Step 2 - to recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Integrantes

OSCAR LEONARDO HERRERA

CESAR FERNANDO MARTINEZ
MARIA CAMILA BARRERA
ASTRID MAYERLY PEREZ
JORGE AURELIO GARCIA

Tutora

DORIA LIZETH QUINTERO

Curso

203058_2

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

GIRARDOT
NOVIEMBRE-2018
 Taba de Contenido

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Concepts .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Exercise 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Jorge Aurelio García Álvarez ................................................................................................... 10
Exercise 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Oscar Leonardo Herrera Zarta .................................................................................................. 11
Exercise 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Cesar Fernando Martinez Pacheco............................................................................................ 13
Exercise 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Astrid Mayerly Pérez ................................................................................................................ 14
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 16
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 17
 Introduction

In the present work we will find topics such as the definition of tangent loss, the information
provided by the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves, the behavior of an electromagnetic
wave in the perfect dielectric free space and good conductors, according to the use of the
electromagnetic spectrum defines the different types of radiation media that are used in our daily
life, we also find the refractive index and the type of information provides the behavior of
electromagnetic waves, the definition of which is a flat wave, not flat where it is used and that it
is a magnetic and non-magnetic medium, it is continued with the subject of electromagnetic
waves it is a way to measure the length, the length of the length, the length of the length, the
length of the length, among others, finally find a table with the different average frequencies for
radiation. is indicated.
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Concepts

1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in transmission

systems.

The phenomenon of reflection can be used in the transmission systems as an

element or condition that serves so that the electromagnetic wave collides with the
element and takes another direction in which it will be finally received, that is to say
that when there is no line of sight between The sender and receiver have to appeal to
reflection as we will explain later. Types of reflection Propagation by reflection
with the plane of the earth When there are problems to find the line of sight this
model can be used to propagate the waves taking the earth as a reflecting surface

Figura No 1 reflexión con el plano de la tierra

This uses the layers of the atmosphere as a means of reflection for electromagnetic waves
or medium frequencies (HF-VHF)

Figura No 2, propagación con reflexión atmosférica

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Figura No 3 Propagación por reflexión múltiple

2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it could be
used.
Snell's law was developed to find the critical angle when an electromagnetic sling passes
from one medium to another. Once the critical angle is exceeded, refraction does not occur
if not internal reflection, that is to say that the incident ray goes in a perpendicular direction
to the normal one that equals 90.

It is the fundamental principle for the use of optical fibers, without this principle data could
not be transmitted at high speeds as they are done today, thanks to the critical angle and
refractive indexes. It is one of the most important applications currently

Figura No 4 Angulo critico

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3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

Currently we find several complications with the eyes some of these are hyperopia which is
a refractive error that occurs because the eye has too narrow a diameter, for this case
convergent lenses are found which make the rays that pass to through these they join in a
point, that is to say: they converge and this capacity makes them the perfect medium to
correct some refractive errors, such as hyperopia

Figure 5. Optical diseases

4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

Refraction of light at the interface between two media with different refractive indices (n2>
n1). Since the phase velocity is lower in the second medium (v2 <v1), the refractive angle
θ2 is smaller than the angle of incidence θ1; that is, the ray in the middle of the higher
index is close to the normal vector.
The ratio of the speed of light in the vacuum and the speed of light in the medium whose
index is calculated is called the refractive index. It is symbolized by the letter and it is a
dimensionless value.
where:

: the speed of light in a vacuum

: speed of light in the middle whose index is calculated (water, glass, etc.).
: refractive index of the medium.

The refractive index of a medium is a measure of how much the speed of light (or other
waves such as sound waves) is reduced within the medium.
In the following table we can observe different materials with their respective refractive
index
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Material Índice de refracción

Vacío 1

Aire (*) 1,0002926

Agua 1,3330

Acetaldehído 1,35

Solución de azúcar (30%) 1,38

1-butanol (a 20 °C) 1,399

Glicerina 1,473

Heptanol (a 25 °C) 1,423

Solución de azúcar (80%) 1,52

Benceno (a 20 °C) 1,501

Metanol (a 20 °C) 1,329

Cuarzo 1,544

Vidrio (corriente) 1,52

 8

Disulfuro de carbono 1,6295

Cloruro de sodio 1,544

Diamante 2,43

(*) en condiciones normales de presión y temperatura (1 bar y 0 °C)

Table 1. Index of refraction

5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans? Explain.
Luminous refraction is called the change experienced by the direction of propagation of
light when obliquely crossing the separation surface of two transparent media of different
nature. The lenses, the photographic machines, the human eye and, in general, most of the
optical instruments base their operation on this optical phenomenon.

The phenomenon of refraction is, in general, accompanied by a reflection, more or less

weak, produced on the surface that limits the two transparent media. The beam, on reaching
that boundary surface, is partly reflected and partly refracted, which implies that the
reflected and refracted beams will have less light intensity than the incident beam. This
distribution of intensity occurs in a proportion that depends on the characteristics of the
media in contact and the angle of incidence with respect to the boundary surface. Despite
this circumstance, it is possible to fix attention solely on the phenomenon of refraction to
analyze its characteristics.

