9
P10 10 9 72.0 28.00 26.80 0.017 MH10
P11 11 4 85.5 33.00 29.40 0.042 P12+MH11
P12 12 11 75.0 34.50 33.00 0.020 MH12
P13 13 6 85.5 33.20 32.30 0.011 MH13
P14 14 2 69.5 26.00 25.40 0.009 P15+ MH 14
P15 15 14 78.5 26.25 26.00 0.003 P16+MH15
P16 16 15 87.5 26.90 26.10 0.009 P17+MH16
P17 17 16 53.0 27.80 26.90 0.017 P18+MH17
P18 18 17 60 30.9 27.8 0.05167 MH18

discussion: the primary activity to be done the analysis or the design of this sewerage system
is collecting information from the given data. therefore i have just take the consecutive
elevation of each MH with the help of a ruler except the one which is crossing each other
within the counter line. therefore if this is so the elevation of the MH is knowingly equal to
that of the counter line elevation.

the street slope is also calculated by taking the ratio of the difference of elevation and their
𝐸𝑖𝑛−𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 23−22
corresponding length. for instance: 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒1 = = = 0.05102
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 19.6
step 2: calculating the dry weather flow for each dry weather load

Total %
number/amount per capital development
at the end of water at the end of Dry
the design consumption Area in design weather
Node Dry weather load period (l/d) hectare period flow(l/d)
MH-02 Home(Average) 1500 136 153000
Laundermant per
machine 146 0.2 2978.4
MH-03 Municipal store 60 0.5 89 2723.4
Condominium 400 186 55800
MH-04 Municipal store 60 0.4 80 1958.4
Condominium 880 186 122760
MH-05 Office 75 1 95 7267.5
hospital 280 75 15750
Condominium 205 146 22447.5
MH-06 coffee shope 50 0.05 92 234.6
MH-07 Home(Average) 3130 136 319260
Condominium 780 186 108810
direct load from
upstream (l/d) 178900 178900
MH-08 Home(Average) 300 136 30600
MH-09 Home(Average) 180 136 18360
MH-10 Home(Average) 120 136 12240
Direct load from
upstream (l/d) 240000 240000
MH-11 Home(Average) 120 136 12240
MH-12 Home(Average) 140 136 14280
direct load from
upstream (l/d) 115000 115000
MH-13 Home(Average) 208 136 21216
MH-14 video center 45 0.2 95 872.1

MH-15 Kgschools (students) 5 0.15 76.5

MH-16 Hotel 80 1.2 100 9792
MH-17 Theater 10 0.1 102
Mediumsize industry
MH-18 (employee) 300 180 40500
Mediumsize industry 25000 2.5 100 62500

sample calculation for calculating dry weather flow

l
MH02=Home average= 𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1500 ∗ 136(indv. no) ∗ 0.75 = 15300 d

𝑙
Laundermant per machine= 𝐿𝑚𝑝𝑚 = (136 + 10) ∗ 0.2 ∗ 136 ∗ 0.75 = 2978.4 𝑑
 but if there is no any water consumption and area in hectare the dry weather flow will be the
same as with the total number/amount at the end of the period for instance MH07,MH10 &
MH12 with their direct load from upstream is their dry weather flow that is 178900,
240000&115000l/d respectively. the other MHs is already calculated like MH02 which is shown
above as a sample. from the principle of changing factor (70%-80%) water supply or consumption to
waste water I have just taken 75% =0.75 changing factor.

step:3.calculating the demand for each manholes dry weather load with their multiplier. and
taking the maximum demand
Table:1 Diurnal Waste Water Flow Variation In Different for designing the MH.
Source
Time 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 therefore we have to take
Residential 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1 1.4 1.1 0.6 the maximum one which is
Commercial 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 0.4 used for designing the
Institutional 0.6 0.8 1.6 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 corresponding MHs.
Dry
Dry weather weather
Node load flow(l/d)
MH-
02 Home(Average) 153000 122400 244800 198900 183600 153000 214200 168300 91800
Laundermant
per machine 2978.4 1191.36 1191.36 1787.04 2382.72 2978.4 3574.08 4467.6 1191.36
Total 123591 245991.4 200687 185983 155978 217774 172768 92991.4
MH-
03 Municipal store 2723.4 1089.36 1089.36 1634.04 2178.72 2723.4 3268.08 4085.1 1089.36