Figure 6. Refraction
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6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

The Brewster angle corresponds to the angle of incidence of light on a surface that cancels
the component with polarization parallel to the plane of incidence.

The incident light is unpolarized light, while the reflected light is linearly polarized in a
direction parallel to the reflection surface, whereas the refracted light is partially polarized,
conserving the two components of the electric field. The angle θB for which a fully linearly
polarized reflected light is produced is called the Brewster angle and then the reflected and
refracted rays are perpendicular.

Figure 7. Angle of incidence 1

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Exercise 1

Jorge Aurelio García Álvarez

When red light in vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain glass slab, the angle
of refraction is 35𝑜 What are (a) the index of refraction of the glass and (b) the Brewster
angle?

a) Cuál es el índice de refracción del vidrio

𝑐
𝑛=
𝑣

300.000𝑘/𝑠
𝑛=
205.000𝑘/𝑠
𝑛 = 1.46

b) Cuál es el Angulo de Brewster

n1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2

𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
sin 𝜃1 =
n1

1.46 sin 35
sin 𝜃1 =
1

sin 𝜃1 = 0.837

𝜃1 = sin−1 0.837

𝜃1 = 56°
 11

Exercise 2

Oscar Leonardo Herrera Zarta

In the following figure 𝑛1 = 1.3, 𝑛1 = 1.1, and 𝑛3 = 1.8, light refracts from material 1 into
material 2. If it is incident at point A at the critical angle for the interface between materials
2 and 3, what are (a) the angle of refraction at point B and (b) the initial angle 𝜃? If,
instead, light is incident at B at the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and
3, what are (c) the angle of refraction at point A and (d) the initial angle 𝜃

𝑛1 = 1.3
𝑛2 = 1.1,
𝑛3 = 1.8,

Hallar refraccion Punto A

𝑛2
tan 𝜃𝐵 =
𝑛1

1.1
tan 𝜃𝐵 =
1.3

tan 𝜃𝐵 = 0,846

𝜃𝐵 = 40.23𝑜

Una vez tenemos el Angulo de refracción del punto A, se procede hallar el Angulo inicial.

n1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2
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1.3 sin 𝜃1 = 1.1 sin(40.23)

sin 𝜃1 = 1.1 sin(40.23) /1.3

sin 𝜃1 = 0.384

𝜃1 = 22.58𝑜

Hallar Angulo de refracción punto B.

El Angulo de refracción del punto B

Según la gráfica no hay refracción por lo tanto se puede hallar el Angulo critico entre A y
B.

Hallar el punto crítico entre A y B

𝑛1 ˃𝑛2 o 𝜃 = 90𝑜

𝑛2
sin 𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛1

1.1
sin 𝜃𝑐 =
1.3

𝜃𝑐 = 57.790

Design an Excel workbook that using the Snell law and giving an incident angle for four
different precious materials; return the angle of refraction and let us to know if it is
genuine.
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Exercise 3

Cesar Fernando Martinez Pacheco

1. A laser that is inside a tank of water, shoots a ray of light

upwards. If the laser is located h1=12cm under water. At what
minimum horizontal distance d1 from the laser pointer should you
shoot so that the beam does not leave the water?

n1 = 1,333
n2 = 1,0002926
Total reflection is presented

Analysis at point A, θr = 90°

n1 sen(θi) = n2 sen(θr)

n1 sen(θi)
1,333 sen(10)
= 0,231

n2 sen(θr)
1,0002926 sen(90)
=1,0002926

𝑐 1,3330
𝑛= = = 5.9 × 10−3
𝑣 224.844.349
 14

Exercise 4

Astrid Mayerly Pérez

In the following figure a 2,5 m-long vertical pole extends from the bottom of a swimming
pool to a point 30cm above the water. Sunlight is incident at angle 𝜃=50𝑜. What is the
length of the shadow of the pole on the level bottom of the pool

Solución
 15

𝑛1 sin(𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃𝑟 )
1,0002926 sin(40) = 1.33 sin sin(𝜃𝑟 )
0.642 = 1.33 sin(𝜃𝑟 )
0.6429
= sin(𝜃𝑟 )
1,33
𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟐 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽𝒓 )

𝑑2
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃1 ) =
0.3
𝑑2
𝑡𝑎𝑛(40) =
0.3
tan(40)0.3 = 𝑑2
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓

𝑑1
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃1 ) =
2.2
𝑑1
𝑡𝑎𝑛(0.482) =
2.2
tan(0.482) ∗ 2.2 = 𝑑1
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖

𝑑1 + 𝑑2
0.018 + 0.251
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟗
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Conclusions

 We understood that for the VHF communication that is based on line of sight, that
is to say that between the receiving station and the station there are no obstacles, we
can apply the multiple reflection or plane model of the earth which can be used as
an element to prolong the electromagnetic wave .

 It is important to know the refractive indexes of the elements so that once the Snell
formula is applied, we can know with what angle of incidence we have reflection of
the electromagnetic wave.

 We must always keep in mind that Snell's law was developed to find the critical
angle when an electromagnetic sling passes from one medium to another.
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Bibliography

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press.

513-519. Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved

from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

 Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. A. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to

Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year
Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 49-80 Retrieved
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&A
N=746851&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49