Condominium 55800 44640 89280 72540 66960 55800 78120 61380 33480
total 45729.4 90369.36 74174 69138.7 58523.4 81388.1 65465.1 34569.4
MH-
04 Municipal store 1958.4 783.36 783.36 1175.04 1566.72 1958.4 2350.08 2937.6 783.36

Condominium 122760 98208 196416 159588 147312 122760 171864 135036 73656
Total 98991.4 197199.4 160763 148879 124718 174214 137974 74439.4
MH-
05 Office 7267.5 4360.5 5814 11628 11628 10174.5 5814 4360.5 2907
hospital 15750 9450 12600 25200 25200 22050 12600 9450 6300

Condominium 22447.5 17958 35916 29181.8 26937 22447.5 31426.5 24692.3 13468.5
Total 31768.5 54330 72744 63765 54672 49840.5 38502.8 22675.5
the same is true for all other MHs for sampling sample calculation MH02:

therefore the maximum demand with multiplier for all MHs which is used to design the
corresponding MHs is as follows:
 Dry Laundermant
Dry weather weather home avg per machine
Node load flow(l/d) time residential demand commercial demand summation
MH-
02 Home(Average) 153000 3 0.8 122400 0.4 1191.36 123591.4
Laundermant
per machine 2978.4 6 1.6 244800 0.4 1191.36 245991.4
9 1.3 198900 0.6 1787.04 200687
12 1.2 183600 0.8 2382.72 185982.7
15 1 153000 1 2978.4 155978.4
18 1.4 214200 1.2 3574.08 217774.1
21 1.1 168300 1.5 4467.6 172767.6
24 0.6 91800 0.4 1191.36 92991.36
max 245991.4
Q with
Dry multiplier
weather factor for each design Q
Node Dry weather load flow(l/d) load for MHs
MH-02 Home(Average) 153000 244800 245991.36
Laundermant per machine 2978.4 4467.6
MH-03 Municipal store 2723.4 4085.1 90369.36
Condominium 55800 89280
MH-04 Municipal store 1958.4 2937.6 197199.36
Condominium 122760 196416
MH-05 Office 7267.5 11628 72744
hospital 15750 25200
Condominium 22447.5 35916
MH-06 coffee shope 234.6 351.9 351.9
MH-07 Home(Average) 319260 510816 863812
Condominium 108810 174096
DLF upstream (l/d) 178900 178900
MH-08 Home(Average) 30600 48960 48960
MH-09 Home(Average) 18360 29376 `
MH-10 Home(Average) 12240 19584 259584
DLF upstream (l/d) 240000 240000
MH-11 Home(Average) 12240 19584 19584
MH-12 Home(Average) 14280 22848 137848
DLF upstream (l/d) 115000 115000
MH-13 Home(Average) 21216 33945.6 33945.6
MH-14 video center 872.1 1308.15 1308.15
MH-15 Kgschool(students) 76.5 122.4 122.4
MH-16 Hotel 9792 15667.2 15667.2
MH-17 Theater 102 153 153
Mediumsize industry
MH-18 (employee) 40500 64800 189800
Mediumsize industry 62500 125000
 step:4 next to this we can start the design by calculating WW SOURCE LOAD (l/d) from the
following formula.

Table:2. calculating Domestic or source load of WW

WW
From To Length Elev’n Elev’n Street Contributions
Pipe SOURCE
MH MH (m) In Out Slope to Flow
LOAD (l/d)

P01 1 PS 19.6 23.00 22.00 0.051 P2+MH1 2206816.4

P02 2 1 52.5 25.40 23.00 0.046 P08+P03+P14 +MH2 2206816.4
P03 3 2 66.0 27.00 25.40 0.024 P04+MH3 1415854.3
P04 4 3 66.5 29.50 27.00 0.038 P05+P11+MH4 1325484.9
P05 5 4 57.0 30.20 29.50 0.012 P06+ MH5 970853.5
P06 6 5 59.5 32.30 30.20 0.035 P07+P13+MH6 898109.5
P07 7 6 84.5 32.80 32.30 0.006 MH7 863812
P08 8 2 77.5 26.00 25.40 0.008 P09 +MH8 337920
P09 9 8 79.0 26.80 26.00 0.010 P10 +MH9 288960
P10 10 9 72.0 28.00 26.80 0.017 MH10 259584
P11 11 4 85.5 33.00 29.40 0.042 P12+MH11 157432
P12 12 11 75.0 34.50 33.00 0.020 MH12 137848
P13 13 6 85.5 33.20 32.30 0.011 MH13 33945.6
P14 14 2 69.5 26.00 25.40 0.009 P15+ MH 14 207050.75
P15 15 14 78.5 26.25 26.00 0.003 P16+MH15 205742.6
P16 16 15 87.5 26.90 26.10 0.009 P17+MH16 205620.2
P17 17 16 53.0 27.80 26.90 0.017 P18+MH17 189953
P18 18 17 60 30.9 27.8 0.05167 MH18 189800

discussion: as we have seen the pipe layout P18 is received only from MH18 therefore
design Q for MH18 is taken directly to design P18 which is calculated in the above table=
189800l/d which is the summation of 64800&125000 that is the demand with multiplier of
Medium size industry (employee) & Medium size industry respectively. the other is also filled from
excel depending on the contribution to flow as shown in the bellow table.
 Table:3. calculating the corresponding parameter according to the contribution flow

Runoff
Inf Inflow from Average Average Design Design Design
amount amount football DWF WWF flow flow flow Manning
PIPE (l/d) (l/d) field(l/d) (l/d) (l/d) (l/d) (m3/d) (m3/s) n
P01 3374400 1296000 241920 6684624.6 6885619.7 6885620 6885.62 0.07969 0.013
P02 3374400 1036800 241920 6684624.6 6626419.7 6684625 6684.62 0.07737 0.013
P03 1091550 518400 120960 3215331.4 3211625.1 3215331 3215.33 0.03721 0.013
P04 1091550 518400 120960 3079777.4 3103181.9 3103182 3103.18 0.03592 0.013
P05 664050 259200 120960 2120330.3 2076424.2 2120330 2120.33 0.02454 0.013
P06 339150 0 120960 1686314.3 1470011.4 1686314 1686.31 0.01952 0.013
P07 0 0 0 1295718 1036574.4 1295718 1295.72 0.015 0.013
P08 441750 259200 0 948630 1018104 1018104 1018.1 0.01178 0.013
P09 0 259200 0 433440 605952 605952 605.952 0.00701 0.013
P10 0 259200 0 389376 570700.8 570700.8 570.701 0.00661 0.013
P11 427500 259200 0 663648 790118.4 790118.4 790.118 0.00914 0.013
P12 427500 259200 0 634272 766617.6 766617.6 766.618 0.00887 0.013
P13 0 0 120960 50918.4 161694.72 161694.7 161.695 0.00187 0.013
P14 1841100 259200 120960 2151676.1 2101500.9 2151676 2151.68 0.0249 0.013
P15 946200 259200 120960 1254813.9 1384011.1 1384011 1384.01 0.01602 0.013
P16 498750 259200 120960 807180.3 1025904.2 1025904 1025.9 0.01187 0.013
P17 0 259200 120960 284929.5 608103.6 608103.6 608.104 0.00704 0.013
P18 0 259200 120960 284700 607920 607920 607.92 0.00704 0.013

discussion: 0 (zero) in this case indicates that a pipe without infiltration, a MH without
Inflow and runoff from football field.

from this the adjustment factor for both winter and summer season is daily factor of wet
weather flow and dry weather flow respectively. that is 0.8 & 1.5 and also infiltration in the
summer season for dry weather flow and inflow and runoff is in the winter season for wet
weather flow.

so: Average DWF (l/d) = 1.5* WW SOURCE LOAD (l/d) + Inf amount (l/d)

Average WWF (l/d) =0.8* Average DWF (l/d)+ Inflow amount (l/d)+ Runoff from ftba(l/d)

Design flow (l/d) therefore taken the maximum from the two Average DWF& Average
WWF
 Table:4. calculating the design diameter and select the commercial available diameter

D
(m) D (mm) Desig
for for n
Full Full D Qfull Vfull dd Vd Ckeck
PIPE Flow Flow (mm) (m3/s) (m/s) Qd/Qfull dd/D Vd/Vfull (mm) (m/s) Vd
P01 0.206 205.59 250 0.13426 2.7364 0.594 0.594 1.069 148.392 2.925 0.61
P02 0.208 207.55 250 0.12708 2.5902 0.609 0.605 1.075 151.347 2.783 0.61
P03 0.178 177.65 200 0.05104 1.6255 0.729 0.635 1.089 127.066 1.770 0.61
P04 0.161 161.46 200 0.06356 2.0242 0.565 0.541 1.029 108.187 2.084 0.61
P05 0.173 172.64 200 0.03633 1.1570 0.676 0.605 1.075 121.078 1.243 0.61
P06 0.130 129.98 200 0.06159 1.9613 0.317 0.389 0.891 77.730 1.748 0.61
P07 0.165 164.59 200 0.02522 0.8031 0.595 0.553 1.038 110.526 0.834 0.61
P08 0.143 142.97 200 0.02884 0.9186 0.409 0.445 0.946 89.024 0.869 0.61
P09 0.112 111.91 200 0.03299 1.0506 0.213 0.311 0.789 62.128 0.829 0.61
P10 0.100 99.66 200 0.04232 1.3478 0.156 0.267 0.724 53.458 0.976 0.61
P11 0.095 94.63 200 0.06727 2.1423 0.136 0.249 0.694 49.720 1.487 0.61
P12 0.108 107.58 200 0.04636 1.4764 0.191 0.295 0.769 59.065 1.135 0.61
P13 0.068 67.70 200 0.03363 1.0711 0.056 0.158 0.527 31.642 0.564 0.61
P14 0.185 185.45 200 0.03046 0.9700 0.818 0.884 1.115 176.822 1.081 0.61
P15 0.189 189.49 200 0.01850 0.5892 0.866 0.723 1.125 144.571 0.663 0.61
P16 0.139 138.98 200 0.03135 0.9983 0.379 0.427 0.928 85.366 0.926 0.61
P17 0.102 101.71 200 0.04272 1.3605 0.165 0.267 0.724 53.458 0.985 0.61
P18 0.083 82.54 200 0.07451 2.3731 0.094 0.202 0.620 40.374 1.471 0.61
2 1
1
discussion: as we know from the general formula of 𝑄 = (𝑛) ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑆 3 2

3.14∗𝐷 2 𝐷
and 𝐴 = &𝑅=
4 4

𝑛∗𝑄 3
therefore D can be calculated as follows𝐷 = ( 1 2 ) ^(8)
3.14∗𝑆 2 ∗43

Like this we can calculate and design the appropriate diameter for each pipe. the ratio of
discharge , velocity and diameter is also read from the given table by interpolation in order to
minimise error.

after calculating the pipe diameter, the design diameter should be the one which is
commercially available. that is why i also taken the available diameter rather the calculated
one.

some of the sample interpolation is shown bellow in the table form:

 PIPE dd/D Qd/Qfull Qd/Qfull dd/D Vd/Vfull
P01 1.14 0.978 0.66 0.59 1.07
P02 X 0.87 0.68 0.61 1.07
P03 1.12 0.838 1.124571 0.73 0.64 1.09
P04 0.57 0.54 1.03
P05 0.68 0.61 1.07
P06 0.32 0.39 0.89
P07 0.59 0.55 1.04
P08 0.41 0.45 0.95
P09 0.21 0.31 0.79
P10 0.16 0.27 0.72
P11 0.14 0.25 0.69
P12 0.19 0.30 0.77
P13 0.06 0.16 0.53
P14 0.82 0.72 1.12
P15 0.87 0.35 0.83
P16 0.38 0.43 0.93
P17 0.16 0.27 0.72
P18 0.09 0.20 0.62

Select max of
Qmin dmin r S@Qmin or
PIPE (m3/s) Qmin/Qfull dmin/D (mm) r/R (mm) tc (N/m2) S@Qmax
Diameter of
the design
particle, dd
P01 0.01 0.08 0.14 35.82 0.35 22.12 = 1mm 0.867 0.05102041
P02 0.02 0.13 0.19 47.01 0.46 28.59 0.867 0.04571429
P03 0.01 0.14 0.25 49.72 0.09 4.41 0.867 0.02424242
P04 0.01 0.09 0.20 40.37 0.49 24.44 0.867 0.03759398
P05 0.00 0.13 0.24 47.85 0.56 28.14 0.867 0.0122807
P06 0.00 0.06 0.26 51.64 0.15 7.39 0.867 0.03529412
P07 0.00 0.10 0.21 42.24 0.51 25.36 0.867 0.00591716
P08 0.00 0.06 0.26 51.64 0.15 7.39 0.867 0.00774194
P09 0.00 0.05 0.24 48.66 0.35 17.70 0.867 0.01012658
P10 0.00 0.04 0.23 45.67 0.32 15.98 0.867 0.01666667
P11 0.00 0.02 0.10 19.05 0.24 12.10 0.867 0.04210526
P12 0.00 0.02 0.10 19.05 0.24 12.10 0.867 0.02
P13 0.00 0.03 0.21 42.69 0.29 14.25 0.867 0.01052632
P14 0.01 0.19 0.30 59.07 0.67 33.69 0.867 0.00863309
P15 0.00 0.09 0.21 42.69 0.29 14.25 0.867 0.00127389
P16 0.00 0.05 0.24 48.66 0.35 17.70 0.867 0.00914286
P17 0.00 0.04 0.23 45.67 0.32 15.98 0.867 0.01698113
P18 0.00 0.02 0.10 19.05 0.24 12.10 0.867 0.05166667
Fmin =0.25 This factor should be used to calculate the minimum flow as i have
discussed below:

discussion: frankly speaking the very boring calculation or design is the minimum demand
because of since the design flow were taken the maximum of dry weather flow and wet
weather flow, so once design flow is dry weather the minimum flow would
be(0.25*(domestic flow +infiltration ) in the other hand if the design flow is wet weather
flow therefore the minimum flow would be(0.25*(domestic flow + inflow +runoff). and
sample of interpolation is shown below:

dmin/D Qmin/Qfull Qmin/Qfull dmin/D r/R

PIPE
P01 0.776 0.195 0.05 0.143284 0.353985
P02 X 0.09 0.08 0.18806 0.457418
P03 0.617 0.088 0.619972 0.14 0.248598 0.088295
P04 0.09 0.201869 0.488701
P05 0.13 0.239252 0.56272
P06 0.06 0.258209 0.147851
P07 0.10 0.211215 0.507206
P08 0.06 0.258209 0.147851
P09 0.05 0.243284 0.353985
P10 0.04 0.228358 0.319507
P11 0.02 0.095238 0.241905
P12 0.02 0.095238 0.241905
P13 0.03 0.213433 0.28503
P14 0.19 0.295327 0.673748
P15 0.03 0.213433 0.28503
P16 0.05 0.243284 0.353985
P17 0.04 0.228358 0.319507
P18 0.02 0.095238 0.241905

conclusion: from this i can conclude that the design flow is taken from both dry weather and
wet weather flow accordingly the one which is the maximum one. and also i have also take
the maximum slope in order to achieve the minimum depth cover as well as to be sustain the
minimum self cleansing velocity.